PC HARDWARE

1. A) Identify the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions. Draw the block diagram of the
CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral and submit to your instructor.

list of computer parts and peripherals:

1. computer cases/chassis:

This is the housing that helps protect and organize all the components that make up your computer.

2. Processor/CPU
It was first developed by Intel in 1974. The computer cpu is responsible for handling all instructions and calculation it
receives from other hardware components in the computer and software programs running on the computer. CPU is the
central processing unit contains the heart of any computer, the processor. The processor is fitted on to a mother board. The
mother board contains various components, which support the functioning of a pc.

3. system board/motherboard which holds the processor, random access memory and other parts, and has slots for expansion
cards
 4. Hard drive
computer's main storage media device, also called a hard disk drive or abbreviated as hd or hdd

5. Memory stick
also known as an USB flash drive, is a portable memory disk, a small device (about the size of your index finger) that
connects to a computer's USB port and often is capable of storing 512mb, 1 GB, or more.

6. Keyboards
Keyboard is one of the main input devices used on a computer, a pc's keyboard looks very similar to the keyboards of
electric typewriters, with some additional keys.

7. Mouse is an input device that allows an individual to control a mouse pointer in a graphical user interface (GUI). Utilizing a
mouse a user has the ability to perform various functions such as opening a program or file and does not require the user to
 memorize commands, like those used in a text-based environment such as ms-dos.

8. Memory/ram
Is a term commonly used to describe the memory within a computer.

9. Blank media & mass storage

It refers to cd and dvd disc. Cd, a compact disc is a flat round storage medium that is read by a laser in a cd-rom drive. The
standard cd is capable of holding 72 minutes of music or 650 mb of data. 80 minute cds are also commonly used to store data
and are capable of containing 700 mb of data.

10. Digital versatile disc or digital video disc, dvd or dvd-rom is a type of disc drive that allows for large amounts of data on
one disc, the same size of a standard compact disc.

11. Modems
A hardware device that enables a computer to transmit and receive information over telephone lines.
12. Monitor & display
This a video display screen and the hard shell that holds it and use to view or watch over someone or something.

13. Network card

Network interface card, a nic, also referred to as a "network adapter", is a printed circuit board containing the necessary
hardware used to connect a computer to a network or other computer.

14. Power supply

The ps is an internal hardware component used to supply the components within the computer with power. Besides properly
supplying power to the computer and all its internal components, the power supply also converts the ac electrical current
found in most standard wall sockets throughout the United States into a lower dc voltage that the computer components use.

15. Printers
An external hardware device responsible for taking computer data and generating a hard copy of that data. Printers are one of
the most used peripherals on computers and are commonly used to print text, images, and/or photos.
16. Scanners
hardware input device that allows a user to take an image and/or text and convert it into a digital file, allowing the computer
to read and/or display the scanned object. A scanner is commonly connected to a computer usb, firewire, parallel or scsi port.

17. Sound cards

also known as a sound board or an audio card, a sound card is an expansion card or integrated circuit that provides a
computer with the ability to produce sound that can be heard by the user.

18. Speakers
a hardware device connected to a computer's sound card that outputs sounds generated by the card.
19. TV tuners
A TV tuner card is a computer component that allows television signals to be received by a computer. Most tv tuners also
function as video capture cards, allowing them to record television programs onto a hard disk.

20. UPS(uninterruptible power supply)

uninterruptible power supply, ups is a hardware device that provides a backup power source in case of a power outage
(blackout), brownout, or a surge in power. A ups provides enough power for the computer or computers to shut down
properly or to remain up during a temporary power outage. A hardware device that supplies power to a device or appliance
and enables that device or appliance to work without a power cord.

21. Video/graphic cards

also known as a graphics card, video card, video board, or a video controller, a video adapter is an internal circuit board that
allows a display device, such as a monitor, to display images from the computer.

22. Video projectors

A hardware device that enables an image, such as a computer screen, to be projected onto a flat surface. These devices are
commonly used in meetings and presentations as they allow for a large image to be shown so everyone in a room can see.
 23. Webcams
A camera connected to a computer or server that allows anyone connected to the internet to view still pictures or motion
video of a user.

Block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral:

A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve highly complicated problems quickly and accurately.

Input unit:

Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve any problem. Therefore we need to input the data and instructions
into the computers. The input unit consists of one or more input devices. Keyboard is the one of the most commonly used input
device. other commonly used input devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape, etc. all the input devices perform the
following functions.
Storage unit:

The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions that are entered through the input unit, before they are processed. it
preserves the intermediate and final results before these are sent to the output devices. it also saves the data for the later use. The
various storage devices of a computer system are divided into two categories.

1. Primary storage: stores and provides very fast. This memory is generally used to hold the program being currently executed in the
computer, the data being received from the input unit, the intermediate and final results of the program. The primary memory is
temporary in nature. The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. In order to store the data permanently, the data has to be
transferred to the secondary memory. The cost of the primary storage is more compared to the secondary storage. Therefore most
computers have limited primary storage capacity.

2. Secondary storage: secondary storage is used like an archive. It stores several programs, documents, data bases etc. the programs
that you run on the computer are first transferred to the primary memory before it is actually run. Whenever the results are saved,
again they get stored in the secondary memory. The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than the primary memory. Some of the
commonly used secondary memory devices are hard disk, cd, etc.

Memory size:

All digital computers use the binary system, i.e. 0’s and 1’s. Each character or a number is represented by an 8 bit code.The set of 8
bits is called a byte. A character occupies 1 byte space. A numeric occupies 2 byte space. Byte is the space occupied in the
memory.The size of the primary storage is specified in kb (kilobytes) or mb (megabyte). One kb is equal to 1024 bytes and one mb is
equal to 1000kb. the size of the primary storage in a typical pc usually starts at 16mb. Pcs having 32 mb, 48mb, 128 mb, 256mb
memory are quite common.

Output unit:

The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation to outside world. Printers, visual display unit
(vdu) are the commonly used output devices. Other commonly used output devices are floppy disk drive, hard disk drive, and
magnetic tape drive.

Arithmetic logical unit:

All calculations are performed in the arithmetic logic unit (alu) of the computer. it also does comparison and takes decision. the alu
can perform basic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc and does logic operations viz, >, <, =, ‘etc.
whenever calculations are required, the control unit transfers the data from storage unit to alu once the computations are done, the
results are transferred to the storage unit by the control unit and then it is send to the output unit for displaying results.

Control unit:

It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit instructs the input unit, where to store the data after receiving it from the
user. It controls the flow of data and instructions from the storage unit to alu. It also controls the flow of results from the alu to the
storage unit. the control unit is generally referred as the central nervous system of the computer that control and synchronizes it’s
working.

Central processing unit (CPU)

The alu and the cu of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing unit. You may call cpu as the brain of any
computer system. It is just like brain that takes all major decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the
computer functions by activating and controlling the operations.

The control unit and alu of the computer are together known as the central processing unit (cpu).The cpu is like brain performs the
following functions:

•it performs all calculations. •it takes all decisions. •it controls all units of the computer.

a pc may have cpu-ic such as intel 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, celeron, pentium, pentium pro, pentium ii, pentium iii, pentium iv, dual
core, and amd etc.
B) Every student should disassemble and assemble the PC back to working condition. Lab instructors should verify the work
and follow it up with a Viva. Also students need to go through the video which shows the process of assembling a PC. A video
would be given as part of the course content.

Computer assembling and trouble shooting

For many, building a computer is scarier than working on a car. Saving money isn’t the only benefit to building your own computer.
In addition, you will acquire knowledge otherwise required for an upgrade further down the road. You’ll also get exactly what you
want. Before you can sit down at your new computer desk though, you’ll need to actually build the system. Piecing a computer
together may sound like a tough task, but if you take a couple of precautions, there is nothing to worry about. Most components
include warranties and a toll-free number. If you suspect a particular piece of hardware is causing dissention in the ranks, don’t
hesitate to ask for help.

Before We Begin:

In order to ensure everything goes smoothly, gather a few important tools. A head screwdriver is a must and needle-nosed pliers are
often helpful. Buy quality thermal grease to keep the processor in contact with the heat sink. If you don’t have an anti-static wrist
band, make a conscious effort to touch a ground point every so often (exposed metal on the case works fine) to keep electrostatic
discharge from damaging any of your components.

Step One: Case Preparation

You need to make sure your case is ready to accept the insides of a computer. After opening the empty case (usually accomplished by
removing two screws on one side), lay the case on its side, so the motherboard can be dropped into place. If the case includes screws
and cables, take those out and set them aside. There should be a set of copper colored spacers in the bag of screws – we’ll use those to
mount the motherboard above the metal plate on the side of the case. You may need to lay your motherboard down in the case to
determine where the copper spacers are needed, but be extra careful – if you add a spacer that doesn’t correspond to a mounting hole
in the motherboard, you risk a short-circuit.

Next, you want to check the thin, metal plate towards the rear of the case that includes holes for the PS/2, serial, parallel, and
USB ports. If it matches the configuration of your motherboard, you’re set. If not, you’ll need to remove the plate by sliding it
out. Again, be careful; the sides of the plate are sharp. Once the proper plate is in place, set the case aside for a moment and
focus on the motherboard.
Step Two: Populate the Motherboard

Working on a motherboard that has already been mounted can get tricky, so it is best to install the processor and memory before the
board is installed in a case. Both the Pentium 4 and Athlon XP plug into a processor socket with no force, so there should be no reason
to apply pressure when installing the processor. First, lift the arm adjacent to the socket. Then align the processor with the socket
according to the pattern of pins on the socket interface. There is only one way the processor will fit, so again, do not apply pressure
while inserting the chip. Finally, close the arm, securing the processor on the motherboard. Now, using the thermal grease mentioned
previously, apply a thin film over the processor’s core.

The process isn’t nearly as graceful for Athlon XP owners. In fact, be forewarned that the processor core is sensitive to
pressure, so if you feel you may be pushing too hard to affix the heat sink, take a quick break to re-evaluate your strength,
tough guy. There is only one way that a Socket A heat sink should fit, so be sure that the larger end of the socket aligns with
the cut-out section of the heat sink. One end will clip easily onto the motherboard, while the other will require more persuasive
coercion. In the following picture, I’ve demonstrated a technique for attaching a heat sink. Use a screwdriver to push down on
the clip while pulling outwards with a set of pliers.

Step Three: Fixing Memories:

Depending on what type of motherboard you’ve got, there may be some variation in how memory is installed. Still, there are a few
general rules of thumb you’ll want to abide by. First, don’t immerse the modules in water.
Second, pay close attention to the type of RAM supported by your motherboard. Some boards support both PC133 and DDR
memory, but the majority is constrained to a single standard. If DDR is your poison of choice, note that the modules will only
fit into the 184-pin slots one way. Boards that support 16-bit RDRAM require that two modules be used at a time. If the board
has four slots and you’ve only got two modules, be sure that the remaining two are terminated with a CRIMM module (usually
included with i850 motherboards). The installation process itself is simple: pull the plastic clips on each end of the slot, inset
the module according to the slot’s keying, and apply equal force to the entire module until it clicks into place. Repeat, if
necessary.

Step Four: Fixing your motherboard

Since the motherboard now houses a processor and memory, it can be installed in the already-been-prepped case. Line up the
mounting holes with the copper spacers and use the included screws to mount the board. Now that your custom machine is taking
shape, it may be a good time to step back for a break. Relax, meditate, take some pictures, watch Friends, or have a Big Blue Banana.

Step Five: Prepare the Cables

Most motherboards include two IDE cables and a floppy drive connector. While the interior of the case is still clean (thus reasonably
accessible), attach the cables to the motherboard. Note that one end of the cable has two connectors close together – this end attaches
to your IDE device of choice, while the other end goes to the motherboard. Each cable should be marked with a red wire to indicate
Pin 1. It is imperative to match Pin 1 on the cable with Pin 1 on the motherboard and again with Pin 1 on the hard disk drive or CD-
ROM.
 Conventional IDE cables are fine for the most part, but in the interest of cleanliness, we’ve developed a soft spot for round
cables. Not only do these cables take up less room, but they are also easier to tuck away, promoting better air flow throughout your
case.
Step Six: Install Your Media

With the cables out of the way, you can now install your hard disk drive, CD-ROM drive and floppy disk drive. First, you’ll want to
make sure each drive is designated as a ‘master’ or ‘slave’ drive using the jumpers on the back of each drive. If you’ve got one hard
drive and one CD-ROM, you’ll see the best performance from both devices if each is installed onto its own channel. In that case, both
drives can be set as ‘masters.’ With the addition of a CD-RW drive, you would want to assign one drive as a ‘master’and one as a
‘slave,’ leaving the hard drive on its own channel.
Now, you’re ready to add a CD-ROM drive. You may have a metal panel preventing you from inserting the drive into a 5.25" slot. If
so, remove the panel by rocking it back and forth until it comes loose. If your case uses rails, attach them to the drive and slide it into
the chassis. Otherwise, use the included screws to secure the drive.

The floppy drive can be installed using the same method, only use one of the external 3.5" inch bays. Attach the appropriate
cable and secure the drive using the same small screws.

Finally, install your hard disk drive in an internal 3.5" bay. Many cases sport detachable disk drive bays that often ease
installation, but if we were really looking for the easy way out, we would have picked up a G4 Cube. Attach the ends of each
cable to the corresponding drive. For instance, the end of the primary IDE
cable should run to the hard drive. Similarly, the end of the secondary cable
should go to the secondary ‘master’ drive, while the second connector attaches
to the secondary ‘slave.’
Step Seven: Cards

Expansion cards add capabilities beyond what integrated sound and graphics can do. Additionally, you can buy cards that add SCSI,
USB 2.0, Gigabit networking – even cable television support!

Unless your new system is to be used exclusively for business, it’s a safe bet that a new graphics card will find its way into your
AGP slot (the brown one in the middle of the motherboard). Nowadays, graphics cards are cooled by heat sinks and fans,
much like processors. It should come as no surprise, then, that high-end cards generate lots of heat. When I build a computer,
I typically leave the white PCI slot closest to the video card empty for plenty of air flow. Installing the card itself is a snap –
position the card over the slot and push down gently until it is fully inserted. Use one of the screws included with the case to
secure the card to the chassis. Use the same procedure to install each of your other cards. If you haven’t yet purchased them,
consider an upgraded sound card and network card, at the least.

>

Step Eight: Connecting the Connectors

In order for your computer to turn on when you hit the power button, you need to connect the switches and light emitting diodes
(LEDs) from your case to the motherboard. The connectors themselves are usually labeled, but it can be a little harder to locate the
pins on the motherboard. Your best source for this data is the manual included with the board. Once you have the connectors, well,
connected, we can move on to the next step. Don’t worry; we’ll test the lights and switches a little later.Dont forget refer to the
motherboard manual while connecting the connectors

Step Nine: Power supply

We’ve waited a long time for this – simply, I have no desire to play with hardware actively fed by an electrical socket. I have no desire
to look like Carrot Top, so I never add power until I’m done under the proverbial hood. We’re pretty much done though, so go ahead
and connect the large 4-pin power connectors to the hard disk drive and CD-ROM drive. The small 4-pin Molex connector is required
for the floppy disk drive. >
If you’ve got a Pentium 4 processor, not only will you need to connect the ATX power connector, but you’ll also require a 4-pin 12V
auxiliary connector. Athlon XP-compatible motherboards only need power from the standard ATX connector. At this point, feel free
to connect the case’s power supply to a wall socket.

Step Ten: Check Properly

Before you put the cover back on the case, it would be wise to test the machine. Connect a keyboard and mouse to the motherboard
and a display to the video card. Press the power button and immediately hit the ‘Delete’ key to enter the motherboard’s BIOS. Check
the front of the case to ensure both the power and hard drive lights are functioning (you will probably need disk activity before you
can check the hard drive LED). Eject the CD-ROM tray to check power to the drive. Finally, check the BIOS to make sure the drives
are configured as you originally intended. This, unfortunately, is where we part ways – for tips on configuring your BIOS, reference
your motherboard’s manual.

Hopefully you haven’t electrocuted yourself. I think you’d agree that building a new computer is a learning experience,
regardless if it’s your first time or fiftieth. There is always something that can go wrong, and if you build new machines for
long enough, anything and everything will happen. If things don’t go your way the first time, be patient and troubleshoot the
problem. Always remember to keep manuals of all components with you while fixing your PC.
Assembling and disassembling a personal computer

Requirements: A CPU with Intel G31 Mother board, 250 GB Hard Disk, Processor, Data Cables, SMPS, DDR2 2-GB RAM, DVD
Drive etc..

Step 1: Preparing and chasing according to the mother board

Step 2: place the ID shield in the cabinet

Step 3: Installing the mother board

Step 4 : Place the motherboard in the cabinet according to the ID shield.

Step 5: Fix the motherboard with screws.

Step 6: Installing the processor

Step 7: first unlock the level of the processor

Step 8: Insert the processor according to the PIN indicator by applying Zero external force on the

Processor.

Step 9: lock the processor by using the locking levers.

Step 10: Installing the heat sink & fan

Step 11: lock the heat sink and fan units using the locking levers.

Step 12: Provide the power supply to the fan by inserting the fan power connector to the motherboard.

Step 13: installing RAM

Step 14: Identifying the type of RAM (SD, DD)

Step 15: Insert the SD-RAM into respective slot.

Step 16: verify whether the two ends of the RAM got locked or not

Step 17: Installing the SMPS into the cabinet and fill the screws.

Step 18: Installing the ATX power connector into the mother board.

Step 19: Installing the hard disk drive (HDD) into the specific slot provided by the hard disk.

Step 20: Insert the data cable into the motherboard and the hard disk.

Step 21: we have to provide power supply to the hard disk by force pin connectors from SMPS

Step 22: Installing the floppy disk drive into the respective slot provided in the cabinet.

Step 23: Insert the floppy drive connector into the mother board and to the floppy drive.

Step 24: we have to provide power supply to the floppy disk drive from the SMPS.

Step 25: Installing the CD-ROM drive

Step 26: Connect the data cable into the motherboard and the CD-ROM drive.

Step 27: Provide the power supply to the CD-ROM drive from the SMPS.

Step 28: Installing the LAN card into the PCI slot provided in the motherboard.

Result: the given task of dissembling and assembling a personal computer is done.
Viva Questions:

1) Define assembling of a system?

2) Explain the steps involved in the installation of the mother board

3) What is the use of pin 1 indicated on the processor?

4) What is the use of locking level at the processor slot?

5) Define a port?

6) Define a computer?

7) Define hardware and software?

8) What are the functional units of a computer?

9) Define the following: ram, rom, bios, bus and program.

10) What is the use of a mother board?

2. Every student should individually install MS Windows on the personal computer. Lab instructor should verify the
installation and follow it up with a viva.

Windows 7 installation step by step

In order to install your copy of the windows 7 operating system, please make sure to have the following items:

 Windows 7 installation disk.

 Drivers cd: * use after installation process if needed.

 Note: please make sure to back up all of your important data before proceeding with this installation.

step1: insert the windows 7 operating system disk into your dvd drive, and then restart your computer

step2: you will see a prompt that says ‘press any key to continue’ after the zt logo disappears. When you see this press any key
immediately.

Note: the following screen shots may differ from what you may see during your installation. (i.e. win7 version, hdd disk space etc..,

step3: ‘starting windows’ with the windows7 logo will appear.

step 4: language options, by default english will be set along with “time and currency format” and “keyboard or input method”.
Step 5: click “install now”.

step 6: end user license agreement (e.u.l.a.), check the box to accept, and click “next”.

step 7: “which type of installation?” window will appear. upgrade will be greyed out; the only option you should be able to choose is
custom (advanced).

step 8: “where do you want to install windows?” make sure the partition is highlighted.

step 9: delete the partition by clicking on drive options (advanced) on the bottom right corner of the field. make sure the partition is
highlighted and click on delete. if drive advanced options is greyed out, then the partition will not have to be deleted.

note: deleting the partitions will erase all data on the system.
step 10: disk 0 unallocated space should be the only listing at this point. if it is press next, if not please proceed to delete any
additional partitions that may be listed.

step 11: the next screen will show “installing windows”. this process should take approximately 10 minutes after which the system
will reboot

note: do not press any keys during this boot up process so as to not disturb the rest of the installation.

step 12: the next screen will show “installing windows” again to complete the installation process.
step 13: “setup is starting windows” will appear on the screen, then you will be asked to create a user name and a computer name.

step 14: the next step will prompt you to create a password for your account (optional).

step 15: the next screen will come up and ask you to choose one of three options: “use recommended settings”, “install important
updates only” and “ask me later”.

step 16: this screen will allow you to choose your local time zone and also adjust the date and time.
step 17: click on the appropriate location of your computer to enable windows 7 to apply the correct network settings.

The installation is done! you have successfully installed windows 7 on your computer.

Viva questions:

1) What do you mean by open source OS?

2) What do you mean by dual boot systems?

3) Explain the main purpose of an operating system?

4) What is NTFS?
5) What is the purpose of creating partitions for a Windows operating system?
6) What is the advantage of open source?
 INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB
1. Search engines & netiquette: students should know what search engines are and how to use the search engines. a few
topics would be given to the students for which they need to search on google. This should be demonstrated to the
instructors by the student.

Aim:

To know about what is a netiquette, search engine and how to use a search engine and also to know what are various threats in internet
and how to configure the system so as to make it safe in internet.

Procedure:

Netiquette: netiquette means network etiquette, the do's and don'ts of online communication. Netiquette is also defined as a set of
rules talking about your online behavior and simple rules that one should follow.

 to have a good netiquette here are three tips to keep in mind:

 We can show emotions etc..., while writing mails to others using the feature “emoticons”.

 We can also use short hands and abbreviations while writing mails to others.

 Example: short hands are lol(laughing out loud), imho(in my humble opinion), btw(by the way), np(no problem).

 Keep in mind that representing who you are while writing mails.

 Never send anything that will reflects badly on you or anyone.

 Don’t type the mails in all caps or in all small letters as it makes recipient more difficult to read.

 Write clear, organized messages with subject line that gives enough information for the reader to file it and find it later.

Search engine:

Software that lets the user to specify the search terms. The search engine then finds the websites that contains those search terms.
Overtime a search engine builds a database of searchable terms that can be matched to the websites.

A web search engine is a software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are
generally presented in a line of results often referred to as search engine results pages. The information may be a mix of web pages,
images, and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories,
which are maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain real-time information by running an algorithm on a web
crawler.

Example: www.google.com, www.altavista.com, www.ask.com, www.askjeeves.com, etc...

List of top most popular search engines in the world

 google:

Google search, commonly referred to as google web search or simply google, is a web search engine developed by google. It is the
most-used search engine on the World Wide Web, handling more than three billion searches each day. as of February 2016, it is the
most used search engine in the us with 64.0% market share. The search engine giant holds the first place in search with a stunning
difference of 43% from second in place Bing. Google is also dominating the mobile/tablet search engine market share with 89%!

 Bing:

Bing is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft. The service has its origins in Microsoft’s previous search engines: msn
search, windows live search and later live search. Bing provides a variety of search services, including web, video, image and map
search products. It is developed by using asp.net.

 yahoo:

yahoo! search is a web search engine owned by yahoo, headquartered in sunnyvale, California. as of February 2015 it is the third
largest search engine in the us by the query volume at 12.8%, after its competitors google at 64.5% and bing at 19.8%.
  ask.com:

ask.com (originally known as ask jeeves) is a question answering-focused e-business and web search engine founded in 1996
by Garrett gruener and david warthen in Berkeley, California.

 aol.com:

aol (formerly a company known as aol inc., originally known as america online, and stylized as aol) is a web portal and online service
provider based in new york. it is a brand marketed by oath, a subsidiary of verizon communications. aol was one of the early pioneers
of the internet in the mid-1990s, and the most recognized brand on the web in the us it originally provided a dial-up service to millions
of Americans, as well as providing a web portal, e-mail, instant messaging and later a web browser following its purchase
of Netscape.

 baidu:

baidu, incorporated on 18 january 2000, is a chinese web services company headquartered at the baidu campus in Beijing’s haidian
district. it is one of the largest internet companies, and one of the premier ai leaders in the world. the holding company of the group
was incorporated in the cayman islands. baidu offers many services, including a chinese search engine for websites, videos,
multimedia files, news, translations and other useful functions, as well as global mapping service baidu maps.

To use search engine we need to follow some steps given as follows:

 Type the domain name for example www.google.com in the address bar (called as url) in the internet explorer and press the
return key.

 now we can see an empty text box where we can type the key words (search terms) which is as shown in the figure below:

 Now type the keywords (search terms) in the text box without any mistake.

 Now click on the button google search, by default radio button with the label “the web” is selected, which is appeared below
the google search button.

 It will provide the websites that contain the search terms throughout the world.

 But to get only the web sites from India then select the radio button “pages from India” which is below the radio button “I’m
feeling lucky”.

 While searching the web we can use + sign in the keywords.

Result:

I have successfully learned about search engine, netiquette.

Viva questions:

1) Define search engine

2) What is a spider?

3) What are popular search engines?

4) what is a meta search engine

5) Give the main purpose of www.

2 Cyber hygiene: students would be exposed to the various threats on the internet and would be asked to configure their
computer to be safe on the internet. They need to first install an antivirus software, configure their personal firewall and
windows update on their computer. Then they need to customize their browsers to block pop ups, block active x downloads to
avoid viruses and/or worms.

Cyber hygiene:

Cyber hygiene is the establishment and maintenance of an individual's online safety. It is the online analogue of personal hygiene, and
encapsulates the daily routines, occasional checks and general behavior Is required to maintain a user's online "health"

 It is defined as an electronic sanitation. Refers to securing a company’s systems and networks against attacks. Hygiene is
common to talk about cleaning up a system or a pc after a virus attack.

 Threat is defined as the expressed potential for the occurrence of harmful even such as an attack.

 Attack is defined as an action taken against target with the intention of doing harm.

 Vulnerability is defined as the weakness that makes the target to be attacked.

 There are various types of threats. some of them are:

The types of computer security threats

 Trojan:. Trojan is one of the most complicated threats among all.

 Virus. Looking at the technology 10 years back, virus is something really popular.

 Worms. One of the most harmless threats where it is program designed only to spread.

 spyware.(malicious s/w that enters a user’s computer, gathers data from the device and user, and sends it to third parties
without their consent)

 scareware.(tricks user into buying and downloading unnecessary and potentially dangerous s/w, such as fake antivirus)

 key logger.

 Adware.(unwanted advertisements on your computer)

 Backdoor. (installing malicious s/w that creates an entry point for the attacker)

Virus:

A program written intentionally to alter the way your computer operates without your permission or without your knowledge. a virus
attaches copies of itself to other files like documents, program files and is inactive until you run an infected program.

When activated virus may damage or delete files, cause erratic system behavior.

1. Macro virus:

 Macros are simple programs that can be written to automate the repetitive tasks in a document or make calculations in
spreadsheets.

 Macros are written in documents using ms word, in spreadsheets using ms excel.

2. Trojan horse:

 These are the programs that appear to serve some useful purpose or provide entertainment, which encourages you to run,
which can place virus on your computer or allow a hacker to gain access to your computer.

 By clicking on a link Trojan horse may place the virus on your computer. But a Trojan horse is not a virus because it doesn’t
replicate and spreads like a virus.
3. Worms:

 These are programs that replicate and spread, often opening a backdoor to allow hackers to gain access to your system that
they infect.

 Worms can also spread by copying themselves from disk to disk or by e-mail.

4. Zombie:

 A zombie is a dormant program that lies inactive in your computer, which can activated remotely i.e. zombie’s don’t
normally damage the computer on which they reside but can damage other computer.

 Zombies often arrived as email attachments and when the attachment is opened then they install themselves secretly and then
wait to be activated.

5. Phishing:

 A phishing attack is a one, when you sent an e-mail address that asks you to click on a link and re-enter your bank or credit
card details.

 Both email and the website it links appeared to be genuine but when you entered your bank or credit card details they are then
used fraudulently.

6. Spyware:

 It does not usually carry viruses but it can use your system resources and slow down your internet connection with the
display of ads.

 this will be installed with other applications usually without your knowledge, which records your behavior on the internet,
display the targeted ads to you and can even download other malicious (hateful) software on to your computer.

To make the internet and your system safe, we must need to install antivirus software (example avg, norton, node32, avast etc...) on
your system. Also we need to download and install the updates of operating system frequently.

Customize the browsers to block pop ups:

Turn pop-ups on or off

1. On your computer, open chrome.

2. at the top right, click more.

3. click settings.

4. at the bottom, click show advanced settings.

5. under "privacy," click content settings.

6. under "pop-ups," select an option: do not allow any site to show pop-ups (recommended).

block active x downloads to avoid viruses and/or worms:

1. install anti-virus/malware software.

2. keep your anti-virus software up to date.

3. run regularly scheduled scans with your anti-virus software.

4. keep your operating system current.

5. secure your network.

6. think before you click.

Many users install antivirus software that can detect and eliminate known viruses when the computer attempts to download or run the
executable file (which may be distributed as an email attachment, or on usb flash drives, for example). Some antivirus software blocks
known malicious websites that attempt to install malware. Antivirus software does not change the underlying capability of hosts to
transmit viruses. Users must update their software regularly to patch security vulnerabilities("holes"). Antivirus software also needs to
be regularly updated in order to recognize the latest threats. This is because malicious hackers and other individuals are always
creating new viruses. The German av-test institute publishes evaluations of antivirus software for windows and android

Result:

I have successfully learned about cyber hygiene and also about various threats

Viva questions:

1) What is antivirus software?

2) Define virus

3) Define worm

4) What are the advantages of antivirus software?

5) What are the types of antivirus software’s available?

 Latex and word
1 Word orientation: the mentor needs to give an overview of latex and microsoft (ms) office 2007/ equivalent (foss) tool word:
importance of latex and ms office 2007/ equivalent (foss) tool word as word processors, details of the four tasks and features
that would be covered in each, using latex and word – accessing, overview of toolbars, saving files, using help and resources,
rulers, format painter in word.

Formatting fonts in word

1. Select the text you want to format.

2. click the home tab.

3. click the font dialog box launcher.

4. click the font tab, there we have different types of fonts, font style, font size, font color, underline style, text effects options.

Drop cap

pen a document in word 2007, and select the letter you want to insert as drop cap. click on the "insert" tab, and in the "text" group you
ocan find "drop cap" button. click it, and hold the mouse pointer over your choice to see a preview in your document
 Applying text effects (ctrl+d)

To add an effect to text

1. Select the text that you want to add an effect to.

2. On the home tab, in the font group, click text effect.

3. Click the effect that you want. for more choices, point to outline, shadow, reflection, or glow, and then click the effect that you want to
add.
 Using character spacing

Change character spacing

1. Select the text you want to format.

2. Click the home tab.
3. Click the font dial og box launcher.
4. Click the character spacing tab.
5. Click the spacing list arrow, click an option, and then specifya point size to expand or condense spacing bythe amount specified.

Borders and colors

Page border and page colors:

1. select the page layout tab.

2. in the page background group we have page borders and page color commands.

3. click either the page borders and page color. a menu appears with a list of built-in options you can use.

4. left-click one of the built-in options, and it will appear in the document.

Click the “Text Box” button on the ribbon and choose the “Draw Text Box” option from the drop-down
menu. Draw the text box on the page. It appears with a basic black Word default border. Click the text
box, which opens the orange “Text Box Tools” tab.
Inserting header and footer

To insert a header or footer:

1. select the insert tab.

2. click either the header or footer command. a menu appears with a list of built-in options you can use.
3. left-click one of the built-in options, and it will appear in the document. or.
4. left-click blank to select it.
 Using date and time option

To insert the date or time into your document, follow these steps:

1. Position the insertion point where you want the date or time inserted.

2. Display the insert tab of the ribbon.

3. click date & time in the text group. ...

4. select a format for the date or time.

2 Using latex and word to create project certificate. features to be covered:- formatting fonts in word, drop cap in word,
applying text effects, using character spacing, borders and colors, inserting header and footer, using date and time option in
both latex and word.

Creating project certificate:

Here we are creating project certificate by using all the formatting fonts (different fonts, font sizes, using clipart for logo, text
box, border for the page and some font styles.

Keshav Memorial Institute of Technology

Department of Computer Science and Engineering (DS)

CERTIFICATE

This is the Bonafide record of the practical work done by

Mr. / Ms. _________________________________________________________________________________

Roll no. ___________________________ i / ii / iii /iv year b. tech / m. tech / MBA /

________________ Semester ___________ branch in the _____________________________________

Laboratory during the academic year 20 _____ 20_____.

Faculty in-charge Head of the department

Viva questions:

1) What are the benefits of ms-office?

2) What is a word processor?
3) Explain the basic features of ms-word
4) How can you save a document?
5) What is the function of tile bar, menu bar, status bar and tool bar?
3 Calculating gpa - .features to be covered:- cell referencing, formulae in excel – average, std.deviation, charts, renaming and
inserting worksheets, hyper linking, count function, lookup/vlookup

Cell referencing:

Create or change a cell reference. a cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and can be used in a formula so
that Microsoft office excel can find the values or data that you want that formula to calculate.

To create and copy a formula using relative references:

 Select the cell that will contain the formula.

 Enter the formula to calculate the desired value.

 Press enter on your keyboard.

 Locate the fill handle in the bottom-right corner of the desired cell.

 Click and drag the fill handle over the cells you want to fill.

What is the absolute cell reference?

An absolute cell reference is a cell address that contains a dollar sign ($) in the row or column coordinate, or both. When you enter a
cell reference in a formula, excel assumes it is a relative reference unless you change it to an absolute reference.

What is a relative cell reference in a spreadsheet?

An address or pointer that changes when the target item is moved or the relationship to it has changed. For example, in a spreadsheet,
a cell with a relative reference changes its formula when copied elsewhere. Contrast with absolute reference.

Formulae in spreadsheet – average, std. deviation:

sum() average() max() min() date()

=sum(range) =average(range) =max(range) =min(range) =date(year,month,day)

count() countif() median() stdev()

=count(range) =countif(range,”condition”) =median(range) =stedev(range)

mode() power() sqrt() mod() len()

=mode(c4:h4,c5:h5,c7:h7) =power(num,power) =sqrt(number) =mod(num,divisor) =len(text)

roman() concatenate() today() now()

=roman(number) =concatenate(text1,text2) =today() =now()

Charts:

To create a chart:

 Select the worksheet you want to work with.

 select the cells you want to chart, including the column titles and row labels.

 click the insert tab.

 Hover over each chart option in the charts group to learn more about it.

 select one of the chart options.

 select a type of chart from the list that appears.

Students Marks List Subjects English

1 Ramu
2 Koti
3 Venkatesh
4 Hari babu
5 Ravi
6 Kishore
7 Kiran
8 Lakshman
9 Harish
10 Jayadev
Change the style of a chart

Change the chart type

Any change you can make to a chart that is embedded in a worksheet, you can also make to a chart sheet. For example, you can
change the chart type from a column chart to a bar chart.
Renaming and inserting worksheets:

To create a worksheet:

 Select the worksheet you want to rename with.

 Go to the cells group in home tab.

 Click on format option, you will get a drop down menu.

 In organizing sheets you can rename the worksheet.

Hyper linking:

To create a hyperlink to another cell in your spreadsheet, right click on the cell where the hyperlink should go. Select hyperlink from
the popup menu. When the insert hyperlink window appears, click on the "place in this document" on the left. Enter the text to display.

Create a hyperlink to a new file

1. On a worksheet, click the cell where you want to create a hyperlink.

2. You can also select an object, such as a picture or an element in a chart that you want to use to represent the hyperlink.

3. On the insert tab, in the links group, click hyperlink.

4. You can also right-click the cell or graphic and then click hyperlink on the shortcut menu, or you can press ctrl+k.

5. Under link to, click create new document.

6. In the name of new document box, type a name for the new file.

To specify a location other than the one shown under full path, you can type the new location preceding the name in the name of new
document box, or you can click change to select the location that you want and then click ok.

1. Under when to edit, click edit the new document later or edit the new document now to specify when you want to open
the new file for editing.

2. In the text to display box, type the text that you want to use to represent the hyperlink.
 3. To display helpful information when you rest the pointer on the hyperlink, click screen tip, type the text that you want in
the screen tip text box, and then click ok.

Count function:

Use the count function to get the number of entries in a number field that is in a range or array of numbers. For example, you can enter
the following formula to count the numbers in the range a1:a20: =count (a1:a20). In this example, if five of the cells in the range
contain numbers, the result is 5.

Syntax

count (value1, [value2], ...)

The count function syntax has the following arguments:

 value1 required. the first item, cell reference, or range within which you want to count numbers.

 value2 optional. up to 255 additional items, cell references, or ranges within which you want to count numbers.
 POWERPOINT
1 Students will be working on basic power point utilities and tools which help them create basic power point presentation.
topic covered during this week includes: - ppt orientation, slide layouts, inserting text, word art, formatting text, bullets and
numbering, auto shapes, lines and arrows in both latex and PowerPoint. Students will be given model power point
presentation which needs to be replicated (exactly how it’s asked).

Introduction

Microsoft PowerPoint is a program that helps users prepare a presentation. Preparing a presentation includes adding, modifying, and
managing text, graphics, and animations.

Microsoft power point enables you to perform the following operations for designing and creating a presentation:

 The outline tab in the Microsoft PowerPoint helps you to easily insert the required text for the presentation. In the title
placeholder, you can type the title of the topic and in other placeholders type the other contents related to the topic.

 You can select a slide design and layouts for your slide such as the slide color, background graphics, and the text format for
each slide. According to the test representation, you can select the desired layout for your slide.

 In the Microsoft PowerPoint presentation, you can add charts, tables and pictures. You can also insert sounds and movie clips
to make your presentation more attractive.

 With the help of masters, you add contents that you want to appear in a particular location on every slide. This prevents you
to add repetitive content, such as an office log, on each slide. Generally the master slides provide a complete layout structure
of slides types, and this provides a specific style to all the slides.

 If desired, you can also change the format of the text in each slide. You can change the font size, font color’ make the font
bold or italic.

 After completing the presentation, if required, you can also re-arrange the slides order.

 You can add narration, transition, and animation to your slide. a narration can be recorded to be played at the time of running
your presentation. Animations move an object on screen at the time of presentation. A transition controls how the content of a
new slide appears on the screen.

 You can reorder the slides in the slide sorter view. In the slide sorter view, you can view the slides in thumbnails so that you
can move as well as delete a slide, create a duplicate slide and hide a slide in your computer screen.

Starting Microsoft PowerPoint:

1. Click the start button in the windows desktop. The start menu appears.

2. Select the all programs option from the start menu. A sub-menu appears.

3. Select the Microsoft office folder option from the sub menu. A sub menu appears.

4. Select the Microsoft office PowerPoint option from the sub menu as shown in fig.
Slide layouts:

Selecting slide layout

1. In the Microsoft PowerPoint presentation window, click the home tab

2. In the slides group, click the upper-part of the new slide button to add a new slide, as shown in fig.

3. To select a layout for the new slide, click the down-arrow button for the new slide button. An office theme drop down list
appears.

4. Click the desired theme for the new slide; in our case we have selected the title and content layout for the new slide, as shown
in fig.

A new slide appears with the selected theme.

Inserting text:

Adding text

Microsoft PowerPoint offers you two ways to insert text in the presentation:

 inserting text through a placeholder

When we click the upper part of the new slide button. The slide appears with the placeholders.

Click the placeholder and start writing your text, as shown in fig.

 inserting text by using a text box

 click the insert tab

 In the text group click the text box button.

 Keep the mouse-button pressed; drag the cross hair pointer on the slide until you don’t get the text box of your
desired size. After getting the desired size of the text box, release the mouse-button.

 Now click inside the text box and start typing, as shown in fig.
Formatting text:

You can format the text in your presentation make your text more readable and more attractive. you can use text styles such as bold
and shadow to add emphasis and add colors to the text.

Formatting the text color

 Click the home tab.

 In the font group, click the dialog box launcher button.

 A font dialog box appears. Click the down arrow button beside the font color option. A theme colors drop down menu
appears.

 Select the color from the theme colors drop down menu. For example, we have selected green color.

 Click ok button.

Formatting the text style

Formatting the font face

Changing the font size of the text

Bullets and numbering:

Applying the bullets to the text

While working on a presentation, you would require highlighting some key areas of the text in the form of lists that would
summarized the key points. Bulleted lists contain various styles of bullets such as dots, arrow mark, and small circles. Numbered lists
contain numbers.

 Click the home tab.

 In the paragraph group, click the down-arrow button for the bulleted list to apply bulleted list or click the down-arrow for the
numbered option to apply numbered list.

 A drop down list appears. Click the desired list, as shown in fig.

Auto shapes:

Adding auto shapes

You can add shapes to your presentation to illustrate the process or the structure.

 Click the slide where you want to insert a shape.

 Click the insert tab.

 In the illustrations group, click the shapes button.

 A drop-down list appears showing various types of shapes.

 Click on the shape you want to insert, as shown in fig.

 Click on the slide where you want to add the shapes, the shape will add to the slide. If you want to increase the size of the
shape then, keep pressing the mouse on the shape, hold the mouse and drag the mouse to get the desired size of the shape.
2 This week helps students in making their presentations interactive. Topic covered during this week includes: hyperlinks,
inserting –images, clip art, audio, video, objects, tables and charts.

Hyperlinks:

Adding a hyperlink

You can add a hyperlink to any slide in ms-ppt.

A hyperlink is used to make a link between the source file and a destination file. You can add a hyperlink to any image, clipart, shape,
text, or text boxes.

Creating a hyperlink to another slide or slide show

 select the desired text or object

 Click the insert tab.

 In the links group click the hyperlink button.

 An insert hyperlink dialog box appears. Select the desired file from the folder beside the address option.

 Click the ok button.

Inserting images:

 Click the insert tab.

 In the illustrations group, click the picture button.

 An insert picture dialog box appears. From the navigation pane, click the location where images are located.

 After selecting the location, pictures appear in the dialog box. Click the picture you want to insert.

 Click the insert button to insert to insert the picture.

 The selected picture appears on the slide.

Inserting clip art

Adding movie and sound clip

Tables and charts:

Creating tables

 Click the slide where you want to add the table.

 Click the insert tab.

 In the tables group, click the table button.

 A drop-down list appears with grid of rows and columns. In this drop-down list, move the mouse pointer horizontally to
define the number of columns, and vertically to define the number of rows to make a table.

 The selected table appears in the slide. Type your text in the table by clicking in the row and column.

Choosing a style for the table

Resizing a table

Inserting charts

 Click the insert tab.

 In the illustrations group, click the chart button. The insert chart dialog box appears.

 In the insert chart dialog box, click on the chart category. a list of charts available under the selected category appears in the
right side of the dialog box.

 Click the desired chart.

 Click the ok button.

 Now the selected chart appears in the slide.

 If you wish to change a chart data, then you can do it by changing it in the Microsoft excel sheet. Close the excel sheet after
making changes, the changed data applies automatically to the chart. Click outside of the chart to complete the work.