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Textbook Developing Disaster Resilient Housing in Vietnam Challenges and Solutions 1St Edition Tuan Anh Tran Ebook All Chapter PDF
Textbook Developing Disaster Resilient Housing in Vietnam Challenges and Solutions 1St Edition Tuan Anh Tran Ebook All Chapter PDF
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Tuan Anh Tran
Developing Disaster
Resilient Housing in
Vietnam: Challenges
and Solutions
Developing Disaster Resilient Housing
in Vietnam: Challenges and Solutions
Tuan Anh Tran
Developing Disaster
Resilient Housing in
Vietnam: Challenges
and Solutions
Tuan Anh Tran
Faculty of Architecture
College of Sciences, Hue University
Hue, Vietnam
v
vi Preface
workers, built-environment professionals and local committees for flood and storm
control are the key actors for this consultation process whose contributions and
inputs are critical to the success of building disaster-resilient housing. In addition,
the study also highlights the necessity to incorporate with three underlying supportive
mechanisms – technical, financial and legal – to enable the regular communication
and consultation between vulnerable groups and technical parties (e.g. local
architecture offices, local construction firms) for safe housing improvement and
development.
In relation to the second theme, the role of built-environment professionals
(BEPs), economic constraints of vulnerable households, limited understanding of
local actors on safe housing and lack of incentive schemes to sustain innovative or
resilient ideas are confirmed by this study as the major obstacles to the engagement
of BEPs. In addition, the study also indicates a potential role of architects in developing
disaster-resilient housing and delivering appropriate design options for housing
within Central Vietnam.
With regard to the third theme, design responses for resilience, it was found that
safety considerations need to go along with climate responsive strategies, particu-
larly in Central Vietnam where the hot and humid climate generates critical impacts
on people’s life. To provide financially affordable housing for vulnerable house-
holds who mostly belong to the poor, the study highlights the necessity to identify
an acceptable level of safety for their housing, maximise the use of local resources
in construction and ensure a cost efficiency of future housing extension or renova-
tion. In addition, the spatial design of the house also needs to address the cultural
and social backgrounds and characteristics of the occupants or householders to pro-
vide them with a sense of familiarity and ownership.
Based on the findings within each of the three themes mentioned above, this
study develops a design framework for disaster-resilient housing within the context
of Central Vietnam. This framework can be a useful practical reference guide for
architects and building designers who are currently or prospectively responsible
for or directly involved in the design and construction of disaster-resilient housing
in this region. This study also generates several important policy implications for
safe housing development in Central Vietnam: (1) the application of building
permits or similar forms of permission to control unsafe construction practices,
(2) the improvement of current mechanisms of information exchange and knowl-
edge sharing between stakeholders at multiple levels and (3) the intensification of
bottom-up approaches to fully capture the local context, community feedback and
household situation.
Acknowledgements
vii
Contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 1
1.2 Personal Engagement ......................................................................... 3
1.3 Problem Statement.............................................................................. 6
1.4 Research Questions and Objectives .................................................... 7
1.5 Significance of the Study .................................................................... 8
1.6 Scope of the Study .............................................................................. 9
1.6.1 Targeted Reconstruction Approaches: Donor-built
and Self-built ........................................................................... 9
1.6.2 Low-Income Housing ............................................................. 10
1.7 Book Outline ...................................................................................... 10
References ................................................................................................... 11
2 A Review of Contemporary Literature in the Field
of Disaster-Resilient Housing ................................................................... 13
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 13
2.2 Housing Vulnerability to Natural Disaster
in an Era of Climate Change .............................................................. 16
2.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 16
2.2.2 Climate-Induced Disasters in the Asia Pacific Region ........... 16
2.2.3 Building Responsive and Adaptive Capacity for Housing...... 17
2.2.4 Climate-Induced Disasters in Central Vietnam....................... 18
2.2.5 Understanding Potential Drivers of Disaster
Risks Posed to Housing .......................................................... 20
2.2.6 Housing Vulnerability in Central Vietnam.............................. 22
2.2.7 A Need for ‘Building Back Better’ ......................................... 28
2.3 The Importance of Post-disaster Housing Reconstruction
to Building Community Resilience .................................................... 29
2.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 29
2.3.2 Post-disaster Housing in Developing Countries ..................... 30
ix
x Contents
xv
xvi Abbreviations
xvii
xviii List of Figures
Fig. 3.1 Four case study sites of this research in Central Vietnam ............. 80
Fig. 3.2 Four case studies of this research .................................................. 81
Fig. 4.1 Three techniques of data collection applied in this research ......... 92
Fig. 4.2 Overview of the case-study sites in this research .......................... 94
Fig. 4.3 Location of Hoa Hiep Bac in Da Nang City .................................. 95
Fig. 4.4 Donor-built and self-built post-disaster
shelters in Hoa Hiep Bac ............................................................... 97
Fig. 4.5 The difference between self-built and donor-built
post-disaster housing ..................................................................... 98
Fig. 4.6 The larger size of self-built housing (right) compared
to donor-built one (left) .................................................................. 99
Fig. 4.7 Donor-built house with thicker walls
and continuous beams .................................................................... 101
Fig. 4.8 Water-leaking errors seen in the surveyed
donor-built houses.......................................................................... 102
Fig. 4.9 Location of Loc Tri on the southeast
of Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Vietnam ............................. 103
Fig. 4.10 Available wooden bars (left) and fishing nets (right)
used to reinforce the house when storms come ............................. 103
Fig. 4.11 Storm and sea waves are seen as the main
hazards to local houses .................................................................. 105
Fig. 4.12 The difference between self-built and donor-built houses ............. 106
Fig. 4.13 Location of Ia Broai Commune, Ia Pa District,
Gia Lai Province ............................................................................ 107
Fig. 4.14 Houses on stilts are commonly seen in Ia Broai,
a special culture of mountainous people ........................................ 108
Fig. 4.15 Sub-function of livestock-raising is put under
the floor of a surveyed house ......................................................... 108
Fig. 4.16 An on-ground house (left) recently built near
an old on-stilt house (right) ........................................................... 109
Fig. 4.17 An on-ground house (left) recently built
by a local donor near a local on-stilt house (right) ........................ 109
Fig. 4.18 An on-stilt house temporarily repaired
by its owners after Typhoon Ketsana (2009) ................................. 110
Fig. 4.19 A donor-built house with RC frame (right)
beside a self-built house with wooden frame (left) ........................ 111
Fig. 4.20 Different technical features between self-built
and donor-built houses in Ia Broai ................................................. 112
Fig. 4.21 Similar process of construction but different duration
of construction and design service between donor-built
and self-built post-disaster housing ............................................... 113
Fig. 4.22 Location of Tan Ninh Commune,
Quang Ninh District, Quang Binh Province .................................. 114
List of Figures xix
Fig. 7.1 Roof ridges were inserted into the top of the walls
in a donor-built house provided by SC in HHB ............................. 164
Fig. 7.2 Steel bars (left) and concrete ribs (right) used
by DWF to reinforce roofs ............................................................. 164
Fig. 7.3 The simple building shape (left) receives less
wind pressure compared to other non-simple
shapes (right) due to no wind-suction bags created....................... 165
Fig. 7.4 The detached veranda triggers no damage to the main
house (above) compared to the attached veranda (below) ............. 166
Fig. 7.5 RC beds and altars work as the strengthening
elements for the housing structure ................................................. 166
Fig. 7.6 RC bed (left) and RC altar (right) were found
in the surveyed houses ................................................................... 167
Fig. 7.7 Continuous RC beams go around the building
to strengthen envelop walls ............................................................ 168
Fig. 7.8 ‘Strong box’ (toilet) was used in self-built houses
in LT and HHB .............................................................................. 169
Fig. 7.9 Quick reinforcement measures by iron frames (left)
and sandbags (right) in self-built housing ..................................... 169
Fig. 7.10 On-stilt housing reduces water pressure
on the structure in flash floods ....................................................... 170
Fig. 7.11 The double storey structure used in donor-built housing (left)
and a sub-floor under the roof of a self-built house (right) ........... 171
Fig. 7.12 Lack of natural light that caused mosses on walls
in a surveyed house in HHB .......................................................... 173
Fig. 7.13 Small holes made by plastic water pipes for natural
ventilation in post-disaster houses in HHB.................................... 173
Fig. 7.14 The veranda space helps prevent the penetration
of direct sunlight and rain .............................................................. 174
Fig. 7.15 Front veranda spaces of some surveyed houses
in LT (left), HHB (middle), and TN (right) ................................... 175
Fig. 7.16 The front space of a house in LT where most
living activities occur ..................................................................... 181
Fig. 7.17 Water-leakage problems seen in the donor-built houses ................ 181
Fig. 7.18 Housing extension made after initial construction ........................ 182
Fig. 7.19 Typical floor-plan (left) and 3D illustration
of three-compartment houses in TTH ............................................ 185
Fig. 7.20 Some three-compartment houses surveyed in LT .......................... 185
Fig. 7.21 The harmony of a donor-built house
to the existing local housing pattern (on-stilts).............................. 186
Fig. 7.22 Typical floor-plan (left) and 3D illustrations of tube houses ......... 187
Fig. 7.23 A donor-built house provided by Ministry of Construction
in TN showing its respect to the existing building structure ......... 187
List of Figures xxi
Table 2.1 Key ISSUES that emerged from the literature review ................... 14
Table 2.2 Frequency of natural disasters in Vietnam..................................... 19
Table 2.3 Big disasters in Vietnam from 1999 to 2012 ................................. 20
Table 2.4 Physical and social causes of housing vulnerability
in Central Vietnam ......................................................................... 29
Table 2.5 Six common PROBLEMS related
to community consultation ............................................................ 44
Table 2.6 Correlation between stakeholders and phases
of post-disaster reconstruction ....................................................... 45
Table 2.7 General roles of BEPs in post-disaster housing
reconstruction ................................................................................ 52
Table 2.8 Role of built environment professionals
in post-disaster housing reconstruction ......................................... 53
Table 3.1 Research questions answered by this book .................................... 75
Table 3.2 Comparative table used for thematic analysis
for the three major themes ............................................................. 86
Table 3.3 The use of comparative table for thematic analysis
of sub-themes ................................................................................. 87
Table 5.1 Four groups of stakeholders involved
in consultation and communication ............................................... 130
Table 5.2 Four groups of stakeholders involved
in community-consultation initiatives ........................................... 132
Table 7.1 Three design responses for resilient housing ................................. 162
Table 7.2 Appropriate levels of safety for low-income
housing in Central Vietnam ........................................................... 179
xxiii
xxiv List of Tables
1.1 Introduction
Housing and natural disasters have a significant link in Central Vietnam, the most
disaster-prone region of the country, where shelter is considered as the most valu-
able, but also the most vulnerable asset for local residents. In this country, housing
is among the sectors that show the highest exposure to climate and disaster risks
(MONRE 2008). Recent debates and discussions (Johnson and Lizarralde 2012;
Barenstein 2012; Wardak et al. 2013) have raised increasing concerns towards the
efficiency of post-disaster housing towards the resilience of local communities. In
the design of housing for low-income vulnerable groups, there is still a large dis-
tance between vulnerable communities and built-environment professionals, as well
as an absence of specific guidelines for the design of resilient shelter and settle-
ments. This research, therefore, examines the relationship between shelter after
disaster and the development of disaster-resilient housing based on the investigation
of four case studies of post-disaster housing reconstruction in Central Vietnam. The
assessment of the successes and shortcomings of post-disaster housing performed
by agencies (donor-built) and people (self-built) allowed the identification of key
issues and a design framework for the future development of disaster-resilient
housing.
As climate change is an “ongoing process” associated with the complicated and
unpredictable occurrence of climate events, withstanding “ongoing disturbances”
has more meaningful implications than just recovering from individual events
(Morecroft et al. 2012). In this sense, post-disaster housing provides one of the best
opportunities to improve pre-disaster fragile conditions for achieving the long-term
resilience of vulnerable communities rather than to just rebuild damaged parts
(Archer and Boonyabancha 2011; Lyons and Schilderman 2010). In Vietnam, par-
ticularly in the central region where most of the country’s natural disasters are situ-
ated, limitations of local construction practices, inadequacies in stakeholders’
awareness and capacity, and economic and social constraints have hindered the
Fig. 1.1 A local house destroyed by typhoon Xangsane (2006) in Central Vietnam (Source:
Author)
This research was initially generated from the personal background in architecture
and the working experience of the researcher in the field of post-disaster housing
reconstruction. His background as a Vietnamese architect and his practical
4 1 Introduction
Based on what was observed in the practical situation of local housing in Central
Vietnam and what was experienced through the author’s engagement in practical
design and construction practices on safe housing, the issue of disaster resilience
rather than disaster resistance has emerged as the overall target of post-disaster
housing reconstruction efforts. This perception is particularly meaningful to the cur-
rent and future times where climate change is contributing to the unpredictable or
unprecedented occurrence of natural disasters (UNISDR 2008). Within this sense, it
demands post-disaster housing reconstruction to improve and build responsive and
adaptive capacities of local shelter and settlements in anticipation of future disasters
rather than focus on building preventive and resistant capabilities.
In mid-2010, the researcher joined the non-governmental organisation (NGO)
Development Workshop France (DWF) in Central Vietnam in the role of architect
for one post-disaster housing reconstruction project funded by IFRC after the 2009
typhoon Ketsana. The main task of the author at that time was to propose the design
solutions for 200 safe houses for two provinces in this region, Kon Tum and Gia Lai.
Design approaches applied were mainly adopted from the DWF’s work plan that
involved several site visits, talks and meetings with local communities and authori-
ties to understand local needs and capacities before finalising housing designs and
initiating construction activities. Six housing design options were then proposed
based on a series of field visits and local discussions and the construction of 200
houses was completed by the expected time (Fig. 1.2).
In addition, the work at DWF also gave the author a good opportunity to visit
post-disaster houses provided by other agencies in Central Vietnam, such as those
provided by local enterprises in the Gia Lai and Kon Tum Province. In most cases,
those houses (built by other agencies or donors) were not used as the main house for
living, whereas the old houses nearby were fully occupied even if in unsafe condi-
tions. Through local talks and on-site observations of how people used their houses,
the author found out that there has been a big gap between perceptions of the
outsiders (donors, agencies, implementers) on post-disaster housing and the actual
needs and expectations of local people towards their homes. Physical improvements
for safety purposes to build stronger shelter seemed to be preferred by the outsiders
when providing post-disaster houses while socio-economic and cultural responsive-
ness to local contexts were less considered or even neglected.
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CHAPITRE IV
L’EFFROYABLE RÉVÉLATION
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CHAPITRE V
CATASTROPHE ÉPOUVANTABLE