1.

Effects of Globalization on Nation-States:

Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through the exchange
of goods, services, information, and ideas. Its effects on nation-states are multifaceted:

- **Economic Impact:** Globalization has led to increased international trade, investment, and economic
integration. While this has the potential to boost economic growth, it also exposes nation-states to economic
vulnerabilities, such as financial crises and market fluctuations.

- **Cultural Influence:** The flow of information and cultural exchange has accelerated, leading to the spread of
ideas, languages, and cultural practices. This can both enrich and challenge national identities.

- **Political Changes:** Nation-states may find their sovereignty challenged as global governance institutions gain
prominence. International organizations and agreements can influence domestic policies, and issues like climate
change and human rights require collaborative efforts.

- **Technological Advancements:** Globalization has facilitated the rapid exchange of technology and innovation.
This can contribute to economic development but may also create disparities among nation-states in terms of
technological capabilities.

- **Migration and Social Changes:** Increased mobility of people has resulted in diverse populations in many
countries. This can lead to social and political challenges, including debates on immigration policies and
multiculturalism.

2. **Institutions Governing International Relations:**

International relations are governed by a variety of institutions, including:

- **United Nations (UN):** A global organization established to promote peace, security, and cooperation among
member states.

- **International Monetary Fund (IMF):** Focuses on international monetary cooperation, exchange rate stability,
balanced growth of international trade, and financial resources for countries in need.

- **World Bank:** Provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development projects.

- **World Trade Organization (WTO):** Facilitates international trade negotiations, enforces trade agreements,
and resolves disputes among member countries.

- **Regional Organizations:** Such as the European Union (EU), African Union (AU), and others, which work to
enhance cooperation and integration within specific regions.

- **Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):** Organizations like Amnesty International, Greenpeace, and others
that operate globally to address various issues, including human rights, environment, and health.

3. **Difference between Internationalism and Globalism:**

- **Internationalism:** This refers to a foreign policy approach where a nation-state actively engages with other
countries through diplomacy, alliances, and cooperation. Internationalism emphasizes collaboration among sovereign
states while preserving their independence. It doesn't necessarily imply a loss of national identity or sovereignty.

- **Globalism:** This term often refers to a broader and more interconnected view of the world, emphasizing the
interdependence of nations. Globalism goes beyond traditional state-centric perspectives and often implies a
willingness to prioritize global interests over national ones. It can be associated with the idea of a borderless world
where issues like human rights, environmental protection, and economic prosperity are addressed through collective
global efforts. Globalism may involve a more significant role for international organizations and institutions in shaping
global policies.