Here's a class note on the basic structure and function of cells:

Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life

Introduction to Cells:

- Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms, both unicellular and
multicellular.

- They are the smallest units of life capable of independent existence and perform all the essential
functions necessary for life.

The Cell Theory:

- The cell theory is a fundamental principle in biology that states:

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms.

3. New cells arise from the division of pre-existing cells.

The Structure of a Cell:

- Cells can be broadly classified into two main types: prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria) and eukaryotic cells
(e.g., plant and animal cells).

- Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells
lack a true nucleus and have a simpler internal structure.

Key Cellular Organelles and their Functions:

- Nucleus: Stores the genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities.

- Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance inside the cell where chemical reactions occur.

- Mitochondria: The "powerhouses" of the cell, responsible for cellular respiration and ATP production.

- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in the synthesis, processing, and transport of proteins and other
molecules.

- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages, and distributes the cell's products.

- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes that break down waste and foreign materials.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.

Cellular Processes:

- Cell Membrane Transport: Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

- Cellular Respiration: The process by which cells convert nutrients into energy (ATP) for various cellular
functions.

- Cell Division: The process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

- Protein Synthesis: The process of creating proteins within the cell, using the genetic information stored
in the DNA.

Importance of Cells:

- Cells are the fundamental units of life, and understanding their structure and function is crucial for
comprehending the workings of living organisms.

- The study of cells has led to advancements in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and genetics.

Conclusion:

- Cells are the basic building blocks of all living organisms, responsible for carrying out the essential
functions necessary for life.

- Studying the structure and function of cells is a cornerstone of biology, with far-reaching implications
for our understanding of the natural world.7