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Hemen Dutta
Ljubiša D. R. Ko inac
Hari M. Srivastava
Editors
Current Trends
in Mathematical
Analysis and
Its Interdisciplinary
Applications
Current Trends in Mathematical Analysis
and Its Interdisciplinary Applications
Hemen Dutta • Ljubiša D. R. Kočinac •
Hari M. Srivastava
Editors
Current Trends
in Mathematical Analysis
and Its Interdisciplinary
Applications
Editors
Hemen Dutta Ljubiša D. R. Kočinac
Department of Mathematics University of Nis
Gauhati University Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics
Guwahati Aleksandrovac, Serbia
Assam, India
Hari M. Srivastava
Dept. Mathematics and Statistics
University of Victoria
Victoria
BC, Canada
Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 33-XX, 34-XX, 35-XX, 45-XX, 46-XX, 47-XX, 49-XX,
58-XX, 76-XX
This book is published under the imprint Birkhäuser, www.birkhauser-science.com, by the registered
company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
The book is for graduate and PhD students, researchers in mathematics and applied
sciences, educators, and engineers. It contains research results on several important
aspects of recent developments in interdisciplinary applications of mathematical
analysis and also focuses on the uses and applications of mathematical analysis in
many areas of scientific research. Each chapter aims at enriching the understanding
of the research problems with sufficient material to understand the necessary theo-
ries, methods, and applications. Emphasis is given to present the basic developments
concerning an idea in full detail and the most recent advances made in the area of
study. The book shall also be useful for general readers having interest in recent
developments in interdisciplinary applications of mathematical analysis. There are
23 chapters in the book, and they are organized as follows.
Chapter 1 is devoted to the study of stationary viscous incompressible fluid
flow problems in a bounded domain with a subdifferential boundary condition
of frictional type in the Orlicz spaces. It first investigates non-Newtonian fluid
flow with a nonpolynomial growth of the viscous part of the Cauchy stress tensor
together with a multivalued nonmonotone frictional boundary condition described
by the Clarke subdifferential. Next, a Newtonian fluid flow with a multivalued
nonmonotone boundary condition of a nonpolynomial growth between the normal
velocity and normal stress is studied. In both cases, an abstract result on the
existence and uniqueness of solution to a subdifferential operator inclusion and a
hemivariational inequality in the reflexive Orlicz–Sobolev space is provided. The
results obtained are applied to a hemivariational inequality that arises in the study
of the flow phenomenon with frictional boundary conditions.
In Chap. 2, the classical identities of Jacobi theta functions are obtained from
the multiplicities of the eigenvalues i k , and corresponding eigenvectors of the DFT
φ(n), expressed in terms of theta functions. An extended version of the classical
Watson addition formula and Riemann’s identity on theta functions is also derived.
Watson addition formula and Riemann’s identity are obtained as a particular case.
An extension of some classical identities corresponding to the theta functions
θa,b (x, τ ) with a, b ∈ 13 Z is also derived.
v
vi Preface
The author considers only a few powerful theorems as main tools that can be applied
to all selected problems.
Chapter 10 is concerned with a coupled system of nonlinear viscoelastic wave
equations that models the interaction of two viscoelastic fields. A new general decay
result is established that improves most of the existing results in the literature related
to the system of viscoelastic wave equations. The result of the chapter allows wider
classes of relaxation functions.
Chapter 11 establishes local existence and uniqueness as well as blow-up criteria
for solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations in Sobolev–Gevrey spaces. Precisely,
if the maximal time of existence of solutions for these equations is finite, the chapter
demonstrates the explosion, near this instant, of some limits superior and integrals
involving specific usual Lebesgue spaces, and as a consequence, lower bounds
related to Sobolev–Gevrey spaces are proved.
Chapter 12 deals with a survey and critical analysis focused on a variety of
chemotaxis models in biology, namely the chemotaxis-(Navier)–Stokes system
and its subsequent modifications, which, in several cases, have been developed to
obtain models that prevent the nonphysical blow-up of solutions. First it focuses
on the background of the models which is related to chemotaxis-(Navier)–Stokes
system. Then, the chapter is devoted to the qualitative analysis of the (quasilinear)
Keller–Segel model, the (quasilinear) chemotaxis-haptotaxis model, the (quasilin-
ear) chemotaxis system with consumption of chemoattractant, and the (quasilinear)
Keller–Segel–Navier–Stokes system.
Chapter 13 deals with the optimal control of a class of elliptic quasivariational
inequalities. It started with an existence and uniqueness result for such inequalities.
Then an optimal control problem is stated, the assumptions on the data are
listed, and the existence of optimal pairs is proved. It further proceeds with a
perturbed control problem for which a convergence result is established under
general conditions. A particular case for which these conditions are satisfied is also
presented. The use of the abstract results is illustrated in the study of a mathematical
model which describes the equilibrium of an elastic body in frictional contact
with an obstacle. The process is static and the contact is modeled with normal
compliance and unilateral constraint, associated with the Coulomb’s law of dry
friction. The existence, uniqueness, and convergence results are proved together
with the corresponding mechanical interpretation. These results are also illustrated
in the study of a one-dimensional example.
In Chap. 14, master generalized sampling series expansion is presented for
entire functions coming from a class, members of which satisfy an extended
exponentially boundedness condition. First, estimates are given for the remainder
of Maclaurin series of the functions and consequently derivative sampling results
are obtained and discussed. The results thus obtained are employed in evaluating
the related remainder term of functions which occur in sampling series expansion
of stochastic processes and random fields of which spectral kernel satisfies the
relaxed exponential boundedness. The derived truncation error upper bounds enable
us to obtain mean-square master generalized derivative sampling series expansion
formulae either for harmonizable Piranashvili-type stochastic processes or for
viii Preface
random fields. Finally, the sampling series convergence rate being exponential,
almost sure P sampling series expansion formulae are inferred.
Chapter 15 describes polygonal hybrid finite element formulation with funda-
mental solution kernels for two-dimensional elasticity in isotropic and homoge-
neous solids. The n-sided polygonal discretization is implemented by the Voronoi
diagram in a given domain. Then, the element formulation is established by
introducing two independent displacements respectively defined within the element
domain and over the element boundary. The element interior fields approximated by
the fundamental solutions of problem can naturally satisfy the governing equations,
and the element frame fields approximated by one-dimensional shape functions are
used to guarantee the conformity of elements. Finally, the present method is verified
by three examples involving the usage of general and special n-sided polygonal
hybrid finite elements.
Chapter 16 studies the existence of solutions for suitable Schrödinger equations
in the whole space by means of variational methods. It considers a fractional version
of the Schrödinger equation in the presence of a potential, which is studied in
two different cases. The first one is when the potential is given a priori and the
second one when the potential is unknown. These equations describe two physical
models. In both cases, existence of multiple solutions is proved depending on some
topological properties involving the set of minima of the potential.
Chapter 17 considers nonlinear elliptic equations driven by a nonhomogeneous
differential operator plus an indefinite potential. The boundary condition is either
Dirichlet or Robin. First it presents the corresponding regularity theory. Then the
nonlinear maximum principle is developed and some nonlinear strong comparison
principles are presented. Subsequently it is shown how these results together with
variational methods, truncation and perturbation techniques, and Morse theory can
be used to analyze different classes of elliptic equations, and special attention is
given to (p, 2)-equations.
Chapter 18 investigates a new definition of convergence of a double sequence and
a double series, which seems to be most suitable in the non-Archimedean context,
and studies some of its properties. Then,
a very brief survey of the results pertaining
to the Nörlund, weighted mean, and M, λm,n methods of summability for double
sequences is presented. Further, a Tauberian theorem for the Nörlund method for
double sequences is given.
Chapter 19 aims to develop effective approximate solution methods for the linear
and nonlinear singular integral equations in Banach spaces. This chapter is devoted
to investigating approximate solutions of linear and nonlinear singular integral
equations in Banach spaces using technical methods such as collocation method,
quadrature method, Newton–Kantorovich method, monotonic operator method, and
fixed-point theory depending on the type of the equations. Sufficient conditions for
the convergence of these methods are provided and some relevant properties are
investigated.
In Chap. 20, a new generalized difference double sequence based on integer
orders is defined. An application of the proposed operator, certain new related
difference double sequence spaces have been presented and their corresponding
Preface ix
topological properties have been discussed. The dual spaces related to the new
difference double sequence spaces have been determined. The idea is also used to
study the derivatives of single variable functions and also the partial derivatives of
double variable functions.
Chapter 21 discusses m-singularity notion for double singular integral operators
and presents several relevant results concerning pointwise convergence of nonlinear
double m-singular integral operators. First, the reasons giving birth to m-singularity
notion are explained and related theoretical background is mentioned. The well-
definiteness of the operators on their domain is shown, and an auxiliary result and
pointwise convergence theorem are proved. Then, the main theorem and Fatou-type
convergence theorem are proved. Further, corresponding rates of convergences are
evaluated.
Chapter 22 considers and surveys multifarious extensions of the p-adic integrals.
q-analogues with diverse extensions of p-adic integrals are also considered such
as the weighted p-adic q-integral on Zp. The two types of the weighted q-
Boole polynomials and numbers are introduced and investigated in detail. Some
generalized and classical q-polynomials and numbers are further obtained from the
aforesaid extensions of p-adic integrals. The importance of these extensions is also
analyzed.
Chapter 23 first discusses the concept of infiniteness and the development of
summability methods. Then, ordinary and statistical versions of Cesàro and deferred
Cesàro summability methods are demonstrated and the deferred Cesàro mean is
applied to prove a Korovkin-type approximation theorem for the set of functions
1, e−x , and e−2 defined on a Banach space C[0, ∞). Further, a result for the rate
x
of statistical deferred Cesàro summability mean with the help of the modulus of
continuity is established, and some examples in support of the results are presented.
The editors are grateful to the contributors for their timely contribution and
patience while the chapters were being processed and reviewed. We are greatly
indebted to reviewers for their generous help and time given to review the chapters.
Finally, the editors must thank the Birkhauser editor and staff for their support in
bringing out this book.
xi
xii Contents
xiii
xiv Contributors
1.1 Introduction
S. Migórski
College of Applied Mathematics, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu,
Sichuan Province, P.R. China
Chair of Optimization and Control, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
e-mail: stanislaw.migorski@ii.uj.edu.pl
D. Paczka
˛ ()
Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw,
Poland
e-mail: d.paczka@mini.pw.edu.pl
the flow phenomenon with frictional boundary conditions. The chapter is concluded
with a continuous dependence result and its application to an optimal control
problem for flows of Newtonian fluids under leak boundary condition of frictional
type.
The steady-state generalized Navier–Stokes equation in a bounded regular
domain ⊂ Rd , d = 2, 3, is of the form
The general growth conditions are assumed for the stress deviator S in terms of the
symmetric part of the velocity gradient D(u) = 12 (∇u + (∇u) ) formulated via an
Orlicz function . The special case (t) = t p with 1 < p < ∞ leads to the power
law model
which is called the slip boundary condition of frictional type, or by the condition
called the leak boundary condition of frictional type. Here uν and uτ denote the
normal and tangential part of the velocity, and σν and Sτ are the normal and
tangential components of the stress tensor and the extra stress tensor, respectively.
The notation ∂jν and ∂jτ stands for the generalized gradient of locally Lipschitz
functions jν and jτ , respectively. We provide results on the solvability and unique
solvability of the hemivariational inequalities which are weak formulations of the
flow problems in the two aforementioned kinds of frictional boundary conditions.
The Orlicz and Orlicz–Sobolev spaces are suitable function spaces to describe
fluid flow problems modeled by systems of nonlinear partial differential equa-
tions with nonlinearities of non-polynomial growth. There are examples of these
nonlinearities in physics, for example models of fluids of Prandtl–Eyring [24],
Powell–Eyring [79], and Sutterby [3]. In order to describe flows of anisotropic
fluids with the rheology more general than power-law-type it is necessary to use the
Musielak–Orlicz space, see [39, 40]. In the framework of Orlicz and Orlicz–Sobolev
spaces, many problems in mechanics of solids and fluids have been considered,
for instance [5, 9, 14, 19, 31, 32, 73]. Examples of N-functions which generate
reflexive Orlicz and Orlicz–Sobolev spaces are the following (t) = t p , (t) =
t p log(1 + t p ), (t) = t p logq (1 + t) and (t) = t p logq1 (1 + t) logq2 (log(1 + t))
with p, q, q1 , q2 ∈ (1, ∞). Nonstandard examples of N-functions which do
1 Frictional Contact Problems for Steady Flow of Fluids 3
not generate reflexive Orlicz and Orlicz–Sobolev spaces and occur in mechanics
of solids and fluids are the t following 1 (t) = t α ln(1 + t) for t ≥ 0 and
1 ≤ α < 2, 2 (t) = 0 s 1−α (arcsinh(s))α ds for t ≥ 0 and 0 < α ≤ 1,
3 (t) = t ln(1 + ln(1 + t)) for t ≥ 0 (see [31, 32] for details).
Our approach is based on a powerful technique on the surjectivity of pseu-
domonotone maps [8], the compactness of a trace operator in the Orlicz–Sobolev
space [22], coercivity and pseudomonotonicity of the Navier–Stokes type operator
[23], and a result on an integral representation of the Clarke subdifferential of
locally Lipschitz integral functionals defined on the Orlicz space [71, 72]. In the
treatment of this topic, we successfully use some techniques from the theory
of hemivariational inequalities in Sobolev spaces of Panagiotopoulos [76, 78],
Naniewicz and Panagiotopoulos [69], and Migórski et al. [67].
The results of this chapter are based on our research papers [65, 66]. In
Sect. 1.5 we consider the constitutive relation which has a non-polynomial growth
with respect to the stress tensor and it is not of explicit form in the context of
the frictional contact law described by Clarke subgradient. The frictional contact
boundary condition is also established for functions of a non-polynomial growth.
Problem 1.5.1 has been studied in [23] in the 2D setting for a particular geometry
of the domain in the context of the lubrication theory and with a polynomial
growth for the stress deviator. Theorem 1.5.6 strengthens the conclusion of [23]
in the 2D setting. In Sect. 1.6, the leak boundary conditions described by the
Clarke subdifferential are considered for functions of a non-polynomial growth,
and, in a consequence, the velocity has a non-polynomial growth. Problem 1.6.1
has been studied in [60] for Newtonian fluids in the Sobolev space W 1,2 (, Rd )
setting. Theorem 1.6.5 enhances the conclusion of [60] to Newtonian fluids with
a non-polynomial growth in the reflexive Orlicz–Sobolev space W 1 L (, Rd ).
Furthermore, using the direct method of the calculus of variations, we deliver a result
on existence of a solution to an optimal control problem for the hemivariational
inequality. To this end, we prove a result on a dependence of the solution set of
the hemivariational inequality on the density of external forces. Note that optimal
control problems for hemivariational inequalities have been studied in several
contributions, see [25, 41, 56–58, 63, 77] and the references therein. Besides, to the
best of our knowledge, there are no results on existence and uniqueness of solution
to hemivariational inequalities in the Orlicz–Sobolev space for contact problems
arising in mechanics, including Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid flow problems.
Finally, note that the uniqueness of solutions is proved in Sects. 1.5 and 1.6 without
the relaxed monotonicity condition (see Definition 1.2.1) for the superpotential, as
previously required in [67] and other papers.
The frictional contact boundary conditions for steady/unsteady Newtonian or
non-Newtonian fluid flows in Sobolev spaces have been studied, for instance,
in [11–13, 23, 25, 45, 60–62]. Mathematical analysis of non-Newtonian fluids
without friction can be found in [4, 5, 28, 29, 32, 81] in the stationary case and
in [2, 9, 39, 40, 48, 50–53, 82] for the evolutionary case.
4 S. Migórski and D. Paczka
˛
1.2 Preliminaries
In general, lowercase letters (Greek and Latin) are used for scalar quantities, upright
boldface lowercase letters are used for vectors (for example, n), and italic boldface
lowercase letters are used for functions ranging in the multidimensional Euclidean
space (for example, u, ξ ). We denote by a·b = ni=1 ai bi the usual scalar product in
Rn and by |a| = (a · a)1/2 the Euclidean norm. Matrices (tensors) and matrix-valued
functions arerepresented by upright boldface uppercase letters such as A and S. We
set A : B := nj,k=1 aj k bj k , if A = (aj k )nj,k=1 and B = (bj k )nj,k=1 . The symbol Sd
stands for the space of symmetric matrices of order d. Let X, Y be a pair of vector
spaces. The inner product on X will be denoted by ·, · X , the canonical bilinear
form on X × Y is usually denoted by ·, · X×Y (or simply ·, · ). By X∗ we denote
a topological dual space of a topological vector space X. The notation X → Y
(resp. X → → Y ) means that X and Y are normed spaces with X continuously
(resp. compactly) embedded in Y . Arrows → and are used to denote the strong
and weak convergence, respectively, in the given topology. By Xω (resp. Xω∗ , Xω∗ ∗ )
we denote the space X (resp. X∗ ) furnished with the weak (resp. weak, weak star)
topology. We will denote by AX→Y the norm of a continuous linear operator A
between normed linear spaces X and Y . For a subset U of normed space
X, we write
U X = sup {uX | u ∈ U }. The symbol B X (x, r) = y ∈ X y − xX ≤ r
stands for the closed ball of a real Banach space X centered at x ∈ X and a radius
r > 0, whereas BX (u, r) denotes the corresponding open ball.
We recall now some definitions from set-valued (see, e.g., [17, 18]). Given a
Suslin locally convex space S (e.g., S = E or S = Eω∗ ∗ , where Ew ∗ stands
∗
for the dual space of a separable Banach space E with the weak star topology
w∗ = σ (E ∗ , E)), we denote by B(S) the σ -algebra of Borel subsets of S. A
set-valued map, or a multifunction F from a set O to S, is a map that associates
with any ω ∈ O a nonempty subset F(ω) of S, and we write F : O S.
Let (O, A) be a measurable space. The multifunction F is called measurable if
F− (C) := {ω ∈ O | F(ω) ∩ C = ∅} ∈ A for C ∈ B(S). By a measurable selection
of F we mean a (single-valued) function f such that f (ω) ∈ F(ω) for almost all
ω ∈ O. We will denote by Sel F the set of all measurable selections of F. Given a
function u : O → E and F : O × E Eω∗ ∗ , define the multivalued superposition
operator NF (u) := Sel F(·, u(·)). Let X and Y be metric spaces. A multifunction
F : X Y is called closed if its graph Gr(F) = {(x, y) ∈ X × Y | y ∈ F(x)} is a
closed subset of X × Y ; upper semicontinuous (or u.s.c.) at x ∈ X if, for any open
set V ⊂ Y with F(x) ⊆ V , one may find an open neighborhood U ⊆ X of x such
that F(x) ⊆ V for all x ∈ U . Now, let Z be a vector metric space. A multifunction
1 Frictional Contact Problems for Steady Flow of Fluids 5
= lim sup N un , un − u ≤ 0.
n→∞
We recall definitions of Orlicz and Orlicz–Sobolev spaces and some of their pro-
perties (see [22, 46, 55, 68, 80]). A function : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) is called an
N-function if it is convex and such that (t) > 0 for t > 0 and (t)/t → 0
1 Frictional Contact Problems for Steady Flow of Fluids 7
holds if and only if 1 ≺ 2 near infinity. It is well known that if (t) = t p and
p ∈ (1, ∞) then L (O, R) = Lp (O, R). The Hölder inequality in Orlicz spaces
has the form uvL1 (O,R) ≤ 2 uL (O,R) vL∗ (O,R) for u ∈ L (O, R) and
v ∈ L∗ (O, R).
Given a separable Banach space E and L (O, R), the Orlicz–Bochner space
L (O, E) is defined as the normed space of (equivalence classes of) strongly
measurable functions u : O → E such that the function ω ∈ O → u(ω)E
belongs to L (O, R) with the norm uL (O,E) := u(·)E L (O) . Recall that
u : O → E is said to be a strongly measurable function if there exists a sequence
(un ) of simple functions such that limn→∞ un (ω) − u(ω)E = 0 for almost all
ω ∈ O.
Let (, A, dx) be a measure space with an open bounded set ⊂ Rn , A = B()
(with B() being the Borel σ -algebra on ) and the n-dimensional Lebesgue
measure dx on B(). The Orlicz–Sobolev space W 1 L (, Rd ) is the space of
all u ∈ L (, Rd ) such that ∇u ∈ L (, Rn×d ), where ∇u is a matrix-valued
function whose all components are distributional partial derivatives of u. It is a
Banach space endowed with the norm
t −1 (τ )
−1
∗ (t) = dτ, t ≥ 0.
0 τ 1+1/d
Since Î∗ (cf. [36, Lemma 4.14]), it follows from [15, Theorem 3] that
γ : W 1 L (, Rm ) → L (, Rm )
such that γ u = u| for all u ∈ C ∞ (, Rm ) and the kernel of γ is W̊ 1 L (, Rm ).
The function γ u is called the trace of the function u on ∂ = and the operator
γ is called the trace operator. By [22, Theorem 3.8 and Corollary 3.3] we have a
compact embedding for the trace operator, i.e., if Î(∗ )1−1/d with d > 1 then
Theorem 1.2.6 (Korn’s Inequality, [16, Corollary 3.6], [6, Theorem 1.1]) Let
⊂ Rd be a bounded domain and be an N-function. There exists cK > 0 such
that
Lemma 1.2.7 ([66, Lemma A.5]) Let ⊂ Rd be a Lipschitz domain. For each
N-function such that , ∗ ∈ ∞
2 the following inequalities hold:
a ∞ −α
(|u(x)|) dx ≥ uL (,R) with uL (,R) > 1, (1.3)
a ∞ −α
(|u(x)|) dx ≤ uL (,R) with uL (,R) ≤ 1, (1.4)
b∞ +μ
(|u(x)|) dx ≤ uL (,R) with uL (,R) > 1, (1.5)
b∞ +μ
(|u(x)|) dx ≥ uL (,R) with uL (,R) ≤ 1, (1.6)
t (t )
∞ := lim inf t (t ) ∞ ∞ ≤
where a t →∞ (t ) and b := lim supt →∞ (t ) satisfy 1 < a
∞
b < ∞; μ > 0 and α ∈ (0, a ).∞
where the numbers a ∞ and b ∞ are called the Simonenko indices of the N-function
(see [54, p. 20]).
∞ , there exist
Firstly, we prove that (1.3) and (1.4) hold. By the definition of a
∞
α ∈ (0, a ) and t1 ≥ t0 > 0 such that
t (t) ∞
≥ a − α, ∀t ≥ t1 . (1.8)
(t)
Hence, for σ ∈ (1, ∞), we obtain
∞−α
(σ t) σt (s) σt a ∞ σt
log = ds ≥ ds = (a − α) log .
(t) t (s) t s t
Therefore,
∞
(σ t) ≥ σ a −α (t), ∀t ≥ t1 . (1.9)
From (1.9) with uL (,R) > 1 and [80, Proposition 6, p.77], we have
|u(x)|
(|u(x)|) dx = uL (,R) dx
uL (,R)
a ∞ −α |u(x)| a ∞ −α
≥ uL (,R) dx = uL (,R) .
uL (,R)
(1.10)
10 S. Migórski and D. Paczka
˛
Therefore,
∞
(t) ≤ σ a −α (t/σ ), ∀t ≥ t1 . (1.11)
a ∞ −α |u(x)| a ∞ −α
(|u(x)|) dx ≤ uL (,R) dx = uL (,R) .
uL (,R)
(1.12)
t (t) ∞
≤ b + μ, ∀t ≥ t1 . (1.13)
(t)
Therefore,
∞
(σ t) ≤ σ b +μ (t), ∀t ≥ t1 . (1.14)
Using (1.14) with uL (,R) > 1 and [80, Proposition 6, p.77], we obtain
|u(x)|
(|u(x)|) dx = uL (,R) dx
uL (,R)
b∞ +μ |u(x)| b∞ +μ
≤ uL (,R) dx = uL (,R) .
uL (,R)
(1.15)
Therefore,
∞
(t) ≥ σ b +μ (t/σ ), ∀t ≥ t1 . (1.16)
b∞ +μ |u(x)| b∞ +μ
(|u(x)|) dx ≥ uL (,R) dx = uL (,R) .
uL (,R)
(1.17)
ρ
(|u(x)|) dx ≤ c1 (1 + uL (,R) ),
|u(x)|
(|u(x)|) dx = (1 + uL (,R) ) dx
1 + uL (,R)
∞ |u(x)|
≤ (1 + uL (,R) )b +μ dx
1 + uL (,R)
∞ |u(x)|
≤ (1 + uL (,R) )b +μ dx
uL (,R)
∞ b∞ +μ
≤ 2b +μ−1 (1 + uL (,R) ),
We recall now some definitions and results from nonsmooth analysis [17].
Definition 1.2.9 (Lipschitz Function) Let U be a subset of a Banach space E. A
function f : U → R is said to be Lipschitz on U , if there exists L > 0 such that
Remark 1.2.16 By hypothesis (1), the Orlicz spaces L (, E) are separable and
reflexive. Hypothesis (3) is natural for applications. In fact, it implies that the
set-valued superposition operator N∂g : L (, E) L∗ (, Eω∗ ∗ ) is bounded on
BL (,E) (0, κ). On the other hand, it follows from [70] that if the measure μ is con-
tinuous, ∂g is Carathéodory multifunction and N∂g : L (, E) L∗ (, Eω∗ ∗ ) is
bounded on BL (,E) (0, κ), then hypothesis (3) is satisfied. Finally, note that each
one of the following conditions implies hypothesis (3):
(1) For some κ > 0 there exist positive constants bκ , dκ and functions aκ ∈
L1 (, [0, ∞)) and hκ : × [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) such that
(a) |g(x, u) − g(x, v)| ≤ hκ (x, uE + vE ) u − vE for all u, v ∈ E and
for a.e. x ∈ ;
(b) ∗ (hκ (x, α)/dκ ) ≤ aκ (x) + bκ (α/κ) for a.e. x ∈ and α ∈ [0, ∞).
(2) For some κ > 0 there exist cκ ∈ L∗ (, [0, ∞)) and a positive constant bκ
such that a ∗ E ∗ ≤ cκ (x) + bκ + (aE ) holds for all (a, a ∗ ) ∈ Gr(∂g) and
a.e. x ∈ , where + is the right derivative of the N-function .
where and g are such as in Hypotheses 1.2.15.
The following result is an integral representation of the Clarke subdifferential of
locally Lipschitz integral functionals defined on the Orlicz space (see [71, Theorem
4.3], [72, Corollary 6.2] and [72, Lemma 6.1]).
Theorem 1.2.17 Under Hypotheses 1.2.15, if the functional
ζ, v = ξ(x) · v(x) dx
for all v ∈ L (, E) and for some ξ ∈ N∂g (y) = Sel ∂g(·, y(·));
(4) if additionally the function g(x, ·) is regular (in Clarke’s sense) at u(x) for a.e.
x ∈ , then the functional G is regular at u and ∂G(u) = N∂g (u).
14 S. Migórski and D. Paczka
˛
N u + γ ∗ ∂J (γ u) f ,
where ρ ∈ (1, ∞), α is the coercivity constant of the operator A, c4 is the continuity
constant of the trilinear form b associated with the operator B, c5 := c2 γ V →Y
ρ
and c6 := c3 γ V →Y with c2 , c3 > 0 from hypothesis (I2).
Proof We apply the surjectivity result for pseudomonotone maps [8, Theorem 3].
To this end, we define a multivalued operator G : V V ∗ by
G(v) = N v + F(v), ∀v ∈ V ,
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Teatro nacional
AS primeiras chuvas precederam a abertura dos teatros. Do Olimpo
os deuses queriam significar com isso, numa profecia risonhamente
marota, que o teatro nacional continuava a pedir chuva. Continua e
continuará «per omnia sæcula sæculorum», vá lá o latim do Borda
dágua.
Chegou o inverno. Pôs-se à mão o impermeável, sacudiram-se do
pó as galochas e... abriram os teatros.
Mas há, em Portugal teatro? Certamente. Portugal tem um teatro
seu e belos dramaturgos. ¿Esquecem-se então de Gil Vicente, de
António José da Silva, o «Judeu», e de Garrett, que é moda apelidar
o «divino»?
Todavia o teatro em Portugal a-pesar dêsses ancestros colossais,
está decadente, como o filho dum gigante que esteja a morrer
tuberculoso. Disso não resta a menor dúvida. Há artigos laudatórios
nos jornais, escritos pelos interessados, que dizem que nunca êle
esteve tão bom. E concluem que a peça do «nosso ilustre confrade
e distinto dramaturgo X» é a obra mais pujante que as gambiarras
teem visto, já se sabe depois do «Frei Luís», para que o Garrett não
se esquente. Mas, deixem-nos falar. É tudo mentira. O teatro em
Portugal está realmente decadente. Pergunta-se: De quem a culpa?
De todos. Dos autores, dos empresários, dos actores e do público.
Os autores porque gágás de todo dão pecinhas insexuadas, sem
vida, sem cousa nenhuma; os empresários porque, gananciosos de
ofício, o que querem é explorar a beatitude do público; o público,
porque, acostumado por autores e empresários, os dirigentes, a
fantochadas e bambochas, prefere a tudo quanto é arte, que o
educa e o faz pensar, as revistas do ano, onde há piadas grossas,
tangeres e bailatas com pernas à vela e muita afrodisia, nas frases,
nas coplas, no ar, e até nas pernas. Dos actores, finalmente,
porque, na verdade, bem poucos teem senso artístico ou o
procuram ter, e grotesquizam deplorávelmente a mais simples
rábula que lhes confiem. De quem é pois a culpa? Mais do que a
ninguêm aos autores e aos actores devemos atribuí-la.
Vítor Hugo disse, no prólogo dos Burgraves, (há quantos anos
isso lá vai), que «o teatro deve fazer do pensamento o pão da
multidão».
Assim devia ser. ¿Teem os nossos encarregues de teatro tentado
cumprir a verdade da frase do vélho de Guernesey? Creio que não.
Os autores são boas pessoas, isso são! (quási todos meus
conhecidos! ¿pois não é isto uma aldeia onde todos nos
conhecemos?) mas erraram-lhes a vocação. Fazer teatro para êles,
é fazer peças mexidinhas, e prender a atenção com carpinteiragens
vistosas. Quanto à orientação educativa, é inútil perguntar-lhes. Êles
só conhecem os direitos de autor.
Com outros então sucede o contrário; fazem teatro por vezo
peceiro, e até pagam o scenário... se necessário fôr.
Entregue o teatro a criaturas que querem fazer vida, satisfazer a
vaidade, ou carpintejar simplesmente, o resultado é o que os
senhores estão vendo.
Quanto aos actores, quási todos são duma lamentável ignorância.
E como não são artistas, mas mercenários, é inútil procurar-lhes a
menor instintividade artística. Aparte poucas excepções, que eu
apontarei se quiser, são tapados como portas de catedral. O teatro
em Portugal é feito, como é feito tudo: por clichés. Um cliché para os
pais nobres, outro para os Scárpias, outro para os galãs, outro para
os centros. Dessa repetição ininterrompida temos que a gente não
vê peças, vê actores. Bem pode a criatura, esfalfar-se no tablado:
—«Pois se tu eras o filho do conde de Luna...»—que logo o
espectador diz da platea: «Pois sim! Bem te conheço! Tu és, mas é
o Joaquim Costa!»
Sem estudos prévios do meio, sem a precisa integração no
personagem, sem recursos fisionómicos, o actor toma aquilo não
como uma missão elevada de elevadíssimas responsabilidades,
mas como um logar que é preciso desempenhar, assim uma espécie
de repartição para onde se entra logo que o pano sobe, se
descansa para uma pessoa ir lá dentro, volta e torna a ir àquela
parte até que o pano baixa de todo, os bombeiros revistam, o gás se
apaga e cada um vai para casa cear com a mulher e com os filhos.
Como não é artista e como não estuda, não tendo portanto
intensidade dramática que o agigante, que o transforme, que o
complete, êle fica sempre um mastigador de palavreado ôco, porque
não transfiltra alma ao que retorica, cantilena ou fanhoseia. Não
acreditam? É vê-lo. Nas scenas passionais, lamecha, uma
lamechice de saldo, de conquistador de criadas de servir, nas
scenas scarpianas uma catadura fera e um vozeirão—que não há
criança na plateia que não chore. Para que o actor mereça êste
nome, é necessário que vibre; que não seja uma criatura egoismada
com os meses que lhe faltam para a reforma; que tenha no estudo
uma paciência sherlockolmesca, que se ensimesme, e que crie; que
busque na vida real o seu modêlo e por êle se guie; na maneira de
andar, de gesticular, de encolher os ombros, de ter as mãos, de
escarrar. Que finalmente, é isto que se lhe exige, que faça tiranos
como os antigos actores do Príncipe Real os faziam. Tão fielmente
verdadeiros que os espectadores os esperavam à porta da caixa
para os desancar; ou com a fidelidade com que o Tasso, ali no
mesmo tablado, onde êles gaguejam, representava. E tão
verdadeiramente que até uma mulher lá do alto, das varandas,
bradou—abençoado seja o pão, que aquele homem ganha!
¿Para que demónio havemos de estar a utopizar? O actor em
Portugal é um amanuense ou um funcionário público, de que D.
Maria é a direcção geral. Se o teatro está em baixo, deixem-me
dizer-lhes! se não foram êles que o estragaram, eu tambêm não fui!
No teatro o único logar compatível com a bôlsa da multidão é o
galinheiro. ¿O leitor nunca foi para o galinheiro? Pois olhe que é
curioso.
Uma pessoa compra o bilhete e vai para a porta duas horas
antes. Logo que esta se abre, deve galgar a escada dum fôlego à
frente da matula para conseguir um logarsinho donde se aviste a
caixa do ponto. Emquanto o pano não sobe, os espectadores,
apertados como sardinha em canastra, travam conversas e
arranjam conhecimentos. Um ou outro misantropo saca um jornal da
algibeira e põe-se a soletrar. Os outros conversam. Fala-se de tudo:
do tempo, do João Franco, da peça que vai, dos calos e da vida:
oferece-se a casa. Entretanto sobe o pano. Tiram-se os chapéus,
cospe-se, tosse-se e apuram-se os ouvidos. Começa a cousa. Mas
com todos os santos da côrte do céu! Não se vê nada, não se ouve
nada. Esta só pelo demónio!
E aí começa uma pessoa a estender o pescoço. Estende mais,
estende sempre. Aquilo já não é pescoço, é um óculo de ver ao
longe, é um telescópio, a sair duma camisa. Quem olha da plateia
tem a impressão de que aquilo não são criaturas. São girafas, são
camelos, são só pescoços, pescoços sem fim, com dois olhos
vorazes, lá no cimo, a espreitar.
Isto são os que chegaram à frente. Os retardatários, êsses, então,
não vêem nem ouvem nada. Ficam cá nas últimas filas a contemplar
a beleza do lustre e as pinturas do tecto. Ás vezes por milagre
sempre conseguem ouvir assim uma cousa parecida com a
«passagem do regimento», em monólogo, conforme o fôlego do
actor. De resto, silêncio absoluto.
Na impossibilidade de ver e de ouvir e depois de ter examinado
bem o lustre, o tecto, o pescoço dos da primeira fila, o porteiro e os
bancos, prepara-se o espectador para um soninho descansado. Mas
logo por azar, de lá, das profundezas do palco vem por ali acima um
berro:—Ah tirano!—e a criatura acorda assustada julgando que é
fogo. Mas não, tudo voltou ao silêncio absoluto. Lá em baixo a
scena continua com estas intermitências.
Ás vezes, quando um cidadão não só dorme, mas sonha tambêm,
sempre lhe ferram cada susto?! Acorda estremunhado. Palmas. Ah!
É o intervalo. Os da frente principiam a recolher o pescoço. O
misantropo, que não pôde apanhar logar à frente e não largou o
jornalsinho, embrulha o jornal e prepara-se para ir beber dois ao
«Cesteiro». «Vinum bonum lœtificat cor hominis». O bom vinho
alegra o coração do homem. E o misantropo, quando volta, traz o
nariz que parece uma malagueta e sempre fede!...
A scena continua, os da frente estendem outra vez o pescoço e
os de trás, à cautela, forneceram-se de pevides. Sim! Porque se
uma pessoa não leva pevides, está tramada!
Se o teatro está decadente, não é por falta de «dramamíferos»—
dramamíferos é boa!—porque até um deles enviou uma carroça de
mão, cheia de peças, com a nota de que aquilo tinha um
descontozinho para revender. Agora é que o teatro ressuscita.
Dramaturgo raso que há anos trazia as peças dentro dum canudo
de fôlha debaixo do braço, e que não lhas representaram, por má
vontade da emprêsa, já se vê, vê-as agora representadas com a
sábia medida de D. Maria. Agora é que vão aparecer.
Shakespeares, Maeterlincks, Ibsens e Hauptmans. Mas no fim de
contas do que eu estou desconfiado é de que esta emprêsa de D.
Maria tinha um avultado parasitismo dramatúrgico sôbre si, que vai
agora sacudir... representando-o.
Mas a arte, onde está? Que resulta de tôda esta cousa? Vale a
pena a gente ralar-se? Não. De-certo que não. Não vale a pena.
Calino, que na bilheteira pedira um logar que não fôsse por debaixo
do lustre, para lhe não sujar o fato algum pingo de gás, acha bem.
Eu tambêm. Acho óptimo, acho tudo o que êles quiserem contanto
que não me macem. Tempo é dinheiro. E, caramba! Tudo isto
somado não vale a ponta dum cigarro.
Mas o remédio? Deixemo-nos disso. Nada de fantasias, que isto
de gizar planos e bandarrear profecias é como as contas do
sapateiro. Saem sempre furadas. Afinal é clamar no deserto:—«vox
clamantis in deserto». É tal e qual. Até vem nas Escrituras.
D. João da Câmara
JOÃO da Câmara (D.), cronista do Ocidente, autor dos Vélhos e da
Triste Viuvinha, acaba de partir para a grande viagem donde se não
volta. E agora, a esta hora que escrevo, se regozija êle na cela do
seu caixão, cela dêsse «convento, que há alêm da Morte e que se
chama a Paz». Êle não voltará jamais olhar-nos por cima da luneta,
contar-nos uma anedota que o seu sorriso reticenciava, nem
embalar-nos com o tom serêno, religioso, espiritual, da sua
conversa tão segredada e insinuante.
D. João da Câmara era ainda, neste país de bacharéis, nesta
pátria de futilidades e falcatruas, uma criatura que fazia vida àparte
de cotteries e de políticas, que a vida levava como Deus era servido,
e que por isso mesmo se tornou simpático a gregos e troianos.
Um bon viveur com perpétuas faltas de dinheiro, que a sua falta
de tino administrativo e a sua generosidade fidalga explicavam
prolíxamente, sem cuidados mais fundos do amanhã e sem que o
hoje fizesse à sua maneira de encarar a vida descalabro grande;
não havendo agiota que o não sugasse para não haver
desventurado que, dentro do seu âmbito generoso e monetário, êle
não protegesse; um boémio em tudo, se por boémio tivermos um
abandono de horas, de convenções, de regularidades. Eis o que êle
foi. Criatura sempre camarada, sempre amiga, sempre fidalga, não
murmurando nunca dos outros, nada aziumeira e biliosa, sincera
sempre no seu auxílio, a ponto de lhe forçarem a boa fé sem que
tivesse desdens, a ponto de o intrujarem, sem que tivesse rancores,
eis aqui como o conheci e a lembrança que conservo dele, o
primeiro consagrado com quem me dei, se consagrado se pode
chamar o que chegou primeiro e tem mais largos horizontes de
protecção e crédito nominal, que nem outro crédito o escritor disfruta
em Portugal.
A nossa camaradagem, e falo dela com orgulho, foi sempre boa,
serêna, plácida. E dele três lembranças há, que mais fixativamente
se me gravaram na memória. A da estatueta do escultor Silva
Gouveia, uma flagrância bem natural, e a da penúltima vez que o
encontrei, fazendo a ascenção penosa, uma ascenção asfixiante, da
escada das Novidades, então no Largo das Duas Egrejas. Essa
impressão é a mais viva. Uma impressão de ruína, de acabamento.
Da última vez que o vi, foi na estreia das Rosas de todo o anno, do
nosso Júlio Dantas, no palco de D. Amélia. Nunca mais o tornei a
ver. Agora outra impressão me ficou: a do seu entêrro, em que se
fizeram discursos que deviam ser proibidos, por convencionais,
literaticos ou desageitados, e onde em tôdas as fisionomias vi a
mágua sincera da sua perda, a ponto de grandemente me
apoquentar a cara contristada, sofredora, de Lopes de Mendonça,
outra criatura sincera e afectiva, e a de Eduardo Schwalbach, que
nada tinha, nada, do seu mefistofelismo habitual.