Example: Trip Distribution – Gravity Model

Consider a study area consisting of three zones. The following data is given: the number of production and attraction trips, and the friction factors
between each zone. Assume Kij is the same value for all zones (kij=1).
Determine the number of zone-to-zone trips through two iterations.

Step 1. Calculate friction factors (Fij) between zones using assumed sensitivity value (if not given)
Step 2. Calculate trip interchanges
Step 3. Compare the observed and estimated Dj
Step 4. If not converged, calculate adjusted attraction/balancing factors
Step 5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 until convergence is achieved

Table 1. Trip Productions and Attractions for a Four-Zone Study Area

Zone 1 2 3 Sum
Production 4000 3400 4000 11400
Attraction 3800 4600 3000 11400

Table 2. Travel time between zones (min)

Zone 1 2 3
1 4 12 15
2 12 1 11
3 15 11 4 =
Table 3. Frictions Factors (Fij) between Zones sensitivity= 1
F=f(tij)
Zone 1 2 3
1 1.60 0.80 0.68
2 0.80 2.00 0.82
3 0.68 0.82 1.60

Kij =1
1st Iteration AFK
To (j)
Zone 1 2 3 Pi Sum of AFK
1 6080.00 3680.00 2040.00 4000 11800.00
From (i) 2 3040.00 9200.00 2460.00 3400 14700.00
3 2584.00 3772.00 4800.00 4000 11156.00
0
Tij =
To (j)
Zone 1 2 3 Pi Pi*
1 2061 1247 692 4000 4000
From (i) 2 703 2128 569 3400 3400
3 926 1352 1721 4000 4000
0
Aj 3800 4600 3000
Aj* 3690.64 4727.80 2981.55
Balancing Factor Ajk 3912.60 4475.65 3018.56

2nd Iteration AFK

To (j)
Zone 1 2 3 Pi Sum of AFK
1 6260.16 3580.52 2052.62 4000 11893.30
From (i) 2 3130.08 8951.30 2475.22 3400 14556.60
3 2660.57 3670.03 4829.70 4000 11160.30
0.00
Tij
To (j)
Zone 1 2 3 Pi
1 2105.44 1204.21 690.35 4000
From (i) 2 731.10 2090.76 578.14 3400
3 953.58 1315.39 1731.03 3800
4800
Aj 3800 4600 3000 4800
Aj* 3790.12 4610.37 2999.51
Balancing Factor Ajk 3922.80 4465.59 3019.05
ABS Discrepancy 9.88 10.37 0.49
Avg. Discrepancy 6.91
Given that you have future trip generations (TP and TA, Step1), you can calculate trip interchanges for the horizon year
Example: Trip Distribution – Gravity Model
Consider a study area consisting of three zones. The following data is given: the number of production and attraction trips, and the friction factors
between each zone. Assume Kij is the same value for all zones (kij=1).
Determine the number of zone-to-zone trips through two iterations.

Step 1. Calculate friction factors (Fij) between zones using assumed sensitivity value (if not given)
Step 2. Calculate trip interchanges
Step 3. Compare the observed and estimated Dj
Step 4. If not converged, calculate adjusted attraction/balancing factors
Step 5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 until convergence is achieved

Table 1. Trip Productions and Attractions for a Four-Zone Study Area

Zone 1 2 3 Sum
Production 4000 3400 4000 11400
Attraction 3800 4600 3000 11400

Table 2. Travel time between zones (min)

Zone 1 2 3
1 4 12 15
2 12 1 11
3 15 11 4 =
Table 3. Frictions Factors (Fij) between Zones sensitivity= 1
F=f(tij)
Zone 1 2 3
1 1.60 0.80 0.68
2 0.80 2.00 0.82
3 0.68 0.82 1.60

Kij =1
1st Iteration AFK
To (j)
Zone 1 2 3 Pi Sum of AFK
1 6080.00 3680.00 2040.00 4000 11800.00
From (i) 2 3040.00 9200.00 2460.00 3400 14700.00
3 2584.00 3772.00 4800.00 3800 11156.00
4800 0
Tij =
To (j)
Zone 1 2 3 Pi Pi*
1 2061 1247 692 4000 4000
From (i) 2 703 2128 569 3400 3400
3 880 1285 1635 3800 3800
4800 0
Aj 3800 4600 3000
Aj* 3644.32 4660.18 2895.50
Balancing Factor Ajk 3962.33 4540.60 3108.27

2nd Iteration AFK

To (j)
Zone 1 2 3 Pi Sum of AFK
1 6339.73 3632.48 2113.62 4000 12085.83
From (i) 2 3169.87 9081.19 2548.78 3400 14799.84
3 2694.39 3723.29 4973.23 3800 11390.91
4800 0.00
Tij
To (j)
Zone 1 2 3 Pi
1 2098.24 1202.23 699.54 4000
From (i) 2 728.22 2086.24 585.54 3400
3 898.85 1242.09 1659.07 3800
4800
Aj 3800 4600 3000 4800
Aj* 3725.30 4530.55 2944.14
Balancing Factor Ajk 4041.78 4610.19 3167.24
ABS Discrepancy 74.70 69.45 55.86
Avg. Discrepancy 66.67
Given that you have future trip generations (TP and TA, Step1), you can calculate trip interchanges for the horizon year