UNIT II.
INTELLECTUAL understanding human behavior, especially
REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED
SOCIETY
Intellectual Revolution vs. Scientific
Revolution
Frontlearners Module (2019) defined Intellectual
Revolutions as the historical changes in
thoughts, beliefs, and social institutions due to
new ideas and principles like Copernican,
Darwinian, and Freudian. It may also refer to
the historical period when science became more
important and influential during the Middle
Ages. Intellectual Revolution also considered a
golden age in the history of science because it
marked the birth of science as a discipline
wherein many scientific ideas and discoveries
were developed. Meanwhile, Frontlearners
Module (2019) cited that when science and
technology are the centers of an intellectual
revolution, it can be called then as a Scientific
Revolution.
Some Intellectuals Who Made Essential
Contributions in Science during the
Period of Scientific Revolutions:
❖ Nicholas Copernicus (Copernican) –
developed a model of the universe in which
everything moved around a single center at
unvarying rates. He placed the sun in the center
of the universe, and all the planet were
surrounding or orbiting it. Copernicus’ Model of
planets orbiting around the sun automatically
positioned the planets into a logical sequence.
Heliocentric Model – adopted to used to prove
the idea that the sun is the center of the solar
system.
❖ Charles Darwin (Darwinian) - His theory of
evolution by natural selection (process) is
instrumental in many fields until now. Content
of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. All organisms
are related and have descended from a common
ancestor. Variation in a population helps
different species to survive. The animals that do
survive and reproduce are better-adapted
organisms (survival of the fittest). A random
genetic mutation occurs within an organism's
genetic code, aid survival .
❖ Sigmund Freud (Freudian) - developed the
idea of psychoanalysis that helped in
neurological conditions. Human actions result
from the interactions among three parts of the
mind: id, ego, and superego.
➢ Id – part of the personality that is present at
birth; primitive personality existed within
unconscious.
➢ Super ego - include the ideas of right and
wrong acquired from society and the culture.
Overpower the urges of the id and tries to make
the ego morally, rather than realistically.
Composed of people's internalized ideals
acquired from parents and society.
➢ Ego – less primitive than the Id, partly
conscious and unconscious. It facilitates the
demands of the Id, superego and reality. - It
prevents people from acting on the basic urges
created by the id and works to balance their
moral and idealistic standards created by the
superego.
Information Revolution
Accompanied the history of mankind and began
as early as 3000 BC with Sumerian Pictographs. -
Triggers profound changes both in the way of
lives and, in a way, perceive the self as human
beings.
Milestone on Information Revolution are:
o 1455, Johannes Gutenberg’s invention on
printing press.
o Early 1830s, Charles Babbage worked on
Analytical Engine.
o During 1870s, Invention of the first telephone.
o During World War II, Alan Turing refining the
concept of algorithms and computation using
the Turing Machine. He contributed to the
Turing test concerning the possibility of
developing a conscious and thinking machine in
Artificial Intelligence.
Science provided different ancient civilizations
the means to survive and understand the natural
and physical world. Helped humans to develop
various technologies used in everyday tasks.
Ancient civilizations and their significant
contributions that defined the society:
Mesoamerican Civilization
- Located in the region and cultural area in the
Americas - Contributed greatly in agriculture
( as early as 7000 BC)
- Transition from hunter-gatherer tribal
groupings to the organization of sedentary
agricultural villages.
- Main food sources were beans, corns, & squash
(a triad of products known as the “three sisters”;
introduce the rotational crops and slash-and-
burn aided in retaining the nutrients in the soil.
- Value cacao as an essential crop because it is
used as a trade currency and in rituals.
- Cotton plant & rubber trees used for making
culturally significant products like textile
(vibrant colors) and rubber balls (used in
performance games) due to ritual significance.
- Created chinampas (plots of mud and soil
placed on top layers of thick water vegetation)
- First to use irrigation techniques.
- First one to create calendar (like civil calendar
or Haab and Tzolkin Calendar).
Asian Civilization
- Asia bore 2 of the world’s great early
civilizations: From India & China
- Birth of the two world’s known religion:
Hinduism & Buddhism.
- In Hinduism, based on Vedas (4 sacred books;
believed written by Aryan People); People
believed to be divided into a “caste system”;
Priests called Brahmans (ranked highest) and the
“untouchables” as lowest.
- In Buddhism, praise Buddha (meaning “The
Enlightened One”) who is in the person of
Siddharta Gautama (believed that human greed
and selfishness lead to human pain).
- Another religion Confucianism, developed
along the Huang Ho riverbank in Northern
China, based on the teaching of Confucius.
- Created the Great Wall of China, built to
protect from invasions of “barbarians” from
other parts of Asia.
Middle East Civilization
- Considered as the home to the “Cradle of
Civilization” (seen world’s oldest culture and
civilization).
- First to practice intensive year-round
agriculture and currency-mediated trade as
opposed to barter.
- Gave the rest of the world the first writing
system.
- Laying the foundation for astronomy and
mathematics.
- Created the first generalized government and
law codes.
- Invented the clay cylinder seals (on which little
pictures of objects could be recorded.
- Early writings evolved from pictures baked on
clay tablets.
African Civilization
- According to some historians, Africans were
nothing more than savages whose only
contributions to the world were farming and
slaves.
- Lineage and culture of achievements emerged
at least 40,000 years ago in Africa. Some were
the following:
• Developed modern concepts in mathematics
like the first method of counting.
• People in present-day Zaire and Yoruba (now
Nigeria) developed Numeration system 8,000
years ago.
• In the Yoruba, the system lauded this system
because it required much abstract reasoning.
African Stonehenge (in present-day Kenya)
constructed around 300 BC the remarkably
accurate calendar.
• Meanwhile, Dogon people of Mali have
various astronomical discoveries like Saturn’s
rings, Jupiter’s moon, the spiral structure of the
Milky Way, and the orbit of the Sirius Star.
• They built great architectural Monuments
along the Nile like Great Pyramid of Giza, Great
Sphinx of Giza, great cities like in Zimbabwe &
Mozambique (made of massive stone complex
and huge castle-like compounds existed).
• The Empire of Mali boasted impressive cities,
including Tumbuktu with grand palaces,
mosques & UNIVERSITIES in the 13th century.
• In Medicine, some practices were: use of
plants with salicylic acid for pain, kaolin for
diarrhea, and extracts that confirmed to kill
Gram-Positive bacteria.
• Other plants used had anticancer properties,
caused abortion, and treated malaria.
• Some medical procedures performed in
ancient Africa: Vaccination, autopsy, limb
traction and broken bone setting, bullet removal,
brain surgery, skin grafting, filling of dental
cavities, installation of false teeth, anesthesia and
tissue cauterization.
UNIT I: GENERAL CONCEPTS IN
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Introduction to science and technology

What is Science?
◦ First, science is a branch of knowledge
that seeks to understand and describe
natural phenomena such as thunder, seed
germination, and tidal waves.
 ◦ Second, ‘science’ is an intellectual activity
wherein it refers to the process of
systematic and objective investigation of
the natural world.
◦ Third, ‘science’ is a personal and social
activity in which it makes way for
humans to have a better understanding of
the world and their inner selves, realizing
that science is connected with everyone’s
life and the society.
What is Technology?
Came from two Greek words:
“Techne” (skill, craftmanship, art)
“Logos” (discourse, reason)
-The human attempt to change the world.
◦ ‘Technology’ can be defined as an artifact
from which it refers to products that are
invented and are widely used by people.
◦ Technology can be construed as a
technique.
◦ Science and Technology can be described
as personal and social activity. Technology
serves as a tool to improve and facilitate
human living and social interaction with
others.
Science vs. Technology
‘’Science can be defined as an organized way of
gathering knowledge on a subject, through
various observations and experiments.’’
‘’Technology is putting scientific knowledge into
practice.’’
‘’Science is very useful to gain knowledge about
a natural phenomenon.’’
Technology can be useful or harmful!
UNCHANGEABLE! Vs. Technology
changes at a rapid pace!
◦ Science is required to progress
technology.
◦ Technology is necessary to improve
science.
Ancient World
Stone Age
◦ The use of these progresses as the early
hunters developed skills and techniques
to make weaponry through fire.
◦ Interaction and migration of people came
to the development and advancement of
this technology.
Agricultural Revolution
Foraging to agriculture
Humans started to cultivate the land to plant
different crops and domesticate animals as
sources of meat and milk products
◦ Agricultural Revolution, which started
primarily in the Middle East.
Many new plants and animals were cultivated
and domesticated for human consumption and
feedstock.
Humans started to use, and metal and ceramic
products.
Copper is the first metal known and used by
man in 6500 BC. In this period, human
settlement through towns started.
◦ Transportation was improved through
the development of wheels.
◦ Ceramics was further utilized, and
communication prospered through the
invention of writing.
◦ Also, many products made from bronze,
copper, and iron began to emerge.
◦ This preceded the rise of civilizations
from which scientific knowledge and
technological advancements further
flourished through the rise and
improvement of bridges, roads, and
agricultural irrigations.
Classical Antiquity
◦ The present perception and concept of
science started in this period of classical
antiquity, which began in the center of
mediterranean sea interlocking between
Greek and Roman civilizations. The
Ionian School of Philosophy particularly
introduced the earliest form of the
scientific method, which is based on
observation and reasoning.
◦ Many Greek philosophers who laid the
foundation of modern-day science arose
 in this period. They are the ones who
used the basic foundation of the scientific
method initially for the understanding of
the natural world and the universe. The
significant philosophers of classical
antiquity were Socrates, Plato, and
Aristotle.
Socrates (470-339 BC)
-built the basic foundation of making a
hypothesis.
Elenchus
By applying this method, a specific problem or
situation was broken down into a series of
questions that need to be answered.
Plato (427-347 BC)
Highlighted the concept of having “proof” in
research.
He emphasized a clear hypothesis of
understanding nature and believed that all
substances are made up of air, water, earth, and
fire.
Aristotle (384-322 BC)
◦ initiated the discipline of using the
deductive method of scientific inquiry.
◦ established natural principles as achieved
through careful observation, which is also
an essential component of the scientific
method.
….cont.. Classical Antiquity
The center of scientific knowledge was
established in the city of Alexandria in Egypt.
In Africa, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, one of the
first important scientific texts about ancient
surgery methods, was made. Another, the
scientific discipline of chemistry through the
process of fermentation, distillation, and
tanning, was also established.
The construction of the Great Wall of China was
one of China's technological achievements at
that time.
Middle ages
The progression of science and technology
turned to decrease due to the onset of diseases,
poverty, wars, and scarcity of food resources at
the middle ages during 530 AD.
As science seemed to decline in Europe,
medicine remained and grew due to an
important need.
The deadly plague ravaged Europe.
Due to this, the center of science and technology
was shifted to Asia, specifically in China and
nearby countries.
Science and Technology in India
Astronomy, medicine, and mathematics became
well-advanced
• significance of the number 0 in
mathematics
Science and Technology in Islam
Through this civilization, new techniques, new
chemicals such as borax, and new astronomical
table for the calculation of planetary positions,
eclipses, and calendrical information was
established.
In the field of medicine, new instruments and
treatment procedures were developed.
However, there is a failure to advance the area
of anatomy as Islam disallow the process body
autopsy during that time.
Science and Technology was revived
He ordered the establishment of schools that
became centers of knowledge and discovery.
Other advancements in science and technology
during the middle age include the development
of clocks and moving objects and the utilization
of water and wind as sources of electricity.
Later part of the Middle Ages (Age of Discovery
and Exploration)
Two of the most important developments were
ships made for long voyages and the compass's
invention.
The progress in geography and cartography
became so famous as human societies spread
after The Black Death in Europe.
Modern Age
The need for Europe’s revival became more
advantageous for science and technology. This
marked the end of the Middle Age and the start
of the Modern Age. The beginning of the
modern age hastens technological
advancements, primarily for defense and trade.
Many technologies were taught in universities.

Leonardo Da Vinci
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
ISAAC NEWTON
The Scientific Revolution advanced the field of
astronomy due to the invention of the telescope.
The astronomers, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-
1573) became the center of controversy due to
his model of the heliocentric universe, which
was opposed by the church. This opposition
marked the so-called Copernican Revolution, a
shift from a geocentric view of the universe to a
heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of
the Solar System.
Zacharias Iansen
The invention of the microscope significantly
advanced science during the Renaissance period.
Through the use of microscope, many
microorganisms were identified and the many
types of diseases associated with them. This
gave rise to the formulation of antibiotics to
prevent infections and inhibit the growth of
bacteria.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was noted to be the
leading figure of the Scientific. He introduced
experimentation using the scientific method and
led the development of modern science, making
him the "father of the scientific method” and the
"father of modern science". He invented many
equipment and devices as well as many
mathematical explanations to natural concepts.
The publication of Carolus Linnaues’ works on
the biological classification made him the “father
of taxonomy”.
Modern Age- AKA period of
Enlightenment
◦ Highlighted the importance of logical
reasoning.
◦ This was a shift from the Renaissance
dominated by the teachings of the Church
and the early Greek and Roman
philosophers.
◦ Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) worked on
Principia, which established the
foundation of modern-day physics. He
developed theories from observations
and experiments and used the scientific
method in the understanding of the
natural world.
James Watt
The invention of the steam engine by James Watt
(1736-1819) in 1765 made many industrial
processes possible. Because of this, many other
machines that made things faster and more
efficient were invented and paved the way for
the Industrial Revolution.
Industrial Revolution's progression led to the
rapid destruction of the environment because of
the pollution caused by these industries. To
obtain wood for charcoal, many forests were
destroyed. Large industries collected many
natural resources and minerals to continue their
operation. Industrial wastes polluted rivers and
other bodies of water. Many disputes came
during this period between the science
community and the society for the green
environmental movement.
The theory of evolution proposed by Charles
Darwin and Alfred Wallace became very
controversial and was opposed by the church
and the general community. However, this
theory was considered and accepted as a
milestone in the field of biology.
The discovery of the DNA structure in1953 by
James Watson and Francis Crick with the aid of
Rosalind Franklin advanced the field of genetics
and molecular biology, leading to the
development of gene therapy and genetic
engineering.
Agricultural Revolution (1940)
Development of the pesticide.
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or more
commonly known as DDT. Other inventions that
greatly helped this period were hybrid seeds,
organic/inorganic fertilizers, and farm
machinery equipment.
DDT was found out to destructive impacts on
biodiversity and health. Hence, many
movements for the environment emerged as
society’s response.
Digital Revolution or Information Age
The development of the internet, computers,
softwares, and other digital technologies marked
the beginning ‘Digital Revolution’ or
‘Information Age’.
These technologies also paved way for
crowdsourcing, cyber warfare, e-commerce, and
distance learning. The digital revolution has
greatly affected the public. Nowadays, many
people became addicted to using electronic
games and social media.
Historical Background of Science and
Technology in the Philippines
o Pre-Colonial History
o Colonial History
o Post-Colonial History
Pre-Colonial History
The early natives already had activities linked to
science and technology even before the
colonizers came.
The first technologies include:
-Herbs and Herbal Medicines
-Fire, light & heat
-Alibata (writing system)
-Jar (manungguul, bulol)
Agricultural Revolution
1. Methods in Farming
2. Stones for recording purposes
3. Clay pottery and soil minerals and
metallurgy
4. Barter of different goods and resources
Agricultural Abundance
The natives based their faith on abundance of
harvest, different plants, and animals.
Filipinos were already engaged in farming the
Banaue Rice Terraces are among the
sophisticated products of engineering by pre-
Spanish era Filipinos
Colonial History
• Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the
service of the Spanish crown, was looking
forward to a westward route to the Spice
Island of Indonesia.
• March 16, 1521- Magellan’s expedition
landed on Homonhon Island in the PH.
• But the colonization of the Philippine
Islands wasn’t successful on the first
attempt.
• However, when Philip II succeeded the
throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de
Velasco, the viceroy of Mexico by Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi.
• February 13,1565- Legazpi’s expedition
landed in Cebu island. After a short
struggle with the natives, he proceeded to
Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol.
The colonization of the Philippines contributes
to the growth of science and technology in the
archipelago.
The Spanish introduced formal education and
founded scientific institution.
Espanya: Education & Religion
During the early years of Spanish rule in the
Philippines. Parish schools were established
where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and
music was thought.
Espanya: Science & Technology
Sanitation and more advanced methods of
agriculture was taught to the natives. The study
of medicine in the ph was given priority in the
Spanish era. Field of engineering in the islands
by constructing government buildings,
churches, roads, bridges and forts.
Post-Colonial History
(19th Century Science & Technology)
Presidents & Laws
Shortly after World War II, Ferdinand
Emmanuel Edralin Marcos became the 6th
president of the 3rd Republic of the Philippines.
During Marcos presidency, the importance
given to science grew.
◦ National Science Development Board
◦ He recognized that technology was the
leading factor in economic development,
channeled additional funds to support
projects in applied sciences and science
education
◦ He added the Philippine Coconut
Research Institute to the NSDB to
modernize coconut industry.
◦ The NSDB also established the Philippine
Textile Institute
◦ The Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission of the NSDB explored the
uses of atomic energy for economic
development.
◦ In 1972, he created the National Grains
Authority to provide for the development
of the rice and corn industry to fully
harness it for the economy of the country.
◦ He established the Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research to support the
progressive development of agriculture,
forestry, and fisheries for the nation.
◦ He established the Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA) under the Department of
National Defense to provide
environmental protection and to utilize
scientific knowledge to ensure the safety
of the people.

Maria Corazon “Cory” Sumulong

Cojuangco Aquino
◦ Was the 1st president of the 5th Republic of
the Philippines.
◦ The National Science and Technology
Authority was replaced by the
department of Science and Technology,
giving science and technology a
representation in the cabinet.
◦ The Presidential Task Force for the
Science and technology which came up
with the 1st Science Technology Master
Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for
the Philippines to achieve newly
industrialized country status by the year UNIT III
2000.
What are the Importance of Science and
Technology in building the nation?
Three DOST councils responsible for the

engagements of the BSP awardees.

 PCAARRD-DOST

How the Philippine Government

manages and develops Science and
Technologies through its policies and
program?

Philippine Council for Agriculture,

Major Development Programs and
Personalities in Science and Technology
in the Philippines
Aquatic and Natural Resources Research
and Development- Department of Science
and Technology.
 PCIEERD-DOST
Philippine Council for Industry, Energy,
and Emerging Technology Research and
Development

 PCHRD
Philippine Council for Health Research
and Development

Briefer on the Order of National Scientists

The award Order of National Scientists is the
highest distinction for a Filipino by the President
of the Republic of the Philippines, with
exceptional scientific and technical
achievements.
As of 2018, there are 41 National Scientists. Two
of them are:
Notable Filipino Scientists in Agriculture
Ramon C. Barba, PH.D.
- engineer agriculturist
-discovery and development of inducing flowers
in mango tress using potassium nitrate, which
was considered the most significant
breakthrough in mango research in the country.
Angel Alcala
-biologist
FPRDI
Forest Products Research and Development
Institute

PNRI & PAEC

-Invention of artificial coral reefs (used for
fisheries in Southeast Asia) PCARI

SETUP
Small Enterprise Technology Upgrading
Philippine-California Advanced Research
program
Institutes

PhilSA
Philippine Space Act

GIA
Grant-In-Aid Program
Science Education in the Philippines

Indigenous Science and Technology in the

Philippines