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Cultural Anthropology
TENTH EDITION
Cultural Anthropology
An Applied Perspective
Gary Ferraro
Susan Andreatta
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 16 15 14 13
To Stefan and Stephanie—aka “The Steffersons”—who embody the
values of multiculturalism, cross-cultural understanding, and the insights
of cultural anthropology.
GPF
For Tim—Thank you for your love and for understanding the
value of anthropological fieldwork.
SLA
Brief Contents
Preface xix
About the Author xxvii
1 What Is Anthropology? 3
2 The Concept of Culture 27
3 Applied Anthropology 51
4 The Growth of Anthropological Theory 73
5 Applied Anthropology Methods in Cultural Anthropology 99
6 Language and Communication 125
7 Subsistence Patterns 151
8 Economics 183
9 Marriage and the Family 213
10 Kinship and Descent 241
11 Sex and Gender 261
12 Social Stratification 291
13 Political Organization and Social Control 317
14 Belief Systems 343
15 Art 369
16 Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Anthropology 391
Glossary 418
Reference 426
Credits 437
Index 439
vi
Detailed Contents
Preface xix
About the Author xxvii
CHAPTER 1
What Is Anthropology? 3
A Letter to Students 3
Physical (Biological) Anthropology 6
Evolutionary Record of Humans 6
Primatology 6
Physical Variations among Humans 7
Archaeology 8
Applied Perspective Applying Archaeology in Post
Danita Delimont/Gallo Images/Getty Images
Katrina New Orleans 10

Anthropological Linguistics 10
Cultural Anthropology 11
Areas of Specialization 12
Cross-Cultural Miscue 15
Guiding Principles 15
Holism 15
Ethnocentrism 15
Cultural Relativism 16
Emic versus Etic Approaches 17
Contributions of Anthropology 17 CHAPTER 2
Enhancing Understanding 18 The Concept of Culture 27
Applied Perspective Applying Anthropology to the Field
Culture Defined 28
of Economic Development 18
Culture Is Shared 31
Applying Anthropological Concepts to Social
Culture Is Learned 32
Problems 19
Learning versus Instincts 32
Building Skills for the Twenty-First Century 20
Learning Different Content 32
The Bottom Line: Understanding Other
Cultures 22 Applied Perspective Cross-Cultural Coaching 33
Summary 22 Culture Is Taken for Granted 34
Key Terms 23 Culture Influences Biological Processes 35
Critical Thinking Questions 24 Our Bodies and Culture 35
Online Study Resources 24 Cross-Cultural Miscue 36
vii
viii ■ Detailed Contents
Cultural Universals 36
Basic Needs 37 CHAPTER 3
Culture Is Adaptive and Maladaptive 38 Applied Anthropology 51
Cultures Are Generally Integrated 39
Applied Anthropology 52
Cultural Interconnections 39
All Anthropologists Are Not Applied
Cross-Cultural Miscue 41 Anthropologists 52
Cultures Change 41 Applying the Anthropological Perspective 53
Inventions and Innovations 42 Recent History of Applied Anthropology 55
Cultural Diffusion 42 The Ethics of Cultural Anthropology:
Linked Changes 44 Ethnographic and Applied 56
“Primitive” Cultures 45
Culture and the Individual 45
Anthropologists’ Major Areas of Ethical
Contemporary Issues Young Male Japanese Shut-Ins: Responsibility 59
A Culture-Specific Disorder 46
Ethical Consideration in Private and Public
New Twenty-First-Century Tools for the Study of Sectors 59
Cultures 47 Funding Applied Research 60
Summary 48 Specialized Roles of Applied Anthropologists 60
Key Terms 48 Examples of Applied Anthropology 61
Critical Thinking Questions 49 An Ethnographic Study of Postdisaster Relief
Online Study Resources 49 (Development Anthropology) 61
Agrochemical Effects on the Human and Natural
Environments (Environmental Anthropology) 63
The Greater Use of Anthropological
Knowledge 64
Career Opportunities in Applied
Anthropology 65
How to Start to Become an Applied
Anthropologist 66
Medical Anthropology 66
Environmental Anthropology 67
Heiner Heine/imagebroker/Alamy
Strauss/Curtis Corbis
Detailed Contents ■ ix
International Business and Business

Anthropology 67
Applied Perspective If the Food Won’t Kill You, the
Cooking Will 68
Educational Anthropology 68
Development Anthropology 69
Summary 70
Key Terms 70
Critical Thinking Questions 70
Online Study Resources 71
CHAPTER 4
The Growth of Anthropological
Theory 73
Evolutionism 74
Evolutionism in Brief 76
Diffusionism 76
© Tim Graham/Getty Images

Diffusionism in Brief 76
American Historicism 76
American Historicism in Brief 77
Functionalism 77
Functionalism in Brief 79
Psychological Anthropology 79 Contemporary Issues Water, Culture, and Power: When
Psychological Anthropology in Brief 80 Is It Too Late to Act? 91
Neoevolutionism 80 Political Ecology 91
Neoevolutionism in Brief 82 Political Ecology in Brief 93
French Structuralism 82 Theory, Practice, and Praxis 93
French Structuralism in Brief 82 Praxis in Anthropology 93
Ethnoscience 83 Concluding Thoughts on Anthropological
Cross-Cultural Miscue 83 Theory 94
Ethnoscience in Brief 83 Summary 95
Feminist Anthropology 84 Key Terms 96
Feminist Anthropology in Brief 85 Critical Thinking Questions 96
Cultural Materialism 85 Online Study Resources 96
Applied Perspective The New Hope Antipoverty
Program 86
Cultural Materialism in Brief 87 CHAPTER 5
Humanistic Anthropology 87 Applied Anthropology Methods in
Interpretative Anthropology 87 Cultural Anthropology 99
Interpretative Anthropology in Brief 87
Postmodernism 88 Cross-Cultural Miscue 102
Postmodernism in Brief 88 Preparing for Fieldwork 103
Political Economy 89 Stages of Field Research 104
Political Economy in Brief 90 Stage 1: Selecting a Research Problem 104
x ■ Detailed Contents
Stage 2: Formulating a Research Design 105

Stage 3: Collecting the Data 105 CHAPTER 6
Stage 4: Analyzing the Data 105 Language and Communication 125
Stage 5: Interpreting the Data 106
The Nature of Language 126
Data-Gathering Techniques 107
Participant-Observation 107
Advantages of Participant-Observation 109 Diversity of Language 127
Disadvantages of Participant-Observation 109 Communication: Human versus Nonhuman 129
Interviewing 110 Applied Perspective Endangered Languages Saved by
Validity of the Data Collected 111 Digital Technology 130
Additional Data-Gathering Techniques 111 The Structure of Language 131
Applied Perspective Climate Change: Food and Water
Phonology 132
Insecurity 112
Morphemes 132
Applied Field Methods 114 Contemporary Issues Becoming a Teacher of English
to Non-Native English Speakers 133
Choosing a Technique 116 Grammar 133
The Pains and Gains of Fieldwork 116 Language Change 134
Culture Shock 117 Language and Culture 135
Biculturalism 118 How Culture Influences Language 135
How Language Influences Culture 136
Applied Perspective What Do You Do with a Degree in
Linguistic Style 139
Anthropology? 119
Recent Trends in Ethnographic Fieldwork 119
Reflexive Methods 120 Sociolinguistics 140
Statistical Cross-Cultural Comparisons 120 Diglossia 141
New Information Technology 120 Cross-Cultural Miscue 143
Mining Social Networking Websites for Sociocultural Language, Nationalism, and Ethnic Identity 143
Data 121 Nonverbal Communication 144
Accountability 121 Hand Gestures 145
Summary 122 Posture (Body Stance) 145
Key Terms 122 Touching 145
Critical Thinking Questions 123 Communication and Technology in the
Online Study Resources 123 Twenty-First Century 146
Applied Perspective Applied Anthropology and Internet
Communication 147
Pinkyone/Shutterstock.com
© Richard Lord
Detailed Contents ■ xi
Summary 148
Key Terms 149 CHAPTER 8
Critical Thinking Questions 149 Economics 183
Economics and Economic Anthropology 183
Cross-Cultural Examination of Economic
Systems 184
CHAPTER 7 The Allocation of Natural Resources 185
Subsistence Patterns 151 Hunters and Gatherers 185
Pastoralists 186
Human Adaptation 153
Contemporary Issues 187
Adapting to One’s Environment 153
Horticulturalists 188
Environment and Technology 155
Intensive Agriculturalists 188
Applied Perspective Fighting Hunger with Edible Production 189
Insects 157 Units of Production 190
Major Food-Getting Strategies: Subsistence 158
Hunting-and-Gathering Societies 158
Division of Labor 191
Applied Perspective Niche Marketing for Local Distribution of Goods and Services 195
Commercial Fishermen 165 Reciprocity 195
Food-Producing Societies 166 Redistribution 197
Cross-Cultural Miscue 167 Market Exchange 200
Cross-Cultural Miscue 173 Cross-Cultural Miscue 201
Resistance to Industrial Agriculture: An Applied An Applied Perspective Cruise Liners and the
Perspective 177 Environment: When do the environment and its local
Community Gardens 177 inhabitants matter more than profit? 203
Farmers’ Markets 178 Globalization of World Economies 205
Back-to-the-Land-Movement 178 Views on Globalization 206
Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms 178
An Applied Perspective Helping Clean up a Problem:
Fishery Projects 178
A local charity recycles hotel soaps to kill germs
Summary 179
around the world 207
Key Terms 179
Summary 209
Key Terms 209
Keren Su/China Span/Alamy
Sukree Sukplang/Reuters
xii ■ Detailed Contents
Divorce 233
CHAPTER 9 Marriage: Continuity and Change 234
Marriage and the Family 213 Family Structure 235
The Nuclear Family 235
Marriage and the Family 214
The Extended Family 236
Sexual Union 215
Permanence 215 Cross-Cultural Miscue 237
Common Residence 216 Modern-Day Family Structure 237
Marriage and the Family: Functions 216 Summary 238
Key Terms 239
Young Children Raising a Family 217
Mate Selection: Who Is out of Bounds? 218
Inbreeding Theory 218
Family Disruption Theory 218
Theory of Expanding Social Alliances 219 CHAPTER 10
Mate Selection: Whom Should You Marry? 219 Kinship and Descent 241
Rules of Exogamy 219
Rules of Endogamy 220 Kinship Defined 242
Arranged Marriages 220 Using Kinship Diagrams 244
Preferential Cousin Marriages 222 Principles of Kinship Classification 245
Generation 245
Applied Perspective A Crisis of Births: Family Making
Sex or Gender 245
in Italy 223
Lineality versus Collaterality 245
The Levirate and Sororate 224
Consanguineal versus Affinal Kin 245
The Role of Romantic Love and Courtship 224
Relative Age 245
Number of Spouses 226
Sex of the Connecting Relative 246
Monogamy 226
Social Condition 246
Polygyny 226
Side of the Family 246
Polyandry 228
Economic Considerations of Marriage 229
Bridewealth 229 The Formation of Descent Groups 246
Bride Service 231 Unilineal Descent Groups 247
Dowry 231 Contemporary Issues 248
Applied Perspective Climate Change Preparing for

Multilineal Descent Groups 251
Resettlement for Environmental Refugees 232
Juanmonino/E+/Getty Images
Courtesy of Gary Ferraro
Detailed Contents ■ xiii
Residence Patterns: Where Do Wives and

Husbands Live? 252
Different Systems of Classification 253
Eskimo System 253
Iroquois System 253
Kinship and the Modern World 254
Applied Perspective The Ethnography of Homeless
Youths in the United States 257
© Paul Conklin/PhotoEdit
Summary 258
Key Terms 259
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 11
Social Stratification 291
Sex and Gender 261
Dimensions of Social Inequality 291
Sex Is Biological and Gender Is Cultural 261 Types of Societies 293
Gender Is Cultural 262 Egalitarian Societies 294
Cross-Cultural Miscue 263 Rank Societies 294
Human Sexuality 264 Stratified Societies 295
Homosexuality 266 Cross-Cultural Miscue 300
Gender Roles 267
Contemporary Issues “Education Is the Way out of
Gender and Subsistence 269
Poverty!” Easier Said than Done? 301
Applied Perspective Umoja Uaso: A Women’s Village
Racial and Ethnic Stratification 304
in Kenya 270
Race and Ethnicity in the United States 306
Child Rearing for Men and Women 272
Gender and Language 274
Race and Intelligence 308
Gender Stratification 274
Forms of Intergroup Relations 309
Applied Perspective Son Preference: New Reproductive
Theories of Stratification 310
Technologies and Family Building Strategies in
The Functionalist Interpretation 310
India 276
Education 278
Employment 279
Reproductive Health 279
Finance 280
Gender Ideology 281
Exploitation Caused by Gender Ideology 282
Gender in the United States 285
Summary 287
Key Terms 288
Florian Kopp/Glow Images

xiv ■ Detailed Contents
Applied Perspective Diabetes among Mexican Cross-Cultural Miscue 331

Americans 311 Mechanisms of Social Control Found in Small-Scale
The Conflict Theory Interpretation 312 Societies 332
Functionalists versus Conflict Theorists 312 Mechanisms of Social Control in State
Global Stratification 313 Societies 335
Summary 314 Cross-Cultural Miscue 338
Key Terms 315 Summary 340
Critical Thinking questions 315 Key Terms 340
Online Study Resources 315 Critical Thinking Questions 341
CHAPTER 13
Political Organization and Social CHAPTER 14
Control 317 Belief Systems 343
Types of Political Organization 318 Defining Religion 344
Band Societies 318 Problems of Defining Religion 344
Tribal Societies 319 Religion and Magic 345
Chiefdoms 320 Contemporary Issues Religious Freedom
State Societies 321 in Florida 346
Applied Perspective Are the Poarch Creek Sorcery and Witchcraft 347
a Tribe? 322 Cross-Cultural Miscue 348
Variations in Political Structures 327 Functions of Religion 348
Social Control 327 Social Functions of Religion 348
Applied Perspective Anthropology in the Psychological Functions of Religion 350
Courtroom 328 Applied Perspective Anthropology and
Universal Mechanisms Found in All Types of Medicine 351
Societies 330 Types of Religious Organization 352
Individualistic Cults 352
Shamanistic Cults 353
Communal Cults 354
Ecclesiastical Cults 357
Religion: Continuity and Change 359
Globalization of World Religions 361
Religious Change in the Twenty-First Century:
The Rise of Fundamentalism 363
Christian Fundamentalism 363
Islamic Fundamentalism and Religious
Nationalism 364
Contemporary Issues When Religious Values Conflict
with Individual Values: A Cross-Cultural Example 365
Religious Change and Technology 366
Summary 366
Key Terms 367
Paul Almasy/Corbis

Detailed Contents ■ xv
© David Samuel Robbins/Corbis.
PhotoviewPlus/Getty Images
Applied Perspective Anthropologist-Turned-Detective

CHAPTER 15
Finds Stolen African Statues 385
Art 369 Summary 387
What Is Art? 370 Key Terms 387
Differences in Art Forms 371 Critical thinking Questions 387
Random Acts of Culture 372 Online Study Resources 388
The Functions of Art 374
Emotional Gratification for the Individual 374
CHAPTER 16
Global Challenges and the Role of
Social Integration 375
Applied Anthropology 391
Social Control 375
Preserving or Challenging the Status Quo 376 A Closing Letter to Students 391
Graphic and Plastic Arts 378 The Growth of the Modern World Order:
Music 379 Colonialism and Globalization 392
Ethnomusicology 379 Colonialism 392
Contemporary Issues Where Is the Line Between Art Neocolonialism (Multinational Corporations) 394
and Body Parts? 380 Cross-Cultural Miscue 395
Dance 380 The Recent Intensification of Globalization 395
Functions of Dance 381 Cross-Cultural Miscue 397
Dance and Other Aspects of a Culture 381 Global Challenges and the Role of Applied
Cross-Cultural Miscue 383 Cultural Anthropology 398
Film: A Recent Art Form 383 Sustainable Economic Development for Marginalized
Art: Continuity and Change 384 Peoples 399
xvi ■ Detailed Contents
Applied Perspective A Cultural Anthropologist

Revitalizes the Small Town of Star,
North Carolina 404
Cultural Survival of Indigenous Peoples 404
Climate Change and Applied Anthropology 408
Applied Perspective Climate Change Adaptation
through Micro-insurance in Ethiopia 410
Conclusion 412
© Joerg Boething/Peter Arnold, Inc.

Applied Perspective Want to Work in an International
Economic Development Program? 413
Summary 415
Key Terms 415
Glossary 418
Reference 426
Credits 437
Index 439
Feature Contents
APPLIED
PERSPECTIVE
Applying Archaeology in Post Katrina New Orleans 10 Climate Change Preparing for Resettlement for Environmental
Applying Anthropology to the Field of Economic Refugees 232
Development 18 The Ethnography of Homeless Youths in the United States 257
Cross-Cultural Coaching 33 Umoja Uaso: A Women’s Village in Kenya 270
If the Food Won’t Kill You, the Cooking Will 68 Son Preference: New Reproductive Technologies and Family
The New Hope Antipoverty Program 86 Building Strategies in India 276
Climate Change: Food and Water Insecurity 112 Diabetes among Mexican Americans 311
What Do You Do with a Degree in Anthropology? 119 Are the Poarch Creek a Tribe? 322
Endangered Languages Saved by Digital Technology 130 Anthropology in the Courtroom 328
Applied Anthropology and Internet Communication 147 Anthropology and Medicine 351
Fighting Hunger with Edible Insects 157 Anthropologist-Turned-Detective Finds Stolen African Statues 385
Niche Marketing for Local Commercial Fishermen 165 A Cultural Anthropologist Revitalizes the Small Town of Star,
Cruise Liners and the Environment: When do the environment North Carolina 404
and its local inhabitants matter more than profit? 203 Climate Change Adaptation through Micro-insurance in
Helping Clean up a Problem: A local charity recycles hotel Ethiopia 410
soaps to kill germs around the world 207 Want to Work in an International Economic Development
A Crisis of Births: Family Making in Italy 223 Program? 413
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
Young Male Japanese Shut-Ins: A Culture-Specific Disorder 46 “Education Is the Way out of Poverty!” Easier Said than
Water, Culture, and Power: When Is It Too Late to Act? 91 Done? 301
Becoming a Teacher of English to Non-Native English Religious Freedom in Florida 346
Speakers 133 When Religious Values Conflict with Individual Values:
Preserving Andean Fiber Textiles through Biodiversity 187 A Cross-Cultural Example 365
Does the gender of the anthropologist influence Where Is the Line Between Art and Body
his or her findings? 248 Parts? 380
CROSS-CULTURAL MISCUE
Chapter 1 15 Chapter 9 216, 237

Chapter 2 36, 41 Chapter 10 246, 255
Chapter 3 57, 67, 68 Chapter 11 263, 284
Chapter 4 83 Chapter 12 300, 307
Chapter 5 102, 115 Chapter 13 331, 338
Chapter 6 126, 140, 143 Chapter 14 348, 356
Chapter 7 167, 173 Chapter 15 374, 383
Chapter 8 191, 201 Chapter 16 395, 397
xvii
Preface
Applied cultural anthropology has become increasingly educate for cultural competency, it only makes sense to
multifaceted, making it necessary to introduce material make our introductory courses as relevant and applied
from new collaborators with diverse, yet complemen- as possible.
tary, backgrounds, experiences, and research interests. The theme of applied anthropology runs through-
Both authors share a strong applied focus in their work out this text. While providing a comprehensive intro-
as well as a similar, compatible vision of the importance duction to the field, Cultural Anthropology: An Applied
of an applied perspective within the discipline and, par- Perspective, Tenth Edition, goes beyond the presentation
ticularly, the need for an applied focus in introductory- of academic anthropology and thoroughly integrates
level anthropology courses. the application of anthropological theory, methods,
Whereas Gary Ferraro has concentrated for the past and examples to contemporary situations that students
several decades on the applied areas of the anthropol- are likely to encounter in the world around them.
ogy of business, education, and organizational struc- The applied perspective is further highlighted by the
tures, Susan Andreatta has focused her professional chapter opening cases and the features called Applied
attention on environmental and medical anthropology. Perspectives and Cross-Cultural Miscues. In addition, Con-
Since 2008 Ferraro and Andreatta have co-conducted temporary Issues boxes draw attention to issues in the
five workshops at the annual meetings of the Society for field and events, as well as helps students relate to
Applied Anthropology and the American Anthropolog- the anthropological perspective in everyday life. The
ical Association dealing with how anthropology courses Applied Perspectives, which appear in boxed format in
can be made more applied in their focus. And in 2013, all sixteen chapters, demonstrate how cultural anthro-
Andreatta and Ferraro collaborated on a briefer ver- pology actually has been used to solve specific societal
sion of this introductory textbook in cultural anthro- problems in such areas as medicine, the environment,
pology titled Elements of Culture: An Applied Perspective. education, government, architecture, business, and
From the beginning, this text has had two major economic development. There are a total of thirty new
purposes. First, the book is designed to introduce uni- boxed features in the tenth edition, including twelve
versity undergraduates to the field of cultural anthro- new Applied Perspective boxes. For example, in Chap-
pology by drawing on the rich ethnographic examples ter 3 students learn about the use of cook stoves in Peru
found within the discipline. With its comparative and the local health implications of food preparation,
approach to the study of cultural diversity, the text and in Chapter 11 students are introduced to a shelter
provides a comprehensive overview of the discipline. for abused woman in Kenya. And in Chapter 16 a new
Second, the text goes beyond the basic outline of Applied Perspective box illustrates how research find-
introductory materials by examining how the theory, ings from an environmental anthropologist helped in
insights, and methods of cultural anthropology have the development of a drought insurance program in
been applied to those contemporary situations that Ethiopia.
students, both majors and non-majors, are likely to Over the past decade a number of leading intro-
encounter in their professional and personal lives. ductory textbooks in the field have, to one degree or
The popularity of applied anthropology has grown another, included some applied case studies in boxed
steadily in the past two decades, largely as a result of the format. We consider this imitation to be the sincerest
discipline’s recognition of the need to become more form of flattery. Nevertheless, the Applied Perspec-
relevant to our everyday lives. Now that we are more tive case studies in this text differ in some important
than two decades into the age of globalization, few respects. For example, each case study is selected to
would deny the need for our students to become cul- illustrate how certain understandings from each chapter
turally competent, irrespective of what occupation(s) have been applied to the solution of significant soci-
they might pursue. Enabling today’s undergradu- etal problems; there are more in-depth applied case
ates to cope more effectively with cultural diversity is studies in this text than in the others; and each of the
hardly an empty catchphrase. Because cultural anthro- case studies is followed by Questions for Further Thought,
pology, even in its traditional (nonapplied) form, has designed to encourage students to think critically about
always been the academic discipline best positioned to the broader implications of the applied case.
xix
xx ■ Preface
The second applied feature of this textbook is big human challenges of the twenty-first century facing
Cross-Cultural Miscues. These short scenarios, which all people—namely, climate change, overurbanization
also appear in all sixteen chapters, illustrate the nega- in developing countries, environmental degradation,
tive consequences of failing to understand cultural the spread of world health pandemics, the rise of mili-
differences. There are fourteen new Cross-Cultural tant religious fundamentalism, and the widening gap
Miscues in the tenth edition. To illustrate, one new between the rich and the poor throughout the world.
miscue box from Chapter 2 shows how even an anthro- There are also five new Contemporary Issue boxes
pologist (who should know better) can ask culturally in the book, dealing with such topics as “Water, Culture,
inappropriate questions when operating abroad, and and Power: When Is It Too Late to Act?” (Chapter 4),
in Chapter 3 a traveler in Indonesia may have benefit- the competition for high levels of academic achieve-
ted from some knowledge of medical anthropology ment between rich and poor students in the United
before panicking when seeing people using train-tracks States (Chapter 12), and the conflict between secular
for electric therapy. And in Chapter 16, students see values in the United States and religious values in the
how a failure to understand how what motivates one’s Islamic World (Chapter 14).
culturally different workforce can cause a US business In addition to the smooth integration of applied
person to shoot himself in the foot when operating in illustrations into the overall text, an applied perspec-
an overseas context. tive (using both positive and negative case studies) is
A third applied feature of this tenth edition is tied to a wide range of professional areas, including,
short, chapter-opening case studies designed to catch but not limited to, the following:
the attention of students and remind them that the
International businesspeople Product designers
study of cultural anthropology really is relevant to
International development Public health officials
our lives. These introductory case studies (like the
workers Public school educators
Applied Perspectives and the Cross-Cultural Miscues)
Market researchers Social workers
are designated with the “SWAP” feature icon. This
Medical caregivers University professors
acronym stands for “share with a parent” (or a friend)
Postwar nation builders
and directly illustrates to students the importance and
necessity for understanding culture—what it is and how Because our case studies are tied to a variety of
it changes—as an individual living in today’s world. Stu- occupational areas, students will be more likely to
dents should use these SWAP features to counter the relate the concepts, findings, methods, and theories of
inevitable questions from their parents and friends: cultural anthropology to their own future work lives in
“You’re taking what? What possible benefit can you get the twenty-first century. Tying anthropological insights
from studying cultural anthropology? How will anthro- to specific jobs is particularly important in the increas-
pology get you a job?” Accompanying the Applied ingly tight job market in the twenty-first century. And,
Perspectives, the Cross-Cultural Miscues, and the in fact, hiring criteria in most free market economies
chapter-opening case studies, the SWAP icon appears have changed. By and large employers no longer hire
45 times throughout the text. Thus, there is more than an on the basis of what a job candidate knows or whether
adequate number of illustrations to show why tuition one’s degree is from a first-rate institution. Instead,
money is not being wasted when undergraduates take they want to know: Can you add value to the organiza-
courses in, or even major in (heaven forbid!), cultural tion? Do you have the skills and competencies needed
anthropology. to be creative and to solve future problems which do
Please note that Chapters 1 and 16 start with letters not even exist yet? Although it is true that many of the
(rather than opening scenarios) written to the students skills needed by today’s employers are not being taught
by us. The opening letter to students in Chapter 1 explicitly at institutions of higher learning, many are
tells students essentially what we are telling you in this being taught.
preface—namely, the nature of the book’s applied per- So, if young people are to be successful in the
spective, what it is designed to accomplish, and how to school-to-work transition, they need to learn as much
get the most from the book. Because most professors as possible about our rapidly changing workplace in
do not require their students to read the preface, we addition to (not instead of) their chosen fields of study.
decided to put this information in the beginning of Applying anthropology in the work place, such as using
the first chapter so that they would understand from their acquired cultural sensitivity to multiethnic differ-
day one what we are trying to do with the applied ences, immigration, and globalization are needed in
focus. And, we open Chapter 16 with a closing letter today’s workforce. Yet, some students may be interested
to the students designed to introduce them to the in getting involved in nongovernmental organizations
capstone chapter, remind them of the importance of and working on applied projects that facilitate making
the applied features of the text, and show them how a difference in local communities here and abroad,
anthropological understandings and sensitivities are this text provides numerous examples inspiring such
absolutely essential for the resolution of those really thinking and action. Students must “know themselves”
Preface ■ xxi
well enough to identify what future professions or jobs 5. The updating and improvement of the art program
would be most satisfying to them. with new photos, tables, graphs, and maps.
Given the present-day realities of transitioning
from school to work, we feel that the applied focus of
this textbook is particularly germane for today’s stu-
dents. Each of our applied case studies deals with using Changes by Chapter
anthropological insights for the solution of problems
and challenges faced by people from a variety of profes- Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology?
sions and occupying a wide range of jobs. All features, 1. Added a new section explaining the differ-
including the Applied Perspectives, Cross-Cultural Mis- ence between applied anthropology and applying
cues, Contemporary Issues, and chapter-opening sce- anthropology.
narios encourage students to appreciate the types of 2. The chapter includes a new Applied Perspective box
skills and competencies needed by people who work dealing with an applied archaeologist working in
in jobs that require interacting with culturally different post-Katrina New Orleans.
people. In today’s global marketplace it is difficult to
3. A new section has been introduced on how archae-
imagine any job that would not require cross-cultural
ologists are now studying contemporary urban
skills and sensitivities when dealing with customers, cli-
garbage dumps in the United States to determine
ents, patients, or students, either at home or abroad.
consumption patterns and to provide data used by
Over the past decade an increasing number of cul-
urban policy makers.
tural anthropologists have agreed with our basic prem-
ise: that an introductory text with an applied focus was 4. A new example of ethnocentrism has been added.
long overdue. Anthropology instructors at many differ- 5. The discussion of cultural relativism has been reor-
ent types of institutions—public and private, large and ganized to make it more understandable.
small, two-year and four-year—have adopted the first 6. The section on anthropology’s role in enhancing
nine editions of this book. As well received as the previ- understanding has been streamlined.
ous editions have been, however, there is always room
7. New data have been added on the percentage of
for improvement. Responding to many helpful sugges-
those accepted to college who choose to defer
tions of reviewers, we have made the following changes
admission to college to take a gap year in some
in the tenth edition.
other culture.
8. The final section of the chapter titled “The Bottom
Line” was rewritten with an eye toward succinctness
General Changes and clarity.
As previously discussed, the tenth edition of Cultural

Anthropology: An Applied Perspective, speaks more directly Chapter 2: The Concept of Culture
to students with more contemporary examples that deal 1. The section dealing with the definition of “cul-
with nonacademic career opportunities and the applica- ture” now includes an additional early-twentieth-
tion of anthropological concepts in the workplace and century definition offered by independent scholar
in one’s personal life. The revision further strengthens FitzRoy Richard Somerset (1885–1964).
the themes of economics and environment as well as 2. The section on cultural universals has been reorga-
community and social responsibility that run through- nized to make it both more comprehensive and user
out the text. In addition, global changes include: friendly.
1. Full integration of applied anthropology and 3. A new cross-cultural scenario focusing on different
applying anthropology examples into every chapter; world views between Italians and North Americans
2. New Critical Thinking Questions at the end of on how to conduct a vacation has been added to this
chapters and the Suggested Readings have been chapter.
eliminated; 4. The entire section dealing with altering one’s
3. A 10-percent reduction in overall length, with most physical appearance for aesthetic reasons has been
chapters trimmed; updated.
4. Reframing Chapter 3, Applied Anthropology, to 5. A new final section has been added dealing with the
eliminate redundancies with Chapters 4 and 5 on development of twenty-first-century information tech-
theory and methods, and to refocus the chapter nology that will revolutionize how we study the con-
on practical applications, emphasizing the role of cept of culture, culture change, and the flow of ideas.
anthropology and applying anthropology, including 6. Sixty four percent of the photos in Chapter 2 are
nonacademic careers and ethics; new images.
xxii ■ Preface
Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology 5. Introduced a final section on accountability.

1. Ethics is introduced in this chapter. 6. Added a new Applied Perspective box on climate
change.
2. Introduced the Human Terrain System and its con-
flict with the professional code of ethics.
3. Included Mark Schuller’s research in the Haitian Chapter 6: Language
camps postdisaster and the $5.3 billion dollars and Communication
pledged for rebuilding Haiti. Internally displaced
people remain in campus without proper sanitation, 1. Added a new Cross-Cultural Miscue on the use of
drinkable water, access to health clinics, and regular Facebook in the office as an appropriate means of
employment. group communication.
4. Added a new Applied Perspective that focuses on the 2. Added a new Applied Perspective on language
use of more efficient cookstoves to reduce mortality preservation as a way to draw attention to saving
rates in impoverished regions of the world that rely endangered languages using digital technology and
on biomass and coal for fuel and which contributes software apps from smartphones.
to environment, climatic and health benefits as well. 3. Introduced an applied linguistics example with the
5. Added a new Cross-Cultural Miscue in Medical work of Pam Innes and language preservation exam-
Anthropology on how the Indonesia poor turn to ples among the Apache.
train-track electric therapy. 4. Added cell phone text-messaging examples to
6. Added a second new Cross-Cultural Miscue on illustrate culture change and new means of
research and ethics in Mali. communicating.
Chapter 4: The Growth of Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns

Anthropological Theory 1. Added a new chapter-opening case study on pasto-
1. Noted that not all theoretical perspectives are of- ralism and climate change, drawing on the work of
fered in this chapter because most departments Terry McCabe in East Africa.
offer a course or two in anthropological theory. 2. Added a discussion of food deserts in the United
2. Tightened up some of the theoretical sections. Intro- States.
duced the terms human ecology and political ecology, 3. Added examples of changing environments and the
which will be further defined and used in impact on subsistence strategies for groups such as
Chapters 7 and 8. the Sami, Inuit, and Ju/’hoansi, as well as fishing
3. Reduced time spent on Levi-Strauss French communities and small island states.
Structuralism. 4. Introduced the concepts of locavores and freegans
4. Added material on political economy. as alternative means of sourcing food.
5. Added material on political ecology. 5. Added a discussion of using small-livestock such as
goats to manage grassland regions around the air-
6. Added material on Praxis, which is appropriate for port in the United States.
applied research and applying anthropology to the
real world. 6. Added a discussion of resistance to industrial agri-
culture using small-scale food production with
7. New Contemporary Issue box on “Water, Culture examples from Slow Food, use of farmers markets,
and Power: When Is It Too Late to Act?” community-supported agriculture, the back of the
land movement, World Wide Opportunities on
Chapter 5: Applied Anthropology: Organic Farms (WWOOF), and a number of other
programs.
Methods in Cultural Anthropology 7. Added an Applied Perspective box on eating insects
1. Removed ethics from this chapter to introduce it to evade hunger.
in Chapter 3.
2. Tightened up the Case Study from Andreatta’s
research in Jamaica in the section on fieldwork. Chapter 8: Economics
3. Introduced community-based participatory research. 1. Introduced a new Cross-Cultural Miscue on learn-
4. Introduced recommendations from Shirley Fiske ing how to change money in a foreign country.
on how to obtain government employment with an 2. Introduced a new Contemporary Issue box on
interest in applied anthropology. alpacas in the Andes.
Preface ■ xxiii
3. Added examples from Afghanistan in the section 6. A new case study has been added describing how a
on division of labor that addresses women gaining recent college senior learned (through new kinship-
employment. specific information technology) that she was the
4. Updated statistics for international labor and the use great-great-great-great granddaughter of the col-
of children. lege’s first graduate in 1814.
5. Introduced a new Applied Perspective box on what
happens to used hotel soap and how nongovern-
mental organizations are using the business of recy- Chapter 11: Sex and Gender
cling soap to help people around the world. 1. Added discussion on same-sex relationships.
6. Introduced another Applied Perspective box on 2. Added examples of stay at home fathers and
cruise ships in Alaska and increased pollution. fatherville.
3. Added examples of women in the developing world
risking everything for an education, (e.g., example
Chapter 9: Marriage and the from Pakistan of girl who was shot by the Taliban for
Family speaking out for girls getting an education).
1. Introduced a new chapter-opening case study on 4. Added examples of women in the developing world
same-sex families adopting children. and their poor reproductive health.
2. Introduced a new Applied Perspective box on pre- 5. Introduced a Cross-Cultural Miscue that focuses
paring for resettlement because of climate change. on humor in the work place at an international
women’s crisis shelter.
3. Introduced an example of Sumburu women in
Kenya and the development of a village for abused 6. Introduced an Applied Perspective box on Umoja,
women only, changing the traditional division of Kenya a women’s village (shelter) that emerged for
labor; here women do men’s work as well. abused women.
4. Updated statistics of children with HIV and AIDS 7. Introduced an Applied Perspective box on “Son
and the impact AIDS has on the children and added Preference: New Reproductive Technologies and
examples from orphaned children with AIDS. Family Building Strategies in India.”
5. Added an example of dowry deaths in India.
6. Added examples of the modern family in the United
States changing composition with college-age
Chapter 12: Social Stratification
students moving back home. 1. A new Cross-Cultural Miscue box has been added
dealing with a culture clash between an American
and his Japanese joint venture partners which
Chapter 10: Kinship and Descent ended badly.
1. A new Cross-Cultural Miscue box about an 2. A new Contemporary Issues box discussing how
incident of intercultural misunderstanding there is never a level playing field when rich and
that occurred in Saudi Arabia between a North poor students in the United States compete for high
American woman and her local Saudi landlord, levels of achievement in education.
has been added to the chapter. 3. The data on the relationship between educational
2. A new Contemporary Issues box now introduces attainment and annual income has been updated
the idea that the gender of the cultural anthropolo- using the most recent census data.
gist can influence the extent to which patrilineal 4. The latest (2013) Fortune data on the world’s wealthi-
descent groups are male oriented. est billionaires (and their nationalities) has been
3. Added a new discussion of how kinship roles and incorporated into this chapter.
obligations in western countries are being “out- 5. The latest data on income inequities in the United
sourced” on a “fee-for-service” basis. States (since the “great recession of 2008”) have
4. There is a new expanded section on twenty-first- been included.
century information technology useful for tracking 6. A new discussion has been added on the changing
kinship relations. nature of traditional ethnic neighborhoods in
5. An expanded discussion has been added on repro- New York City.
ductive technologies (e.g., in vitro fertilization, 7. The discussion on occupational prestige in the
surrogate motherhood), which are making our United States has been updated to show how people
traditional notions of parenthood more difficult rank certain occupations after the financial melt-
to define. down of 2008.
xxiv ■ Preface
8. The latest data from the World Bank (2011) has an “esplanade (campus) of religions” housing sev-
been used to update the ten wealthiest and the ten eral Buddhist temples, a Jewish synagogue, and an
poorest nations in the world (according to gross Islamic mosque.
national income). 5. In the section on “globalization of world religions,”
a new discussion appears on the demographic shift
in the Roman Catholic Church from Europe to the
Chapter 13: Political Organization “Global South” (comprised of Latin America, Africa,
and Social Control and South Asia).
1. The applied Perspective box on the Poarch Creek 6. There is now a brief update on the relationship
Tribe from Alabama has been updated to show the between religion and politics in the United States
significant changes in the community’s economic since the 2004 presidential election.
development that have occurred in the twenty-first 7. A new Contemporary Issues box has been added
century. that illustrates the conflict between secular values in
2. The section on “Gender and the Modern State” the United States and religious values in the Islamic
has been updated to show the modest advances in world.
women’s participation in government worldwide
during the twenty-first century.
Chapter 15: Art
3. The section on “Changing State Systems of Govern-
ment” has included the most recent data on the 1. The case of the Denver Museum taking the lead in
relationship between democracies and autocracies researching and posting the names of artists from
in world governments. small-scale societies has been added to this chapter,
illustrating how some museums are ending the prac-
4. This same section now includes a major addition on tice of putting more importance on who owns a piece
the findings and methodologies of the 2012 Failed
of nonwestern art than on the artist who made it.
States Index published annually since 2005 by the
Fund for Peace. 2. To illustrate how relatively segregated (by class)
some forms of art are in the United States, we have
5. The multipage section dealing with social control
included an example of a “random act of culture,”
has been reorganized by dividing the various
whereby the Philadelphia Opera Company held an
mechanisms of social control into those found in
impromptu performance of the “Toreador Song”
(a) all types of societies, (b) small-scale societies,
from “Carmen” at the crowded Reading Terminal
and (c) state societies.
Market.
6. New to Chapter 13 is an Applied Perspective case
3. To illustrate how music can play a role in disrupting
study showing an applied anthropologist’s role as an
the status quo, the music of one courageous rapper
expert witness in two court cases involving American
from Tunisia was shown to be the major impetus
Indians.
for the series of revolutions occurring in the Middle
7. Chapter 13 now contains a new Cross-Cultural East known as the Arab Spring.
Miscue illustrating how a United States diplomat
4. The contemporary issue box dealing with the return
failed to understand the symbolism of touching his of a tattooed Maori head by the Museum of Rouen,
Kuwaiti counterpart with his left hand. France, was updated to include information about
the actual repatriation of the body part.
Chapter 14: Belief Systems 5. A new Cross-Cultural Miscue has been added to
Chapter 15 showing how humor often does not
1. A new Cross-Cultural Miscue dealing with the
translate smoothly from one culture to another.
Chinese belief system of feng shui has been added
to this edition.
2. Updated information on the growing popularity of Chapter 16: Global Challenges and
the Wiccan movement has been included in this the Role of Applied Anthropology
edition.
1. Two new Cross-Cultural Miscues have been added.
3. A new section has been added on the relative reli- The first involves a US businessman working in
gious knowledge of practitioners of various religious Singapore who fails to realize the meaning of a
denominations in the United States based on the hand gesture he uses when conversing with his
Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (2010). Singaporean employees. The second new miscue
4. The tenth edition now includes an interesting involves the president of a US timber company
example of a French city’s (Bussy Saint Georges) working in Latin America who fails to understand
response to new immigrant religions by building the proper incentives for recruiting local workers.
Preface ■ xxv
2. The chapter also contains two new Applied Per- Ferraro/Andreatta, Tenth Edition This assessment
spective boxes. One involves how environmental tool is a flexible, online system that allows you to
anthropologist Nicole Peterson applied her research author, edit, and manage test bank content from mul-
findings to the design of a drought insurance tiple Cengage Learning solutions. You can create mul-
program for small-scale farmers in Ethiopia. The tiple test versions in an instant and deliver tests from
second examines how a major US company, which your LMS, your classroom or wherever you want.
develops and administers economic development
Wadsworth Anthropology Video Library Qualified
programs in developing countries, recruits its expa-
adopters can select full-length videos from an exten-
triate program officers with an eye toward cross-
sive library of offerings drawn from such excellent
cultural experience, sensitivities, and coping skills
educational video sources as Films for the Humanities
rather than technical expertise alone.
and Sciences.
3. The economic data on former African colonies has
been updated. AIDS in Africa DVD Expand your students’ global
perspective of HIV and AIDS with this award-winning
4. A number of new examples of globalization have documentary series focused on controlling HIV and
been added to this edition. AIDS in southern Africa. Films focus on caregiv-
5. The human rights efforts on behalf of the Ngobe of ers in the faith community; how young people share
Panama by Cultural Survival have been brought up messages of hope through song and dance; the rela-
to date. tionship of HIV and AIDS to gender, poverty, stigma,
education, and justice; and the story of two women
who are HIV-positive helping others.
Chapter Features
As discussed, this edition contains a number of peda- Online Resources for
gogical features designed to enhance student learn-
ing. These include What We Will Learn introductory Instructors and Students
questions alerting the student to the key concepts of Anthropology CourseMate for Cultural Anthropology:
the chapter, chapter-opening scenarios that illustrate An Applied Perspective , by Ferraro/Andreatta, Tenth
just how important culture is for understanding the Edition Interested in a simple way to complement your
world around us, concise chapter summaries, a list of text and course content with study and practice mate-
key terms, a running glossary as well as a cumulative rials? Cengage Learning’s Anthropology CourseMate
glossary, Applied Perspective boxes, Contemporary brings course concepts to life with interactive learn-
Issues boxes, and Cross-Cultural Miscues, all designed ing, study, and exam preparation tools that support the
to illustrate the relevance of cultural anthropology to printed textbook. Watch student comprehension soar
our everyday lives. Questions for Further Thought also as your class works with the printed textbook and the
appear at the end of the Applied Perspective boxes and textbook-specific web site. Anthropology CourseMate
are designed to stimulate critical thinking about the goes beyond the book to deliver what you need and
applied cases. includes an interactive eBook that allows students to
take notes, highlight, bookmark, search the text, and
use in-context glossary definitions; as well as interactive
teaching and learning tools including quizzes, flash-
Supplements cards, videos, and more.
for Instructors Anthropology CourseReader. Anthropology Course
Reader allows you to create a fully customized online
Online Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank for Ferraro/
reader in minutes. Access a rich collection of thou-
Andreatta’s Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Per-
sands of primary and secondary sources, readings, and
spective, Tenth Edition An online Instructor’s Manual
audio and video selections from multiple disciplines.
accompanies this book. It contains information to
See the Author’s Choice for selections of applied
assist the instructor in designing the course, including
anthropology articles edited by Gary Ferraro, editor.
learning objectives, chapter outlines, key terms, criti-
To access these resources and additional course
cal thinking questions, class activities, Internet exer-
materials and companion resources, please visit www.
cises, and suggested films. For assessment support, the
cengagebrain.com. At the CengageBrain.com home
updated test bank includes true/false, multiple-choice,
page, search for the ISBN of your title (from the back
short-answer, and essay questions for each chapter.
cover of your book) using the search box at the top of
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero for the page. This will take you to the product page where
Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective , by free companion resources can be found.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
July 2.—Almost the Glorious Fourth of July. How
shall we celebrate? Know of no way except to pound
on the bake tin, which I shall do. Have taken to
rubbing my limbs, which are gradually becoming
more dropsical. Badly swollen. One of my teeth came
out a few days ago, and all are loose. Mouth very
sore. Battese says: “We get away yet.” Works around
and always busy. If any news, he merely listens and
don’t say a word. Even he is in poor health, but never
mentions it. An acquaintance of his says he owns a
good farm in Minnesota. Asked him if he was married
—says: “Oh, yes.” Any children? “Oh, yes.” This is as
far as we have got his history. Is very different from
Indians in general. Some of them here are
despisable cowards—worse than the negro.
Probably one hundred negroes are here. Not so
tough as the whites. Dead line being fixed up by the
rebels. Got down in some places. Bought a piece of
soap, first I have seen in many months. Swamp now
in frightful condition from the filth of camp. Vermin
and raiders have the best of it. Capt. Moseby still
leads the villains.
THE RAIDERS PUT DOWN.
ANDERSONVILLE ON ITS METAL—LEADING RAIDERS

ARRESTED, TRIED AND HUNG—GREAT EXCITEMENT FOR A
FEW DAYS, FOLLOWED BY GOOD ORDER—DEATH RATE
INCREASES, HOWEVER—THE ASTOR HOUSE MESS AS
POLICEMEN.
July 3.—Three hundred and fifty new men from

West Virginia were turned into this summer resort
this morning. They brought good news as to
successful termination of the war, and they also
caused war after coming among us. As usual the
raiders proceeded to rob them of their valuables and
a fight occurred in which hundreds were engaged.
The cut-throats came out ahead. Complaints were
made to Capt. Wirtz that this thing would be tolerated
no longer, that these raiders must be put down or the
men would rise in their might and break away if
assistance was not given with which to preserve
order. Wirtz flew around as if he had never thought of
it before, issued an order to the effect that no more
food would be given us until the leaders were
arrested and taken outside for trial. The greatest
possible excitement. Hundreds that have before
been neutral and non-commital are now joining a
police force. Captains are appointed to take charge
of the squads which have been furnished with clubs
by Wirtz. As I write, this middle of the afternoon, the
battle rages. The police go right to raider head-
quarters knock right and left and make their arrests.
Sometimes the police are whipped and have to
retreat, but they rally their forces and again make a
charge in which they are successful. Can lay in our
shade and see the trouble go on. Must be killing
some by the shouting. The raiders fight for their very
life, and are only taken after being thoroughly
whipped. The stockade is loaded with guards who
are fearful of a break. I wish I could describe the
scene to-day. A number killed. After each arrest a
great cheering takes place. Night.—Thirty or forty
have been taken outside of the worst characters in
camp, and still the good work goes on. No food to-
day and don’t want any. A big strapping fellow called
Limber Jim heads the police. Grand old Michael
Hoare is at the front and goes for a raider as quick as
he would a rebel. Patrol the camp all the time and
gradually quieting down. The orderly prisoners are
feeling jolly.
July 4.—The men taken outside yesterday are
under rebel guard and will be punished. The men are
thoroughly aroused, and now that the matter has
been taken in hand, it will be followed up to the letter.
Other arrests are being made to-day, and
occasionally a big fight. Little Terry, whom they could
not find yesterday, was to-day taken. Had been
hiding in an old well, or hole in the ground. Fought
like a little tiger, but had to go. “Limber Jim” is a brick,
and should be made a Major General if he ever
reaches our lines. Mike Hoare is right up in rank, and
true blue. Wm. B. Rowe also makes a good
policeman, as does “Dad” Sanders. Battese says he
“no time to fight, must wash.” Jimmy Devers regrets
that he cannot take a hand in, as he likes to fight,
and especially with a club. The writer hereof does no
fighting, being on the sick list. The excitement of
looking on is most too much for me. Can hardly
arrest the big graybacks crawling around. Capt.
Moseby is one of the arrested ones. His right name is
Collins and he has been in our hundred all the time
since leaving Richmond. Has got a good long neck to
stretch. Another man whom I have seen a good deal
of, one Curtiss, is also arrested. I haven’t mentioned
poor little Bullock for months, seems to me. He was
most dead when we first came to Andersonville, and
is still alive and tottering around. Has lost his voice
entirely and is nothing but a skeleton. Hardly enough
of him for disease to get hold of. Would be one of the
surprising things on record if he lives through it, and
he seems no worse than months ago. It is said that a
court will be formed of our own men to try the raiders.
Any way, so they are punished. All have killed men,
and they themselves should be killed. When
arrested, the police had hard work to prevent their
being lynched. Police more thoroughly organizing all
the time. An extra amount of food this p. m., and
police get extra rations, and three out of our mess is
doing pretty well, as they are all willing to divide.
They tell us all the encounters they have, and much
interesting talk. Mike has some queer experiences.
Rebel flags at half mast for some of their great men.
Just heard that the trial of raiders will begin to-
morrow.
July 5.—Court is in session outside and raiders
being tried by our own men. Wirtz has done one
good thing, but it’s a question whether he is entitled
to any credit, as he had to be threatened with a break
before he would assist us. Rations again to-day. I am
quite bad off with my diseases, but still there are so
many thousands so much worse off that I do not
complain much, or try not to however.
July 6.—Boiling hot, camp reeking with filth, and no
sanitary privileges; men dying off over a hundred and
forty per day. Stockade enlarged, taking in eight or
ten more acres, giving us more room, and stumps to
dig up for wood to cook with. Mike Hoare is in good
health; not so Jimmy Devers. Jimmy has now been a
prisoner over a year, and poor boy, will probably die
soon. Have more mementoes than I can carry, from
those who have died, to be given to their friends at
home. At least a dozen have given me letters,
pictures &c., to take North. Hope I shan’t have to turn
them over to some one else.
July 7.—The court was gotten up by our own men
and from our own men; Judge, jury, counsel, &c. Had
a fair trial, and were even defended, but to no
purpose. It is reported that six have been sentenced
to be hung, while a good many others are
condemned to lighter punishment, such as setting in
the stocks, strung up by the thumbs, thumb screws,
head hanging, etc. The court has been severe, but
just. Mike goes out to-morrow to take some part in
the court proceedings. The prison seems a different
place altogether; still, dread disease is here, and
mowing down good and true men. Would seem to
me that three or four hundred died each day, though
officially but one hundred and forty odd is told. About
twenty-seven thousand, I believe, are here now in all.
No new ones for a few days. Rebel visitors, who look
at us from a distance. It is said the stench keeps all
away who have no business here and can keep
away. Washing business good. Am negotiating for a
pair of pants. Dislike fearfully to wear dead men’s
clothes, and haven’t to any great extent.
July 8.—Oh, how hot, and oh, how miserable. The
news that six have been sentenced to be hanged is
true, and one of them is Moseby. The camp is
thoroughly under control of the police now, and it is a
heavenly boon. Of course there is some stealing and
robbery, but not as before. Swan, of our mess, is sick
with scurvy. I am gradually swelling up and growing
weaker. But a few more pages in my diary. Over a
hundred and fifty dying per day now, and twenty-six
thousand in camp. Guards shoot now very often.
Boys, as guards, are the most cruel. It is said that if
they kill a Yankee, they are given a thirty days
furlough. Guess they need them as soldiers too
much to allow of this. The swamp now is fearful,
water perfectly reeking with prison offal and poison.
Still men drink it and die. Rumors that the six will be
hung inside. Bread to-day and it is so coarse as to do
more hurt than good to a majority of the prisoners.
The place still gets worse. Tunneling is over with; no
one engages in it now that I know of. The prison is a
success as regards safety; no escape except by
death, and very many take advantage of that way. A
man who has preached to us (or tried to) is dead.
Was a good man I verily believe, and from
Pennsylvania. It’s almost impossible for me to get
correct names to note down; the last named man
was called “the preacher,” and I can find no other
name for him. Our quartette of singers a few rods
away is disbanded. One died, one nearly dead, one a
policeman and the other cannot sing alone, and so
where we used to hear and enjoy good music
evenings, there is nothing to attract us from the
groans of the dying. Having formed a habit of going
to sleep as soon as the air got cooled off and before
fairly dark, I wake up at two or three o’clock and stay
awake. I then take in all the horrors of the situation.
Thousands are groaning, moaning and crying, with
no bustle of the day time to drown it. Guards every
half hour call out the time and post, and there is often
a shot to make one shiver as if with the ague. Must
arrange my sleeping hours to miss getting owly in the
morning. Have taken to building air castles of late, on
being exchanged. Getting loony, I guess, same as all
the rest.
Michael Hoare.
Now an inmate of the Home for Disabled
Soldiers, Dayton, Ohio.
July 9.—Battese brought me some onions, and if

they ain’t good then no matter; also a sweet potato.
One-half the men here would get well if they only had
something in the vegetable line to eat, or acids.
Scurvy is about the most loathsome disease, and
when dropsy takes hold with the scurvy, it is terrible. I
have both diseases but keep them in check, and it
only grows worse slowly. My legs are swollen, but the
cords are not contracted much, and I can still walk
very well. Our mess all keep clean, in fact are obliged
to or else turned adrift. We want none of the dirty sort
in our mess. Sanders and Rowe enforce the rules,
which is not much work, as all hands are composed
of men who prefer to keep clean. I still do a little
washing, but more particularly hair cutting, which is
easier work. You should see one of my hair cuts.
Nobby! Old prisoners have hair a foot long or more,
and my business is to cut it off, which I do without
regards to anything except to get it off. I should judge
that there are one thousand rebel soldiers guarding
us, and perhaps a few more, with the usual number
of officers. A guard told me to-day that the yanks
were “gittin licked,” and they didn’t want us
exchanged; just as soon we should die here as not; a
yank asked him if he knew what exchange meant;
said he knew what shootin’ meant, and as he began
to swing around his old shooting iron we retreated in
among the crowd. Heard that there were some new
men belonging to my regiment in another part of the
prison; have just returned from looking after them
and am all tired out. Instead of belonging to the 9th
Michigan Cavalry, they belong to the 9th Michigan
Infantry. Had a good visit and quite cheered with their
accounts of the war news. Some one stole Battese’s
wash board and he is mad; is looking for it—may
bust up the business. Think Hub Dakin will give me a
board to make another one. Sanders owns the jack
knife, of this mess, and he don’t like to lend it either;
borrow it to carve on roots for pipes. Actually take
solid comfort “building castles in the air,” a thing I
have never been addicted to before. Better than
getting blue and worrying myself to death. After all,
we may get out of this dod-rotted hole. Always an
end of some sort to such things.
July 10.—Have bought of a new prisoner quite a
large (thick I mean,) blank book so as to continue my
diary. Although it’s a tedious and tiresome task, am
determined to keep it up. Don’t know of another man
in prison who is doing likewise. Wish I had the gift of
description that I might describe this place. Know that
I am not good at such things, and have more
particularly kept track of the mess which was the
“Astor House Mess” on Belle Isle, and is still called
so here. Thought that Belle Isle was a very bad
place, and used about the worst language I knew
how to use in describing it, and so find myself at fault
in depicting matters here as they are. At Belle Isle we
had good water and plenty of it, and I believe it
depends more upon water than food as regards
health. We also had good pure air from up the James
River. Here we have the very worst kind of water.
Nothing can be worse or nastier than the stream
drizzling its way through this camp. And for air to
breathe, it is what arises from this foul place. On all
four sides of us are high walls and tall trees, and
there is apparently no wind or breeze to blow away
the stench, and we are obliged to breathe and live in
it. Dead bodies lay around all day in the broiling sun,
by the dozen and even hundreds, and we must suffer
and live in this atmosphere. It’s too horrible for me to
describe in fitting language. There was once a very
profane man driving a team of horses attached to a
wagon in which there were forty or fifty bushels of
potatoes. It was a big load and there was a long hill
to go up. The very profane man got off the load of
potatoes to lighten the weight, and started the team
up the hill. It was hard work, but they finally reached
the top and stopped to rest. The profane man looked
behind him and saw that the end board of the wagon
had slipped out just as he had started, and there the
potatoes were, scattered all the way along up the hill.
Did the man make the very air blue with profanity?
No, he sat down on a log feeling that he couldn’t do
the subject justice and so he remarked: “No! it’s no
use, I can’t do it justice.” While I have no reason or
desire to swear, I certainly cannot do this prison
justice. It’s too stupenduous an undertaking. Only
those who are here will ever know what
Andersonville is.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE HANGING.

July 11.—This morning lumber was brought into
the prison by the rebels, and near the gate a gallows
erected for the purpose of executing the six
condemned Yankees. At about ten o’clock they were
brought inside by Capt. Wirtz and some guards, and
delivered over to the police force. Capt. Wirtz then
said a few words about their having been tried by our
own men and for us to do as we choose with them,
that he washed his hands of the whole matter, or
words to that effect. I could not catch the exact
language, being some little distance away. I have
learned by enquiry, their names, which are as
follows: John Sarsfield, 144th New York; William
Collins, alias “Moseby,” Co. D, 88th Pennsylvania;
Charles Curtiss, Battery A, 5th Rhode Island Artillery;
Pat Delaney, Co. E, 83d Pennsylvania; A. Munn, U.
S. Navy, and W. R. Rickson of the U. S. Navy. After
Wirtz made his speech he withdrew his guards,
leaving the condemned at the mercy of 28,000
enraged prisoners who had all been more or less
wronged by these men. Their hands were tied behind
them, and one by one they mounted the scaffold.
Curtiss, who was last, a big stout fellow, managed to
get his hands loose and broke away and ran through
the crowd and down toward the swamp. It was yelled
out that he had a knife in his hand, and so a path
was made for him. He reached the swamp and
plunged in, trying to get over on the other side,
presumably among his friends. It being very warm he
over exerted himself, and when in the middle or
thereabouts, collapsed and could go no farther. The
police started after him, waded in and helped him
out. He pleaded for water and it was given him. Then
led back to the scaffold and helped to mount up. All
were given a chance to talk. Munn, a good looking
fellow in marine dress, said he came into the prison
four months before perfectly honest, and as innocent
of crime as any fellow in it. Starvation, with evil
companions, had made him what he was. He spoke
of his mother and sisters in New York, that he cared
nothing as far as he himself was concerned, but the
news that would be carried home to his people made
him want to curse God he had ever been born.
Delaney said he would rather be hung than live here
as the most of them lived, on their allowance of
rations. If allowed to steal could get enough to eat,
but as that was stopped had rather hang. Bid all
good bye. Said his name was not Delaney and that
no one knew who he really was, therefore his friends
would never know his fate, his Andersonville history
dying with him. Curtiss said he didn’t care a ——,
only hurry up and not be talking about it all day;
making too much fuss over a very small matter.
William Collins, alias Moseby, said he was innocent
of murder and ought not to be hung; he had stolen
blankets and rations to preserve his own life, and
begged the crowd not to see him hung as he had a
wife and child at home, and for their sake to let him
live. The excited crowd began to be impatient for the
“show” to commence as they termed it. Sarsfield
made quite a speech; he had studied for a lawyer; at
the outbreak of the rebellion he had enlisted and
served three years in the army, been wounded in
battle, furloughed home, wound healed up, promoted
to first sergeant and also commissioned; his
commission as a lieutenant had arrived but had not
been mustered in when he was taken prisoner;
began by stealing parts of rations, gradually
becoming hardened as he became familiar with the
crimes practiced; evil associates had helped him to
go down hill and here he was. The other did not care
to say anything. While the men were talking they
were interrupted by all kinds of questions and
charges made by the crowd, such as “don’t lay it on
too thick, you villain,” “get ready to jump off,” “cut it
short,” “you was the cause of so and so’s death,”
“less talk and more hanging,” &c., &c. At about
eleven o’clock they were all blindfolded, hands and
feet tied, told to get ready, nooses adjusted and the
plank knocked from under. Moseby’s rope broke and
he fell to the ground, with blood spurting from his
ears, mouth and nose. As they was lifting him back to
the swinging off place he revived and begged for his
life, but no use, was soon dangling with the rest, and
died very hard. Munn died easily, as also did
Delaney, all the rest died hard and particularly
Sarsfield who drew his knees nearly to his chin and
then straightened them out with a jerk, the veins in
his neck swelling out as if they would burst. It was an
awful sight to see, still a necessity. Moseby, although
he said he had never killed any one, and I don’t
believe he ever did deliberately kill a man, such as
stabbing or pounding a victim to death, yet he has
walked up to a poor sick prisoner on a cold night and
robbed him of blanket, or perhaps his rations and if
necessary using all the force necessary to do it.
These things were the same as life to the sick man,
for he would invariably die. The result has been that
many have died from his robbing propensities. It was
right that he should hang, and he did hang most
beautifully and Andersonville is the better off for it.
None of the rest denied that they had killed men, and
probably some had murdered dozens. It has been a
good lesson; there are still bad ones in camp but we
have the strong arm of the law to keep them in
check. All during the hanging scene the stockade
was covered with rebels, who were fearful a break
would be made if the raiders should try and rescue
them. Many citizens too were congregated on the
outside in favorable positions for seeing. Artillery was
pointed at us from all directions ready to blow us all
into eternity in short order; Wirtz stood on a high
platform in plain sight of the execution and says we
are a hard crowd to kill our own men. After hanging
for half an hour or so the six bodies were taken down
and carried outside. In noting down the speeches
made by the condemned men, have used my own
language; in substance it is the same as told by
them. I occupied a near position to the hanging and
saw it all from first to last, and stood there until they
were taken down and carried away. Was a strange
sight to see and the first hanging I ever witnessed.
The raiders had many friends who crowded around
and denounced the whole affair and but for the police
there would have been a riot; many both for and
against the execution were knocked down. Some will
talk and get into trouble thereby; as long as it does
no good there is no use in loud talk and exciting
arguments; is dangerous to advance any argument,
men are so ready to quarrel. Have got back to my
quarters thoroughly prostrated and worn out with
fatigue and excitement, and only hope that to-day’s
lesson will right matters as regards raiding. Battese
suspended washing long enough to look on and see
them hang and grunted his approval. Have omitted to
say that the good Catholic priest attended the
condemned. Rebel negroes came inside and began
to take down the scaffold; prisoners took hold to help
them and resulted in its all being carried off to
different parts of the prison to be used for kindling
wood, and the rebels get none of it back and are
mad. The ropes even have been gobbled up, and I
suppose sometime may be exhibited at the north as
mementoes of to-day’s proceedings. Mike Hoare
assisted at the hanging. Some fears are entertained
that those who officiated will get killed by the friends
of those hanged. The person who manipulated the
“drop,” has been taken outside on parole of honor, as
his life would be in danger in here. Jimmy thanks
God that he has lived to see justice done the raiders;
he is about gone—nothing but skin and bone and
can hardly move hand or foot; rest of the mess
moderately well. The extra rations derived from our
three mess-mates as policemen, helps wonderfully to
prolong life. Once in a while some of them gets a
chance to go outside on some duty and buy onions
or sweet potatoes which is a great luxury.
July 12.—Good order has prevailed since the
hanging. The men have settled right down to the
business of living, with no interruption. I keep thinking
our situation can get no worse, but it does get worse
every day and not less than one hundred and sixty
die each twenty-four hours. Probably one-fourth or
one-third of these die inside the stockade, the
balance in the hospital outside. All day and up to four
o’clock p. m., the dead are being gathered up and
carried to the south gate and placed in a row inside
the dead line. As the bodies are stripped of their
clothing in most cases as soon as the breath leaves,
and in some cases before, the row of dead presents
a sickening appearance. Legs drawn up and in all
shapes. They are black from pitch pine smoke and
laying in the sun. Some of them lay there for twenty
hours or more, and by that time are in a horrible
condition. At four o’clock a four or six mule wagon
comes up to the gate and twenty or thirty bodies are
loaded on to the wagon and they are carted off to be
put in trenches, one hundred in each trench, in the
cemetery, which is eighty or a hundred rods away.
There must necessarily be a great many whose
names are not taken. It is the orders to attach the
name, company and regiment to each body, but it is
not always done. I was invited to-day to dig in a
tunnel, but had to decline. My digging days are over.
Must dig now to keep out of the ground, I guess. It is
with difficulty now that I can walk, and only with the
help of two canes.
July 13.—Can see in the distance the cars go
poking along by this station, with wheezing old
engines, snorting along. As soon as night comes a
great many are blind, caused by sleeping in the open
air, with moon shining in the face. Many holes are
dug and excavations made in camp. Near our
quarters is a well about five or six feet deep, and the
poor blind fellows fall into this pit hole. None
seriously hurt, but must be quite shaken up. Half of
the prisoners have no settled place for sleeping,
wander and lay down wherever they can find room.
Have two small gold rings on my finger, worn ever
since I left home. Have also a small photograph
album with eight photographs in. Relics of civilization.
Should I get these things through to our lines they
will have quite a history. When I am among the
rebels I wind a rag around my finger to cover up the
rings, or else take them and put in my pocket. Bad off
as I have been, have never seen the time yet that I
would part with them. Were presents to me, and the
photographs have looked at about one-fourth of the
time since imprisonment. One prisoner made some

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2 The Concept of Culture 27

4 The Growth of Anthropological Theory 73

5 Applied Anthropology Methods in Cultural Anthropology 99

6 Language and Communication 125

7 Subsistence Patterns 151

9 Marriage and the Family 213

10 Kinship and Descent 241

11 Sex and Gender 261

12 Social Stratification 291

13 Political Organization and Social Control 317

14 Belief Systems 343

16 Global Challenges and the Role of Applied Anthropology 391

Katrina New Orleans 10

International Business and Business

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Stage 2: Formulating a Research Design 105

Applied Perspective Climate Change Preparing for

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Residence Patterns: Where Do Wives and

Critical Thinking Questions 288

Applied Perspective Diabetes among Mexican Cross-Cultural Miscue 331

Critical Thinking Questions 367

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Applied Perspective A Cultural Anthropologist

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Chapter 1 15 Chapter 9 216, 237

As previously discussed, the tenth edition of Cultural

Chapter 3: Applied Anthropology 5. Introduced a final section on accountability.

Chapter 4: The Growth of Chapter 7: Subsistence Patterns

ANDERSONVILLE ON ITS METAL—LEADING RAIDERS

July 3.—Three hundred and fifty new men from

July 9.—Battese brought me some onions, and if

AN ACCOUNT OF THE HANGING.

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