Full Chapter Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Advances Design Control and Applications 1St Edition Mukesh Kumar Awasthi PDF

Computational Fluid Flow and Heat
Transfer: Advances, Design, Control,

and Applications 1st Edition Mukesh
Kumar Awasthi
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/computational-fluid-flow-and-heat-transfer-advances-
design-control-and-applications-1st-edition-mukesh-kumar-awasthi/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas
https://textbookfull.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-
loucas/
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Flow Boiling in

Microchannels 1st Edition Sujoy Kumar Saha
https://textbookfull.com/product/heat-transfer-and-pressure-drop-
in-flow-boiling-in-microchannels-1st-edition-sujoy-kumar-saha/
Microscale Flow and Heat Transfer: Mathematical

Modelling and Flow Physics Amit Agrawal
https://textbookfull.com/product/microscale-flow-and-heat-
transfer-mathematical-modelling-and-flow-physics-amit-agrawal/
Fundamentals of Multiphase Heat Transfer and Flow Amir

Faghri
https://textbookfull.com/product/fundamentals-of-multiphase-heat-
transfer-and-flow-amir-faghri/
Boiling Heat Transfer and Two-Phase Flow Second Edition
Tang
https://textbookfull.com/product/boiling-heat-transfer-and-two-
phase-flow-second-edition-tang/
Advances in Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics: Select

Proceedings of AHTFD 2022 Mohammad Altamush Siddiqui
https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-heat-transfer-and-
fluid-dynamics-select-proceedings-of-ahtfd-2022-mohammad-
altamush-siddiqui/
Electric Fields, Additives and Simultaneous Heat and

Mass Transfer in Heat Transfer Enhancement Sujoy Kumar
Saha
https://textbookfull.com/product/electric-fields-additives-and-
simultaneous-heat-and-mass-transfer-in-heat-transfer-enhancement-
sujoy-kumar-saha/
Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer : Inexpensive

Demonstrations and Laboratory Exercises First Edition
Clausen
https://textbookfull.com/product/fluid-mechanics-and-heat-
transfer-inexpensive-demonstrations-and-laboratory-exercises-
first-edition-clausen/
Two-Phase Heat Transfer Enhancement Sujoy Kumar Saha
https://textbookfull.com/product/two-phase-heat-transfer-
enhancement-sujoy-kumar-saha/
Computational Fluid Flow
and Heat Transfer
The text provides insight into the different mathematical tools and tech-
niques that can be applied to the analysis and numerical computations of
flow models. It further discusses important topics such as the heat transfer
effect on boundary layer flow, modeling of flows through porous media,
anisotropic polytrophic gas model, and thermal instability in viscoelastic
fluids.
This book:
• Discusses modeling of Rayleigh-Taylor instability in nanofluid layer

and thermal instability in viscoelastic fluids.
• Covers open FOAM simulation of free surface problems, and aniso-
tropic polytrophic gas model.
• Highlights the Sensitivity Analysis in Aerospace Engineering, MHD
Flow of a Micropolar Hybrid Nanofluid, and IoT-Enabled Monitoring
for Natural Convection.
• Presents thermal behavior of nanofluid in complex geometries and
heat transfer effect on Boundary layer flow.
• Explains natural convection heat transfer in non-Newtonian fluids
and homotropy series solution of the boundary layer flow.
• Illustrates modeling of flows through porous media and investigates
Shock-driven Richtmyer-Meshkov instability.
It is primarily written for senior undergraduate, graduate students, and aca-

demic researchers in the fields of Applied Sciences, Mechanical Engineering,
Manufacturing Engineering, Production Engineering, Industrial engineer-
ing, Automotive engineering, and Aerospace engineering.
Advances in Manufacturing, Design and Computational
Intelligence Techniques
Series Editor-Ashwani Kumar – Senior Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering,
at Technical Education Department, Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur, India
The book series editor is inviting edited, reference, and text book proposal
submission in the book series. The main objective of this book series is to
provide researchers a platform to present state of the art innovations,
research related to advanced materials applications, cutting edge manufac-
turing techniques, innovative design and computational intelligence meth-
ods used for solving nonlinear problems of engineering. The series includes
a comprehensive range of topics and its application in engineering areas
such as additive manufacturing, nanomanufacturing, micromachining, bio-
degradable composites, material synthesis and processing, energy materials,
polymers and soft matter, nonlinear dynamics, dynamics of complex sys-
tems, MEMS, green and sustainable technologies, vibration control, AI in
power station, analog-digital hybrid modulation, advancement in inverter
technology, adaptive piezoelectric energy harvesting circuit, contactless energy
transfer system, energy efficient motors, bioinformatics, computer aided
inspection planning, hybrid electrical vehicle, autonomous vehicle, object iden-
tification, machine intelligence, deep learning, control-robotics-automation,
knowledge-based simulation, biomedical imaging, image processing, and visu-
alization. This book series compiled all aspects of manufacturing, design and
computational intelligence techniques from fundamental principles to current
advanced concepts.
Hybrid Metal Additive Manufacturing: Technology and Applications

Edited by Parnika Shrivastava, Anil Dhanola, and Kishor Kumar Gajrani
Thermal Energy Systems: Design, Computational Techniques, and

Applications
Edited by Ashwani Kumar, Varun Pratap Singh, Chandan Swaroop Meena,
and Nitesh Dutt
Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer: Advances, Design, Control,

and Applications
Edited by Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Ashwani Kumar, Nitesh Dutt, and
Satyvir Singh
https://www.routledge.com/Advances-in-Manufacturing-Design-and-
Computational-Intelligence-Techniques/book-series/CRCAIMDCIT?publis
hedFilter=alltitles&pd=published,forthcoming&pg=1&pp=12&so=pub&
view=list?publishedFilter=alltitles&pd=published,forthcoming&pg=1&
pp=12&so=pub&view=list
Computational Fluid
Flow and Heat Transfer
Advances, Design, Control, and
Applications
Edited by
Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
Ashwani Kumar
Nitesh Dutt
Satyvir Singh
First edition published 2024
by CRC Press
2385 NW Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton FL 33431
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2024 selection and editorial matter, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Ashwani Kumar, Nitesh
Dutt, Satyvir Singh; individual chapters, the contributors
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the
author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or
the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the
copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copy-
right holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copy-
right material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted,
reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permis-
sion from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access
www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978‑750‑8400. For works that are not available
on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions@tandf.co.uk
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trade-
marks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-60318-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-73713-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-46517-1 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003465171
Typeset in Sabon
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
Contents
Aim and scope vii

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
List of contributors xii
About the editors xv
1 Introduction to mathematical and computational methods 1

MUKESH KUMAR AWASTHI, NITESH DUTT, ASHWANI KUMAR, AND ANKUSH HEDAU
2 IoT-enabled monitoring for natural convection solar dryers 21

M. SRIDHARAN
3 Natural convection study in cylindrical annulus through

OpenFOAM 33
SEETU RANA, BIDESH SENGUPTA, AND SATYVIR SINGH
4 MHD forced convection in Casson hybrid nanofluids with

Soret and Dufour effects 46
K. GNANAPRASANNA, ABHISHEK KUMAR SINGH, PANKAJ SHUKLA, AND
AWANI BHUSHAN
5 Boundary layer flow in aerospace applications 66

MRITYUNJAI VERMA AND VARUN PRATAP SINGH
6 Sensitivity analysis for aerospace engineering applications 95

L. PRINCE RAJ, P. M. MOHAMED ABUBACKER SIDDIQUE, AND G. S. CHARANA
7 Design optimization and sensitivity analysis in aerospace

engineering112
MRITYUNJAI VERMA AND VARUN PRATAP SINGH
v
vi Contents
8 Modeling of flows through porous media 133

SUNIL KUMAR, MARIA KING, AND ROBERT G. HARDIN
9 Numerical analysis of turbulent flow in tubes with

longitudinal fin using Al2O3-water nanofluids 159
ANAND KUMAR SOLANKI, ANKIT RAJKUMAR SINGH, AND NITESH DUTT
10 Gravity-modulated thermal instability in Oldroyd-B

nanofluids176
SHILPEE, B.S. BHADAURIA, AND ISMAIL
11 Thermal instability in Hele-Shaw Cell with variable

forces for Rivlin-Ericksen Nanofluid 212
S.N. RAI, B.S. BHADAURIA, ANURAG SRIVASTAVA, AND ANISH KUMAR
12 MHD flow of a micropolar hybrid nanofluid between

two parallel disks 235
RESHU GUPTA
13 Modeling Rayleigh-Taylor instability in nanofluid layers 249

MUKESH KUMAR AWASTHI, ASHWANI KUMAR, AND NITESH DUTT
14 Shock wave effects on hydrodynamic instability

in elliptical bubbles 263
SATYVIR SINGH AND BIDESH SENGUPTA
Index 277
Aim and scope
The book Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer: Advances, Design,
Control, and Applications aims to provide a reference for the applications
of flow problems with or without heat transfer using analytical/numerical/
experimental techniques in various unique industry problems in the era of
Industry 4.0, and it will offer a sound background with adequate applica-
tions. Apart from the diversified industrial problems we are also aiming to
discuss the flow modeling with real time data in the current scenario. This
book is intended to be multi-domain applications; this helps researchers
and scholars to think beyond one specific field and work on cohort domain
in mathematics, engineering, and computer science. This book will help
researchers to think/use artificial intelligence and machine learning to solve
the flow problems in complex geometries. The book can be an idea tickling
for audience working in the domain of modeling and simulations.
In recent years, scientists have been trying to solve practical flow prob-
lems using mathematical models, and they are also getting success. As com-
puting technologies have grown tremendously, the possibilities of solving
complex problems have also increased. Most of the flow systems are very
complex and it takes a lot of time and money to find their solutions. To
design an engineering flow system and understand its processes, it is very
important to understand and analyze all the parameters used in that system
and mathematical models are very helpful in understanding and analyzing
such parameters. This book focuses on the modeling of flow phenomenon in
complex geometries.
The flow of fluids is very important in confined geometries. In case of
cylindrical configuration, there are many applications of capillary such as
water jet, film boiling, and film-wise condensate Ink jet printer is an excel-
lent example of combination of capillary flow and electric field. The fluids,
depending upon their nature, make a significant impact on our day-to-day
life. Non-Newtonian fluids like polymers and viscoelastic fluids need special
attention from the researchers. The exact solution of the Navier-Stokes
equation is not known till date, and therefore, numerical methods are very
helpful for the computation of various properties of fluid flows. In this book,
vii
viii Aim and scope
we are looking to add the nature-inspired flow problems and their experi-
mental/analytical/numerical solutions.
Instability of fluid flow is responsible for the turbulence of fluid flow. There
are a large number of applications of fluid’s instability in engineering and the
natural environment. The instability phenomenon is also found in the fields
of astrophysics, applied mathematics, geophysics, biology, physics, oceanog-
raphy, etc. On applying some perturbation in the fluid system which may be
in motion or stable, its flow properties will be different from the original
state. The system is called stable if a small perturbation imposed on the sys-
tem dies and the system comes back to its original state, while the system is
called unstable if perturbation increases with time and the properties of the
system change forever. A particular emphasis will be on the recent modeling
and computational trends to investigate stability of multiphase flows.
Heat transfer occurs whenever there is inhomogeneous temperature dis-
tribution within the system or between the system and its surrounding envi-
ronment. There are four basic modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection,
phase change, and radiation. The process by which heat diffuses through a
solid or a stationary fluid is termed as heat conduction. The transfer of heat
from a wetted surface is assisted by the motion of the fluid, which is known
as heat convection. However, when the fluid undergoes a phase change at or
near the wetted surface, it is called phase-change heat transfer. The thermal
radiation is by electromagnetic wave propagation. There is no medium
needed for thermal radiation, although the electromagnetic waves can be
transferred through gases. This book will include the studies related to heat
transfer on industrial applications.
The relative migration of species in a mixture caused by concentration
gradients is explicitly referred to as mass transfer. A net mass transfer from
a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration results from
the molecule’s random mobility. The diffusion of chemical contaminants
from point sources, whether natural or manufactured, into lakes, rivers, and
oceans are two typical instances of mass transfer processes. Besides the
modeling and simulation of heat transfer effect, the book will highlight the
mathematical modeling and computation of the problems arising in engi-
neering systems, with special emphasis on the mass transfer in various
geometries. The book has 14 chapters, and the applicability of this book
covers a wide range of industries such as fluid dynamics, heat transfer, pro-
duction sector, design engineers, research and development engineers, auto-
motive industry, aviation sector, electronics industry, civil engineers, and
researchers in heat transfer sectors, and it will help the audience in conduct-
ing research in these industries.
Editors
Dr. Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
Dr. Ashwani Kumar
Dr. Nitesh Dutt
Dr. Satyvir Singh
Preface
The contemporary world is moving fast into the knowledge and innovation
of science and technology. The fluid flow phenomena play a very crucial role
in understanding various complex processes arising in natural and engineer-
ing systems. That’s why, nowadays, one of the prime agendas of scientific
research is to strengthen the researchers in the areas, such as mathematical
modeling, simulation, and numerical techniques. This book provides a com-
prehensive resource for readers to make them familiar with recent research
developments in the mathematical modeling of the real-world problems
arising in diverse areas of science and engineering. The applications covered
in the book will equip the readers with the fundamental understanding of
how to identify appropriate situations for modeling and how to apply math-
ematical symbols and ideas to create flow models. It will provide an insight
into different mathematical tools and techniques that can be applied for the
analysis and numerical computations of the flow models.
The book Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer: Advances,
Design, Control, and Applications aims to provide a reference for applica-
tion of flow problems with or without heat transfer using analytical/numeri-
cal/experimental techniques. Chapters included in the book illustrate new
methodologies, model, techniques, and applications along with description
of modeling, optimization and experimental works. Chapter 1 covers the
introduction to advance computation tools applied in fluid flow and heat
transfer analysis. Chapters 2 and 3 talk about the natural convection in
Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids. Chapter 4 covers how forced
convection works. In continuation Chapter 5 covers heat transfer effect on
boundary layer flow in aerospace applications. Chapters 6 and 7 provide
information on the sensitivity analysis in aerospace applications. Chapter 8
examines the different modeling and optimization to improve the flows
through porous media. The chapter discusses theoretical and industrial
applications of porous media fluid flows analysis. Chapters 9–13 highlight
different applications and thermal behavior of nanofluids. These chapters
are crucial since applications of nanofluids are increasing in heat transfer
enhancement techniques. Chapter 12 focuses on analyzing the MHD flow of
a micropolar hybrid nanofluid between two porous disks. The flow nature
ix
x Preface
is significantly influenced by the micro rotation of the hybrid nanoparticles.

To provide clarity, a comparison between the analytical and numerical
results is stated. In this study, TiO2-Cu is chosen as the hybrid nanoparticle
mixed with a water-based fluid. In continuation, Chapter 13 presents a com-
prehensive investigation of the Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability occurring at
the edge of a planar configuration, where a viscous fluid and a nanofluid are
involved. The setup consists of a lower region containing the viscous fluid
and an upper region containing the nanofluid. The growth rate of perturba-
tions is found to follow a quadratic pattern in the dispersion relationship.
Chapter 14 deals with the impact study of shock wave strengths on the
hydrodynamic instability at elliptical bubble. The elliptical bubble is com-
posed of helium gas, which is surrounded by nitrogen gas. Three different
shock wave strengths are considered: Ms = 1.12, 1.25, and 1.5.
The book Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer: Advances, Design,
Control, and Applications is dedicated to the application of fluid and heat
transfer that makes it ideal for usage in interdisciplinary undergraduate and
postgraduate curricula, and makes it useful for teaching and research pur-
poses. Additionally, the organization of the 14 chapters in this book facili-
tates self-study by independent pupils. It is also beneficial for engineers,
economists, and decision-makers since it helps them comprehend the back-
ground, current, and prospective future of the subject under discussion.
Editors
Dr. Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
Dr. Ashwani Kumar
Dr. Nitesh Dutt
Dr. Satyvir Singh
Acknowledgments
We express our gratitude to CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group) and the
editorial team for their suggestions and support during completion of this
book. We are grateful to all authors for submitting their quality work and
reviewers for their illuminating views on each book chapter presented in
the book Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer: Advances, Design,
Control, and Applications.
This book is dedicated to all engineers, researchers, and academicians.
xi
Contributors
Mukesh Kumar Awasthi Reshu Gupta

Department of Mathematics Applied Science Cluster
Babasaheb Bhimarao Ambedkar (Mathematics), UPES
University Dehradun, India
Lucknow, India
Robert G. Hardin
B.S. Bhadauria Department of Biological and
Department of Mathematics Agricultural Engineering
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Texas A&M University
University College Station, TX
Lucknow, India
Ankush Hedau
Awani Bhushan Department of Hydro and
Department of Mechanical Renewable Energy
Engineering Indian Institute of Technology
School of Mechanical Engineering Roorkee
Chennai, India Uttarakhand, India
G. S. Charana Ismail
Indian Institute of Engineering Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
Science and Technology University
Howrah, India Lucknow, India
Nitesh Dutt Maria King

Department of Mechanical Department of Biological and
Engineering Agricultural Engineering
COER University Texas A&M University
Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India College Station, TX
K. Gnanaprasanna Anish Kumar

Division of Mathematics, School of Department of Mathematics
Advanced Science Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
Vellore Institute of Technology University
Chennai, India Lucknow, India
xii
Contributors xiii
Ashwani Kumar P. M. Mohamed Abubacker Siddique

Department of Mechanical Indian Institute of Engineering
Engineering Science and Technology
Technical Education Department Howrah, India
Uttar Pradesh
Kanpur, India Abhishek Kumar Singh
Division of Mathematics
Sunil Kumar School of Advanced Science
Department of Biological and Vellore Institute of Technology
Agricultural Engineering Chennai, India
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX Ankit Rajkumar Singh
Mechanical Engineering
S.N. Rai Department
Department of Mathematics Indian Institute of Technology
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bombay
University Mumbai, India
Lucknow, India
Satyvir Singh
L. Prince Raj Applied and Computational
Indian Institute of Engineering Mathematics
Science and Technology RWTH Aachen University
Howrah, India Aachen, Germany
Seetu Rana Varun Pratap Singh

Department of Mathematics Department of Mechanical
Government College Hisar Engineering
Hisar, India School of Advanced Engineering,
UPES
Bidesh Sengupta Dehradun, India
School of Computer Science and
Engineering Anand Kumar Solanki
Nanyang Technological University Department of Mechanical
Singapore Engineering
Gayatri Vidya Parishad College
Shilpee of Engineering
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Visakhapatnam, India
University
Lucknow, India M. Sridharan
Department of Mechanical
Pankaj Shukla Engineering
Division of Mathematics SRM Institute of Science and
School of Advanced Science Technology
Vellore Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, India
Chennai, India
xiv Contributors
Anurag Srivastava Mrityunjai Verma

Department of Mathematics Department of Mechanical
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Engineering
University School of Advanced Engineering,
Lucknow, India UPES
Dehradun, India
About the editors
Dr. Mukesh Kumar Awasthi did his PhD on the topic “Viscous Correction for
the Potential Flow Analysis of Capillary and Kelvin-Helmholtz instability.”
He is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics at Babasaheb
Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow. Dr. Awasthi specialized in the math-
ematical modeling of flow problems. He has taught courses such as Fluid
Mechan ics, Discrete Mathematics, Partial differential equations, Abstract
Algebra, Mathematical Methods, and Measure theory to postgraduate stu-
dents. He has excellent knowledge in the mathematical modeling of flow prob-
lems, and he can solve these problems analytically as well as numerically. He has
a good grasp of subjects such as viscous potential flow, electro-hydrodynamics,
magneto- hydrodynamics, heat, and mass transfer. He has excellent com-
munication skills and leadership qualities. Dr. Awasthi has qualified for the
National Eligibility Test (NET) conducted on all India levels in 2008 by the
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and got Junior Research
Fellowship (JRF) and Senior Research Fellowship (SRF) for doing research.
He has published 115 plus research publications (journal articles/books/book
chapters/conference articles) in Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Springer, Emerald,
World Scientific, and many other national and international journals and con-
ferences. Also, he has published eight books. He has attended many symposia,
workshops, and conferences in mathematics as well as fluid mechanics. He
has won the Research Awards four times consecutively from 2013–2016 from
the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. He has also
received the start-up research fund for his project “Nonlinear study of the
interface in multilayer fluid system” from UGC, New Delhi. Recently in 2023
Dr. Awasthi name has been included in world’s top 2% researcher/ scientist list
jointly issued by Stanford University USA and Scopus Database.
Dr. Ashwani Kumar earned a PhD in Mechanical Engineering in the area

of Mechanical Vibration and Design. He is currently a Senior Lecturer,
Mechanical Engineering (Gazetted Officer Group B) at the Technical Education
Department Uttar Pradesh (under Government of Uttar Pradesh) Kanpur,
India since December 2013. He was an Assistant Professor in Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Graphic Era University Dehradun India (NIRF
xv
xvi About the editors
Ranking 55) from July 2010 to November 2013. He has more than 13 years
of research, academic, and administrative experience including Coordinator
for AICTE-Extension of Approval, Nodal officer for PMKVY-TI Scheme
(Government of India), internal coordinator-CDTP scheme (Government
of Uttar Pradesh), Industry Academia relation officer, Assistant Centre
Superintendent (ACS)-Institute Examination Cell, Zonal Officer to con-
duct Joint Entrance Examination (JEE-Diploma), Sector Magistrate for Lok
Sabha-Vidhan Sabha Election, among others. He is Series Editor of four
book series (1) Advances in Manufacturing, Design and Computational
Intelligence Techniques, (2) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Develop
ments, (3) Smart Innovations and Technological Advancements in Mecha
nical and Materials Engineering, and (4) Computational Intelligence
and Biomedical Engineering. He is guest editor of a special issue titled
Sustainable Buildings, Resilient Cities and Infrastructure Systems (Buildings
ISSN: 2075-5309, I.F. 3.8). He is Editor-in-Chief for International Journal
of Materials, Manufacturing and Sustainable Technologies (IJMMST, ISSN:
2583- 6625), and Editor of International Journal of Energy Resources
Applications (IJERA, ISSN: 2583-6617). He is guest editor and editorial
board member of eight international journals and acts as review board
member of 20 prestigious (Indexed in SCI/SCIE/Scopus) international jour-
nals with high impact factor, i.e. Applied Acoustics, Measurement, JESTEC,
AJSE, SV-JME, and LAJSS. In addition, he has published 100+ research
articles in journals, book chapters, and conferences. He has authored/co-
authored cum edited 30+ books on mechanical, materials, and energy engi-
neering. He has published two patents. He is associated with International
Conferences as Invited Speaker/Session Chair/Advisory Board/Review Board
Member/Program Committee Member. He has delivered many invited talks
in webinar, FDP, and Workshops. He has been awarded Best Teacher for
excellence in academic and research. He has successfully guided 15 BTech,
MTech, and PhD theses. He is an external doctoral committee member of
S.R.M. University, New Delhi. He is currently involved in the research areas
of AI & ML in Mechanical Engineering, Smart Materials & Manufacturing
Techniques, Thermal Energy Storage, Building Efficiency, Renewable Energy
Harvesting, Sustainable Transportation and Heavy Vehicle Dynamics. His
Orcid is 0000-0003-4099-935X, Google Scholar web link is https://scholar.
google.com/citations?hl=en&user=KOILpEkAAAAJ and research gate web
link is https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ashwani-Kumar-45.
Dr. Nitesh Dutt is Head of Department and Associate Professor in the

Department of Mechanical Engineering, COER University Roorkee,
Uttarakhand, India. He has more than seven years of teaching experience.
He has a bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering, and Masters and
PhD from IIT Roorkee. He has published more than 11 research articles
in international journals and conferences. His main areas of research are
About the editors xvii
Renewable Energy, Green Energy Harvesting, Nuclear Engineering, Heat

and Mass Transfer, Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Refrigeration, and
Air Conditioning, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).
Dr. Satyvir Singh is a postdoc research associate in Applied and Computational

Mathematics at RWTH Aachen University, Germany. Prior to that, he worked
as a Research Fellow in Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He
completed his PhD in the School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
from Gyeongsang National University, South Korea. He earned his MTech
in the Department of Mathematics from IIT Madras, India. Dr. Singh has
a vast area of research that includes computational Fluid dynamics, high-
order numerical methods, multi-component flows, kinetic theory of gases and
quantum physics, and computational biology. He has qualified for the CSIR-
NET-JRF exam with A.I.R.-38. He has published 30 plus research publica-
tions (journal articles/book chapters/conference articles) in Elsevier, AIP, APS,
Springer, and many other international journals. He has also attended many
international conferences and presented his research work in the USA, the
UK, South Korea, Singapore, Germany, China, Japan, and India.
Chapter 1
Introduction to mathematical
and computational methods
Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
Babasaheb Bhimarao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
Nitesh Dutt
COER University, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Ashwani Kumar
Technical Education Department Uttar Pradesh Kanpur, India
Ankush Hedau
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the field of fluid flow and heat transfer analysis, computational tools
play a pivotal role in simulating and analyzing complex engineering sys-
tems. These tools leverage advanced computational algorithms and numeri-
cal techniques to solve the governing equations of fluid dynamics and heat
transfer, providing engineers and researchers with invaluable insights into
the behavior of fluids and thermal processes. The development of computa-
tional tools for fluid flow and heat transfer analysis has revolutionized the
way engineers approach the design, optimization, and analysis of various
engineering systems. Traditionally, experimental methods and theoretical
calculations were relied upon to understand fluid flow and heat transfer
phenomena. However, these approaches often had limitations in terms of
cost, time, and accuracy. The advent of computational tools has mitigated
these limitations and opened up new avenues for studying and optimizing
fluid flow and heat transfer processes.
One of the key advantages of computational tools is their ability to model
and simulate complex fluid flow and heat transfer scenarios that are often
challenging or impossible to replicate in experimental setups. By discretizing
the governing equations into a computational domain and employing
numerical methods, computational tools can simulate the behavior of fluids
and heat transfer phenomena with high accuracy and efficiency. This enables
engineers to explore a wide range of design parameters, boundary condi-
tions, and operating scenarios, facilitating the optimization of engineering
DOI: 10.1201/9781003465171-1 1
2 Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer
systems in a virtual environment. Another significant advantage of compu-

tational tools is their capability to provide detailed insights into the flow and
thermal fields, enabling the visualization and analysis of complex fluid
dynamics and heat transfer phenomena. Engineers can obtain velocity pro-
files, pressure distributions, temperature gradients, and other essential
parameters within the fluid domain. This detailed information aids in under-
standing the underlying physics of the system, identifying flow patterns,
detecting areas of high heat transfer or fluid resistance, and optimizing the
design to enhance performance and efficiency.
Furthermore, computational tools offer the flexibility to simulate and
analyze a diverse range of fluid flow and heat transfer problems across dif-
ferent industries and applications. Whether it is the aerodynamics of air-
craft, the cooling of electronic devices, the flow in industrial processes, or
the hydrodynamics of offshore structures, computational tools can be tai-
lored to address specific engineering challenges. This versatility has made
them indispensable tools in numerous fields, including aerospace, automo-
tive, energy, environmental engineering, and many more. In recent years, the
advancement in computational power, numerical algorithms, and modeling
techniques has further expanded the capabilities of computational tools for
fluid flow and heat transfer analysis. High-performance computing clusters,
coupled with parallel processing, enable simulations of larger and more
complex systems in a reasonable timeframe. Advanced turbulence models,
multiphysics simulations, and coupled fluid-structure interaction analyses
have improved the fidelity and accuracy of simulations, making them even
more reliable for real-world applications.
1.2 ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR FLUID

FLOW ANALYSIS
Fluid flow analysis is a fundamental aspect of many engineering disciplines,

including aerospace, automotive, chemical, and environmental engineering.
The accurate prediction and understanding of fluid behavior are crucial for
optimizing designs, improving performance, and ensuring safe and efficient
operation of various systems. In recent years, the development of advanced
computational tools has significantly enhanced our capabilities to simulate
and analyze fluid flow phenomena. This chapter explores the state-of-the-art
computational tools used for fluid flow analysis, focusing on their underly-
ing principles, numerical techniques, and modeling strategies.
1.2.1 Governing equations and numerical methods

The governing equations that describe fluid flow, namely the Navier-Stokes
equations, form the foundation for computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
simulations. Computational tools employ numerical methods such as finite
Introduction to mathematical and computational methods 3
volume, finite element, or finite difference methods to discretize and solve

these equations. These methods divide the computational domain into
smaller control volumes or elements, enabling the approximation and solu-
tion of the flow field at discrete points. This numerical approach allows
engineers and researchers to obtain solutions for complex flow scenarios
that are difficult or impossible to solve analytically. Governing equations of
the flow of a compressible Newtonian fluid are as follows:

Continuity div q 0 (1.1)
t
u p
x momentum div uq div u Sx (1.2a)
t x
v p
y momentum div vq div y Sy (1.2b)
t y
w p
z momentum div wq div w Sz (1.2c)
t z
i
Energy div iq p q div kT Si (1.3)
t
Equation of state p , T and i i , T (1.4)
For perfect gas p RT and i CvT (1.5)
Here ρ represents density, q = (u, v, w) is the fluid velocity, p denotes pres-

sure, μ is the viscosity of the fluid, S = (Sx, Sy, Sz) is the external force.
1.2.2 Turbulence modeling
Turbulent flows, characterized by chaotic and unpredictable behavior, are
prevalent in many engineering applications. Accurately simulating turbulent
flows is a challenging task due to their complex nature. Advanced turbulence
models, such as Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS), Large Eddy
Simulation (LES), or Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), are incorporated
into computational tools to capture the turbulent behavior and its impact
on the flow field. These models utilize statistical or resolved approaches to
simulate the effects of turbulence, enabling engineers to study turbulence
phenomena, predict flow patterns, and estimate quantities of interest, such
as drag, lift, or mixing efficiency.
1.2.3 Multiphase flow simulations

In numerous engineering applications, fluids exist in multiple phases, such
as gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, or solid-liquid systems. Computational tools
have evolved to handle multiphase flow simulations, enabling engineers to
study complex interactions between different phases. These tools incorpo-
rate appropriate models and numerical techniques to capture interphase
phenomena, such as phase change, particle dispersion, or surface tension
effects. Multiphase flow simulations find applications in various industries,
including petroleum, chemical, and pharmaceutical, where understanding
the behavior of mixtures or suspensions is crucial for process optimization
and system design.
1.2.4 High-performance computing and parallel

processing
The computational demands of fluid flow simulations, particularly for
large-scale and complex systems, necessitate the use of high-performance
computing (HPC) resources. Computational tools leverage parallel process-
ing techniques and distributed computing architectures to accelerate simula-
tions and reduce computational time. This allows engineers and researchers
to analyze larger domains, refine spatial and temporal resolutions, and
obtain results within reasonable timeframes. HPC capabilities are essential
for addressing real-world engineering challenges, where accuracy and effi-
ciency are paramount.
1.2.5 Validation and verification

Validating and verifying computational results against experimental or ana-
lytical data are a critical step in ensuring the reliability and accuracy of
computational tools. Validation involves comparing simulation results with
experimental measurements, while verification assesses the correctness and
convergence of the numerical solution. Computational tools employ various
techniques, such as grid refinement studies, sensitivity analysis, or bench-
mark comparisons, to validate and verify their results. These procedures
instill confidence in the computational tools and their ability to accurately
predict fluid flow behavior.
1.2.6 Convection and radiation modeling

In addition to heat conduction, convective and radiative heat transfer mech-
anisms are often present in practical engineering systems. Computational
tools incorporate advanced modeling techniques to simulate and analyze
convective and radiative heat transfer. Convective heat transfer is character-
ized by the transfer of heat between a solid surface and a moving fluid, such
as air or water. Computational tools utilize empirical correlations or CFD-

based simulations to predict convective heat transfer coefficients. Radiative
heat transfer involves the transfer of thermal energy through electromag-
netic waves. Computational tools employ radiation models, such as the dis-
crete ordinates or the Monte Carlo method, to accurately simulate radiative
heat transfer in participating media.
1.2.7 Phase change and boiling

Phase change phenomena, such as boiling or condensation, significantly
impact heat transfer processes in many applications, including power plants,
refrigeration systems, or nuclear reactors. Computational tools incorporate
specific models to simulate phase change phenomena accurately. Boiling
models, for instance, capture the formation and dynamics of vapor bubbles,
their growth, departure, and interaction with the surrounding fluid. These
models enable engineers to analyze heat transfer enhancement during boil-
ing and optimize heat exchanger designs in boiling applications.
1.2.8 Multiphysics coupling
Heat transfer phenomena are often coupled with other physical phenom-
ena, such as fluid flow, structural mechanics, or electromagnetic fields.
Computational tools have evolved to handle multiphysics simulations,
where the interaction between different physical domains is considered. This
enables engineers to study complex systems where heat transfer is influenced
by other factors or vice versa. Multiphysics simulations find applications in
various fields, including electronics cooling, combustion analysis, or electro-
magnetic heating processes.
1.2.9 High-performance computing and parallel

processing
Computational heat transfer simulations can be computationally intensive,
particularly for large-scale and complex systems. To address this, advanced
computational tools leverage high-performance computing (HPC) resources
and parallel processing techniques. These tools distribute the computational
workload across multiple processors or computing nodes, enabling faster
simulations and reduced computational time. HPC capabilities are essen-
tial for tackling real-world engineering challenges, where accuracy and effi-
ciency are critical.
1.2.10 Visualization and post-processing

Computational tools provide powerful visualization and post-processing
capabilities to interpret and analyze heat transfer simulation results. Engineers
can visualize temperature distributions, heat flux profiles, thermal gradients,

or heat transfer coefficients. Post-processing tools enable the extraction of
quantitative data, such as heat transfer rates, temperature differences, or
thermal resistance, facilitating the interpretation and comparison of differ-
ent design scenarios. Visualization and post-processing techniques enhance
the understanding of heat transfer phenomena, aid in design optimization,
and support decision-making processes.
1.3 CFD SOFTWARE APPLICATION IN DIFFERENT

INDUSTRIES
There are several CFD software available in the market. Some of the most
popular ones are given in Table 1.1.
Software for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is widely utilized in
many industries for a variety of purposes (Table 1.2). Following are some
examples of the markets and uses for CFD software, along with pertinent
citations from academic studies: In general, a large number of sectors and
applications, including aircraft, automotive, shipbuilding, turbo machinery,
electronics, energy, and medical, use CFD software. Aerodynamic analysis,
thermal analysis, hydrodynamic analysis, and design optimization are only
a few of the uses ofthe software. The uses ofCFD analysis software are
essentially limitless.
Table 1.1 Software names and applications

Sr. No. Software name Applications
1. CONVERGE CFD Software [1], • Used for simulating complex fluid

ANSYS Fluids [2], Autodesk CFD flow problems.
[3], SimScale[4], OpenFOAM[5], • Widely used in the automotive,
Cadence CFD Simulation aerospace, and energy industries.
Software [6] • Cited in numerous scientific
publications.
2. FLACS [7] • Used for complex, high-hazard risk
and safety assessments.
• Simulates the dispersion of
hazardous materials, fire, and
explosions, ensuring in-depth
safety studies.
3. Solidworks Simulation Software [8] • Used for design optimization.
• Used for comprehensive testing
like natural frequencies, heat
transfer characteristics, and
buckling instabilities.
Table 1.2 CFD software’s application in different industries

Sr. No. Field Applications
1. Aerospace [9] Aerodynamic analysis of aircraft and spacecraft

Design optimization of airfoils and wings
Thermal analysis of engines and heat shields
2. Automotive Aerodynamic analysis of vehicles
[10] Engine cooling and thermal management
Exhaust system design
3. Shipbuilding [11, Hydrodynamic analysis of ships and
12] Offshore structures
Propeller design and optimization
Maneuvering and stability analysis
4. Turbomachinery Design and optimization of turbines, compressors, and
[13] pumps [5]
Flow analysis in turbomachinery components [5]
5. Electronics [9] Thermal analysis of electronic components and systems
Cooling system design and optimization
6. Energy [14] Analysis of wind turbines and wind
Thermal analysis of power plants and nuclear reactors
7. Medical [15, 16] Analysis of blood flow and drug delivery in the human
body
Design and optimization of medical devices
8. Mechanical Heat transfer problems as in renewablesolar air heater,
engineering Combustion problems
field [17–23], Boiling
[24–32],
[33–37] Multiphase flow, Instability Analysis
Refrigeration
Air conditioning
Turbines
Turbomachinery
1.4 STEPS INVOLVED IN CFD SIMULATION
Prior to anything else, the problem must be stated, and within this defini-
tion, the objectives must be made crystal apparent. The geometry of the
issue, whether steady-state or transient conditions are present, and the char-
acteristics of the materials (including fluids and solids) must all be stated, for
instance. Additionally, boundary conditions must be precisely established.
Step involvement on simulation software
1. Create the geometry (3D or 2D) of the system to be analyzed using

Boolean operations if necessary.
2. Discretize the domain in small parts to generate the grid or mesh.
3. Prepare the nomenclature of the domain and boundary conditions.

(Nomenclature can also be done before the meshing.)
4. Select the solver for simulation.
5. Apply boundary conditions and assign properties to the materials. Use
solver scheme and run the simulation, until convergence is achieved.
6. Post-process the results: analyze and visualize the simulation results.
Evaluate the accuracy and validity of the simulation.
1.5 COMPARISON OF MATLAB CODE RESULTS WITH

THE CFD RESULTS
In this section, a problem is formulated for steady-state conduction in a steel

rod (diameter is 1 cm and length is 10 cm), density (8030 kg/m3), specific
heat (502.48 J/kg/k), thermal conductivity (16.27 w/m/k). One end of the
rod is maintained at 300°C and the other end is at 30°C. The problem is
solved using the finite volume method by implementing MATLAB code and
is also simulated using CFD simulation in ANSYS. The problem is simplified
with the assumption that heat flows solely along the length of the cylinder,
making it one-dimensional. The following equation is utilized:
d dT
k 0. (1.6)
dx dx
1.5.1 Computational solution using Matlab

We can partition the rod into ten identical control volumes, as depicted in
Figure 1.1 with δx = 0.01 m.
As there is no source term in the equation (1.6), the nodes 2–9, the tem-
peratures are available on the nodes to the east (E) and west (W) [38], and
therefore, the discretization of equation (1.6) using control volume method
can be given as:
kE kW kW kE
x AE x AW Tn x AW TW x AE TE (1.7)
E W W E
As kE = kW = k, δxE = δxW = δx and AE = AW = A, equation (1.7) can be

written as
aE aW Tn aW TW aE TE (1.8)
Figure 1.1 Discretization of the domain.

Here,
kE kW
aE AE , aW AW
xE xW
The nodes 1 and 10 require special attention as they are boundary nodes.
Integrating equation (1.6) over the control volume surrounding point 1
gives us
T Tn T TP
kA E kA n 0 (1.9)
x x / 2
This expression shows that the flux through control volume boundary P has
been approximated by assuming a linear relationship between temperatures
at boundary points P and node 1.
Rearranging equation (1.9), we get
k 2k 2k k
x A x A Tn 0 TW x A TP x A TE (1.10)

From this equation, it can be easily identified that the fixed temperature
boundary condition enters the calculation as a source term Su + SnTn, where
2kA 2kA
Sn , Su TP .
x x
Hence, equation (1.10) takes the form as:
anTn aW TW aETE Su (1.11)
with
2kA
aW 0; an aW aE Sn ; Su TP .
x
Again, integrating equation (1.6) over the control volume surrounding node
10 gives us
T Tn T T
kA Q kA n W 0 (1.12)
x /2 x
Rearranging equation (1.12), we get
k 2k 2k k
x A x A Tn 0 TE x A TQ x A TW (1.13)

Hence, equation (1.13) takes the form as:
anTn aW TW aETE Su (1.14)
With
2kA
aE 0; an aW aE Sn ; Su TQ .
x
The discretization of each node is given in equations (1.8), (1.11), and

k
(1.14). Substitution of numerical values gives us A 0.040675 . The
x
coefficients of each discretized equation are given in Table 1.3.
The set of algebraic equations can be written as:
0.122025 T1 0.040675 T2 0.08135 TP

0.08135 T2 0.040675 T3 0.040675 T1
0.08135 T3 0.040675 T4 0.040675 T2

0.08135 T4 0.040675 T5 0.040675 T3
0.08135 T5 0.040675 T6 0.040675 T4
(1.15)
08135 T6 0.040675 T7 0.040675 T5
0.0
040675 T6
0.08135 T7 0.040675 T8 0.0

0.08135 T8 0.040675 T9 0.040675 T7
0.08135 T9 0.040675 T10 0.040675 T8

0.122025 T10 0.040675 T9 0.08135 TQ
Table 1.3 Coefficient values for various nodes

Node aW aE Su Sn an = aW +
aE − Sn
1 0 0.040675π 0.08135πTP −0.08135π 0.122025π

2 0.040675π 0.040675π 0 0 0.08135π
3 0.040675π 0.040675π 0 0 0.08135π
4 0.040675π 0.040675π 0 0 0.08135π
5 0.040675π 0.040675π 0 0 0.08135π
6 0.040675π 0.040675π 0 0 0.08135π
7 0.040675π 0.040675π 0 0 0.08135π
8 0.040675π 0.040675π 0 0 0.08135π
9 0.040675π 0.040675π 0 0 0.08135π
10 0.040675π 0 0.08135πTQ −0.08135π 0.122025π
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
GLOSSARY OF WORDS
USED IN TEXT OF THIS VOLUME
Accelerated. Quickened; hurried.
Acquiesced. Agreed to.
Admonished. Warned; notified to be careful, or concerning an event.
Affirmed. Proven; shown that the statement was true.
Alternative. Either one or the other.
Anointing. The rite of applying oil for the purpose of setting apart an individual for a certain
purpose.
Aphasia. The disease which causes loss of memory.
Appellation. The term used to designate a name of a person.
Archeological. Relating to the science of antiquities.
Arsenal. A store house of weapons and ammunition.
Arteries. The ducts in the body which carry the blood from the heart.
Averting. The act of preventing; keeping from doing things.
Bacterial. Pertaining to the infection of the blood or system by poisonous germs.
Cavalcade. A parade; originally a troop of horsemen.
Cessation. The act of quitting or stopping.
Cementing. Bringing together; to cause to adhere.
Circulatory. The term applied to anything which has free movement.
Circulation. Applied to the movement of the blood through the arteries and veins.
Coveted. Wished for; usually applied to a wrongful desire to take something from another.
Climatic. Pertaining to the seasons or the weather.
Characterized. Named; designated.
Cohesion. Attracted; sticking together.
Consternation. Awe; fear; afraid of consequences.
Consecrated. Set apart for a purpose or a use.
Coagulated. To curdle or form into a clot.
Confederate. An ally; a friend in the same cause.
Concord. In agreement with. Having the same feelings.
Congenial. Friendly feeling; pleasant relations.
Congested. To collect in a mass; an unhealthy accumulation.
Cowered. Subdued; made to feel fear.
Cooperative. The joining together for a mutual aid or encouragement.
Concerted. Acting together.
Coalition. The term applied to the uniting of various parties to effect a purpose in concert.
Deference. Showing obedience, or willingness; to yield.
Delectable. Pleasant; agreeable; satisfactory.
Detour. Going around; making a sweeping movement about a certain point.
Detached. Taken away from; separated from others.
Decomposition. To go back into its original elements.
Derange. Out of order; not in proper condition.
Desist. To stop; to quit.
Depicted. Explained, either by words or pictures.
Depleted. To reduce; to lessen; to take away from.
Dissecting. To cut apart or to pieces.
Disorganize. To make disorderly; to badly arrange.
Diplomatic. The term used to designate the science of conducting negotiations wisely.
Discerned. Noticed; observed.
Diagnosed. The course of a disease noted and discovered.
Exuberance. Elated; exceedingly happy.
Eluding. To avoid; to get away from.
Encounter. To meet; to come into contact with.
Enveloping. A term applied to a military movement, which has reference to a force surrounding
or encircling another.
Extract. To take out of; to obtain the essence.
Execution. To perform; to carry out.
Exacted. To demand of; to require some particular thing.
Facilitate. To hurry up; speedily doing a thing.
Faction. A small party or portion of a main body or people.
Gesticulate. Bodily motions which indicate excitement, or a desire to impart information.
Gratification. Satisfaction over the outcome; agreeable feeling.
Gruesome. An object which excites loathsome feelings.
Groin. The fold or crease where the thigh joins the abdomen.
Guttural. Of or pertaining to the throat.
Hazardous. Involving danger, risk or loss.
Hemorrhages. Discharge of blood from a wounded blood vessel.
Hilarity. Being jubilant; happy; joyous.
Imperious. In a haughty manner.
Immeasurably. Beyond measure; a large amount or quantity.
Impression. An effect produced.
Initiative. To start; to make the first effort.
Instinct. A mental knowledge which precedes actual information.
Intuitively. Knowing a thing without being directly told.
Injunction. To warn; to advise concerning.
Inflamed. The term applied to a portion of the body where the blood by congestion causes
redness. Also exciting another to do a certain thing.
Infection. To communicate a thing or a disease to another.
Incautiously. Without much care; or in an unwise manner.
Intimately. Closely associated with.
Inaction. Quiet; not vigorous.
Injection. To insert into; to place within.
Interred. Buried.
Invariable. The same; without any change.
Invasion. To enter; to come into.
Incumbent. Necessary; desirable.
Inaccessible. Not easily gotten at; difficult to approach.
Insisted. To continuing a request.
Intervening. Placing between; something interposed.
Incantation. The saying or singing of magical words, in a religious ceremony.
Intercept. To go between; that which is cut off.
Infinite. Without end; continuous.
Inventory. To list; to take stock or account of.
Indignant. Anger or scorn aroused by a wrong.
Isolation. Left alone; without company.
Jargon. Confused; unintelligible speech.
Limitation. A small amount; a definite portion or part.
Malignant. Having or exhibiting extreme viciousness.
Modified. Changed to suit; newly arranged.
Momentary. For the time being only.
Numerically. Judged by numbers.
Nutriment. Substances necessary to sustain life.
Obliterate. To wipe out; to extinguish.
Obeisance. To bow to; acknowledgment of superiority.
Obnoxious. Unsavory; not pleasant; objectionable.
Parley. To talk with; conference.
Paralysis. A species of disease, wherein the motor nerves are deranged and made useless.
Pantomimic. A show wherein the features and actions are designed to describe or display words
or intentions.
Perplexities. Difficulties not easily surmounted in the mind.
Peremptory. Determined order; decision without delay.
Perceptible. Noticeable: easily seen.
Perceived. Something readily noticed.
Physique. Pertaining to the outlines of the human form.
Physical. Relating to the characteristics of the body.
Portable. That which may be moved.
Presumption. That which is judged from a certain act or thing.
Proximity. Close to; very near.
Prediction. Stating what will happen as a consequence, or in the future.
Privation. Being denied what is necessary for comfort or convenience.
Pronounced. Very evident; something that is plain.
Precaution. Taking care; the act of making sure.
Protracted. Stretching out; continuing for some time.
Putrefaction. Matter which is in a state of decomposition, or being disorganized.
Recess. A space cut out of material. Also an interim.
Refrain. To keep from; to avoid.
Reluctantly. Not willingly; drawing back.
Restraining. Holding back; to keep from.
Reciprocate. To repay; to do an act in exchange for another.
Reconnoiter. To examine, or make preliminary survey of in military operations.
Recreation. To put in its former condition.
Reinstalled. To put in the same condition it was designed to be placed; to set up again.
Reversing. In the opposite direction.
Reconciliation. To have the affections restored; an agreement.
Requisition. A demand; something that is required.
Reproachful. Looking on the act of another with sorrow.
Resentment. The act of repaying another for a wrong, or for some deed.
Rudimentary. The elements which originally form the subject of matters of things.
Ruptured. Breaking; torn; to rend asunder.
Saponify. To convert into soap by the action of an alkali.
Semi-tropical. Pertaining to or characteristics of regions near the tropics.
Septic. That which is productive of putrefaction.
Sortie. A rush upon a foe.
Spinal Column. The backbone.
Species. A group of animals or plants, which have slight changes from each other.
Speculation. The act of man to theorize on certain subjects. Also business of investing and
carrying on trade.
Surveyed. Looking over. Also to lay out or describe meets and bounds.
Supremacy. Having the power; one capable of commanding.
Stratagems. The art of arranging troops. The act of planning.
Synthetic. Making up from original elements. The opposite of analysis.
Symptoms. Indications; in illness, the appearance of the body.
Talisman. Something that produces or is capable of producing a wonderful effect.
Tissues. The parts of the body, like the flesh and muscles.
Toxic. A poison; that which has an effect like alcohol.
Tribute. To give what is due; to repay.
Trepidity. Trembling with fear.
Traversed. Traveled over.
Tracts. A term applied to the veins, pores, arteries, or any other ducts or passages in the
body.
Tumult. An uproar; a commotion.
Unique. Something out of the ordinary.
Unstable. That which is not rigid; yielding.
Vanished. Gone out of sight; that which has left.
Vanquished. Beaten; defeated.
Vantage. A position of superiority; an advantage.
Venom. Poison; that which has an ill effect; also applied to a wish which indicates harm.
Virulent. Extreme; the desire to do wrong.
Vindictive. An act which shows a design to do a wrong.
Voluble. Very talkative.
THE “HOW-TO-DO-IT” BOOKS
Carpentry for Boys

A book which treats, in a most practical and fascinating manner all subjects pertaining to the
“King of Trades”; showing the care and use of tools; drawing; designing, and the laying out of
work; the principles involved in the building of various kinds of structures, and the rudiments of
architecture. It contains over two hundred and fifty illustrations made especially for this work, and
includes also a complete glossary of the technical terms used in the art. The most comprehensive
volume on this subject ever published for boys.
Electricity for Boys

The author has adopted the unique plan of setting forth the fundamental principles in each phase
of the science, and practically applying the work in the successive stages. It shows how the
knowledge has been developed, and the reasons for the various phenomena, without using technical
words so as to bring it within the compass of every boy. It has a complete glossary of terms, and is
illustrated with two hundred original drawings.
Practical Mechanics for Boys

This book takes the beginner through a comprehensive series of practical shop work, in which
the uses of tools, and the structure and handling of shop machinery are set forth; how they are
utilized to perform the work, and the manner in which all dimensional work is carried out. Every
subject is illustrated, and model building explained. It contains a glossary which comprises a new
system of cross references, a feature that will prove a welcome departure in explaining subjects.
Fully illustrated.
Price 60 cents per volume
THE NEW YORK BOOK COMPANY
147 Fourth Avenue New York
The Hickory Ridge Boy Scouts
A SERIES OF BOOKS FOR BOYS
Which, in addition to the interesting boy scout stories by CAPTAIN ALAN DOUGLAS,
Scoutmaster, contain articles on nature lore, native animals and a fund of other information
pertaining to out-of-door life, that will appeal to the boy’s love of the open.
I. The Campfires of the Wolf Patrol
Their first camping experience affords the scouts splendid opportunities to use their recently
acquired knowledge in a practical way. Elmer Chenoweth, a lad from the northwest woods,
astonishes everyone by his familiarity with camp life. A clean, wholesome story every boy
should read.
II. Woodcraft; or, How a Patrol Leader Made Good
This tale presents many stirring situations in which some of the boys are called upon to
exercise all their ingenuity and unselfishness. A story filled with healthful excitement.
III. Pathfinder; or, The Missing Tenderfoot
Some mysteries are cleared up in a most unexpected way, greatly to the credit of our young
friends. A variety of incidents follow fast, one after the other.
IV. Fast Nine; or, a Challenge From Fairfield
They show the same team-work here as when in camp. The description of the final game with
the team of a rival town, and the outcome thereof, form a stirring narrative. One of the best
baseball stories of recent years.
V. Great Hike; or, The Pride of The Khaki Troop
After weeks of preparation the scouts start out on their greatest undertaking. Their march
takes them far from home, and the good-natured rivalry of the different patrols furnishes many
interesting and amusing situations.
VI. Endurance Test; or, How Clear Grit Won the Day
Few stories “get” us more than illustrations of pluck in the face of apparent failure. Our heroes
show the stuff they are made of and surprise their most ardent admirers. One of the best
stories Captain Douglas has written.
Boy Scout Nature Lore to be Found in The Hickory Ridge Boy Scout Series
Wild Animals of the United States—Tracking—in Number I.

Trees and Wild Flowers of the United States in Number II.
Reptiles of the United States in Number III.
Fishes of the United States in Number IV.
Insects of the United States in Number V.
Birds of the United States in Number VI.
Cloth Binding Cover Illustrations in Four Colors 40c. Per Volume
147 FOURTH AVENUE (near 14th St.) NEW YORK
THE
Campfire and Trail Series
1. In Camp on the Big Sunflower.

2. The Rivals of the Trail.
3. The Strange Cabin on Catamount Island.
4. Lost in the Great Dismal Swamp.
5. With Trapper Jim in the North Woods.
6. Caught in a Forest Fire.
By LAWRENCE J. LESLIE
A series of wholesome stories for boys told in an interesting way and appealing to their love of
the open.
Each, 12mo. Cloth. 40 cents per volume

147 FOURTH AVENUE
NEW YORK
Christy Mathewson’s Book
A Ripping Good
Baseball Story
by One Who Knows the Game
This book has attained a larger sale than any baseball story ever published.
The narrative deals with the students of a large university and their baseball team, the members
of which have names which enable the reader to recognize them as some of the foremost baseball
stars of the day before their entrance into the major leagues.
One gains a very clear idea of “inside baseball” stripped of wearisome technicalities. The book
is profusely illustrated throughout and contains also a number of plates showing the manner in
which Mathewson throws his deceptive curves, together with brief description of each.
Cloth bound 5½ × 7⅝ Price 50c. per volume

147 FOURTH AVENUE NEW YORK
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WONDER
ISLAND BOYS ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the
Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.
The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.
Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.
Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.
This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
back
back
back
back
back

Full Chapter Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Advances Design Control and Applications 1St Edition Mukesh Kumar Awasthi PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Full Chapter Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Advances Design Control and Applications 1St Edition Mukesh Kumar Awasthi PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Full Chapter Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Advances Design Control and Applications 1St Edition Mukesh Kumar Awasthi PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Computational Fluid Flow and Heat

Transfer: Advances, Design, Control,

Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Flow Boiling in

Microscale Flow and Heat Transfer: Mathematical

Fundamentals of Multiphase Heat Transfer and Flow Amir

Advances in Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics: Select

Electric Fields, Additives and Simultaneous Heat and

Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer : Inexpensive

Two-Phase Heat Transfer Enhancement Sujoy Kumar Saha

• Discusses modeling of Rayleigh-­Taylor instability in nanofluid layer

It is primarily written for senior undergraduate, graduate students, and aca-

Hybrid Metal Additive Manufacturing: Technology and Applications

Thermal Energy Systems: Design, Computational Techniques, and

Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer: Advances, Design, Control,

Aim and scope vii

1 Introduction to mathematical and computational methods 1

2 IoT-enabled monitoring for natural convection solar dryers 21

3 Natural convection study in cylindrical annulus through

4 MHD forced convection in Casson hybrid nanofluids with

5 Boundary layer flow in aerospace applications 66

6 Sensitivity analysis for aerospace engineering applications 95

7 Design optimization and sensitivity analysis in aerospace

8 Modeling of flows through porous media 133

9 Numerical analysis of turbulent flow in tubes with

10 Gravity-modulated thermal instability in Oldroyd-B

11 Thermal instability in Hele-Shaw Cell with variable

12 MHD flow of a micropolar hybrid nanofluid between

13 Modeling Rayleigh-Taylor instability in nanofluid layers 249

14 Shock wave effects on hydrodynamic instability

is significantly influenced by the micro rotation of the hybrid nanoparticles.

Mukesh Kumar Awasthi Reshu Gupta

Nitesh Dutt Maria King

K. Gnanaprasanna Anish Kumar

Ashwani Kumar P. M. Mohamed Abubacker Siddique

Seetu Rana Varun Pratap Singh

Anurag Srivastava Mrityunjai Verma

Dr. Ashwani Kumar earned a PhD in Mechanical Engineering in the area

Dr. Nitesh Dutt is Head of Department and Associate Professor in the

Renewable Energy, Green Energy Harvesting, Nuclear Engineering, Heat

Dr. Satyvir Singh is a postdoc research associate in Applied and Computa­tional

systems in a virtual environment. Another significant advantage of compu-

1.2 ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR FLUID

Fluid flow analysis is a fundamental aspect of many engineering disciplines,

1.2.1 Governing equations and numerical methods

volume, finite element, or finite difference methods to discretize and solve

Equation of state p    , T  and i  i  , T  (1.4)

For perfect gas p   RT and i  CvT (1.5)

Here ρ represents density, q = (u, v, w) is the fluid velocity, p denotes pres-

1.2.3 Multiphase flow simulations

1.2.4 High-performance computing and parallel

1.2.5 Validation and verification

1.2.6 Convection and radiation modeling

as air or water. Computational tools utilize empirical correlations or CFD-

1.2.7 Phase change and boiling

1.2.9 High-performance computing and parallel

1.2.10 Visualization and post-processing

can visualize temperature distributions, heat flux profiles, thermal gradients,

• Discusses modeling of Rayleigh-Taylor instability in nanofluid layer

1 Introduction to mathematical and computational methods 1

8 Modeling of flows through porous media 133

13 Modeling Rayleigh-Taylor instability in nanofluid layers 249

Dr. Satyvir Singh is a postdoc research associate in Applied and Computational

1.2 ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR FLUID

1.2.1 Governing equations and numerical methods

Equation of state p , T and i i , T (1.4)

For perfect gas p RT and i CvT (1.5)

1.2.3 Multiphase flow simulations

1.2.4 High-performance computing and parallel

1.2.5 Validation and verification

1.2.6 Convection and radiation modeling

1.2.7 Phase change and boiling

1.2.9 High-performance computing and parallel

1.2.10 Visualization and post-processing

1.3 CFD SOFTWARE APPLICATION IN DIFFERENT

1.4 STEPS INVOLVED IN CFD SIMULATION

1.5 COMPARISON OF MATLAB CODE RESULTS WITH

1.5.1 Computational solution using Matlab

anTn aW TW aETE Su (1.11)

anTn aW TW aETE Su (1.14)

0.122025 T1 0.040675 T2 0.08135 TP