5/23/2023

ANATOMY OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

(MACROSCOPY AND MICROSCOPY)
LUCKY PRASETIOWATI, DR., M.BIOMED

DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY

FACULTY OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA

GENERAL OVERVIEW

THE VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CAN BE

DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN GROUPS:
• ALIMENTARY CANAL – GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT, IS
THE MUSCULAR DIGESTIVE TUBE THAT WINDS THROUGH
THE BODY, EXTENDING FROM MOUTH TO THE ANUS.
• ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS - TEETH, TONGUE,
GALLBLADDER AND VARIOUS GLANDULAR ORGANS
(SALIVARY GLANDS, LIVER, AND PANCREAS).

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Organs of the Digestive System

Organs of the Alimentary Canals
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
• Stomach
• Small intestine
• Large intestine
• Anus

Accesorius digestive organs

• Salivary glands
• Teeth
• Pancreas
• Liver
• Gall bladder

OVERVIEW: ANATOMY OF ALIGMENTARY CANAL

• FROM THE LUMEN OUTWARD, THESE
LAYERS ARE THE MUCOSA,
SUBMUCOSA, MUSCULARIS EXTERNA,
AND SEROSA.
1. MUCOSA
• IS A MOIST EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE THAT LINES
THE ALIMENTARY CANAL LUMEN FROM MOUTH
TO ANUS.
• ITS MAJOR FUNCTIONS ARE TO:
■ SECRETE MUCUS, DIGESTIVE ENZYMES, AND
HORMONES
■ ABSORB THE END PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION
INTO THE BLOOD
■ PROTECT AGAINST INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• IT CONSISTS OF 3 SUBLAYERS: (1) A LINING
EPITHELIUM, (2) A LAMINA PROPRIA, AND (3) A
MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE

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1. MUCOSA
A. LINING EPITHELIUM
• EXCEPT FOR THE MOUTH, ESOPHAGUS, AND ANUS WHERE IT IS STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, THE
EPITHELIUM OF MUCOSA IS A SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM RICH IN MUCUS-SECRETING CELLS.
• IN STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE, MUCOSA ALSO CONTAINS BOTH ENZYME-SYNTHESIZING AND
HORMONE-SECRETING CELLS.
B. LAMINA PROPRIA (UNDERLIES EPITHELIUM)
• IS LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
• ITS CAPILLARIES NOURISH THE EPITHELIUM AND ABSORB DIGESTED NUTRIENTS.
• ITS ISOLATED LYMPHOID FOLLICLES, PART OF MALT (THE MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE) →
HELP DEFEND US AGAINST BACTERIA AND OTHER PATHOGENS
• PARTICULARLY LARGE COLLECTIONS OF LYMPHOID FOLLICLES OCCUR WITHIN THE PHARYNX (AS THE
TONSILS) AND IN THE APPENDIX.
C. MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
• A THIN LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE THAT SEPARATING MUCOSA FROM SUBMUCOSA AND ALLOWING
LOCAL MOVEMENT OF THE MUCOSA

2. SUBMUCOSA

• DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE WITH LARGER

BLOOD VESSELS AND LYMPH VESSELS AND
THE SUBMUCOSAL ( MEISSNER ) PLEXUS OF
AUTONOMIC NERVES.
• IT MAY ALSO CONTAIN GLANDS AND
SIGNIFICANT LYMPHOID TISSUE.
• ITS ABUNDANT ELASTIC FIBERS ENABLE THE
STOMACH TO REGAIN ITS NORMAL SHAPE
AFTER TEMPORARILY STORING A LARGE
MEAL.

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3. MUSCULARIS MUCOSA

• THIS LAYER IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SEGMENTATION AND PERISTALSIS.

• IT TYPICALLY HAS 2 SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYER: AN INNER CIRCULAR
LAYER AND AND OUTER LONGITUDINAL LAYER
• IN SEVERAL PLACES, CIRCULAR LAYER THICKENS, FORMING
SPHINCTERS THAT ACT AS VALVES TO CONTROL FOOD PASSAGE
FROM ONE ORGAN TO THE NEXT AND PREVENT BACKFLOW
• THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BETWEEN THE MUSCLE SUBLAYERS
CONTAINS BLOOD AND LYMPH VESSELS, AS WELL AS THE
MYENTERIC ( AUERBACH ) NERVE PLEXUS OF AUTONOMIC
NERVES
• MYENTERIC AND SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS TOGETHER COMPRISE
THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM OF DIGESTIVE TRACT

4. SEROSA

• IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE INTRAPERITONEAL ORGANS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL, (AS THE
VISCERAL PERITONEUM).
• IN MOST ALIMENTARY CANAL ORGANS, IT IS FORMED OF LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE, RICH IN BLOOD
VESSELS, LYMPHATIC AND ADIPOSE TISSUE, COVERED WITH MESOTHELIUM, A SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIAL CELLS
• IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY, THE SEROSA IS CONTINUOUS WITH MESENTERIES, THIN MEMBRANES
COVERED BY MESOTHELIUM AND SUPPORT THE INTESTINES.
• IN THE ESOPHAGUS, THE SEROSA IS REPLACED BY AN ADVENTITIA (FIBROUS CONNECTIVE) TISSUE
THAT BINDS ESOPHAGUS TO SURROUNDING STRUCTURES.
• RETROPERITONEAL ORGANS HAVE BOTH A SEROSA (ON THE SIDE FACING THE PERITONEAL CAVITY)
AND AN ADVENTITIA (ON THE SIDE ABUTTING THE DORSAL BODY WALL).

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OVERVIEW: PERITONEUM
IS A GLISTENING, TRANSPARENT SEROUS MEMBRANE THAT CONSIST OF
TWO CONTINUOS LAYERS :
1. PARIETAL PERITONEUM, LINING THE INTERNAL SURFACE OF THE
ABDOMINOPELVIC WALL.
2. VISCERAL PERITONEUM , INVESTING VISCERA /ORGANS

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE VISCERA TO THE PERITONEUM IS AS FOLLOWS :

1. INTRAPERITONEAL ORGAN
THE ORGANS ARE ALMOST COMPLETELY COVERED WITH VISCERAL
PERITONEUM, M0BILE, HAVE A STALK → MESO ……, REFLECTION OF
MESO…. TO THE DORSAL WALL FORMING → RADIX ……
2. EXTRAPERITONEAL / RETROPERITONEAL/ SUBPERITONEAL ORGAN
THE ORGAN ARE OUTSIDE THE PERITONEAL CAVITY AND ARE ONLY
PARTIALLY COVERED WITH PERITONEUM (USUALLY ON ONE SURFACE),
ATTACHED TO THE DORSAL WALL → IMMOBILE

ORGANS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANALS

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Anatomy of Mouth (Cavitas Oris)
• Lips (labia) – protect
the anterior opening
• Cheeks (buccal) – form the
lateral walls
• Hard palate (palatum
durum) – forms the anterior
roof
• Soft palate (palatum molle)
– forms the posterior roof
• Uvula – fleshy projection of
the soft palate
ANATOMY OF THE MOUTH (ORAL CAVITY)
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• Vestibule (vestibulum) –
space between lips
externally and teeth and
gums internally
• Oral cavity – area contained
by the teeth
• Tongue (lingual)– attached
at hyoid and styloid
processes of the skull, and
by the lingual frenulum
• Tonsils (tonsila)
• Palatine tonsils
• Lingual tonsil
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TONGUE (GLOSSUS)
• TONGUE IS MASS OF STRIATED MUSCLE COVERED BY MUCOSA, WHICH MANIPULATES INGESTED MATERIAL
DURING MASTICATION AND SWALLOWING. IT OCCUPIES THE FLOOR OF MOUTH.
• IT IS COMPOSED OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS.
• INTRINSIC MUSCLES ARE CONFINED IN THE TONGUE. THEIR MUSCLE FIBERS RUN IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT PLANES,
ALLOW THE TONGUE TO CHANGE ITS SHAPE
• EXTRINSIC MUSCLES EXTEND TO TONGUE FROM ORIGIN ON BONES OR SOFT PALATE FOR ALTERING THE TONGUE’S
POSITION. THEY PROTRUDE, RETRACT, AND MOVE THE TONGUE FROM SIDE TO SIDE.

• DURING CHEWING, IT GRIPS THE FOOD AND CONSTANTLY REPOSITIONS IT BETWEEN THE TEETH. TONGUE
ALSO MIXES FOOD WITH SALIVA FORMING IT INTO A COMPACT MASS CALLED A BOLUS AND THEN INITIATES
SWALLOWING BY PUSHING THE BOLUS POSTERIORLY INTO THE PHARYNX.
• LINGUAL FRENULUM FIXES TONGUE TO THE FLOOR OF MOUTH AND LIMITS ITS POSTERIOR MOVEMENTS.
• DORSAL SURFACE IS IRREGULAR, DIVIDED BY SULCUS TERMINALIS (A V-SHAPED GROOVE) INTO ANTERIOR
TWO THIRD (HAVING VARIOUS TYPE OF PAPILLAE AS TASTE BUD) AND POSTERIOR THIRD OR ROOT OF THE
TONGUE, THAT INVOLVED THE LINGUAL TONSIL

LINGUAL PAPILLAE AND TASTE BUD

• Taste buds are present on fungiform and foliate papillae but are much
more abundant on vallate papillae.

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Anatomy of Pharynx
• Nasopharynx – nasal part, from base of
skull to soft palate
• Oropharynx – posterior to oral cavity, from
os hyoid to hard palate
• Laryngopharynx – below the epiglottis and
connected to the esophagus

• The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined by a

stratified squamous epithelium, which protects them
against abrasion.
• The external muscle layer consists of three (superior,
middle, and inferior) pharyngeal constrictor muscles
• Those muscles of swallowing that encircle the pharynx
and partially overlap one another.
• as swallowing is a voluntary action, innervated by the
vagus nerve (cranial nerve X).

Esophagus
• A muscular tube about 25 cm (10 inches)
long and is collapsed when not involved
in food propulsion
• Runs from pharynx to stomach through
the diaphragm (esophagial hiatus) then
joins the stomach at the cardial orifice,
that is surrounded by the
gastroesophageal or cardiac sphincter
(a slight thickening of the circular smooth
muscle at that point).
• Conducts food by peristalsis (slow
rhythmic squeezing)
• Passageway for food only (respiratory
system branches off after the pharynx)

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Layer Characteristics
Mucosa:
- Epithelium - Non-keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
- Lamina - Loose connective tissue, glands (+) →
propia esophageal cardiac gland
- Muscularis - One layer of longitudinally smooth muscle
mucosa
Submucosa - Dense irregular connective tissue
- Glands (+) → esophageal gland proper
- Plexus submucosa Meissner (+)
Muscularis - 1/3 uppers: striated muscles
externa - 1/3 middle: striated muscles and smooth
muscles
- 1/3 lower: smooth muscles
- Plexus myentericus Auerbach (+)
Adventitia Loose connective tissue
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GLANDS OF ESOPHAGUS
• HAVE FUNCTION FOR LUBRICATION AND
PROTECTION OF ESOPHAGUS WALL
• ESOPHAGEAL CARDIAC GLAND T. MUKOSA
GASTER CARDIA
• LOCATED IN LAMINA PROPRIA OESOPHAGUS
• SECRETE NEUTRAL MUCUS
• MOST NUMEROUS IN UPPER AND
LOWER REGION OF ESOPHAGUS T. SUBMUKOSA
(CLOSE TO THE CARDIA)
• ESOPHAGEAL GLAND PROPER
• LOCATED IN SUBMUCOSA
• SECRETE SLIGHTLY ACIDIC MUCUS
• HAS EXCRETORY DUCT TOWARD
EPITHELIUM THAT USUALLY DILATED
(CYSTIC DILATATION)
Lamina propria 19

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Esophageal cardiac gland

T. MUKOSA
Esophageal gland proper

T. SUBMUKOSA

Dept. Anatomi & Histologi FK Unair

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Anatomy of Stomach (Gaster)

• Located on the left side of the abdominal
cavity
• Food enters at the gastroesophageal
sphincter
• Regions of the stomach
• Cardiac region – near the heart
• Fundus
• Body
• Pylorus – funnel-shaped terminal end
• Lesser – greater curvature
• Rugae – internal folds of the mucosa
• Chemical breakdown for protein by
secreting pepsin.
• Food remains in the stomach for roughly 4
hours

MICROSCOPY ANATOMY OF STOMACH

• MUCOSA:
1. EPITHELIUM:
• SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM (MUCOUS CAP
CELL/SURFACE EPITHELIUM/SURFACE MUCOUS CELL) →
MUCOUS SECRETION
• SURFACE OF EPITHELIUM FORMS INDENTATIONS INTO
LAMINA PROPRIA THAT CALLED GASTRIC PITS, WHICH
OPEN INTO TUBULAR GASTRIC GLANDS THAT PRODUCE THE
STOMACH SECRETION CALLED GASTRIC JUICE.
2. LAMINA PROPRIA
• LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• GLANDS: CARDIAC GLANDS, FUNDIC GLANDS, PYLORIC
GLANDS
3. MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
• SMOOTH MUSCLE
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MICROSCOPY ANATOMY OF STOMACH

• SUBMUCOSA:
• DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
WITHOUT GLANDS
• CONTAIN ADIPOSE TISSUE, BLOOD VESSELS,
LYMPH VESSELS, NERVES (PLEXUS MEISSNER)
• MUSCULARIS EKSTERNA:
• 3 LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE (OBLIQUE-
CIRCULAR-LONGITUDINAL)
• BETWEEN LAYERS CONTAIN PLEXUS
AUERBACH

• SEROSA/ADVENTITIA:
• LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE LINED BY
MESOTHELIUM
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TYPES OF GLAND CELLS IN FUNDUS AND CORPUS

• Located in lamina propria

• Gastric glands are simple branched tubular glands dominated

by secretory cells and produce mucous, hcl, pepsinogen, gastrin
etc
1. MUCOUS NECK CELLS:
• Located in the neck of gland
• Solitair or form cluster
• Columnar cells, smaller than epithelial cells, round nucleus,
granules (+) in the apex of cells

2. PARIETAL CELLS (OXYNTIC CELLS):

• Located among mucous neck cells, and in deeper layer
• The large cells, round or pyramidal shaped, round nucleus,
eosinophilic cytoplasm because abundant of mitochondria
• Produce Hcl 24

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TYPES OF GLAND CELLS IN FUNDUS AND CORPUS

3. CHIEF CELLS (ZYMOGENIC CELLS):

• LOCATED IN THE BASAL REGION OF GLAND
• CYTOPLASM CONTAIN RER AND SECRETORY
GRANULES
• CUBOIDAL CHIEF CELLS PRODUCE: PEPSINOGEN,
LIPASE
4. ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS (ARGENTAFFIN CELLS):
• HAVE ENDOCRINE AND PARACRINE FUNCTION
• IN FUNDUS: PRODUCE SEROTONIN
• IN PYLORUS: INCLUDING G CELLS THAT PRODUCE
GASTRIN

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CHARACTERISTICS OF 3 REGIONS OF STOMACH

(CARDIA, FUNDUS/CORPUS, PYLORUS)
Characteristics Cardia Fundus/Corpus Pylorus
Gastric pits Shallow, U/V shaped Shallow, U/V shaped Very deep

Glands in lamina Cardiac gland: Fundic gland: Pyloric gland:

propria tubular, somewhat simple, branched, relatively straight for most
tortuous, and tubular, tightly arranged of their length, but are
occasionally with parallel position slightly coiled near the
branched, round/ muscularis mucosa, round/
oval shaped in the oval shaped in the
specimen specimen

Cells of the glands • Mucous-secreting • Chief cells • Mucus-secreting cells

cells (mucous cap • Mucous neck cells (similar to mucous cap
cell) • Parietal cells cells)
• A few of parietal • Argentafin cells • A few of parietal and
cells argentafin cells

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Pylorus has sphincter pylori, a thickening of circular muscles, mucosa and 27

submucosa

Cardia

Fundus/corpus

Pylorus

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SMALL INTESTINE (INTESTINUM TENUE)

• Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
• A muscular tube extending form the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve, it divides into
Duodenum
- From pylorus to duodeno-jejunal junction
- Curve around the head of pancreas ➔ 4 pars: cranial, descendent, transversal, ascended
Jejunum
from duodeno-jejunal junction, proximal two third
Ileum
continuation of jejunum to ilocaecal junction
• Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery
• Macroscopically, the surface of small intestine is not smooth due to the folding of mucosa and
submucosa to wider the surface area for absorption ➔ semicircular/circular folds

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ABSORPTIVE SURFACE OF
SMALL INTESTINE
• PLICAE SEMICIRCULARES OF KERCKRING
A MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSA FOLD, EXTENDS ABOUT 1/2 –
2/3 OF THE LUMEN, BRANCHES. MOST NUMEROUS IN THE
DISTAL PART OF THE DUODENUM AND THE BEGINNING OF
THE JEJUNUM, REDUCED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE ILEUM.

• INTESTINAL VILLI
A FINGERLIKE AND LEAF LIKE PROJECTIONS OF MUCOSA IN
THE SURFACE OF PLICAE OF KERCKRING. CONTAINS LYMPH
VESSEL (CENTRAL LACTEAL). MORE NUMEROUS IN PROXIMAL
THAN DISTAL PART OF SMALL INTESTINE.

• MICROVILLI
PROJECTIONS OF ABSORPTIVE CELLS. EACH CELL POSSESSES
SEVERAL THOUSAND CLOSELY PACKED MICROVILLI. VISIBLE IN
THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE AS STRIATED BORDER. 32

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WALL OF SMALL INTESTINE

• MUCOSA:
• EPITHELIUM: SIMPLE COLUMNAR WITH STRIATED BORDER AND
GOBLET CELLS
• LAMINA PROPRIA: LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE, GLANDS (+) →
CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN
• MUSCULARIS MUCOSA: 2 LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLES
(CIRCULAR - LONGITUDINAL)

• SUBMUCOSA: (a) The columnar epithelium that covers intestinal villi

consists mainly of the tall absorptive enterocytes (E).
• DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE The apical ends of these cells are joined and covered by
a brush border of microvilli. Covered by a coating of
• CONTAIN: PLEXUS OF MEISSNER AND CAPILLARY PLEXUS OF glycoproteins, the brush border, along with the mucus-
HELLER secreting goblet cells (G), stains with carbohydrate
staining methods. Other cells of the epithelium are
• AT DUODENUM CONTAIN BRUNNER GLAND scattered enteroendocrine cells, which are difficult to
identify in routine preparations, and various immune
• MUSCULARIS EXSTERNA: cells such as intraepithelial lymphocytes. The small
spherical nuclei of lymphocytes can be seen between
• 2 LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE (CIRCULAR – LONGITUDINAL) the enterocytes.
(b) At higher magnification individual microvilli of
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• PLEXUS AUERBACH (+) enterocytes are better seen and the striated appearance
of the border is apparent
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STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN DIGESTION OF FOOD

1. Goblet cells:
- Goblet shaped, Intra epithelial gland, located
among absorptive enterocytes cells
- Secrete mucus lubricates the chyme and forms a
protective barrier , More numerous from duodenum
to rectum
2. Glands in git’s wall:
- Crypts of lieberkuhn, extends from muscularis
mucosa through the thickness of lamina propria,
composed of a simple columnar epithelium that is
continuous with the epithelium of the villi
- open onto the luminal surface of intestine at the
base of villi
- Brunner’s gland in submucosa of duodenum
3. Outside small intestine: liver, gall bladder, and
pancreas → bile and enzymes delivered to
duodenum.
4. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is
found in the mucosal layer and aggregated
lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches) are located 35

in the submucosa of the ileum.

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Chemical Digestion in the Small

Intestine

Descending part of duodenum

• bile and main pancreatic ducts enter its
posteromedial wall.
• form the hepatopancreatic ampulla,
which opens on the major duodenal
papilla, located posteromedially

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LARGE INTESTINE
(INTESTINUM CRASSUM)
• Larger in diameter, but shorter than the
small intestine
• Function: Absorp water, cellulose,
electrolytes and lubricate feces with
mucous
• From ileocaecal junction to anus,
approx. 1,5 m long
• Getting narrower in its distal parts
• Consists of: cecum, appendix, colon,
rectum, anal canal
• General features: taenia coli, haustra,
epiploic appendages, semilunar folds

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

LARGE INTESTINE

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MICROSCOPY ANATOMY: LARGE INTESTINE

• The large intestine mucosa is simple columnar
epithelium except in the anal canal (stratified
squamous epithelium)
• The differential with small intestine:
• No plicae semicirculares of kerckring, no intestinal villi
• Crypt of lieberkuhn are deeper, and the crypts contain
tremendous numbers of goblet cellst
• Has plicae semilunares, are large permanent fold which
formed by mucosa, submucosa, and circular muscle layer

• From caecum to the anal canal:

• Enterocytes decrease in number
• Goblet cells increase in number
• Crypts of lieberkuhn increase & become more deep
• Paneth cells only found in appendix
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LARGE INSTESTINE
• No vili intestinalis
• Numeorus of goblet cells
• Crypt of Lieberkuhn more numerous and deep

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COLON
• Has plica semilunaris
• Simple columnar epithel + striated border + numerous goblet cells
Mucosa • Lamina propria: loose CT, Crypts of Lieberkuhn, no paneth cells
• muscularis mucosa: 1 layer of smooth muscle

• Dense irregular connective tissue

Submucosa • Vessels, nerve plexus, adipose tissue

• 2 layers of smooth muscle (circ – long)

Muscularis • The outer longitudinal muscle layers condensed into 3 prominent,
externa strong, flat bands → taenia coli
• Auerbach’s plexus

Adventitia • Loose CT + mesothelium, with appendices epiploicae

↑: Plica semilunares
A. Lamina propria + Crypts of Lieberkuhn
B. Muscularis mucosa
C. Submucosa
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D. Circular muscle
E. Condensed longitudinal muscle (taenia
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COLON

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RECTUM
• Has longitudinal folds → Rectal column of Morgagni
• Simple columnar ep+ huge of goblet cells
Mucosa • Lamina propria: vessels, crypts of Lieberkuhn become
more deep
• No muscularis mucosa

• Dense irregular connective tissue, nerve plexus

Submucosa • Plexus venosus haemorhoidalis → plexus of turtous
veins

• 2 layers of smooth muscle (circ – long)

Muscularis • No taenia coli
externa
• Has plica transversa (2 at left side, 1 a

Adventitia • Loose CT + mesothelium, with appendices epiploicae

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RECTO-ANAL JUNCTION

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Rectum: simple columnar epithelium + goblet cells, Crypts of Lieberkuhn in lamina propria;
Anus: non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

ACCESORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS

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Salivary Glands
• Saliva-producing glands
• Parotid glands – located
anterior to ears
• Submandibular glands
• Sublingual glands

LIVER (HEPAR) • LARGEST GLAND IN THE BODY

• HIGHLY VASCULAR
• LOCATION:
• INFERIOR TO DIAPHRAGM
• IN RIGHT SUPERIOR PART OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY
• MOSTLY UPPER RIB CAGE
• FUNCTIONS:
• BILE PRODUCTION & SECRETION
• GLYCOGEN, MINERALS, VITAMINS STORAGE,
• PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• PRODUCTION OF HEPARIN & BILE PIGMENTS
• DETOXIFY POISON, DRUGS

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ANATOMY OF LIVER
• 2 SURFACES:
• DIAPHRAGMATIC (CONTACT WITH DIAPHRAGMA)
• BARE AREA
• VISCERAL (CONTACT WITH VISCERAL ORGAN)
• LOBES:
• RIGHT LOBE
• LEFT LOBE
• DIVIDED BY:
• FALCIFORM LIGAMENT ON DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE
• FISSURE ON THE VISCERAL SURFACE
• QUADRATE LOBE
• CAUDATE LOBE
• BOTH PART OF LEFT LOBE AND VISCERAL SURFACE

LIVER – VISCERAL SURFACE

• HEPATIC VEIN (INTO INFERIOR VENA CAVA)
• PORTA HEPATIS
• HEPATIC ARTERY (FROM ABDOMINAL AORTA )
• HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN
• CARRIES NUTRIENT-RICH BLOOD FROM STOMACH
AND INTESTINES TO LIVER
• HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM = 2 CAPILLARY BEDS!
• HEPATIC DUCTS (CARRY BILE)

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MICROSCOPY ANATOMY OF LIVER

GALLBLADDER

• RESTS IN DEPRESSION OF RIGHT LIVER LOBE

• IN CONTACT WITH DUODENUM AND TRANSVERSE
COLON
• FUNDUS, BODY, NECK
• STORES AND CONCENTRATES BILE, THEN
CONTRACTS TO EXPEL BILE
• ARTERIALIZATION: CYSTIC ARTERY (RIGHT HEPATIC
ARTERY)

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BILE DUCTS
• HEPATIC DUCT
• CARRIES BILE FROM LIVER
• CYSTIC DUCT
• JOINS HEPATIC DUCT FROM LIVER
TO FORM THE BILE DUCT
• CARRIES BILE FROM
GALLBLADDER
• COMMON BILE DUCT
• EMPTIES INTO THE DUODENUM

MOVEMENT OF BILE

• BILE SECRETED BY LIVER CONTINUOUSLY

• HEPATOPANCREATIC (VATER) AMPULLA
• COMMON BILE + MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT MEET AND ENTER DUODENUM
• SPHINCTER OF ODDI AROUND IT
• CLOSED WHEN BILE NOT NEEDED FOR DIGESTION
• BILE THEN BACKS UP INTO GALLBLADDER VIA CYSTIC DUCT
• WHEN NEEDED GALLBLADDER CONTRACTS, SPHINCTERS OPEN

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PANCREAS
• BOTH EXOCRINE (produce enzymes that digest food)
AND ENDOCRINE (produce hormones that regulate
blood sugar (insulin and glucagon))GLAND
• RETROPERITONEAL
• MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT
• Extends length of pancreas
• Joins bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla
• Empties into duodenum
• ACCESSORY PANCREATIC DUCT
• Lies in head of pancreas
• Drains into the main duct
• Enters duodenum also
• LOCATION:
• CURVE OF DUODENUM
• EXTENDS TO SPLEEN

DIGESTIVE PROCESS

THE ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

PERFORM THE FOLLOWING SIX
ESSENTIAL FOOD-PROCESSING
ACTIVITIES:
• INGESTION
• PROPULSION
• MECHANICAL DIGESTION
• CHEMICAL DIGESTION
• ABSORPTION
• DEFECATION

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Deglutition (Swallowing)
• Ingestion – getting food into the mouth
• Propulsion – moving foods from one
region of the digestive system to
another

Processes of the Digestive System

Processes of the
Digestive System
• Peristalsis – alternating
waves of contraction
• Segmentation – moving
materials back and forth to
aid in mixing

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REFFERENCE

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