Ge RPH The Cavite Mutiny Notes PDF

The Cavite Mutiny and the Rebellion Case Against Gomburza
INTRODUCTION
The Cavite Mutiny is one of the most significant historical accounts in Philippine History.
It describes the uprising of the Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal due to the
removal of the privileges: exemption from the tribute and forced labor.
1. TAXATION
- Filipinos paid taxes to spain.
A. TRIBUTE
- The Filipinos were compelled to pay tribute called TRIBUTO, to the colonial government.
- The tributo was imposed as a sign of the Filipino’s loyalty to the king of Spain.
- Those who paid tribute were individuals between 16 to 60 years old.
- 1571- 1884 = 8 reales (P1.00) per year
- Other forms of payment: Gold, Chickens, Textile, Cotton and Rice
B. CEDULA
- In 1884, Tribute was nullified and replaced by a Personal Identification Paper called
CEDULA.
- The cedula was a certificate identifying the taxpayer. It recorded his name, age,
birthplace, marital state, occupation, place of residence, nationality and sex.
C. DIEZMOS PREDIALES OR TITHES

The diezmos prediales was a tax consisting one-tenth (1/10) of the produce of one’s
land.
2. EXEMPTION FROM FORCED LABOR

All male Filipinos from 18 to 60 years of age were required to give their free labor, called
polo, to the government. This labor was for 40 days ayear, reduced to 15 days in 1884. It’s also
called POLO Y SERVICIOS.
- Obligated to do: Construction of buildings

Construction of Churches
Cutting trees to make logs
This labor was for 40 DAYS A YEAR. They are supposed to be paid ¼ reales. The said
workers were called POLISTAS.
To be exempted: Pay FALLA = 1 ½ reals
- In 1884 the number of days was lessened to 15 days per year.
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The 2 Major Events happened in 1872
➢ The 1872 Cavite Mutiny.

➢ The martyrdom of the three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes,
Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA) which is the awakening of nationalism
among the Filipinos.
The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the
Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines on January 20, 1872. Around 200 soldiers and laborers
rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful,
and government soldiers executed many of the participants and began to crack down on a
burgeoning nationalist movement. Many scholars believe that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was the
beginning of Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
This event is meaningful to the following Filipinos – Gomburza [an acronym denoting the
surnames of the priests Mariano Gómez, José Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, three
Filipino priests who were executed on 17 February 1872 at Bagumbayan in Manila, Philippines
by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny.
Their execution left a profound effect on many Filipinos; José Rizal, the national hero, would
dedicate his novel El filibusterismo to their memory.
THE GOMBURZA
Mariano Gomez – born on August 2, 1799 at Santa Cruz Manila by Marina Guard and
Francisco Gomez, he was designated as head priest in Cavite in 1824 and was a member of
GOMBURZA later on. He was executed during the Cavite Mutiny in 1872.
Jose Apolonio Burgos – was a Filipino mestizo secular priest, accused of mutiny by the
Spanish colonial authorities in the Philippines in the 19th century (wiki) he was born on February
9 1837 by Florencia Garcia and Don Jose Burgos in Vigan Ilocos Sur. He was executed along
with Mariano Gomez and Jacinto Zamora.
Jacinto Zamora – born August 14, 1835 in Manila. He was placed in a mock trial and
summarily executed in Manila along with two other clergymen. He was a Roman Catholic priest.
The Gomburza execution was carried out on February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan Field in Manila
during the Cavite mutiny in the 19th century.
The mutiny was quickly cluttered, Governor Rafael de Izquierdo magnified the incident
and used it as an excuse to clamp down on those Filipinos who had been calling for
governmental reform.
DIFFERING ACCOUNTS:
● Friars used Cavite Mutiny as a part of a larger conspiracy to cement their dominance.
● They showcased the mutiny as a part of a greater conspiracy in the Philippines by
Filipinos to overthrow the Spanish government.
● Unintentionally, it resulted in the martyrdom of GOMBURZA. And paved away to the
revolution culminating in 1898.
The Cavite Mutiny is one of the events that awakened the Filipinos, including Dr. Jose
Rizal, regarding the rulership of Spaniards. However, there are different accounts and sides of
the story in reference to the event.
OFFICIAL REPORT OF IZQUIERDO
HISTORY
Governor General Rafael Izquierdo accused the natives or the Cavite people for their
mutiny on the native clergy and reported to the Spanish minister of war on January 23, 1872.
He described the Cavite Mutiny as a revolution, an uprising, and an insurgency in his

declaration. The locals, abogadillos, and people of Manila, Cavite, and other adjacent provinces
instigated the Cavite Mutiny. These protesters were protesting the government's injustice in
obtaining the crop owners' paperwork and selling them at a loss, forcing the crop owners to
revolt. Workers were also required to pay tribute to the higher officials and provide personal
services to them.
These rebels, according to Governor General Rafael Izquierdo, utilized God as a

justification for natives and people to believe in the revolution, as well as offering them wealth
and high-ranking positions in the army, where native troops became officers and chiefs. He also
stated that the mutiny does not clearly decide whether to form a monarchy or a republic, but that
if one is established, Dr. Jose Burgos or Dr. Jacinto Zamora will serve as its leader.
The priests were then caught by the artillery and sent to prison before the execution of
the GOMBURZA on February 17, 1872.
1872 Cavite Mutiny: SPANISH VERSION
HISTORY
Aside from the Filipino version about the blood incident in Cavity there were two
accounts from the Spanish version written by Jose Montero y Vidal and Gov. Gen. Rafael
Izquierdo, In this perspective both of their accounts agree on the point of abolition of privileges
through Cavite arsenal workers, including non-price of tributes and exemption from compelled
labor. The two accounts complimented and corroborated with one another, only that the
general’s report was more spiteful.
CAUSE
Jose Montero y Vidal, described the incident and characterized it as an attempt by the
Indios to overthrow the Spanish rule in the Philippines. Meanwhile, the official account of Gov.
Gen.Rafael Izquierdo exaggerated the incident and used the local clergy as the accountable of
which became on the time engaged withinside the campaign for secularization.
Particularly, Gov. Izquierdo, condemned the disorderly Spanish press for "stockpiling"
toxic propaganda that the Filipinos had picked up. The commander went on to say that the
native clergy attracted additional volunteers by promising them charismatic certainty that their
fight would not fail because God was on their side. He informed the King of Spain that the
"rebels" intended to destabilize the Spanish government in order to install a new "hari" in the
likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora.
The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of the Cavite arsenal such as
non-payment of tributes and exemption from forced labor were the main reasons for the
“revolution”. Overthrew the secular throne, dirty propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press,
democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets reaching the Philippines,most
importantly, the presence of the native clergy whose out of animosity (bitterness) against the
Spanish friars, “conspired and supported” the rebels and enemies of Spain.
EFFECT
When the news reached Gov. Izquierdo, he readily ordered the reinforcement of the
Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. The “revolution” was easily crushed when the
expected reinforcement from Manila did not come ashore. Major instigators including Sergeant
Lamadrid were killed in the skirmish, while the GOMBURZA were tried by a court-martial and
were sentenced to die by strangulation.
Jose Montero y Vidal and Gov. Rafael de Izquierdo
Both accounts believed that the mutiny was planned earlier and thought of it as a big
conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos, abogadillos or native lawyers, residents of
Manila and Cavite and the native clergy. They insinuated that the conspirators of Manila and
Cavite planned to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers to be followed by the massacre of the
friars.
According to the accounts of the two historians , on 20th January 1872, the district of
Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto, unfortunately participants to the feast
celebrated the occasion with the usual fireworks displays. Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the
fireworks as the sign for the attack, and just like what was agreed upon, the 200-men contingent
headed by Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized
the arsenal.
1872 Cavite Mutiny: FILIPINO VERSION
HISTORY
One of the three versions of the bloody incident in Cavite includes the Filipino version. It
was written by Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher. In
his point of view, it is a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite
arsenal. By the cause of dissatisfaction with the abolition of their privileges.
CAUSE
From Tavera's perspective, the blame should be on Governor and Captain-General

Rafael de Izquierdo. For his inhumane policies such as the abolition of privileges of the workers
and native army members of the arsenal and the prohibition of the founding of a school of arts
and trades for the Filipinos, which the general believed as a cover-up for the organization of a
political club.
Because of the new policies, the soldiers and workers of the arsenal led by Sergeant
Lamadrid attacked and assassinated the Spanish officers in sight. It happened on January 20,
1872. Nonetheless, it’s still unfortunate that the news about the mutiny has already reached the
authorities in Manila. Then Gen. Izquierdo immediately ordered the reinforcement of Spanish
troops in Cavite.
Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a
powerful lever. Considering that during this time, the Central Government in Madrid announced
its intention to deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of civil government
and the direction and management of educational institutions. Because of fear that their power
would dwindle, friars took this opportunity for the sake of their sovereignty. By presenting it to
the Spanish government as part of a broad plot across the archipelago with the goal of
overthrowing Spanish sovereignty
EFFECT
Because of this, liberal thinkers and educators were affected and captured. Some were
even sentenced to life in jail for their roles in the revolt, while members of the native clergy led
by the GOMBURZA were tried and executed by garrote. Specifically the three priests - José
Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, and Mariano Gómez. This incident then sparked a wave of nationalism
that culminated in the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
The GOMBURZA were executed on February 17, 1872, in an attempt by the Spanish
government and Frailocracia to create dread in the Filipinos so that they would never do such a
daring deed again. This sad incident was one of the driving causes in the formation of Filipino
nationalism.
SUPPORTING DEFENSE OF THE FILIPINO VERSION BY: EDMUND PLAUCHUT
● Confirmed that the event happened due to discontentment of the arsenal workers and soldiers in
Cavite fort.
● The event is just a simple mutiny since up to that time the Filipinos had no intention of separation
from Spain but only secure materials and education advancements in the country.
● Also, in this time, the central government deprived friars of the powers of involvement in civil
government and in governing and handling universities.
● This resulted in the friars, afraid that their leverage in the Philippines would be a thing in the
past,took advantage of the mutiny and reported it to the Spanish government as a broad
conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with the object of abolishing Spanish
sovereignty.
● He also traced the immediate cause to a peremptory order from the governor, Izquierdo,
demanding personal taxes from the Filipino laborers in the engineering and artillery corps in the
Cavite arsenal, and requiring them to perform forced labor like ordinary subjects. Until then, these
workers in the arsenal had been enjoying exemptions from both taxes and forced labor.
● January 20, the day of the revolt, was payday and the laborers found the amount of taxes as well
as the corresponding fee in lieu of the forced labor deducted from their pay envelopes.
● Forty infantry soldiers and twenty men from the artillery took over command of the Fort of San
Felipe and fired cannonades to announce to the world their moment of triumph.
● They had expected to be joined by their comrades in the 7th infantry company assigned to patrol
the Cavite plaza. However, when they beckoned to the 7th infantry, men from the ramparts of the
fort and their comrades did not make any move to join them. • Instead, the company started
attacking them. The rebels decided to bolt the gates and wait for morning when support from
Manila was expected to come.
● He gave a dispassionate account of it and its causes in an article published in the Revue des
Deux Mondes in 1877. • He traced that the primary cause of the mutiny is believed to be an order
from Governor-General Carlos to subject the soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps to
personal taxes, from which they were previously exempt. • The taxes required them to pay a
monetary sum as well as to perform forced labor called, polo y servicio. • The mutiny was sparked
on January 20, 1872 when the laborers received their pay and realized the taxes as well as the
falla, the fine one paid to be exempt from forced labor, had been deducted from their salaries.
Other possible causes of the "revolution" were also mentioned in various

accounts of the Cavite mutiny."
➢ Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular throne, dirty propagandas proliferated
by unrestrained press, democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets reaching
the Philippines,
➢ Most importantly, the presence of the native clergy who out of animosity against the
Spanish friars, "conspired and supported" the rebels and enemies of Spain.
➢ In addition, accounts of the mutiny suggest that the Spanish Revolution in Spain during
that time added more determination to the natives to overthrow the current colonial
Spanish government.
COMPARISON OF THE TWO VERSIONS (SPANISH AND FILIPINO VERSION)
SPANISH VERSION CIRCUMSTANCES FILIPINO VERSION
20 January 1872 at 9:30 in Date happened In the night of 20 January

the 1872
evening
Native clergy: Jose Burgos, People Involved

Jacinto Zamora, Mariano Sergeant Lamadrid, (clergy)
Gomez, Francisco Saldua Jose Burgos, Jacinto
and several other filipino Zamora, Mariano Gomez, P.
priests including Antonio Mendoza, Guevarra, Mariano
Maria Regidor, Joaquin Pardo Sevilla, Feliciano Gomez,
de Tavera, Pedro Carillo, Ballesteros, Jose Basa,
Gervacio Sanchez, Jose (lawyers) Carillo, Basa,
Mauricio de Enriquez, Crisanto Reyes,
León, Enrique Paraiso, Jose Maximo Paterno, Antonio M.
Basa, Regidor, Joaquín Pardo de
Pio Basa, Crisanto Reyes, Tavera and others
Maximo
Paterno and several other
Filipinos
Sergeant La Madrid
● Liberal ideas from Reason/s of Mutiny Harsh policy of the despotic

Europe disseminated governor and captain general
by the illustrados Rafael de Izquierdo
studying in Spain. abolishing
● Revolt to overthrow their privilege of exemption
the Spanish rule to from paying annual tribute
gain independence and
from monarchical rendering forced labor or
control. polo.
● Abolition of the
privileges enjoyed by
the native soldiers
and laborers of the
Cavite arsenal such
as exemption from
paying annual tribute
and forced labor
(polo)
Sentence by execution: Casualties Sentence by execution:
● 41 rebels ( 27 January ● Sergeant La Madrid

1872) ● GomBurZa
● Camerino (08
February Sentence to life
1872) imprisonment to the
● Jose Burgos, Jacinto Marianas Islands:
Zamora, Mariano
Gomez, Francisco ● Antonio M. Regidor
Saldua (15 ● Joaquin Pardo de
February 1872) Tavera
● P. Mendoza
Sentence to life ● Guevarra
imprisonment: ● Mariano Sevilla
● Feliciano Gomez
● 11 rebels (06 ● Ballesteros
February 1872) ● Jose Basa
● Carillo
Sentence to Ten(10) years ● Basa
imprisonment: ● Enriquez
● 11 individuals in Guias ● Crisanto Reyes
de la Torre ● Maximo Paterno
Suspended from the

practice of
Law:
● Jose Basa y Enriquez

● Joaquin Pardo de
Tavera
● Antonio M. Regidor
● Pedro Carillo
● Gervasio Sanchez
● Jose Mauricio de
Leon
Unraveling the Truth
Considering the four accounts of the 1872 Mutiny, there were some basic facts that
remained to be unvarying:
1. There was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal as well as the members of
the native army after their privileges were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo;
2. Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that made the Filipinos move and turn
away from Spanish government out of disgust;
3. The Central Government failed to conduct an investigation on what truly transpired but
relied on reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of the public;
4. The happy days of the friars were already numbered in 1872 when the Central
Government in Spain decided to deprive them of the power to intervene in government
affairs as well as in the direction and management of schools prompting them to commit
frantic moves to extend their stay and power;
5. The Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secularization movement in
order to allow Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes in the country making them
prey to the rage of the friars;
6. Filipinos during the time were active participants, and responded to what they deemed
as injustices; and
7. Lastly, the execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the Spanish
government, for the action severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and the event inspired
Filipino patriots to call for reforms and eventually independence. There may be different
versions of the event, but one thing is certain, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny paved the way for
a momentous 1898.
The road to independence was rough and difficult to travel; many patriots, both named
and unnamed, shed their blood to achieve reforms and independence. The 12th of June, 1898,
was a glorious event for us, but we must not forget that before we came across to victory, our
forefathers endured a great deal of suffering. As we celebrate our liberties, may we be more
historically aware of our past in order to have a better future ahead of us. And, as Elias said in
Noli me Tangere, let us "not forget those who fell during the night."
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The Cavite Mutiny and the Rebellion Case Against Gomburza

C. DIEZMOS PREDIALES OR TITHES

2. EXEMPTION FROM FORCED LABOR

- Obligated to do: Construction of buildings

To be exempted: Pay FALLA = 1 ½ reals

- In 1884 the number of days was lessened to 15 days per year.

➢ The 1872 Cavite Mutiny.

OFFICIAL REPORT OF IZQUIERDO

He described the Cavite Mutiny as a revolution, an uprising, and an insurgency in his

These rebels, according to Governor General Rafael Izquierdo, utilized God as a

1872 Cavite Mutiny: SPANISH VERSION

Jose Montero y Vidal and Gov. Rafael de Izquierdo

From Tavera's perspective, the blame should be on Governor and Captain-General

Other possible causes of the "revolution" were also mentioned in various

COMPARISON OF THE TWO VERSIONS (SPANISH AND FILIPINO VERSION)

SPANISH VERSION CIRCUMSTANCES FILIPINO VERSION

20 January 1872 at 9:30 in Date happened In the night of 20 January

Native clergy: Jose Burgos, People Involved

● Liberal ideas from Reason/s of Mutiny Harsh policy of the despotic

Sentence by execution: Casualties Sentence by execution:

● 41 rebels ( 27 January ● Sergeant La Madrid

Suspended from the

● Jose Basa y Enriquez

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