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Tall Timber Buildings A Preliminary Study of Wind-Induced Vibrations of A 22-Storeybuilding
Tall Timber Buildings A Preliminary Study of Wind-Induced Vibrations of A 22-Storeybuilding
Tall Timber Buildings A Preliminary Study of Wind-Induced Vibrations of A 22-Storeybuilding
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4 authors, including:
Pierre Landel
RISE Research Institute of Sweden
13 PUBLICATIONS 45 CITATIONS
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Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
DynaTTB - Dynamic Response of Tall Timber Buildings under Service Load View project
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ABSTRACT: During the last years the interest in multi-storey timber buildings has increased and several medium-to-
high-rise buildings with light-weight timber structures have been designed and built. Examples of such are the 8-storey
building “Limnologen” in Växjö, Sweden, the 9-storey “Stadthouse” in London, UK and the 14-storey building “Treet”
in Bergen, Norway. The structures are all light-weight and flexible timber structures which raise questions regarding
wind induced vibrations.
This paper will present a finite element-model of a 22 storey building with a glulam-CLT structure. The model will be
used to study the effect of different structural properties such as damping, mass and stiffness on the peak acceleration
and will be compared to the ISO 10137 vibration criteria for human comfort. The results show that it is crucial to take
wind-induced vibrations into account in the design of tall timber buildings.
𝑤(0) = 𝑤 ′ (0) = 𝑤 ′′ (ℎ) = 𝑤 ′′′ (ℎ) = 0 (3) The expression shows that the important parameters that
have an effect on the relationship between deflection,
are applied, nontrivial solutions require that velocity, acceleration and the wind load are the mass,
cosh(𝛽 ∙ ℎ) ∙ cos(𝛽 ∙ ℎ) + 1 = 0 (4) damping and stiffness.
which has to be solved numerically. The first solution is 2.3 Wind load
𝛽ℎ = 1.875. The associated, first bending, mode then Wind loads vary greatly in speed, force and direction
has the mode shape over time and its effect on buildings are complex and
heterogeneous. To simplify this in codes, the wind is
𝜓(𝑧) = 𝑀�(sin 𝛽ℎ − sinh 𝛽ℎ)(sin 𝛽𝛽 − sinh 𝛽𝛽) seen as a quasi-static load for buildings with high
+ (cos 𝛽ℎ − cosh 𝛽ℎ)(cos 𝛽𝛽 (5) stiffness and damping. For high slender structures also
− cosh 𝛽𝛽)� the gust effect is included as a turbulence factor added to
the quasi-static wind load. The effect of the wind on a
single building will be affected by the terrain around it as
which is valid for 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ ℎ. Assuming that only the
well as the shape and height of the building.
first bending mode contributes to the displacement and
making the substitute
In Europe, wind loads are defined in Eurocode 1, Part 1-
𝑤(𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝜓(𝑧) ∙ 𝜂(𝑡) (6) 4 [3]. There, the fundamental basic wind velocity 𝑣𝑏 is
defined by the 10-minute mean wind speed, at a height
the modal mass (𝑚 �), modal stiffness (𝑘�) and modal load of 10 meter above ground, that is exceeded once every
𝑝� can be calculated as: 50 year. The wind velocity for shorter times 𝑣𝑏𝑏 (in this
case T years) can then be calculated,
ℎ
𝑚
� = 𝜌 � 𝜓(𝑧) ∙ 𝜓(𝑧)𝑑𝑑 (7) 1
0 𝑣𝑏𝑏 = 𝑣𝑏 ∙ 0.75 ∙ �1 − 0.2 ∙ 𝑙𝑙 �−𝑙𝑙 �1 − �� (12)
𝑇
ℎ
The wind velocity in the vicinity of a structure is
𝑘� = 𝐸𝐸 � 𝜓′′(𝑧) ∙ 𝜓′′(𝑧)𝑑𝑑 (8)
0 dependent on the local terrain around the structure and is
varying with the height z above ground. According to
ℎ Eurocode 1-4 [3] the mean wind velocity 𝑣𝑚𝑚 (𝑧) at the
𝑝� = � 𝑃(𝑧) ∙ 𝜓(𝑧)𝑑𝑑 (9) height z next to a structure can be expressed as,
0
𝑧
In which 𝑃(𝑧) is the distributed wind load. The 𝑣𝑚𝑚 (𝑧) = 𝑐0 (𝑧) ∙ 𝑘𝑟 ∙ 𝑙𝑙 � � ∙ 𝑣𝑏𝑏 (13)
continuous problem has then been re-placed with a 𝑧0
discrete single-degree-of-freedom system, depicted in
Fig. 1. The first term 𝑐𝑜 (𝑧) is an orography factor (set to 1.0 in
normal cases) and the second term 𝑘𝑟 is a terrain
� 𝜂̈ (𝑡) + 𝑘� 𝜂(𝑡) = 𝑝�(𝑡)
𝑚 (10) roughness factor.
0.07
𝑧0
𝑘𝑟 = 0.19 ∙ � � (14)
𝑧0,𝐼𝐼
The term 𝑧0 is the roughness length that varies between
terrains; the term 𝑧0,𝐼𝐼 is a reference terrain roughness
length. The mean wind pressure 𝑞𝑚 (𝑧) can then be
calculated using,
1
𝑞𝑚 (𝑧) = ∙ 𝜌 ∙ 𝑣𝑚𝑚 (𝑧)2 (15)
2
Figure 1. A single-degree-of-freedom system representing the where ρ is the air density (normally set to 1.25 kg/m3).
building when one assumed mode is used. For high and flexible buildings it is, however, necessary
to take also the dynamic effects of the wind load into
When damping is added the governing equation of account. This is done by including a turbulence intensity
motion becomes factor Iv(z), defined as the standard deviation of the
turbulence divided by the mean velocity as,
�𝜂̈ (𝑡) + 𝑐̃ 𝜂̇ (𝑡) + 𝑘� 𝜂(𝑡) = 𝑝�(𝑡)
𝑚 (11)
structure with a concrete core and CLT-element in the
𝜎𝑣 outer walls.
𝐼𝑣 (𝑧) = (16)
𝑣𝑚𝑚 (𝑧)
3.2 Structure
where 𝜎𝑣 is the standard deviation of the turbulence and
𝑣𝑚𝑚 (𝑧) is the mean wind velocity. The standard For the concept study in this project the plan is for a 22-
deviation of the turbulence is calculated as the basic storey building only using timber as structural material
wind velocity times the terrain roughness factor 𝑘𝑟 . located in Växjö or Stockholm. The maximum outer plan
was set to 20 x 20 meters with a storey height of 3.4
The response of the structure due to the turbulence meters. The structure is planned as a residential building.
intensity can be divided into two parts; the background
The first design attempt for this building is a floor plan
response (𝐵𝑟 ) and the resonance response (𝑅𝑟 ). The
that is 17 x 21 meter as outer measurements and with a
background response is due to the quasi-static part of the
total building height of 75 meters. The building is made
wind load while the resonance response is due to the
with a central core of CLT elements that are continuous
dynamic properties of the building and the dynamic part
over three storeys and connected with a butt joint. The
of the wind load. Eurocode 1-4, annex B gives the
core has a measure of 12.5 x 8.6 meters with areas for
following expression for calculating the Root Mean
elevators, stairs, hallways and bathroom areas inside the
Square (RMS) value for the acceleration, 𝜎𝑎 (𝑧):
core. The CLT walls used in the design are planned with
the outer layers in the vertical direction. In the outer
𝑐𝑓 𝜌𝜌𝐼𝑣 (𝑧𝑠 )𝑣𝑚𝑚 (𝑧𝑠 ) perimeter of the building there are continuous glulam
𝜎𝑎 (𝑧) = 𝑅𝑟 𝐾𝑥 𝛷1 (𝑧) (17) columns at a distance of 4.1 meter. The core and the
𝑚𝑒
columns are connected at each floor plan with glulam
beams. The floors structure which will consist of CLT
Where 𝑐𝑓 is the shape factor for force, b the width of the plates is planned to be hanging on the inside of the
building, 𝑚𝑒 is the equivalent (modal) mass, 𝐾𝑥 a CLT/glulam beams to have the vertical structure
dimensionless variable and 𝛷1 (𝑧) the mode shape continuous, see Figure 2.
associated with the first resonance frequency. From this,
the horizontal peak acceleration of the structure 𝑎(𝑧) can
be written as,
𝑎(𝑧) = 𝑘𝑝 ∙ 𝜎𝑎 (𝑧) (18)
where 𝑘𝑝 is a peak factor that relates the mean and the
standard deviation of the response.
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perpendicular to the grain, the shear stiffness is set as
𝐺0 = 690 MPa and 𝐺90 = 50 MPa. The density is 500
kg/m3. The CLT elements are in this first model fixed to
the ground. The spline connections between the CLT
4100
12500
4100
Figure 6. Mode shape for the lowest bending mode in the weak
direction from the FE-model, resonance frequency f1 =
0.60 Hz.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding for the
project “Tall Timber Buildings – concept studies” from
Formas the Swedish Research Council for Environment,
Agricultural Science and Spatial Planning [Dnr: 942-
2015-115].