● distinguish between an exothermic reaction and an endothermic reaction

Exothermic- Releases energy into its surroundings causes an increase in temperature

Endothermic- Absorb energy; surroundings get cooler

● give examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions

Exo- Respiration, Neutralisation Reactions (reactive metal w/ acid, alkaline w/ acid),

Combustion, Dissolving certain substances in water sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid.

Endo- Photosynthesis, Salts dissolving in water (KNO3, NH4Cl

● explain exothermic and endothermic reactions based on bond breaking and bond forming

Requires energy to break bonds (energy is absorbed);

Form new bonds (Release energy)

Exothermic Reactions
1. Energy absorbed to break the original bonds in the reactants is less than the energy
released in forming the new bonds (products). Extra energy is released in the
surroundings causing the temperature to increase.
Endothermic Reactions
1. Energy absorbed to break the original bonds in the reactants is more than the energy
released in forming the new bonds (products). Extra energy is absorbed from the
surroundings causing the temperature to decrease.

● explain what is meant by enthalpy change, H

Energy content of a substance can’t be measured; only the change

Enthalpy- Energy content of a substance (Symbol H)
Enthalpy Change- Difference between enthalpy of products and reactants (kJ or kJ/mol)

Exo - H of Prod < H of React

Endo - H of Prod > H of React

● explain exothermic and endothermic reactions based on enthalpy change

● draw energy profile diagrams for exothermic and endothermic reactions

● show the effect of adding a catalyst using energy profile diagrams

● define the terms specific heat capacity, heat of neutralization and heat of solution

SHC- The amount of heat energy required to raise 1 unit mass of a substance by 1 degree
celsius. Unit: J/g/0C or J/kg/0C; Symbol: c

E (energy or heat of reaction) = m (mass) * c (specific heat capacity) * ΔT (change in

temperature)

Heat of Reaction- Heat change that occurs during a reaction

Heat of Neutralisation- Heat change which occurs when 1 mol of water is produced during a
neutralization reaction.

Heat of Solution- This is the heat change when 1 mol of solute is dissolved in such a volume
of solvent that further dilution produces no heat change.

Calorimeter- A piece of apparatus that presents heat loss to/heat gain from the environment
during a reaction.

● give the formula to calculate the heat change of a reaction

● calculate heat changes from experimental data

● explain why the heat of neutralisation for the reaction between a strong acid and strong alkali
is always the same

It is always the same because there is a common reaction happening between every strong
acid and strong alkali reaction which is the donation of hydrogen ions (H+) from the acid to the
hydroxide ions from the alkali (OH-), forming water

● describe experiments to determine the heat of neutralisation and heat of solution

● give the assumptions made when calculating the heat of neutralisation and heat of solution
from experimental data.
1. The solution is so dilute that is almost like water
2. The density of the solution is the same as water
3. The SHC of the solution is the same as water
4. The mass of the solute dissolved in the solvent is negligible and will not contribute to the
overall mass of the solution. e.g 8g of solute is dissolved in 100cm3 of water/100g of
water the mass of the solution would be considered as 100g.
5. Heat change due to energy absorbed from the environment or energy released into the
environment during the reaction is negligible