1) The 3 major fields of electronics are
computers, communications, and
control. The largest is the
computers field.
2) Communication is defined as the
process of exchanging
information.
3) Most human communication is oral
even though there is a glut of
written communication.
4) Two major barriers to human
communication are distance, and
language.
5) Electronic communications came
into being in the late nineteenth
century.
6) The 2 main elements of any
communications system are
transmitter, receiver, channel or
medium
7) The 3 major types of
communications paths are wire,
radio, fiber-optic cable.
8) The transmitter converts the
message into a form compatible with
the selected medium.
9) The receiver converts the message
from the medium into a form
understandable by a human.
10) Undesirable interference in
communications noise is added to
the signal in the communications
channel.
11) The communications media greatly
degrades and the information
attenuates signal.
12) Three common sources of
interference are the atmosphere,
manufactured equipment, and
thermal agitation in components.
13) One-way communication is called
simplex. An example is TV and
radio broadcasting.
14) Simultaneous two-way
communication is called full duplex.
An example is telephone
communications.
15) Two-way communication where
each parry takes turns transmitting is
referred to as half duplex.
16) Voice and video signals are
continuous analog voltages.
17) On/off or coded signals are referred
to digital as signals.
18) Voice and video may be transmitted
digitally if they are first passed
through a(n) analog-to-digital
converter.
19) An original voice, video, or data
voltage is called the baseband
signal.
20) To make the transmitted signal
compatible with the medium, the
process of modulation must be
used where the baseband signal is
impressed upon a higher-frequency
signal called the carrier.
21) Recovering the originally transmitted
signal is called demodulation or
detection.
22) The process of transmitting two or
more baseband signals
simultaneously over a common
medium is called multiplexing.
23) Two methods of transmitting visual
data over the telephone network are
facsimile, and teletext.
24) A common household remote-
control unit is the garage door
opener.
25) The signaling of individuals at
remote locations is called paging.
26) Performing, recording, and analyzing
measurements at a distance is done
with telemetry equipment.
27) Radio astronomy is based on the
fact that stars and other heavenly
bodies emit radio waves.
28) List four ways radio is used in the
telephone system: microwave
relay, satellites, cordless phones,
and cellular phones.
29) Radar is based on the use of
reflected radio signals.
30) Underwater radar is called sonar
(active).
31) The two types of sonar are active,
and passive.
32) The radio communications hobby is
called amateur or “ham” radio.
33) Computers exchange digital data
over the telephone network by using
devices called modems.
34) Limited interconnections of PCs and
other computers in offices or
buildings are called local area
networks.
35) Signals that travel through free
space for long distances are called
electromagnetic waves or radio-
frequency (RF) waves.
36) Radio waves are made up of
electric, and magnetic fields.
37) A signal with a frequency of 18 MHz
has a wavelength of 16.67 (300/18)
m.
38) Common power line frequencies of
50 and 60 Hz are in the ELF range.
39) Audio signals are not transmitted by
electromagnetic waves because
simultaneous transmission would
interfere.
40) The human hearing range is
approximately 20 to 20000 Hz.
41) The frequency range of the human
voice is 300 to 3000 Hz.
42) Radio transmissions do not occur in
the VLF and LF ranges. False
43) AM broadcast stations are in the MF
range.
44) HF signals are also called short
waves.
45) TV (channels 2 to 13) and FM
broadcasting is in the VHF part of
the spectrum.
46) List five major uses of the UHF
band. Land mobile, cellular
telephones, military, radar and
navigation, and amateur radio
47) A frequency of 1GHz is the same as
1000 MHz.
48) Frequencies above 1GHz are called
microwaves.
49) The SHF and EHF ranges are
primarily used by radar, and
satellite communications.
50) The frequencies just beyond the
EHF range are called millimeter
waves.
51) One micron is the same as
1/1000000m..
52) Infrared signals are usually derived
from heat sources.
53) The spectrum range of infrared
signals is 0.7 to 10m.
54) One angstrom is equal to 1/10000m.
55) The visible light range is from
4000 to 8000A.
56) Light signals use two mediums in
electronic communications fiber-
optic cables, and free space.
57) The spectrum space occupied by a
signal is called the bandwidth
58) The new signals above and below
the carrier frequency produced by
the modulation process are called
sidebands.
59) A signal occupies the frequency
range from 1.050 to 1.175MHz. Its
bandwidth is 125 (1.175-
1.050=0.125=125kHz) kHz.
 60) Wide-bandwidth signals must be
transmitted at higher frequencies.
61) Percentage wise, there is less
spectrum space at the lower
frequencies.
62) Many communications electronics
techniques are designed in order to
conserve spectrum space.
63) Electronic communications in the
United States is regulated by a set of
laws called the Communications
Act of 1934
64) The regulatory body for electronic
communications in the United States
is the Federal Communications
Commission
65) Government and military
communications are coordinated by
the National Telecommunications
and Information Administration.
66) The electromagnetic spectrum is
managed worldwide by the
International Telecommunications
Union organization.
CHAPTER 2
1) Modulation causes the information
signal to be translated to a higher
frequency for more efficient
transmission.
2) During modulation, the information
signal varies the amplitude of a high
frequency signal called the carrier
3) The circuit used to produce
modulation is called a modulator.
Its two inputs are carrier, and
modulating signal
4) In AM, the instantaneous amplitude
of the carrier varies in accordance
with the information signal.
5) The carrier frequency is usually
lower than the modulating
frequency. False
6) The outline of the peaks of the
carrier signal is called the envelope,
and it has the same shape as the
modulating signal
7) Voltages varying over time are said
to be time-domain signals.
8) The trigonometric expression for the
carrier is Vc=sin 2 fct
9) The carrier frequency remains
constant during AM. True
10) An amplitude modulator performs
the mathematical operation of
multiplication.
11) Vm should be equal to or less
than Vc.
12) Other names for modulation index
are modulation factor, degree of
modulation, and modulation
coefficient.
13) The degree or depth of modulation
occurring expressed as a
percentage, is computed using the
expression 100% x m
14) The modulation index is the ratio of
the modulating signal peak voltage
of the to the carrier
15) An AM wave displayed on an
oscilloscope has values of
Vmax=3.8 and Vmin=1.5 as read
from the graticule. The percentage
of modulation is 43.4 percent.
16) The ideal percentage of modulation
for maximum amplitude of
Information transmission is 100
percent.
17) To achieve 85 percent modulation of
a carrier of Ve= 40 volts (V), a
modulating signal of Vm= 17.34is
needed.
18) The peak-to-peak value of an AM
signal is 30V. The peak-to-peak
value of the modulating signal is
12V. The percentage modulation is
66.67 percent.
19) New signals generated by the
modulation process that appear
directly above and below the carrier
frequency are called sidebands
20) An AM radio station operating at
630 kHz is permitted to broadcast
audio frequencies up to 5kHz. The
upper and lower side frequencies
are fUSB=635 kHz, fLSB=625
21) The total bandwidth of the signal in
the above example is 10kHz.
22) A signal whose amplitude is
displayed with respect to time is
called a time domain display. The
test instrument used to present such
a display is the oscilloscope.
23) A signal whose amplitude is
displayed with respect to frequency
is called a frequency domain
display. The test instrument used to
present such a display is the
spectrum analyzer.
24) Complex modulating signals
containing many frequencies
produce multiple sidebands thus
occupying more spectrum space.
25) The AM signal that occupies the
greatest bandwidth is the one
modulated by a 5kHz square wave.
26) The composite AM signal can be
recreated by algebraically adding
which three signals? Carrier, upper
sideband, lower sideband
27) The total sideband power is what
percentage of the carrier power for
100 percent modulation? 50
percent
28) Information in an AM signal is
conveyed in the sidebands
29) The load into which the AM signal
Power is dissipated is a(n) antenna.
30) The total transmitted power is the
sum of the carrier and sideband
powers.
31) A 5-kW carrier with 60 percent
modulation produces 0.45 kW in
each sideband.
32) In an AM signal with a carrier of 18W
and a modulation percentage of 75
percent, the total power in the
sidebands is 5.06 W.
33) In an AM signal with a carrier of 1kW
has 100W in each sideband. The
percentage of modulation is 63.25
percent.
34) An AM transmitter has a carrier
power of 200W. The percentage of
modulation is 60 percent. The total
signal power is 236 W.
35) The total AM signal power is 2800W.
The carrier power is 2000W. The
power in one sideband is 400W. The
percentage of modulation is 89.44.
36) The unmodulated carrier current in
an antenna is 1.5A. When the carrier
is modulated by 95 percent, the total
antenna current is 1.8A.
37) An AM signal without a carrier is
called a(n) DSB signal.
38) Two sidebands must be transmitted
to retain all the information. False
39) The acronym SSB means single
sideband with suppressed carrier
40) A major benefit of DSB and SSB is
higher power can be put into the
sideaband(s).
41) List four benefits of SSB over AM
and DSB. less spectrum space,
more power in the sidebands with
greater efficiency, less noise, little
or no fading
42) List two common uses of SSB.
telephone systems, two-way radio
43) A common use of DSB is FM/TV
stereo
44) In SSB, no signal is transmitted
unless the information signal is
present. true
 45) The type of AM signal that is used in
TV broadcasting is called vestigial
sideband transmission.
46) An SSB signal produces a peak-to-
peak voltage of 720V on voice peaks
across 75-antenna. The PEP output
is 863.7 W.
47) An SSB transmitter has a 150-V
supply. Voice peaks produce a
current of 2.3A. The PEP input is
345W.
48) The average output power of an
SSB transmitter rated at 12W PEP is
in the 3 to 4W range.
49) The process of translating a signal to
a higher or lower frequency for more
convenient processing is called
frequency conversion
50) The circuit used for translating the
frequency of a signal is referred to
as a(n) mixer or converter
51) The input signals to a frequency
translation circuit are fs=3.7MHz and
fo=4.155MHz. The output signals
are 4.155MHz, 7.885MHz, 455kHz,
3.7 MHz
52) In the example given in the text,
what other local oscillator frequency
could be used to produce the 10.7-
MHz output with a 107.1MHz input?
117.8MHz
53) Unwanted mixer output signals are
eliminated by a filter or tuned
circuit
54) The local oscillator is modulated.
False
55) Any modulation on the input signal
to be translated is retained. True
56) The operation carried out by a mixer
is known as heterodyning
CHAPTER 3
1) AM can be produced by passing the
carrier through a circuit whose gain or
attenuation can be varied in accordance
with the modulating signal.
2) The name of the nonlinear response of a
device that produces AM with only second-
order products is square law
3) A component that has an exponential
response ideal for producing AM is the
diode
4) When forward-biased, a PIN diode acts
like a(n) resistor
5) PIN diode modulators are used only at
frequencies above about 100MHz
6) A PIN diode modulator is a variable
attenuator
7) High current in a PIN diode means that
its resistance is low
8) The AM signals generated by low-level
modulating circuits must have their power
level increased by a(n) linear amplifier
before being transmitted.
9) In a high-level AM transmitter, the output
stage is usually a class C amplifier.
10) The output of a high-level modulator
causes the supply voltage applied to the
final RF amplifier to vary with the amplitude
of the modulating signal.
11) The final amplifier of a high-level
modulation CB transmitter has an input
power of 5W. The modulator must be able
to supply a power of 2.5 W for 100 percent
modulation.
12) To achieve 100 percent high-level
modulation of an RF power amplifier, its
driver must also be modulated.
13) The purpose of a demodulator is to
recover the original modulating signal from
an AM wave.
14) The most widely used amplitude
demodulator is called a diode detector
15) List the two main benefits of the full-
wave amplitude demodulator over the half
wave circuit. Smaller filter capacitor, less
ripple and distortion
16) An amplitude demodulator is a complete
radio receiver. True cdb
17) A balanced modulator eliminated which
of the following from its output? Carrier
18) The output signal of a balanced
modulator is DSB
19) Which has better carrier suppression?
IC balanced modulator
20) An IC analog multiplier may be used for
DSB signal generation. True
21) The most common way of generating an
SSB signal is the filter method.
22) A filter capable of passing the desired
sideband while rejecting the other sideband
must have good selectivity
23) The most popular filter used to select
the desired sideband in an SSB generator
uses crystals for selectivity.
24) Name the two ways of generating either
the upper or lower sideband in a filter type
SSB generator. Use one filter for each
sideband; select the carrier frequency so
that the desired sideband is in the filter
passband
25) A quartz crystal acts like a highly
selective tune, resonant, or LC circuit
26) Mechanical filters provide selectivity
because they vibrate or resonate at a
specific frequency.
27) A ceramic filter is similar in operation to
a(n) crystal filter.
28) The operating frequency range of a
mechanical filter is 200 to 500 kHz
29) In the phasing method of SSB
generation, phase shift is used to cancel
the undesired sideband.
30) A mixed or balanced modulator circuit
is commonly used to demodulate or recover
an SSB signal.
31) The circuit used to demodulate an SSB
signal is typically called a(n) product
detector bbb
32) The mixing process is nonlinear
33) In up conversion, which signal is
selected? F1+f2
34) Which transistor mixer is preferred?
FET
35) Another name for the mixing process is
heterodyning
36) The purpose of a mixer is to perform
frequency conversion or translation
37) The output signals produced by a mixer
with inputs f1 and f2 are f1, f2, f1+f2, f1-f2
38) The type of mixer most used at
microwave frequencies is a(n) diode
39) The two mixers preferred at VHF and
UHF are doubly balanced mixer,
GaAsFET
40) Transistor mixers provide gain, while
diode mixers do not.
41) A single-transistor circuit that combines
the mixer and LO functions is known as a(n)
converter
42) The mixer circuit in the popular NE6o2
IC is cross-connected differential
amplifier
43) In addition to a mixer and a voltage
regulator, the NE6o2 mixer IC contains a(n)
local oscillator
44) Mixing is the same as AM. true
45) Any balanced modulator may be used
as a mixer. True
CHAPTER 4
1) The general name given to both PM
and PM is angle modulation.
2) In FM, the carrier amplitude remains
constant with modulation. true
3) The amount of frequency shift during
modulation is called the deviation
4) The amount of frequency shift in PM
is directly proportional to the
amplitude of the modulating signal.
5) As the modulating signal amplitude
goes positive, the carrier frequency
increases . As the modulating signal
amplitude goes negative, the carrier
 frequency decreases (the reverse
could also be true)
6) In PM, the carrier phase shift is
varied in proportion to the amplitude
of the modulating signal.
7) A varying phase shift produces a(n)
frequency shift or deviation
8) A phase modulator produces a
frequency deviation only when the
modulating signal is changing or
varying
9) In PM, the frequency deviation is
proportional to both the modulating
signal amplitude and frequency
10) When the modulating signal
amplitude crosses zero, the phase
shift and frequency deviation in a
phase modulator are at a maximum
11) A phase modulator may use a low-
pass filter to offset the effect of
increasing carrier frequency
deviation for increasing modulating
frequency
12) The FM produced by a phase
modulator is known as indirect FM
13) An FM signal produces more
sidebands than AM signal. true
14) The bandwidth of an FM signal is
proportional to the modulation
index
15) The maximum frequency deviation
of an FM signal is 10 khz. The
maximum modulating frequency is
3.33 kHz. The deviation ratio is
m=10/33=3
16) An FM signal has a modulation
index of 2.5. How many significant
pairs of sidebands are produced?
Figure needed, won’t answer
17) In an FM signal that modulating
frequency is a 1.5kHz sine wave.
The carrier frequency is 1000kHz.
The frequencies of the third
significant sidebands are __ and __
kHz. NOT
18) NOT
19) The amplitude of the sidebands in
an FM signal are dependent upon a
mathematical process known as
Bessel functions
20) A PM signal has a deviation ratio of
3. The maximum modulating signal
is 5kHz. The bandwidth of the signal
is __ kHz
21) If the maximum allowed deviation is
5kHz but the actual deviation is
3.75kHz, the percentage of
modulation is __ percent
22) nNOT
23) The carrier in an FM signal can
never drop to zero amplitude. false
24) NOT
25) The main advantage of FM over AM
is its immunity from noise
26) Noise is primarily a variation in
amplitude
27) FM receivers reject noise because of
built-in circuits. Limiter or clipper
28) The capture effect in an FM
receiver causes a stronger signal to
dominate a weaker signal on the
same frequency.
29) Typically FM transmitters are more
efficient than AM transmitters
because they use class c amplifiers
30) The biggest disadvantage of FM is
its excessive use of spectrum
space
31) An AM circuit is usually more
complex and expensive than an FM
circuit. false
32) Noise interferes primarily with high
modulating frequencies.
33) The method used to offset the effect
of noise in FM transmissions by
boosting high frequencies is known
as pre-emphasis
34) To boost high frequencies a(n) high-
pass filter circuit is used.
35) To correct for the high frequency
boost, a(n) de-emphasis circuit is
used at the receiver.
36) The time constant of a pre-emphasis
circuit is 75s.
37) In an FM receiver, frequencies
above 2122 Hz are attenuated 6 dB
per octave.