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Mechanisms and Machine Science 75

Hiroshi Okada
Satya N. Atluri Editors

Computational
and Experimental
Simulations in
Engineering
Proceedings of ICCES2019
Mechanisms and Machine Science

Volume 75

Series Editor
Marco Ceccarelli
Department of Industrial Engineering,
University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy

Editorial Board
Alfonso Hernandez
Mechanical Engineering, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
Tian Huang
Department of Mechatronical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Yukio Takeda
Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
Burkhard Corves
Institute of Mechanism Theory, Machine Dynamics and Robotics, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
Sunil Agrawal
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University,
New York, NY, USA
This book series establishes a well-defined forum for monographs, edited Books,
and proceedings on mechanical engineering with particular emphasis on MMS
(Mechanism and Machine Science). The final goal is the publication of research that
shows the development of mechanical engineering and particularly MMS in all
technical aspects, even in very recent assessments. Published works share an
approach by which technical details and formulation are discussed, and discuss
modern formalisms with the aim to circulate research and technical achievements
for use in professional, research, academic, and teaching activities.
This technical approach is an essential characteristic of the series. By discussing
technical details and formulations in terms of modern formalisms, the possibility is
created not only to show technical developments but also to explain achievements
for technical teaching and research activity today and for the future.
The book series is intended to collect technical views on developments of the
broad field of MMS in a unique frame that can be seen in its totality as an
Encyclopaedia of MMS but with the additional purpose of archiving and teaching
MMS achievements. Therefore, the book series will be of use not only for
researchers and teachers in Mechanical Engineering but also for professionals and
students for their formation and future work.
The series is promoted under the auspices of International Federation for the
Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science (IFToMM).
Prospective authors and editors can contact Mr. Pierpaolo Riva (publishing
editor, Springer) at: pierpaolo.riva@springer.com
Indexed by SCOPUS and Google Scholar.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8779

Hiroshi Okada Satya N. Atluri
•

Editors

Computational
and Experimental
Simulations in Engineering
Proceedings of ICCES2019

123
Editors
Hiroshi Okada Satya N. Atluri
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
Tokyo University of Science Texas Tech University
Noda, Chiba, Japan Lubbock, TX, USA

ISSN 2211-0984 ISSN 2211-0992 (electronic)

Mechanisms and Machine Science
ISBN 978-3-030-27052-0 ISBN 978-3-030-27053-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27053-7
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
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Preface

The 25th International Conference on Computational and Experimental

Engineering and Sciences (ICCES 2019) was held during March 25–28, 2019 at
Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan. More than 400 distinguished
researchers and engineers gathered from various parts of the world and discussed a
variety of topics. They include theoretical, analytical, computational, and experi-
mental approaches to the problems of engineering and sciences. It was a memorable
event for all the researchers and engineers who attended the conference. The
conference series of ICCES started in Tokyo, Japan in 1986 and has been held in
various places around the world. It came back to Tokyo for its 25th memorial event.
This volume contains articles which were submitted as full papers to ICCES
2019. After their submission, the articles were reviewed rigorously by the volume
editors. The volume editors believe that the articles contain the state-of-the-art
researches in the field of Computational and Experimental Engineering and
Sciences.

Prof. Hiroshi Okada

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Tokyo University of Science
Tokyo, Japan

Prof. Satya N. Atluri

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Texas Tech University
Lubbock, TX, USA

v
Contents

Part I Advances in Experimental Solid Mechanics

1 Investigation of Systematic Error Characteristics and Error
Elimination Method in Digital Image Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Shuichi Arikawa, Yuma Kume, Satoru Yoneyama
and Yasuhisa Fujimoto
2 Simultaneous Identification of Two-Independent Viscoelastic
Characteristics with the Virtual Fields Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Yusuke Hoshino, Yuelin Zheng and Satoru Yoneyama
3 Optical Phase-Based Method for Dynamic Deflection
Measurement of Railroad Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Shien Ri, Qinghua Wang, Hiroshi Tsuda, Hirokazu Shirasaki
and Kenichi Kuribayashi
4 Full-Field Microscale Strain Measurement of Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Plastic Using 2-Pixel Sampling Moiré . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Qinghua Wang, Shien Ri, Peng Xia and Hiroshi Tsuda
5 Ascending Order Constraints Sensitivity Optimal Design
Method for Steel Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Junchen Guo and Xin Zhao

Part II Advances in Smart and Functional Construction Materials

and System for Civil Infrastructure
6 Single Driven Constraint Optimal Structural Design of Tall
Buildings Under Period Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Hao Zhang, Jiemin Ding, Xin Zhao and Lang Qin

vii
viii Contents

7 Numerical Assessment Regarding the Influence of the Stiffness

of the Material Used to Build Multi-layer Energy-Absorbing
Panels on the Absorption of the Shock Wave Energy . . . . . . . . . 61
Grzegorz Sławiński, Piotr Malesa and Marek Świerczewski

Part III Computational Fracture Modeling on Welded Joints

and Advanced Materials
8 Computation of Mixed Mode Stress Intensity Factors
in 3D Functionally Graded Material Using Tetrahedral
Finite Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Omar Tabaza, Hiroshi Okada and Yasunori Yusa
9 A Smoothing Gradient-Enhanced Damage Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Tinh Quoc Bui

Part IV Phase Change Material: Numerical and Experimental

Results
10 Thermal Behavior of Phase Change Material (PCM) Inside
a Cavity: Numerical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Md. A. A. Shak, A. M. Bayomy, S. B. Dworkin,
J. Wang and M. Z. Saghir

Part V Nonlinear Dynamics and Control in Aerospace Engineering

11 Dynamic Analysis of Stochastic Friction Systems
Using the Generalized Cell Mapping Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Shichao Ma, Xin Ning and Liang Wang
12 Nonlinear Flight Dynamics of Very Flexible Aircraft . . . . . . . . . 119
Chen Zhanjun, Fu Zhichao, Lv Jinan and Liu Ziqiang

Part VI Computational and Experimental Methods in Geotechnical

and Multidisciplinary Engineering Problems
13 Hydro-mechanical Properties of Unsaturated Decomposed
Granite in Triaxial Compression Test Under Drained-Vented/
Undrained-Unvented Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
X. Xiong, S. Okino, R. Mikami, T. Tsunemoto, X. Y. Qiu,
Y. Kurimoto and F. Zhang
14 Effective Foundation Input Motion for Soil-Steel Pipe Sheet
Pile (SPSP) Foundation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Md. Shajib Ullah, Keisuke Kajiwara, Chandra Shekhar Goit
and Masato Saitoh
Contents ix

15 Calculation and Analysis for Fracture Pressure of Deep Water

Shallow Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Reyu Gao, Jun Li, Kuidong Luo, Hongwei Yang, Qingxin Meng
and Wenbao Zhai
16 The Study on the Influence of Acidification on the Pore
and Seepage Field of Carbonate Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Shuai Cui, Houbin Liu, Teng Liu, Anran Yu and Xu Han

Part VII Computational and Experimental Fluid/Electromagnetic

Dynamics and Other Applications
17 Treatment of Textile Dyes Wastewater Using
Electro-Coagulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Mahmoud A. Elsheikh, Hazem I. Saleh, Hany S. Guirguis
and Karim Taha
18 Stagnation Point Flow and Heat Transfer Over a Permeable
Stretching/Shrinking Sheet with Heat Source/Sink . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Izyan Syazana Awaludin, Anuar Ishak and Ioan Pop
19 Heat Transfer Analysis of Icing Process on Metallic Surfaces
of Different Wettabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Kewei Shi and Xili Duan
20 Artificial Force Free Boundaries: Particle-Based Fluid
Simulation with Implicit Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Yasutomo Kanetsuki and Susumu Nakata
21 Droplet-Falling Impact Simulations by Particle-Based
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Kazuhiko Kakuda, Wataru Okaniwa and Shinichiro Miura
22 Numerical Modeling of Bridge Piers Scouring
Flow Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Mahdi Alemi, João Pedro Pêgo and Rodrigo Maia
23 Estimation of Electric Field Between the Capillary
and Wire-Netting Electrodes During the Electrostatic
Atomization from Bio-emulsified Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Chien-hua Fu, Osamu Imamura, Kazuhiro Akihama
and Hiroshi Yamasaki
24 Research on Wind Field of Transmission Tower
Under the Complex Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Qiang Shengpei, Qi Fei and Gao Qiang
x Contents

Part VIII Nano/Micro Structures in Application of Computational

Mechanics
25 Application of a New Infinite Element Method for Free
Vibration Analysis of Thin Plate with Complicated Shapes . . . . . 259
D. S. Liu and Y. W. Chen

Part IX Design, Analysis and Manufacturing Through Simulation

26 Development of Smart-Technology for Forecasting Technical
State of Equipment Based on Modified Particle Swarm
Algorithms and Immune-Network Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Galina Samigulina and Zhazira Massimkanova
27 Method of Computer Simulation of Thermal Processes
to Ensure the Laser Gyros Stable Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Evgenii Kuznetsov, Yuri Kolbas, Yury Kofanov, Nikita Kuznetsov
and Tatiana Soloveva
28 Numerical Approach of Viscous Flow Containing Short Fiber
by SPH Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Nobuki Yamagata and Masakazu Ichimiya
29 High Viscous Flow Analysis in the 3D Printer by SPH . . . . . . . . 309
Masakazu Ichimiya and Nobuki Yamagata
30 Content Structure for Driving Object Parameters
in Contextual Model of Engineering Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
László Horváth
31 Quasi Two Dimensional FEM Model for Form Rolling
Analysis and Its Application with LS-DYNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Tomohiko Ariyoshi and Ken-ichi Kawai
32 The Study of Limit Load and Plastic Collapse Load Under
Combined Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Ying Zhang, Bin Zheng, Liping Zhang, Zhenyu Liu and Juan Du
33 Experimental Research on Uniaxial Tensile Behavior
and Cyclic Deformation Behavior of TA17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Juan Du, Xuejiao Shao, Linyuan Kuang, Yuechuan Lu,
Minda Yu and Jiang Lu
34 Study on Uniaxial Tension and Cyclic Deformation Behavior
of TA16 at Room Temperature and High Temperature . . . . . . . 375
Xuejiao Shao, Du Juan, Linyuan kuang, Yuechuan Lu,
Jiang Lu and Mingda Yu
Contents xi

Part X High-Performance and Intelligent Computing for Real

World’s Applications (Celebrating the 60th Birthday
of Shinobu Yoshimura)
35 Implementation of Combined Ohno-Wang Nonlinear
Kinematic Hardening Model and Norton-Bailey Creep Model
Using Partitioned Stress Integration Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Tomoshi Miyamura, Yasunori Yusa, Jun Yin, Kuniaki Koike,
Takashi Ikeda and Tomonori Yamada
36 Cross Domain Recommendations Based on the Application
of Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy Inference Method in Establishing
Transdisciplinary Collaborations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Maslina Binti Zolkepli and Teh Noranis Binti Mohd. Aris
37 Merging Behavior Simulation of Vehicular Platoon . . . . . . . . . . 413
Eisuke Kita, Miichiro Yamada and Daisuke Ishizawa

Part XI Theory and Application of Meshless Methods

for the Numerical Solution of Engineering
and Scientific Applications
38 P-FEM Based on Meshless Trial and Test Functions:
Part I-MLS Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Xiang Li, Wei Guo and Xiaoping Chen
39 Thermodynamic Performance Analysis on Various
Configurations of Organic Rankine Cycle Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Jun Fen Li, Hang Guo, Biao Lei, Yu Ting Wu, Fang Ye
and Chong Fang Ma

Part XII Data-Driven Estimation and Control of Flow Fields

in Engineering Applications
40 Prediction of Rubber Friction on Wet and Dry Rough
Surfaces Using Flow Structure Coupling Simulation . . . . . . . . . . 449
Takayoshi Kubota, Yusuke Mizuno, Shun Takahashi, Ryota Asa,
Reina Sagara, Yuji Kodama and Shigeru Obayashi
41 Zonal Reduced-Order Modeling of Unsteady Flow Field . . . . . . . 465
Takashi Misaka
42 Real-Time Prediction of Wind and Atmospheric Turbulence
Using Aircraft Flight Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Ryota Kikuchi, Takashi Misaka and Shigeru Obayashi
xii Contents

Part XIII Structural Damage Identification, Maintenance

and Life-Cycle Integrity Management
43 Stress-Strain-Based Approach to Catastrophic Failure of Steel
Structures at Low Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
V. M. Kornev
44 Cement Failure Caused by Thermal Stresses with Casing
Eccentricity During CO2 Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Xuelin Dong, Deli Gao and Zhiyin Duan
45 Optimal Design for Toggle Brace Damper Systems
Based on Virtual VD Modal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Bingjie Du, Xin Zhao and Hao Li
46 Viscous-Tuned Hybrid Structural Vibration Mitigation
System: Wind-Induced Response Analyses Method
and Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Yue Yang, Xin Zhao and Weixing Shi
47 Optimal Placement of Friction Dampers in High Rise
Buildings Under Seismic Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Apetsi Ampiah and Xin Zhao
48 Prospect of Using Nano Particles in Compatible Water
for EOR Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
M. Al-Samhan, F. Jasim, F. Al-Attar and J. AL-Fadhli
49 Performance-Based Design Optimization of Steel Braced
Frame Using an Efficient Discrete Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
X. Wang, Q. Zhang, X. Qin and Y. Sun
50 Study on Influence of Mechanical Parameters of Cement Plug
on Sealing Integrity of Abandoned Wellbore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Jiwei Jiang, Jun Li, Jiejing Nie, Gonghui Liu, Tao Huang
and Wai Li

Part XIV Composite Materials: Modelling, Processing, Design

and Application
51 Hyperelastic Nonlinear Thermal Constitutive Equation
of Vulcanized Natural Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Yufei Liao, Chen Li and Weiwei Zhang
52 Modelling the Edge Crushing Performance of Corrugated
Fibreboard Under Different Moisture Content Levels . . . . . . . . . 609
Aiman Jamsari, Andrew Nevins, Celia Kueh, Eli Gray-Stuart,
Karl Dahm and John Bronlund
Contents xiii

53 Multiaxial Stress Based High Cycle Fatigue Model

for Adhesive Joint Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
M. A. Eder, S. Semenov and M. Sala
54 Rating of Polymers for Low-Cost Rapid Manufacturing
of Individualized Anatomical Models Used in Presurgical
Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Magdalena Żukowska, Filip Górski and Adam Hamrol

Part XV Computer Simulation of Dynamic Mass and Heat

Transfer in Gas-Liquid-Solid 3-Phase Flow in Harvesting
Natural Gas from Subsea Gas Hydrate Depositions
55 Research on Annular Pressure Buildup in Deepwater Oil
and Gas Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Xueting Wu and Ling Xiao
56 Optimal Drilling Parameters Design Based on Single Drilling
Depth Indicator in Controlled Gradient Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Jiangshuai Wang, Jun Li, Gonghui Liu, Hongwei Yang
and Kuidong Luo
57 Calculation of Transient Fluctuation Pressure in Deep Water
Dual Gradient Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Kuidong Luo, Jun Li, Nan Ma, Reyu Gao and Jiangshuai Wang
58 Design and Analysis of the Composite Hollow Glass Spheres
Separator for Dual-Gradient Drilling in Deep Water . . . . . . . . . 679
Ruiyao Zhang and Jun Li
59 Methane Hydrate Generation Model and Software
Development Based on P. Englezos Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Nan Ma, Jun Li, Kuidong Luo, Shujie Liu and Min Wen

Part XVI New Horizon of Computational Science and Engineering

with Heterogeneous Many-Core Processors
60 Implementation of SPH and DEM for a PEZY-SC
Heterogeneous Many-Core System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
Natsuki Hosono and Mikito Furuichi
61 pzqd: PEZY-SC2 Acceleration of Double-Double Precision
Arithmetic Library for High-Precision BLAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Toshiaki Hishinuma and Maho Nakata
62 Efficient GPU Integration for Multi-loop Feynman Diagrams
with Massless Internal Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Elise de Doncker, Fukuko Yuasa and Ahmed Almulihi
xiv Contents

Part XVII Structural Uncertainty Quantification and Reliability

Analysis
63 Structural Damage Detection with Uncertainties
Using a Modified Tree Seeds Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Zhenghao Ding, Jun Li and Hong Hao

Part XVIII Multi-field and Multi-scale Modeling of Advanced

Materials
64 Tensile Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Matrix Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Eva Kormanikova, Milan Zmindak and Peter Sabol
65 Increasing of Fluid Effect on Liquid Storage Laminated
Composite Tank During Seismic Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771
Kamila Kotrasova and Eva Kormanikova
66 Bending of Piezo-Electric FGM Plates by a Mesh-Free
Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
V. Sladek, L. Sator and J. Sladek

Part XIX Functional Materials

67 Temperature-Dependent Raman Spectroscopy of Graphitic
Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Prabhakar Misra, Daniel Casimir and Raul Garcia-Sanchez

Part XX Multi-scale Modeling and Simulation of Functional

Materials
68 A Numerical Mesoscopic Method for Simulating Mechanical
Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Zhimin Zeng, Weizhen Chen and Wenzhao Wang

Part XXI Verification and Validation of Metallurgical Processes

Simulations
69 Simulation of Casting Geometry Effect in Low-Frequency
Electromagnetic Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815
Vanja Hatić, Boštjan Mavrič and Božidar Šarler
70 Prevention Technology of Shrinkage Using Actual Casting Test
and Casting Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Atsushi Kishimoto, Yusaku Takagawa and Tomonobu Saito
Contents xv

Part XXII Materials Integration-Fusion of Computation

and Experiments Through Data Science
71 Large-Scale Serial-Sectioning Observation of 3D Steel
Microstructures Based on Efficient Exploring of Etching
Conditions Using 3D Internal Structure Microscope . . . . . . . . . . 841
Norio Yamashita, Yuichi Koyanagi, Hiroshi Takemura,
Kentaro Asakura, Tadashi Kasuya, Susumu Tsukamoto
and Hideo Yokota

Part XXIII Advances in Modeling and Simulation of Heat Transfer

and Fluid Flow
72 Recovering the Initial and Boundary Data
in the Two-Dimensional Inverse Heat Conduction Problems
Using the Novel Space-Time Collocation Meshfree
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853
Chih-Yu Liu and Cheng-Yu Ku
73 A Newton’s Second Law Abided Darcy-Brinkman-
Forchheimer Framework in Matrix Acidization Simulation . . . . 861
Yuanqing Wu and Maoqing Ye
74 Calculation of Offshore Platform Internal Force
Based on the Secondary Development of ANSYS . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
Wei Liu, Sheng Dong and Nan Liu
75 Influence of Salts on Morphology of Structures
in Surfactant-Polymer Solutions Explored by Coarse
Grained Dynamic Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
Dongjie Liu, Fei Liu, Wenjing Zhou, Fei Chen and Jinjia Wei
76 Dynamic Mesh Technology for the Simulation Study of Single
Screw Expander . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Lili Shen, Wei Wang, Yuting Wu, Biao Lei, Ruiping Zhi
and Chongfang Ma
77 Flow Pattern, Liquid Holdup and Pressure Drop
of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow with Different Liquid
Viscosities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Zilong Liu, Ruiquan Liao, Yindi Zhang, Yubin Su and Xiaoya Feng
78 Theoretical Analysis on the Lifetime of Sessile Droplet
Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Yang Shen, Yongpan Cheng, Jinliang Xu and Kai Zhang
xvi Contents

79 Effect of Swirling Strength on Flow Characteristics

of a Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine Annular Combustion
Chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Zaiguo Fu, Huanhuan Gao, Lingtong Li, Jiang Liu, Zhuoxiong Zeng
and Jianxing Ren
80 PCM-Based Thermal Management of a Wireless Electric
Vehicle Charging System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927
Zaiguo Fu, Lingtong Li, Qunzhi Zhu, Tao Zhang
and Zhiyuan Cheng
81 Study on Gas Channeling Regularity and Anti-channeling
Measures of Multi-component Thermal Fluid Huff and Puff
for Xinjiang Heavy Oil Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
Wenwei Wu, Liguo Zhong, Xiaodong Han, Lipeng Tong,
Cheng Wang, Caixia Wang, Bingyan Liu, Jianbin Liu,
Tongchun Hao and Shuang Huang
82 Direct Numerical Simulation on Turbulent Flow
over a Truncated Pyramid with a Wavy Surface
in an Open Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955
Mitsuhiro Shintani, Mitsuo Matsumoto and Yoshimichi Hagiwara
83 Recent Progress on Phase Equilibrium Calculation in
Subsurface Reservoirs Using Diffuse Interface Models . . . . . . . . 969
Tao Zhang, Yiteng Li, Jianchao Cai and Shuyu Sun
84 Study on Calculation of Mixed Oil-Water Volume During
the Commissioning of Large Drop Continuous U-Shaped
Liquid Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
Wang Li, Kun Wang, Zhijian Zhang and Sha Chen
85 Modelling and the FEM Analysis of the Effects of the Blast
Wave on the Side of a Vehicle According to the AEP-55 Vol. 3
Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Piotr Malesa, Grzegorz Sławiński and Marek Świerczewski
86 Simulation Analysis of Thermal Stress of CFST Arch Bridge
During Exothermic Hydration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
Jianyuan Sun, Jinbao Xie and Zhisheng Zhang
Contents xvii

Part XXIV Activities of CAE Advanced Composite Materials

and Structures Research Division at Tokyo University
of Science
87 Simulation of Interfacial Sliding Problem of Fiber
Reinforced Composites Using Constraint Conditional
Finite Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
Ryuta Kitamura

Part XXV Computational Modeling in Biomedical Applications

88 Design of a Wideband Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna with High
Gain for Detecting Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035
Lulu Wang and Huiyong Chen
89 Research on the Fitting Method for QRS Wave Group of ECG
Signals Based on Ant Colony Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
Fan Yang, Bo Chen, Kun Zhu and Zhaobi Chu
90 Learning-Based Metal Artifacts Removal in Head CT . . . . . . . . 1051
Shipeng Xie and Qian Chen
91 Models of Markov Chain with Weights and Its Application
in Predicting the Magnetic Field Intensity
of Magnetocardiogram Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
He Jinhao, Chen Bo, Zhu Kun and Huang Kaicheng
92 Sparse-View CT Reconstruction Based on Improved
Re-Sidual Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Yufei Qian, Shipeng Xie, Wenqin Zhuang and Haibo Li
93 The Simulation and Experiment Study of a Wearable,
Flexible and Transparent Biomimetic Voltage Source . . . . . . . . . 1081
Zhen Liang, Runhuai Yang, Chenchen Xu, Shaohui Hou,
Guoqing Jin and Fuzhou Niu
94 Neural-Network-Based Outcome Classification for Nursing
Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091
Ning An, Liuqi Jin, Hong Ming, Wenjuan Cheng and Jiaoyun Yang
95 Auto Rickshaw—Pedestrian Head and Neck Impact Injury
Mitigation—An Analysis of Impact Material Alternatives,
Their Costs and Their Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101
A. J. Al-Graitti, T. Smith, R. Prabhu and M. D. Jones
96 Modal Analysis of Respiratory Cilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125
Qu Jiaqi and Gao Qiang
xviii Contents

97 Automated Design of Customized 3D-Printed Wrist Orthoses

on the Basis of 3D Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133
Filip Górski, Przemysław Zawadzki, Radosław Wichniarek,
Wiesław Kuczko, Magdalena Żukowska, Izabela Wesołowska
and Natalia Wierzbicka

Part XXVI Impact Loading and Failure of Structures

and Materials
98 Research on the Permeability Model of Fractal Fractured
Media in 3D Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147
Huan Zhao, Wei Li, Lei Wang, Xin Ling, Dandan Shan,
Bing Li and Zhan Su
99 Modelling and the FEM Analysis of the Effects of the Blast
Wave on the Floor of a Vehicle According to the AEP-55
Vol. 2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157
Marek Świerczewski, Grzegorz Sławiński and Piotr Malesa

Part XXVII Modeling and Simulation of Chemical Processes:

Optimizations and Applications
100 Dynamic Impacts of Catalyst Management on Self-fluidized
Pump-Free Ebullated-Bed Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1171
Bo Chen, Zhaohui Meng, Hailong Ge, Jordy Botello,
Tao Yang and Xiangchen Fang

Part XXVIII Theme: Methods for Computer Modeling

in Engineering and Sciences
101 A Fine Simulation Analysis of Rock Fragmentation
Mechanism of TBM Disc Cutter with DEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1189
Yadong Xue, Jie Zhou, Feng Zhao and Hanxiang Zhao
102 Research on Pollution Accumulation Characteristics
of Insulators in Natural Pollution Accumulation
Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207
Mao Dong and Gao Qiang
103 Fast Reconstruction of Transient Heat-Flux Distributions
in a Laser Heating Process with Time-Space Adaptive
Mesh Refinement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217
Qing-Qing Yang, Jiu Luo, Dong-Chuan Mo, Shu-Shen Lyu
and Yi Heng
Contents xix

104 Transfer Learning Approach in Automatic Tropical Wood

Recognition System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225
Rubiyah Yusof, Azlin Ahmad, Anis Salwa Mohd Khairuddin,
Uswah Khairuddin, Nik Mohamad Aizuddin Nik Azmi
and Nenny Ruthfalydia Rosli
105 Moving Least Squares (MLS) Interpolation Based
Post-processing Parametric Study in Finite Element
Elastic Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235
Mohd. Ahmed, Mohamed Hechmi El Ouni, Devender Singh
and Nabil Ben Kahla
106 Genetically Aerodynamic Optimization of High-Speed Train
Based on the Artificial Neural Network Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1253
Fu Tao, Chen Zhaobo and Wang Zhonglong

Part XXIX Theme: Sound and Vibration

107 Predicting Structure Dynamic Acceleration
Based on Measured Strain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273
Wang Yuansheng, Lan Chunbo, Qin Weiyang and Yue ZhuFeng
108 Experiment Investigation of Constrained Layer Damping
Used for Vibration Suppression of Railway Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . 1283
Wang Zhonglong, Jiao Yinghou and Chen Zhaobo
109 Free Transverse Vibration of Mindlin Annular and Circular
Plate with General Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1291
Qingjun Hao, Zhaobo Chen and Wenjie Zhai
110 Underdetermined Blind Source Separation for Multi-fault
Diagnosis of Planetary Gearbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1303
H. Li, Q. Zhang, X. R. Qin and Y. T. Sun
111 Study on Sound Transmission Loss of Lightweight FGM
Sandwich Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317
C. Li, Z. Chen and Y. Jiao
112 Supervised Learning for Finite Element Analysis of Holes
Under Tensile Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1329
Wai Tuck Chow

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341
 Part I
Advances in Experimental Solid Mechanics
Chapter 1
Investigation of Systematic Error
Characteristics and Error Elimination
Method in Digital Image Correlation

Shuichi Arikawa, Yuma Kume, Satoru Yoneyama and Yasuhisa Fujimoto

Abstract In this study, systematic errors and an error elimination method in digital
image correlation are investigated for improving accuracy and spatial resolution of
deformation measurements. Characteristics of the systematic error of measured dis-
placements in DIC are investigated using an imaging process simulation. The speckle
size of the random pattern on the target surface, the gap between each micro lens on
the imaging sensor, and the relative position between the micro lenses and the imaged
pattern on the micro lenses are considered in the simulation. The error investigation
results show that those factors affect the characteristics of the systematic error. Pos-
sible error characteristics in actual DIC measurements using random patterns are
considered. It is then found that the function of the possible error characteristics
shows complex profile and the error becomes zero at integer displacements in pixel.
In practical deformation measurement in DIC, the error profile can be obtained using
additional measured shift data, if the actual shift amount as the relative translation
amount of the target and the camera is known. The function approximation of the
error profile and an error elimination method are investigated.

Keywords Deformation measurement · Digital image correlation · Systematic

error · Error elimination

S. Arikawa (B)
Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
e-mail: arikawa@meiji.ac.jp
Y. Kume
Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku,
Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
S. Yoneyama
Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
Y. Fujimoto
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, 8-1-1 Tsukaguchi-honmachi, Amagasaki, Hyogo 661-8661,
Japan

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 3

H. Okada and S. N. Atluri (eds.), Computational and Experimental
Simulations in Engineering, Mechanisms and Machine Science 75,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27053-7_1
4 S. Arikawa et al.

1.1 Introduction

Recently digital image correlation (DIC) [1] is widely used for various deformation
measurements because of its usefulness. The error of measurement results by DIC
depends on interpolation functions for the subpixel calculation in the image correla-
tion [2] and is affected by subset shape functions [3]. The measurement accuracy is
improved by using high order functions for the subpixel interpolation and by using
the large subset area for image correlation. However, using the high order interpola-
tion functions and the large subset area cause degradation of the spatial resolution of
the measurement. Therefore, the realization of the coexistence of the high accuracy
measurement with the high spatial resolution is still difficult. One of the solutions
in a real object scale is using a high resolution camera with optimizing the optical
magnification of the imaging lens. However, the image resolution of cameras and
the optical resolution of lenses have limitations. On the other hand, if the error that
occurs with a small subset area or a low order interpolation function can be elimi-
nated, the coexistence of the high accuracy with the high spatial resolution will be
attained. Authors have developed an error elimination method [4, 5]. But some low
level errors have remained. To develop a high accuracy error elimination method, the
error generation mechanism of DIC measurement should be elucidated more clearly.
Also the authors have reported that some physical factors of the imaging process
affect the error profile and there is a possibility to develop a high accuracy error
elimination method [6].
In this study, imaging process simulations are performed for investigating the
effect of various factors such as the arrangement of the micro-lens array on the
imaging sensor, the imaged speckle size on the micro-lens array and their relative
positions. The effects of various factors for the error profiles are then investigated.
Additionally, an error elimination method is considered.

1.2 Imaging Simulation

Not only the data processes, but also some physical factors affect the error generation.
As shown in Fig. 1.1, the shape and the size of the micro-lens relating the sampling
area of light intensities are not the same as those of the pixel. Therefore, some of the
light intensity of the imaged pattern enter gaps between the micro-lenses and are lost
in the sampling process. This means that the shape and the size of the micro-lens,
the imaged speckle size and their relative position affect characteristics of the error
in DIC.
In the imaging process simulation in this study, the light intensity is calculated
from the overlap area of the imaged spackle and the micro-lens array which the
shape and the gap between the lenses are considered. Various initial conditions such
as the center position distance for the initial state as shown in Fig. 1.1 and various
known displacements are given for the simulation images. In this study, grid layout
1 Investigation of Systematic Error Characteristics and Error … 5

Fig. 1.1 Schematic figure of an imaged speckle on a micro-lens array

speckle pattern images and random layout speckle pattern images are generated. The
generated images have the size of 500 × 500 pixels with 250 speckles. For the grid
layout, each speckle is arranged on each centers of regions of 10 × 10 pixels. For the
random layout, each speckle is arranged as random position without their overlaps.
When speckle diameter is 5 pixels, the area ratio of the speckles is about 20%. The
simulated images are saved as a general data format. The DIC measurements are
applied for the images made by the simulation. In the DIC calculation, bi-linear
interpolation is used for the sub-pixel calculation. The subset size is set to 31 × 31
pixels. Effects of various factors for the error are then investigated.

1.3 Results and Discussion

Error profiles of various center position distance using the grid arranged speckle
patterns without the gaps between the micro-lenses are shown in Fig. 1.2a. The center
position distance is calculated from 0 to 0.9 pixel with a pitch of 0.1 pixel. Results of
0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 pixel of the center position distance are shown in the figure.
These error profiles show various shapes. The averaged profile is also shown in the
figure. The averaged profile has relatively small amplitude and becomes zero at the
displacements of 0 and 0.5 pixel. In this simulation using the grid arranged speckle
pattern, relative positions of the speckles and the micro-lenses in the subset region are
the same. Thus each error profile indicates the characteristics of each relative position
of the speckle and the micro-lens. The averaged profile means that effects of various
initial positions of the speckle on the micro-lens array are averaged. Therefore, if
randomly arranged speckle pattern is used, the characteristics of sufficient number
of speckles in an enough size of a subset becomes the same as the averaged profile
6 S. Arikawa et al.

(a) Without gaps between micro-lenses (b) Without gaps, bi-cubic interpolation

(c) With gaps, lens diameter of 0.8 pixel (d) With gaps, square lens of 0.8 × 0.8 pixel

Fig. 1.2 Error profiles of various micro-lens conditions

using the grid pattern [6]. The maximum amplitude of the error profiles is 0.051 pixel
and that of the averaged profile is 0.021 pixel. The amplitude of the averaged profile
is not flat because of the sub-pixel intensity interpolation. If high-order interpolation
functions are used, the amplitude can be reduced [2]. Error profiles using bi-cubic
polynomial interpolation for the same simulation images are shown in Fig. 1.2b. The
maximum amplitude of the error profiles is 0.034 pixel and that of the averaged profile
is 0.003 pixel. Especially the amplitude of the averaged profile drastically decreases.
Figure 1.2c shows error profiles with the gaps between the micro-lenses. The round
shaped micro-lenses with the diameter of 0.8 pixel are used for the simulation.
Amplitudes of the error profiles are larger than those without the gaps as shown (a).
The maximum amplitude of the error profiles is 0.120 pixel and that of the averaged
profile is 0.025 pixel. There is no big difference in the averaged error profile with
that without the gaps. Figure 1.2d shows error profiles with the gaps between square
shaped micro-lenses. The dimension of the square shaped micro-lenses is 0.8 × 0.8
pixel. Amplitudes of the error profiles slightly decrease from those using the round
shaped micro-lenses as shown (c). The maximum amplitude of the error profiles is
1 Investigation of Systematic Error Characteristics and Error … 7

Fig. 1.3 Error profile using

randomly arranged pattern

0.097 pixel and that of the averaged profile is 0.027 pixel. The amplitude of the
averaged error profile slightly increases from that using the round shaped micro-
lenses. From the above results, it is found that the existence of the gaps between the
micro-lenses and the shape of the micro-lenses affect the error profiles.
Figure 1.3 shows the error profile using randomly arranged speckle patterns with
the gaps between square shaped micro-lenses of 0.8 × 0.8 pixel. About nine speckles
are included in the subset region of 31 × 31 pixels. In this situation, the error profile
is complex and is not close to the averaged profile using the grid pattern, because the
characteristics of each speckle position are not averaged enough. Actually, various
patterns of complex error profiles are obtained at the another coordinates. To improve
the spatial resolution by reducing the subset size, such error profile must be identified
and eliminated.

1.4 Error Elimination Method

We propose an error elimination method using Lagrange polynomial with additional

shift amounts data. Figure 1.4 shows the relationship between the actual and the
measured shift amount on the actual and the measured displacement field at a single
coordinate of the measurement field. In this figure, S0 is the target point of the error
elimination. S1 to Sn are additional shift points as rigid body translations. At this
point, the relationship between the measured shift amount, sm , and the measured
displacement, x m , is known. But the relation of the actual shift amount, s, and the
actual displacement, x, is unknown. However, the actual shift amount, s, from S0
can be obtained using an additional rigid body rotation measurement [4]. Thus the
function including S0 to Sn on s–sm field can be calculated by Lagrange polynomial.
The shift points for the polynomial should cover more than one pixel as one cycle of
the error profile. Since the error must be zero at all integer displacements in pixel,
the relationship between the actual shift amount, s, and the actual displacement, x,
can be calculated.
8 S. Arikawa et al.

Fig. 1.4 Relationship

between actual shift amount
and measured shift amount

Then the actual displacement for the target S0 can be obtained. To apply the
proposed error elimination method for actual deformation measurements, image
capturing of a single rigid body rotation and some rigid body translations of the
relative position of the measurement object and the camera at the initial state is
required before the deformation measurement.

1.5 Summary

In this study, it was found that the existence of the gaps between the micro-lenses
and the shape of the micro-lenses affected the error profiles by using the imaging
process simulation. When the subset size was not large enough, complex error profile
was obtained. For improving spatial resolution, the error elimination method using
Lagrange polynomial with additional shift amount data was proposed by the authors.
It is expected that practical verifications and optimizations of the proposed method
will be performed and highly accurate displacement measurements with high spatial
resolution will be possible.

References

1. Sutton, M.A., Wolters, W.J., Peters, W.H., Ranson, W.H., McNeill, W.R.: Determination of
displacements using an improved digital correlation method. Image Vis. Comput. 1(3), 133–139
(1983)
2. Schreier, H.W., Braasch, J.R., Sutton, M.A.: Systematic errors in digital image correlation caused
by intensity interpolation. Opt. Eng. 39(11), 2915–2921 (2000)
3. Schreier, H.W., Sutton, M.A.: Systematic errors in digital image correlation due to undermatched
subset shape functions. Exp. Mech. 42(3), 303–310 (2002)
1 Investigation of Systematic Error Characteristics and Error … 9

4. Arikawa, S., Yoshida, R., Yoneyama, S., Fujimoto, Y., Omoto, Y.: A method for eliminating
periodical error for highly accurate measurement in digital image correlation. In: Proceedings
of the International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics 2015,
p. 31 (2015)
5. Arikawa, S., Murata, M., Yoneyama, S., Fujimoto, Y., Omoto, Y.: Elimination of periodical
error for bi-directional displacement in digital image correlation method. In: Advancement of
Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics, vol. 3. Conference Proceedings of the Society for
Experimental Mechanics Series, pp. 151–155 (2017)
6. Arikawa, S., Kume, Y., Zhang, Y., Yoneyama, S., Fujimoto, Y.: Investigation of error generation
mechanism in digital image correlation based on imaging process simulation (in Japanese). J.
Jpn. Soc. Exp. Mech. 18(1), 37–42 (2018)
Chapter 2
Simultaneous Identification
of Two-Independent Viscoelastic
Characteristics with the Virtual Fields
Method

Yusuke Hoshino, Yuelin Zheng and Satoru Yoneyama

Abstract In this study, a method for determining the viscoelastic material properties
from displacement fields is proposed. Stress-strain relationship represented by the
superposition integral is employed as the viscoelastic constitutive equation. Thus, the
unknown properties are relaxation bulk and shear moduli. The virtual fields method
based on the principle of virtual work is used as a method for the inverse analysis.
The unknown material properties are determined by solving nonlinear simultaneous
equations of the virtual work containing the constitutive equations. The validity of the
proposed method is demonstrated by identifying the viscoelastic properties of a soft
epoxy resin. Results show that the two independent viscoelastic material properties
can be identified by proposed method.

Keywords Inverse analysis · Virtual fields method · Viscoelasticity · Bulk

relaxation modulus · Shear relaxation modulus · Digital image correlation

2.1 Introduction

In recent years, the development of polymeric material is a fast-growing, more and

more of the polymeric materials are used as machine materials. These materials
are used in a wide variety of situations such as vibration control, soundproof and a
matrix of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. On the other hand, due to miniaturization
and complexity of recent equipment and structures, material properties may differ
from the results obtained by a tensile test of a bulk material [1, 2]. Therefore, in order
to evaluate the stress and strain, it is necessary to know the material properties.
The dynamic viscoelasticity test is frequently performed as a test for determin-
ing the viscoelastic material properties. Because viscoelastic material properties are
highly dependent on temperature and time, it is possible to obtain a material charac-
teristic by performing experiments under the conditions such as various temperature
and frequency in a dynamic viscoelasticity test. Therefore, it must deal with a lot of

Y. Hoshino · Y. Zheng · S. Yoneyama (B)

Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara 252-5258, Japan
e-mail: yoneyama@me.aoyama.ac.jp
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 11
H. Okada and S. N. Atluri (eds.), Computational and Experimental
Simulations in Engineering, Mechanisms and Machine Science 75,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27053-7_2
12 Y. Hoshino et al.

data in the experiment. The relaxation bulk and shear moduli can be determined from
the relation between the relaxation modulus and the viscoelastic Poisson’s ratio [3,
4]. However, viscoelastic Poisson’s ratio has been frequently treated as a constant.
In this case, it is difficult to obtain the viscoelastic material properties correctly.
There is a method for obtaining the relaxation bulk modulus and the relaxation shear
modulus directly, but research to measure them at the same time is not sufficient [5].
Two independent viscoelastic material properties should be obtained simultaneously
on the same specimen under the same conditions [6]. This is described by Tschoegl
et al. [7] as the standard protocol of the material properties evaluation of viscoelastic
solids.
In this study, a method for determining the viscoelastic material properties from
measured displacement distributions is proposed. Stress-strain relationship repre-
sented by convolution integral is employed as the viscoelastic constitutive equation.
Thus, the unknown parameters in material properties are relaxation bulk modulus and
relaxation shear modulus. The virtual fields method (VFM) based on the principle
of virtual work is used as a method for the inverse analysis. The unknown material
properties are determined by solving the nonlinear simultaneous equation of virtual
work substituted into the constitutive equations. The validity of the proposed method
is demonstrated by identifying the viscoelastic properties of soft epoxy resin. Results
show that the material properties are identified by proposed method.

2.2 Virtual Fields Method for Linearly Viscoelasticity

The principle of virtual work can be written that the work done by the external forces
by the virtual displacement is zero when the object in equilibrium under various forces
is given arbitrary virtual displacements. The principle of virtual work is expressed
by the following equation.
 
σi j εi∗j d = Ti u i∗ d (2.1)
 q

where σij represents the stress components, ε*ij expresses the virtual strain compo-
nents, u*i gives the virtual displacement, T i is the traction (the external force compo-
nents), i and j are the x and y directions,  is the inside of the object, and  is the
boundary of the object. As shown in Fig. 2.1,  is composed of Dirichlet boundary
 u and Neumann boundary  q .
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Canada shares with the United States the glories
of the Rockies, which invite the traveller ever
westward and, once seen, cast a spell that is never
shaken off.
CARPENTER’S WORLD TRAVELS

CANADA
AND
NEWFOUNDLAND
BY
FRANK G. CARPENTER
LITT.D., F.R.G.S.

WITH 116 ILLUSTRATIONS

FROM ORIGINAL PHOTOGRAPHS
GARDEN CITY NEW YORK
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
1924
 COPYRIGHT, 1924, BY
FRANK G. CARPENTER
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES
AT
THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS, GARDEN CITY, N. Y.
First Edition
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In the publication of this volume on my travels in Canada and
Newfoundland, I wish to thank the Secretary of State for letters
which have given me the assistance of our official representatives in
the countries visited. I thank also the Secretary of Agriculture and
our Secretary of Labour for appointing me an Honourary
Commissioner of their Departments in foreign lands. Their
credentials have been of great value, making accessible sources of
information seldom opened to the ordinary traveller.
To the officials of the Dominions of Newfoundland and Canada I
desire to express my thanks for exceptional courtesies which greatly
aided me in my investigations.
I would also thank Mr. Dudley Harmon, my editor, and Miss Ellen
McB. Brown and Miss Josephine Lehmann, my associate editors, for
their assistance and coöperation in the revision of notes dictated or
penned by me on the ground.
While nearly all of the illustrations in Carpenter’s World Travels
are from my own negatives, those in the book have been
supplemented by photographs from the official collections of the
Canadian government, the Canadian National Lines, the Canadian
Pacific Railway, the Publishers’ Photo Service, the Holloway Studios
of St. John’s, N. F., and Lomen Bros., of Nome, Alaska.
F. G. C.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. Just a Word Before we Start 1
II. The Key to the St. Lawrence 3
III. Around About St. John’s 8
IV. The Cod Fisheries of Newfoundland 13
V. Iron Mines Under the Sea 24
VI. The Maritime Provinces 31
VII. In French Canada 42
VIII. Ste. Anne de Beaupré and its Miraculous
Cures 52
IX. Montreal 60
X. Canada’s Big Banks 69
XI. Ottawa—The Capital of the Dominion 79
XII. The Lumber Yard of an Empire 88
XIII. Toronto—The City of Public Ownership 97
XIV. Waterfalls that Work for the People 106
XV. Niagara’s Giant Power Station 113
XVI. The Silver Mines of Northern Ontario 119
XVII. Nickel for all the World 127
XVIII. Sault Ste. Marie and the Clay Belt 134
XIX. The Twin Lake Ports 141
 XX. Winnipeg—Where the Prairies Begin 148
XXI. The Great Transcontinental Railways 157
XXII. The Land of Furs 166
XXIII. Saskatchewan 175
XXIV. The World’s Largest Wheatfield 181
XXV. The Open Door in Canada 188
XXVI. Edmonton—The Gateway to the
Northwest 197
XXVII. The Passing of the Cattle Range 206
XXVIII. Over the Great Divide 213
XXIX. Through British Columbia to the Coast 220
XXX. Prince Rupert 226
XXXI. By Motor Car Through the Wilderness 232
XXXII. From White Horse to Dawson 241
XXXIII. The Capital of the Yukon 250
XXXIV. Farming on the Edge of the Arctic 259
XXXV. Mining Wonders of the Far North 266
XXXVI. Romances of the Klondike 274
XXXVII. A Dredge King of the Klondike 281
XXXVIII. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police 288
See the World with Frank G. Carpenter 298
Index 301
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Where Man Feels Close to God Frontispiece
PAGE
The Untold Wealth of Canada 2
Newfoundland’s Rocky Coast 3
Icebergs off St John’s Harbour 6
The Capital City of Newfoundland 7
On the Fish Wharves 14
Spreading Codfish out to Dry 15
Fishing Villages 18
Hunting Seals on the Ice Fields 19
Caribou Crossing a River 19
Ore Piles at the Wabana Mines 22
The Annual Fishermen’s Race 23
Halifax Harbour 30
Cape Breton Island 31
Evangeline’s Well 38
Low Tide in the Bay of Fundy 38
A Quebec Farm House 39
French Canadian Woman Spinning 39
The Gibraltar of America 46
The St Louis Gate at Quebec 47
A Plank-paved Street 50
Ribbon-like Farms along the St Lawrence 51
A Wayside Shrine 54
The Church of Notre Dame 55
Grain Elevators of Montreal 62
Montreal from Mount Royal 63
In the Old French Market 66
Toboggan Slide Down Mount Royal 67
“Shooting” the Rapids 70
Through the La Chine Canal 70
Along the Rideau Canal 71
The Heights Above the Ottawa River 78
The Library of Parliament 79
A Giant of the Forest 86
Food for a Pulp Mill 87
A Forest Patrol Airplane 87
Log Jam on a Canadian River 94
Toronto’s Municipal Playground 95
Farm Scene in Ontario 95
Toronto, City of Sky-scrapers 102
Flax Raising in Ontario 103
Orchards of the Niagara Peninsula 110
The Big Ditch at Niagara 111
Ontario’s Giant Power Station 111
Potential Power for Canadian Industries 118
The Mining Town of Cobalt 119
Where One Walks on Silver 126
Erecting a “Discovery Post” 127
The World’s Greatest Freight Canal 134
Bascule Bridge at Sault Ste. Marie 134
Moose Feeding 135
Ontario Lake Country 135
Calling Moose 138
A Fishermen’s Mecca 139
The Mighty Elevators of Port Arthur 142
The Falls of Kakabeka 143
A Six-hundred-foot Lake Freighter 143
The Gateway to the Prairies 150
Cutting Corn by Machinery 151
Stacking Wheat 151
Over the Transcontinental Route 158
“Selling the Scenery” 159
Bargaining with the Eskimos 166
A Hudson’s Bay Trading Post 167
A Foster Mother for Foxes 167
Valuable Furs as Every-day Garments 174
The Capital of Saskatchewan 175
Grain Lands of the Prairies 178
American Windmills in Saskatchewan 179
Threshing Wheat 179
In Canada’s Great Wheat Province 182
Farming on a Large Scale 183
Future Citizens of the Dominion 190
A Modern Ranch 191
Raising Corn in Alberta 194
Railroads as Colonizers 195
Giving the Settler a Start 195
Digging Coal from a “Country Bank” 198
Milking Machines in an Alberta Dairy 199
Water for Three Million Acres 206
Passing of the “Wild West” 207
A Royal Ranch Owner 207
Calgary’s Business Section 210
Mounted Police Headquarters at Macleod 211
Lake of the Hanging Glaciers 214
The Monarch of the Herd 215
Mountain Climbing in the Canadian Alps 222
At the Foot of Mount Robson 223
The Land of the Kootenays 226
Apple Orchards of the Pacific Slope 227
Canada’s Most English City 227
Street in Prince Rupert 230
The World’s Greatest Halibut Port 230
Totem Poles at Kitwanga 231
Over the White Pass Railway 238
On the Overland Trail 239
Roadhouse on the Tahkeena River 239
The Head of Navigation on the Yukon 242
A Klondike Heating Plant 243
Islands in the Upper Yukon 246
Through the Five Finger Rapids 247
A Summer Residence in the Klondike 254
The White House of the Yukon 254
In the Land of the Midnight Sun 255
Redtop Grass Inside the Arctic Circle 258
A Ten-thousand-dollar Potato Patch 259
Dredging the Golden Gravel 274
Washing Down the Hills 275
Old-time Mining Methods 278
From Gold Seeker to Settler 279
The Prospector on the Trail 279
A Dredge King of the Klondike 286
Hydraulic Mining 287
The Guardian of the Northwest 290
An Eskimo of Ellesmere Island 291
 CANADA
AND

NEWFOUNDLAND