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 Connecting the Goals

Billie Faircloth
Maibritt Pedersen Zari
Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen
Martin Tamke Editors

Design
for Climate
Adaptation
Proceedings of the UIA World Congress
of Architects Copenhagen 2023
Sustainable Development Goals Series
The Sustainable Development Goals Series is Springer Nature’s inaugural
cross-imprint book series that addresses and supports the United Nations’
seventeen Sustainable Development Goals. The series fosters comprehensive
research focused on these global targets and endeavours to address some of
society’s greatest grand challenges. The SDGs are inherently multidisci-
plinary, and they bring people working across different fields together and
working towards a common goal. In this spirit, the Sustainable Development
Goals series is the first at Springer Nature to publish books under both the
Springer and Palgrave Macmillan imprints, bringing the strengths of our
imprints together.
The Sustainable Development Goals Series is organized into eighteen
subseries: one subseries based around each of the seventeen respective
Sustainable Development Goals, and an eighteenth subseries, “Connecting
the Goals,” which serves as a home for volumes addressing multiple goals or
studying the SDGs as a whole. Each subseries is guided by an expert
Subseries Advisor with years or decades of experience studying and
addressing core components of their respective Goal.
The SDG Series has a remit as broad as the SDGs themselves, and
contributions are welcome from scientists, academics, policymakers, and
researchers working in fields related to any of the seventeen goals. If you are
interested in contributing a monograph or curated volume to the series,
please contact the Publishers: Zachary Romano [Springer; zachary.ro-
mano@springer.com] and Rachael Ballard [Palgrave Macmillan; rachael.
ballard@palgrave.com].
Billie Faircloth • Maibritt Pedersen Zari •
Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen •
Martin Tamke
Editors

Design for Climate

Adaptation
Proceedings of the UIA World
Congress of Architects
Copenhagen 2023

123
Editors
Billie Faircloth Maibritt Pedersen Zari
KieranTimberlake The School of Future Environments
Philadelphia, PA, USA Auckland University of Technology
Aotearoa, New Zealand
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Martin Tamke
CITA—Centre for Information
Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen
Technology and Architecture
CITA—Centre for Information
The Royal Danish
Technology and Architecture
Academy—Architecture,
The Royal Danish
Design, Conservation
Academy—Architecture,
Copenhagen, Denmark
Design, Conservation
Copenhagen, Denmark

ISSN 2523-3084 ISSN 2523-3092 (electronic)

Sustainable Development Goals Series
ISBN 978-3-031-36319-1 ISBN 978-3-031-36320-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36320-7

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,
reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any
other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Scientific committee

General reporter, alternate general reporter

Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen, Professor and Head of CITA (Centre for

Information Technology and Architecture), Royal Danish Academy—
Architecture, Design, Conservation
Martin Tamke, Associate Professor, CITA (Centre for Information Technol-
ogy and Architecture), Royal Danish Academy—Architecture, Design,
Conservation

Panel chairs

Panel 1: Design for Climate Adaptation

Billie Faircloth, Research Director KieranTimberlake, Adjunct Professor
University of Pennsylvania
Maibritt Pedersen Zari, Educator and Researcher. Associate Professor,
Auckland University of Technology
Panel 2: Design for Rethinking Resources
Carlo Ratti, Professor and Director of the Senseable Lab, MIT, Founding
Partner of Carlo Ratti Associati
Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen, Professor and Head of CITA (Centre for
Information Technology and Architecture), Royal Danish Academy—
Architecture, Design, Conservation
Panel 3: Design for Resilient Communities
Juan Du, Professor and Dean of the John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture,
Landscape and Design, University of Toronto
Anna Rubbo, Senior Researcher, Center for Sustainable Urban Development
(CSUD), The Climate School, Columbia University
Panel 4: Design for Health
Arif Hasan, Chairperson Urban Resource Center Karachi, former Visiting
Professor NED University Karachi, former member of UNs Advisory Group
on Forced Evictions (PA)
Christian Benimana, Co-Executive Director and Senior Principal, MASS
Design Studio

v
vi Scientific committee

Panel 5: Design for Inclusivity

Magda Mostafa, Autism Design Principal Progressive Architects, Professor
of Design, Department of Architecture, The American University in Cairo,
Cairo, Egypt
Ruth Baumeister, Associate Professor of Theory and History of Architecture,
Aarhus School of Architecture
Panel 6: Design for Partnerships for Change
Sandi Hilal, Co-Director DAAR (Decolonizing Architecture Art Research),
Lise Meinert Visiting Professor, Lund University
Merve Bedir, Fellow at BAK (Basis voor Actuele Kunste) Utrecht

Special advisors

Katherine Richardson, Professor in Biological Oceanography and leader of

Sustainability Science Centre, University of Copenhagen
Chris Luebkeman, Leader of the Strategic Foresight Hub, Office of the
President, ETH Zürich
Thomas Bo Jensen, Head of Research, Aarhus School of Architecture
Camilla Ryhl, Research Director, Bevica Fonden
Peer Review Committee

We would like to thank all members of the Peer Review Committee for this
volume for their enduring effort and valuable advice.
Aameer Chauhan
Adele Houghton
Adriana Granato
Aldo Sollazzo
Aleksandra Jaeschke
Alex Hummel Lee
Alissa Kingsley
Allison Anderson
Amjad Almusaed
Andre Sanchez Montoya
Andrea Pinochet
Anna Aslaug Lund
Anurag Bhattacharya
Aram Yeretzian
Arlind Dervishaj
Ata Chokhachian
Balpreet Singh Madan
Barbara Norman
Bimala Basnet
Boyana Vasileva
Branko Kolarevic
Bruno Ragi Eis Mendonca
Carlos Augusto Garcia
Carmen García Sánchez
Carol Marra
Caroline Sohie
Courtney Crosson
Dani Hill-Hansen
Daniel Barber
Daniel Stine
Daniele Santucci
Dario Schoulund
Darryn McEvoy
David Lehrer

vii
viii Peer Review Committee

Deborah Ascher Barnstone

Dikshit Mahaveer Chand
Eduardo Mario Mendiondo
Eileen Meyer
Eleni Stefania Kalapoda
Emna Bchir
Fatima Tabassum Mouri
Feng Deng
Fernando Franco
Filipa Corais
Francesco Sommese
Ganesh Nayak
German Nieva
Gertrude Ngenda
Hamed Sangin
Helena Zambrano
Hend Abdelrazek
Humna Neveed
Huzefah Haroon
Iman Gawad
Israa Mahmoud
Ivett Flores
Jade Kake
Jesse M. Keenan
Jose Pinto Duarte
Katharina Hecht
Katrina Wiberg
Kenneth Yeang King Mun
Kevin Mitchell
Kevin Santus
Khaled Mansy
Khang Nguyen
Kit Elsworth
Kjell Anderson
Kun Lyu
Laura Annabelle Bugenings
Lauren Smalls-Mantey
Lori Ferriss
Lotte Nystrup Lund
Lucas Carvalho Macedo Coelho Netto
Luciana Varkulja
Maggie MacKinnon
Mahmoud Nagy Elsayed
Malini Srivastava
Marcel Harmon
Marcela Angel
Marcus Ming Fricke
Margarita Jans
Peer Review Committee ix

Maria Panta
Marie Davidova
Marwa Dabaieh
Mashudur Rahman Fahim
Mauro Milli
Md Haseen Akhtar
Md Toukir Hossain
Medha Bansal
Mengxun Liu
Michael Hensel
Michael McMahon
Michaela F. Prescott
Michelle Amt
Mittul Vahanvati
Monish Siripurapu
Na An
Naomi Keena
Nguyen Hoang Manh
Nicholas Swedberg
Nina Sharifi
Niranjika Wijesooriya-Gunarathne
Nur Halinda Halimi
Nurfahmi Muchlis
Oluwatobi Nurudeen Oyefusi
Pablo La Roche
Paola Boarin
Pegah Zamani
Peter Ruge
Piotr Fabirkiewicz
Rainer Hirth
Rasha Sukkarieh
Rija Joshi
Rob Adams
Sandipan Chatterjee
Sara Carr
Sarach Ranaweera
Sherif Khashaba
Shiekh Intekhab Alam
Simone Maynard
Siyuan Rylan Wang
Sneha S. Reddy
Soo Ryu
Suchandra Bardhan
Sujata Shakya
Suk-Hee Yun
Surya Prabhakaran
Tanveer Ahamed Bin Ali Naser
Tasfin Aziz
x Peer Review Committee

Thea Christine Hoeg

Titus Shedrack
Todor Boulev
Tunji Adejumo
Tzen-Ying Ling
Ulrike Passe
Varvara Toura
Victoria Jane Marshall
Viktoria Bacheva
Wanona Satcher
William Braham
Willy Missack
Yao Xiao
Yi Liu
Yuchen Wang
Yusheng Hua
Z Smith
Zarrin Tasnim
Zhang Yiwei
Zheming Liu
Preface

Introduction

In the autumn of 2022, as part of the preparations for the UIA World
Congress of Architects 2023 Copenhagen we invited Panel Chair and MASS
Design Group architect Christian Benimana to Copenhagen to speak to our
collegiate and students. In his introduction, he outlined the dramatic land use
change in Rwanda following the country’s population growth over the last
50 years. Pointing to the maps, he argued that we have passed a tipping
point and that our given societal infrastructures cannot simply be extended
or optimised to support this new situation. We cannot build 500 universities
or 600 hospitals, he said, instead we need systemic change to rethink what a
university is, what a hospital can be. We need to question how our institu-
tions, infrastructures and communities can change in the way they address
those in need and what access can be, and therefore also how architecture,
its practices, embedded knowledge and products can be methods of insti-
gating change.
The present proceedings presents six volumes examining the knowledge
foundation for such change. As proceedings for the Science Track of the UIA
World Congress of Architects 2023 Copenhagen Sustainable Futures—Leave
no one behind, they contain a total of 296 papers investigating, showcasing
and arguing for how change can be imagined across the built environment. By
asking how architecture can help achieving the UN Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), the presented papers collect the research- and practice-based
results of a global community. Together they ask what the future of the built
environment can be and how design as action and as knowledge can create
new roles for architecture and the communities it serves.
This preface starts with the articulation of our profound gratitude to the
Scientific Committee and the community of submitting authors and peer
reviewers that have been part of this effort. During the last two and half years,
we have worked together with the Scientific Committee’s Panel Chairs and
Special Advisors to form a vision for the Science Track. The process has
been an education. Not only in our understanding of the SDGs, the trans-
formative power of design creation or the wider societal role of the built
environment, but also in keeping our minds open to the many positions that
architecture can be thought through and its critical role in engaging—

xi
xii Preface

interfacing, informing and developing—different knowledge cultures and

perspectives. We therefore start by thanking the 17 members of the Scientific
Committee, the contributing 656 authors of the 296 accepted papers, the
1486 authors of the more than 750 paper submissions and the 536 peer
reviewers that have all made this project possible.

Platform

The UIA World Congress 2023 Copenhagen starts with an ambition. Pitched
in 2017, only one year after the launch of the UN Sustainable Development
Goals, the central nerve is the articulation of the profound agency of archi-
tecture and how it plays an acute role in achieving the SDGs. In the congress,
the Science Track is given a particular role. Initiated early in the planning
process, the aim has been to place the Science Track at the heart of the
congress in order to collect its underpinning knowledge foundation and shape
its criticality through a broad outreach to a global community. Sustainability,
like architecture, is a wicked problem. Its solutions are dependent on the way
we ask, the methods we use and the contexts in which we work. To ask how
architecture can be part of the dynamic fulfilment of the UN SDGs is to ask:
who are the communities we design with and for, what is the knowledge we
draw upon and how can its sharing change how we think about what our built
environment can be.
One of the central drivers in our preparatory work for the Science Track
has been the realisations of the blindness of the UN SDGs to the agency of
architecture. The SDGs seek to steer behaviour both through impacting
legislation and wider societal value sets. They establish priorities and gal-
vanise efforts across communities by identifying targets and providing shared
yard sticks in the form of indicators. In doing so, they inscribe a world view
of its defining actors; the governmental bodies, industries and communities
that can be leveraged upon to instigate change. And in this world view
architecture is strangely absent. At present, none of the UN SDGs declare
targets that directly articulate architecture as a driver for change nor are there
any indicators that evaluate its role. The built environment is only mentioned
as a driver for resilient communities but without real value setting of the role
of planning and design. This despite the extensive and complex impact
architecture holds on human and non-human well-being; the way we live our
lives, shape equity and use our resources.
For us, this realisation has led to the overarching aim of using the congress
to build awareness. To argue for and demonstrate how architecture has the
ability to afford change in the way, we understand and construct the world
around us and therefore how it as a situated practice engaging directly with
both legislation, industry and the communities in which architecture takes
place can become a direct way of effecting change.
Preface xiii

Vision

The Science Track is formed around six panels of which this volume is one.
The vision of the six panels is to articulate six differentiated perspectives onto
how architecture can be part of achieving the SDGs while reinforcing their
interconnectedness. The panels are in part mapped to existing fields while at
the same time suggesting new. By bringing together otherwise fragmented
knowledge across the breadth of architecture’s research and practices, the
aim is to bring together knowledge across research, practice and education to
provoke new perspectives, new alliances and concrete action. In articulating
the panels, the Scientific Committee asks pertinent and provocative questions
that challenge the field and position the SDGs as active goal posts. These
questions form the chapters of each volume asking how architectural
knowledge creation can innovate the thinking, design and making of
architecture.

– Design for Climate Adaptation

With profound urgency, global communities are acting and adapting to
the Earth’s changing climate. Our built environment, the most common
habitat of humans, should interact with the Earth’s ecosystems and cli-
mates in a sustainable and regenerative way. ‘Design for Climate
Adaptation’ emphasises people, multiple forms of research, knowledge
and action for high and low-tech solutions that make buildings, neigh-
bourhoods, landscapes, cities and regions regenerative resilient and
adaptive to climate change impacts.
– Design for Rethinking Resources
Design shapes our world, from the places we live in to objects we use
every day. As we grow more aware of the limits of our planet’s resources
shifting from an exploitative to a restorative, regenerative and circular
design ideology becomes fundamental. ‘Design for Rethinking Resour-
ces’ examines approaches to resourcefulness in architecture; how sus-
tainability challenges the foundations of our material practices and how
they can change with it.
– Design for Resilient Communities
A resilient community anticipates, adapts to, and recovers from adversity.
Climate change, the global pandemic, and political upheavals in many
countries have revealed social, economic, and environmental inequalities
that threaten communities worldwide. These fault lines disproportionately
impact the poor, people of colour, the racially or ethnically marginalised
and women. ‘Design for Resilient Communities’ encourages innovative
solutions and facilitates the development of knowledge and skills nec-
essary for adaptation and recovery.
– Design for Health
Architecture and health are inseparable. From the direct design of hos-
pitals and places for healing to the strategic design of infrastructures and
city planning, architecture affects physical and mental health of individ-
uals and communities. ‘Design for Health’ asks how architecture can
reconceive health as a design issue. How land rights impact healthy
xiv Preface

living, how legislation, planning and building impacts inequality and

access to water and how single buildings and the civic construction of
hospitals, health clinics and community buildings can operate in unison
with local environments and ecologies to create a safe and healthy space
for all.
– Design for Inclusivity
No individual deserves to experience space in a manner that is less safe,
less comfortable or less accessible as a result of their identity or chal-
lenges. Sustainability, in its most holistic definition, cannot be achieved
without a collective act. ‘Design for Inclusivity’ aims to critically define
the constructs and categories of who exactly we are excluding, and why,
in order to mindfully develop strategies to mitigate this exclusion.
– Design for Partnerships for Change
‘Design for Partnerships’ is about recognising the asymmetrical rela-
tionships between states, public spaces, civil societies and private
domains to find new balances for the existing power structures. By
challenging the ontology of universalism, it examines how architecture
and the built environment can play an essential role in creating a ground
for care through local governance, space making practices, imaginaries
and scenarios of plural(istic) political, socially and ecologically sustain-
able futures.

Critical Positions

The two and half years of preparation have been an inspiring experience
through which we have witnessed the power of architectural thinking in
action—its interweaving of the critical and the creative ideation as well as its
inherent inventiveness orientation towards the future. As part of the curation
of this work, we have defined a series of critical positions by which to
understand the correlation between architectural thinking and the UN SDGs.
A first position has been to challenge the inherent anthropocentrism and
perceived lack of hierarchy between the goals; the Tabula Rasa effect as
Johan Rockström names it Rockström 2016. The SDGs have been criticised
for failing to recognise that planetary, people and prosperity concerns are
interconnected (Kotzé 2022). In forming the six panels of the Science Track,
we seek to position a rupture to the modernist axiom that the environment is
situated outside of us. Instead, we understand the SDGs as a balancing
between planetary and human needs which needs to be holistically addressed.
A second position is the critical appreciation that the SDGs retain an
adherence to an underlying model of growth. The Science Track asks what
the future practices of architecture can be, what the ethical roles of archi-
tectural design are and how architecture knowledge can create change in how
architecture is produced both within and without of models of growth. It
seeks to identify who the partners of architecture practice can be both through
grassroot community action and through industry-based models.
A third position is the challenge of the embedded universalism within the
SDGs. The SDGs maintain a universalism that is common to the UN system
Preface xv

and underlies much of UN’s work. However, this fundamentally modernist

position of understanding sustainability as ‘a problem to be solved’ and
placing agency with legislation leaves questions of agency, voice and power
unchallenged. The Science Track seeks to incorporate this criticism through
the panel calls and their associated sub-questions by provoking reflection on
the perceived neutrality of architecture’s own humanist traditions and insist
on the query of how architecture is produced, by people and for people.
The challenge to universalism has also led to a review of the scientific
practice of knowledge dissemination. The call for papers deliberately
encourages exchanges and learnings across different knowledge and practice
silos. This is effected through differentiated publication formats that include
scientific knowledge production as well as design-based knowledge pro-
duction, narrative formats such as oral history, visual essays, as well as
dialogue-based exchanges and argumentative essays. The aim of these for-
mats is to expand the possibility of transdisciplinary knowledge exchange
and include voices that are not commonly part of academic and professional
discourse.
The fourth and final position is to understand the SDGs as part of a
changing world. The SDGs set out a 14-year-long project. Any project of that
length needs to build in methods of reviewing its own fundamental value sets
and core conceptual foundation. The intensifying and accumulating effects of
climate change, the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the continued
stress on the world’s resources, and the increasingly multi-partisan war in
Ukraine have deep and unequal repercussions on global communities. To
engage with the SDGs is to correlate the goals to a changeable understanding
of both needs and means. It is to commit to a continual address of both the
contexts and instruments of change-making. In the Science Track, our focus
on the concrete and the actionable through presentations of cutting-edge
research, real-world case studies and near future focused arguments argues
for a situated understanding of the SDGs. This emphasis contextualises the
SDGs within the multiple and diverse practices of architecture as well as the
disparate places in which architecture takes place. The perspectives, methods
and means are purposefully broad. They seek to represent the breadth of the
solution space needed for the systemic change needed. They also purpose-
fully include different voices and different styles to make present the different
actors, different knowledge streams and different institutions that create this
change.

Perspective

The result is a six-volume proceedings tracking a wide and multifarious

interpretation on how architecture can be part of achieving the SDGs. Across
their individual chapters, we see a breadth of enquiries asking who the
communities are, who the actors are and what the means of architectural
production are. They ask how we can shape the methods of architectural
thinking as well as their associated technologies, how they can be distributed
and what is the consequence of their sharing.
xvi Preface

The proceedings instantiates a moment in time. As research strands, they

are part of larger trajectories of knowledge creation. Where our aim for the
World Congress is to facilitate new discussions and exchange enabling
synergy across silos and geographies, it is clear that the full potential of this
conversation is only just beginning. The World Congress coincides with the
half-way mark of the SDGs. Launched in 2016 and with a projected com-
pletion date of 2030, we need to transition from a place of planning and
speculating to one of action. The work of the Science Track is therefore
marked by a sense of urgency. The desire is to define the effort of this work
not in terms of their individual results, but more as a launch pad for future
exchange and collaboration. We hope that what is created here is a com-
munity of dedicated actors all with a shared stake in the well-being of future
generations. Our hope is that the legacy of this project will be that we can
retain this commitment and grow its stakeholders to mature these proposi-
tions into actionable change.
We profoundly thank the Scientific Committee for their immense effort and
profound engagement in shaping the Science Track. Thank you to: Billie
Faircloth, Maibritt Pedersen Zari, Carlo Ratti, Anna Rubbo, Juan Du, Arif
Hasan, Christian Benimana, Magda Mostafa, Ruth Baumeister, Sandi Hilal,
Merve Bedir, Katherine Richardson, Chris Luebkeman, Thomas Bo Jensen
and Camilla Ryhl.

Copenhagen, Denmark Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen

Martin Tamke
General Reporters

References

Kotzé LJ, Kim RE, Burdon P; du Toit L, Glass L-M, Kashwan P, Liverman D,
Montesano FS, Rantala S (2022) In: Sénit C-A, Biermann F, Hickmann T (eds) Chapter
6: planetary integrity. The political impact of the sustainable development goals:
transforming governance through global goals? Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press, 140–171
Rockström J, Sukhdev P (2016) The SDGs wedding cake—Stockholm resilience centre.
https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2016-06-14-the-sdgs-
wedding-cake.html, Date accessed 04 Apr 2023
Editorial

Design for Climate Adaptation—Knowledge to Action

With profound necessity, global communities are adapting to the Earth’s

changing climate (Wannewitz and Garschagen 2023). Calling for systemic
change, they have begun urgently ratifying commitments and implementing
programmes and projects challenging the design and planning of the built
environment (IPCC 2022). The most common habitat of humans—the built
environment—should symbiotically interact with Earth’s ecosystems and
climates regeneratively (Mang and Reed 2012; Pedersen Zari 2018). Urban
settings should nurture people and communities, particularly the most
vulnerable, as they also function to actively repair and heal climate and
ecologies (Elkington et al. 2020; Nakashima and Krupnik 2018;
Cohen-Shacham et al. 2016; Guy 2013). As ecosystem collapse cascades
globally and interacts in complex ways with climate change (Steffen et al.
2015), what should be the design community’s reaction? What could our
reaction be if our goal is creating a just form of socio-ecological regeneration
as we adapt—rather than business-as-usual forms of survival?
Design for Climate Adaptation—Knowledge to Action convened at the
UIA World Congress of Architects Copenhagen 2023 to emphasise
relationships between people and the ecologies and climates they are a part
of and to highlight the multiple forms and interpretations of knowledge,
action and research integral to our adaptation agenda. Climate change
adaptation is currently assessed as humanity's pervasive global project whose
“progress is unevenly distributed with adaptation gaps” (IPCC 2022, pg. 20)
and is further hampered by adaptation limits, as well as the threat of
maladaptation (IPCC 2022). We began our work together by asking: Who is
adapting, why, how and at which temporal and spatial scales? And what has
been and could be effective means to adapt through the realm of the built
environment?
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) uphold
just, equitable and holistic approaches to climate adaptation and framed this
panel’s discussion (United Nations 2015). These seventeen goals exhort us to
recognise the opportunities and outcomes deeply coupled to the built
environments’ design, care, repair and inhabitation (Fei et al. 2021). The UN
explicitly implicates the Design for Climate Adaptation theme in Goal 2: Zero

xvii
xviii Editorial

Hunger, Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation, Goal 7: Affordable and Clean
Energy, Goal 13: Climate Action, Goal 14: Life Below Water, and Goal 15:
Life on Land. While 2023 marks the mid-way point between the launch of the
SDGs in 2016 and their projected completion in 2030, we gathered in
Copenhagen with knowledge of the pivotal conclusion of The Sustainable
Development Goals Report 2022, which reveals and documents the destruc-
tion wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a measurable
regression in progress across several SDGs (United Nations 2022).
Design for Climate Adaptation—Knowledge to Action addresses change
over time, temporality and future climate scenarios by design for rising sea
levels; increasing extreme weather events such as flood, drought and wildfire;
strategic consideration for effective stormwater design; reduction of deser-
tification, acidification and salinisation; protection and regeneration of
biodiversity and so on (Egerer et al. 2021; Stagrum 2021; Gunnell et al.
2019; Alizadeh and Hitchmough 2019; Kabisch et al. 2017). Beyond these
direct effects of climate change, the indirect impacts will also influence the
shape of future buildings, landscapes and cities (Pedersen Zari 2018). These
include the priority to decarbonise; rapid social and cultural change; changes
to human physical and mental health; changes to human migration patterns;
changes to economic contexts and issues related to the changing availability
of resources (Palinkas and Wong 2020; Kaczan and Orgill-Meyer 2020;
Adgar et al. 2013). This panel aims to aid people to adapt as effectively and
appropriately as possible, in both technical and cultural ways, by encour-
aging built environments to integrate with, regenerate and become part of
integrated symbiotic socio-ecologies.

Establishing the Panel Sub-themes

We explore design for climate adaptation at the UIA World Congress of

Architects Copenhagen 2023 through five sub-themes that altogether
critically examine how built environment professionals can participate in
shaping adaptation strategies. The panel’s sub-themes are

• Adaptation with Indigenous Knowledges

• Adaptation Through Frameworks and Feedback
• Adaptation Through Nature-Based Solutions
• Adaptation Through Architectural Technologies
• Adaptation Through Behaviour Change and Action.

The Knowledge to Action subtitle emphasises the design community’s need

to recognise and learn from diverse ranges of adaptation knowledge, the
appropriateness or inappropriateness of relying solely on technical solutions
and what it means for individuals, communities and even whole cities to heed
the call to adapt.
To establish the relevance of these sub-themes before gathering in
Copenhagen, we (panel co-chairs Faircloth and Pedersen Zari) convened the
research community virtually through the event Design for Climate
Editorial xix

Adaptation: Three Talks in Three Days. Organised as a series of online

panels in June 2022, participants explored Adaptation with Indigenous
Knowledges, Adaptation Through Nature-Based Solutions, and Adaptation
Through Behaviour Change and Action with global thought leaders. We
chose these themes to increase our collective exposure to the full range of
adaptation discourses, think beyond technologies and broaden our agenda for
adaptation. These talks helped the research community engage in interdis-
ciplinarity and identify who needs to be added to the adaptation conversation.
They are documented below to evidence and ever-expanding understanding
of what it means to design for climate adaptation.

Design for Climate Adaptation Pre-event

The first pre-event panel was Adaptation Through Indigenous Knowledges,

facilitated by Associate Professor Albert Refiti (Indigenous Samoan, Auck-
land University of Technology, Aotearoa New Zealand). Refiti was joined by
Associate Professor Amanda Yates (Ngāti Rangiwewehi, Ngāti Whakaue, Te
Aitanga a Māhaki, Rongowhakaata, Auckland University of Technology,
Aotearoa New Zealand); Daniel Glen (Crow Nation, 7 Directions Architects,
USA) and Michael McMahon (Bundjalung people, Denton Corker Marshall
Architects, Australia). Adaptation with Indigenous Knowledges was a
discussion of Indigenous understandings and practices of approaches to
climate change adaptation. The following questions were discussed: How can
Indigenous knowledges shape, challenge or improve our understanding of
climate change adaptation through the lens of spatial design, planning and
ways of living in the built environment? And, what are climate adaptation-
related concepts or projects led by Indigenous people and communities?
Five key themes emerged from the discussion:

1. A deep appreciation of generational connections and knowledge of

ancestry. Those who come before and those who will come after are
central to what we do and value. This ties into the idea of ‘country’ or
‘place’ as locally unique and sacred. Panellists asked how this can be
reflected within the built form of contemporary structures and how these
then reflect the idea of place to future generations through material,
temporal, spatial and ‘more than human’ viewpoints.
2. The environment is a living system we relate to and want to sustain. The
notion of a holistic life force that binds people, land, flora and fauna, and
even elements such as water, air and earth together and that can be
enhanced by or damaged by architectural or urban practices is important
to design for adaptation.
3. There are profound differences in understandings of what ‘climate
change’ means. Indigenous knowledges often live in-between worlds;
ecocentric and capitalist. This manifests within architectural practice.
Therefore, finding ways of aligning Indigenous knowledges values with
adaptive architectural and urban practice is key.
xx Editorial

4. Relational understanding of the environment. When we understand that

ecologies and their components are relations, that we are part of a broader
family and the Earth can be seen as our mother or nurturer, and creatures
within it our sisters and brothers, the relationship shifts from one of
domination and ‘resource use’, to one of seeking to better live in harmony
in active responsibility for one another. This brings up basic philosophical
differences between anthropocentric and ecocentric worldviews. Indige-
nous knowledges can highlight how the fundamental underlying philos-
ophy of ‘westernised’ society needs to change to reflect this relational
understanding and belonging within ecologies.
5. Rehabilitation or regeneration is a key part of climate change adaptation.
There is a need to acknowledge and address the harm of the past to move
on into a healthier future.
The second pre-event panel addressed Adaptation Through Nature-Based
Solutions, facilitated by Panel Chair Maibritt Pedersen Zari (Associate
Professor, Auckland University of Technology, Aotearoa New Zealand). The
Adaptation Through Nature-based Solutions (NbS) event examined the
means to achieve multi-scalar and interdependent climate adaptation and
ecological regeneration by more effectively understanding and integrating
with nature. This panel discussed how people are currently working with,
understanding, integrating with and/or emulating nature in the built
environment to aid and transform efforts to adapt to climate change.
Pedersen Zari was joined by Ken Yeang (Hamzah and Yeang Architects,
Malaysia); Prof. Kongjian Yu (Peking University; Turenscape, China) and
Prof. Barbara Norman (Canberra University, Australia).
Four key themes emerged from the discussion:

1. The importance of thinking in terms of integrated systems. Ecologies are

an interconnected continuum and are not divided based on political or
municipal borders. This understanding impacts how we might design with
nature, but should also be reflected in research methodologies, design
practice and pedagogy.
2. Nature can provide the basis of many human needs and can increase
resiliency. NbS recognises that working with nature, not without or
against it, can be an alternative to hard engineering methods of combating
climate change and can work in tandem with such methods to effectively
respond to urban pressures caused by climate change.
3. Creating non-human habitat while adapting the built environment is key.
Understanding and designing for different biodiversity and ecological
needs within urban systems and infrastructure at neighbourhood and
individual building levels while considering relationships between cli-
mate and ecologies is important. The concept of NbS provides a powerful
tool/infrastructure to do this.
4. There is a need to understand the ecological history of the landscape
(including rivers and wetlands), and the local context cities were devel-
oped in when considering NbS. Urban green and blue space cannot be
relied upon to provide all biodiversity and ecosystem services needs in
Editorial xxi

many dense cities. We must start to see architecture itself as potential

additional urban green space.
The final pre-event panel focused on the theme Adaptation Through Behaviour
Change and Action, and was facilitated by Panel Chair Billie Faircloth
(Research Director and Partner, KieranTimberlake; Adjunct Professor,
University of Pennsylvania, USA). Faircloth was joined by Prof. Klaus Klaas
Loenhart (Graz University of Technology; Terrain: Integral Designs, Austria);
Prof. Gail Brager (University of California Berkeley, USA) and Dr Fabricio
Chicca (Victoria University of Wellington, Aotearoa, New Zealand). This
discussion investigated design strategies that support or challenge human
behaviour and elevate individuals and communities that witness, are impacted
by and directly respond to climate change. The following questions were
explored through open dialogue with the panellists: What is the role of our
behaviour in responding to climate change? Does advocating for the role of
behaviour change lead to appreciable change? What role do the design of
buildings, landscapes and cities have in advocating for change or transforming
our planning values? How is our need to adapt through behaviour change and
action transforming design practices or research methods? And, what are
emerging design or knowledge creation practices?
Four key themes emerged from the discussion:

1. Understanding individual and collective behaviour is essential to under-

standing climate change adaptation. Furthermore, adaptation has two
meanings; there is a difference between adaptive buildings and adaptive
human behaviours.
2. Modifying our behaviour to mitigate climate change is necessary. For
example, we can design a policy to regulate energy, food and transportation
consumption and believe we are changing the built environment—this is
only one part of the change equation. People’s attitudes and behaviours
towards using resources, spaces and buildings are critically important. What
we mean by ‘designing for behavioural change’ is an urgent research topic.
3. The design of the built environment supports and challenges human
behaviour. Buildings and cities have a crucial role in advocating for and
creating change. All people, firms, and institutions must work to examine,
challenge, and transform the underlying value arguments that are the basis
for development.
4. Our natural environment is a source of knowledge and inspiration. We
either respond to it or try to modify it. When we increase our under-
standing and literacy of nature’s cycles and rhythms, we may establish a
pathway to inspire people towards positive behavioural change and
strategic action.
Altogether, the key themes emerging from Design for Climate Adaptation:
Three Talks in Three Days, demonstrate climate adaptation’s urgency and
complexity. These talks appealed to the actions of listening and learning and
the need for new approaches coupled with case studies demonstrating
outcomes. They established the breadth of climate adaptation discourse and
highlight the themes apparent in the contributions to these proceedings.
xxii Editorial

Gathering at UIA World Congress of Architects,

Copenhagen 2023

The participants of the Design for Climate Adaptation—Knowledge to Action

panel at the UIA World Congress CPH 2023 represent more than thirty
countries and explore adaptation strategies through experiments, design
projects, prototypes, case studies and analyses. Several research groups
contribute provocative argumentative, visual and narrative essays. In
response to the SDGs, systems thinking figures prominently in this collection
of research and is used to demonstrate architecture’s connectivity to implicit
and explicit processes and cycles, testing its capacity to meet the SDGs.
Participants seek both high and low-tech solutions, as well as conceptual or
behaviour-based solutions to ecological design that make buildings, neigh-
bourhoods, landscapes, cities and regions more regenerative, resilient and
adaptive to dynamic climate change impacts. Methods for harvesting
rainwater, heating and cooling, purifying air and water, sequestering carbon,
supporting biodiversity and designing waste out of systems illustrate ways to
rethink how buildings, neighbourhoods and cities are designed, operate and
contribute positively to the ecologies and climates they are set within,
influence and are dependent upon. The contributors to Design for Climate
Adaptation—Knowledge to Action investigate strategies that target the
collective imagination, result in widespread behaviour change and explore
architectural activism as a means to adapt to climate change.
Part I. Adaptation with Indigenous Knowledges presents design-oriented
scholarship and Indigenous or local understandings and practices of
approaches to climate change adaptation. This includes work driven by
traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), as well as projects working with
Indigenous, traditional or local peoples and knowledges. The ten papers in
this part include explorations of designing with landscapes as active entities,
Indigeneity as an agent of change and explorations of traditional values as
drivers of climate adaptation-related concepts. Several case studies examine
the practices, ethics and implementation strategies of working with
Indigenous or local peoples to pursue holistic spatial design for climate
change adaptation and highlight key lessons in adaptation found in
vernacular building typologies.
Part II. Adaptation Through Frameworks and Feedback questions the
overall thesis of design for adaptation, mitigation and regeneration in the
context of proposed and applied design frameworks, as well as the role of
models and methods to generate feedback for adapting buildings, landscapes
and cities. This topic includes climate change adaptation frameworks ratified
at local, tribal, regional, national and international scales; sustainable design
rating and certification programmes and novel or emerging spatial
design-related climate adaptation frameworks. The topic of feedback explores
modelling, monitoring, computation and simulation methods across spatial
and temporal scales that aim to inform and transform the design
decision-making process. Overall, the eight papers in this part elevate
dialogue on decision-making and efficacy, questioning general and specific
Editorial xxiii

knowledge and analysis and interpretation as demonstrated through selected

case studies.
Part III. Adaptation Through Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) examines
novel and ethical means to achieve multi-scalar interdependent climate
adaptation and ecological regeneration through the design, planning and
implementation of nature-integrated buildings, landscapes and urban areas.
This includes working with, understanding, integrating with and/or emulating
nature and complex ecologies and their functions and processes. Projects and
theories that fall under the umbrella of nature-based solutions for climate
change adaptation include ecosystem services-based design; bio-inspired
design; biophilic design; green and blue infrastructure; ecosystem-based
adaptation; urban biodiversity interventions and so on. The 16 papers in this
part represent a broad range of work from theoretical holistic models for
living system design, to in-depth case studies of urban nature-based
regeneration and provocation papers arguing for new ways of working with
nature in urban settings including urban seascaping and biometerological
design practice.
Part IV. Adaptation Through Architectural Technologies explores adap-
tation through the design, engineering and construction of building
components and systems, whole buildings, landscapes and cities, emphasis-
ing new techniques, technologies, materials and methods. How are new
technologies, systems, assemblies, components and materials of architecture,
landscape, infrastructure and whole cities contributing to climate change
adaptation and mitigation agendas? What are effective strategies for
decarbonization, building or landscape-integrated energy generation, carbon
sequestration or water effectiveness? What are innovations in spatial design
related to climate change adaptation and mitigation? The 15 papers in this
part explore building materials, components and assemblies, envelope
systems and passive systems. Contributors present methods, prototypes,
practice-based case studies and field studies to expand our understanding of
climate adaptation design strategies.
Part V. Adaptation Through Behaviour Change and Action investigates
built environment design that contributes to, supports and/or challenges
changing human behaviours, as well as the values and processes for working
together as a means of adapting to climate change. This includes building,
landscape, urban or infrastructure design that draws from interaction design,
outcome-oriented design, integrative design, human-centred design or pre-
and post-occupancy techniques. This theme explores the effectiveness of
innovative design and practice processes, including co-design and partici-
patory design for climate change adaptation. The seven papers in this part
consider a wide range of behaviour change and action-oriented approaches to
adaptation and are challenging examples of design-rethinking at social, urban
and ecological interfaces as a means to adapt to climate change. Papers
include explorations of tools and assessment methods for climate justice and
social living and studies of the impact of protest and activist performance on
urban development models. In-depth case studies exploring community
engagement strategies and public space adaptation also feature and
xxiv Editorial

demonstrate how spatial design can be effective as an agent of transformative

advocacy and positive change while contributing to climate change
adaptation and mitigation.

Conclusion: Transformative Design for Adaptation

Adaptation to climate change, with its many varied, dynamic and interde-
pendent direct and indirect impacts, is perhaps the largest, most complex and
increasingly urgent issue professionals of the built environment, and indeed
all of humanity, has ever faced. Our intention with this work was to bring
together leading global experts with varying knowledges, worldviews,
experiences and expertise to examine and propose strategies, concepts and
technologies to aid in the pursuit of just, rapid and effective adaptation to
climate change through the medium of the built environment. The 57 papers
collated here are a unique architecture-focused contribution to the study and
practice of how people are, could be, or perhaps should be adapting to
climate change. Many of the papers selected are deliberately provocative, and
our hope is that this pushes the discourse, and therefore adaptive architectural
and urban practice, to become more ambitious, larger scale, faster and more
effective, while meeting the ideals of the sustainable development goals and
broader climate justice and human well-being goals. It is clear we must adapt.
Everything will need to change, rapidly and profoundly. Let us use this
necessary change to move towards the kinds of built environments that
support the holistic and interconnected well-being of all people, broad
ecologies and wider planetary climate systems.

Billie Faircloth
Partner and Research Director, KieranTimberlake
Adjunct Professor, University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, USA
Maibritt Pedersen Zari
Associate Professor
Auckland University of Technology
Aotearoa, New Zealand

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(2021) Urban change as an untapped opportunity for climate adaptation. Urban Sustain
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Contents

Part I Adaptation with Indigenous Knowledges

1 Indigenous Agents of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Fleur Palmer
2 Designing with Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Peter Mould
3 A Framework for a More Climate-Resilient Native
American Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Lakshmi Sahithi Datla, Richard Dagenhart, and Tarek Rakha
4 Indigenous Knowledge in Sustainable Stilt Structures
of Nigerian Resilient Communities: A Study of Ilàjẹ-Bàrígà
and Ilàje -Ese-Odo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Emma Ekpo and Mokolade Johnson
5 A Field Investigation on the Thermal Environment of
Traditional Japanese Houses at UNESCO World Heritage
Site: A Case Study of Former Oka House at Iwami Ginzan
Silver Mine in the Omori Area in Oda City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Aakriti Shrestha and Takafumi Shimizu
6 Climate-Responsive Design in Rammed Earth Buildings:
A Case Study in Northwest China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Zhengyang Wang, Dexuan Song, Linxin Zhan, and Yi Liu
7 Shelter@Rainforest—Lessons in Climate Adaptation from
the Vernacular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Carol Marra
8 Half-Baked: Developing a Hybrid Between Traditional
and Modern Building Typologies in the Indian Village
of Bahuarwa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Daniel Haselsberger and Isha Dhingra
9 Traditional Knowledge Systems and Values Within
Planning in Order to Mitigate the Effects of Climate
Change, Case of Cold Desert Area in the Himalayas . . . . . . . 131
Shiekh Intekhab Alam

xxvii
xxviii Contents

10 “Contextual” as a Prerequisite for “Social”.

A Survey-Based Adaptation of a Housing Case Study
in Abu Dhabi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Apostolos Kyriazis and Magdy Ibrahim

Part II Adaptation Through Frameworks and Feedback

11 Operationalization of Regenerative Design Indicators:

An Integrated Framework of Design and Analysis . . . . . . . . . 175
Arlind Dervishaj
12 Urban Environmental Acupuncture for Climate
Adaptation of Existing Dense Urban Fabric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Michal Stangel
13 Co-benefit Design: A Method for Catalyzing Progress
on Global Climate and Sustainable Development Goals
by Raising Adaptation and Population Health to the Same
Level of Importance as Mitigation in the Design Process . . . . 199
Adele Houghton
14 Design for Climate Adaptation. From Theory to Practice.
Euromed II-Marseille Case Study (France) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Najet Aroua
15 Investigation of Carbon Emission Characteristics of Rural
Residences in Shanghai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Yang Zhang, Ying Zhao, Luxin Xie, and Zitong Ye
16 Hima as a Reversing Instrument to Bring Communities
Back to the Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
SukHee Yun and Tae Yeual Yi
17 A Framework for Voxel-Based Ember Risk Simulation
to Support Building Design for Bushfire-Prone Areas . . . . . . 265
Ruihang Xie, Rui Jiang, and Han Xu
18 Adaptation and Alteration of Aeolian Processes Through
Indigenous and Modern Interventions: Case Study
of Thar Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Medha Bansal, Saumil Nagar, Kai Yeh, and Elif Erdine

Part III Adaptation Through Nature-Based Solutions

19 Buildings as Living Systems—Towards a Tangible

Framework for Ecosystem Services Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Katharina Hecht, Jaco Appelman, and Maibritt Pedersen Zari
20 Unravelling Underlying Perspectives on Nature
of Nature-based Solutions—And Identifying Potentials for
Ecological Architectural Practices in Dunal Landscapes . . . . 307
Anna Aslaug Lund, Ole Fryd, and Gertrud Jørgensen
Contents xxix

21 Urban Seascaping with Seaweed—Multiscalar Network

Mapping as a Framework for Design Analysis and
Projection of Marine Nature-Based Solutions for Coastal
Adaptation in Vejle, Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Soo Ryu
22 Exploring the Hydrological Benefits of a Lid-Based
Stormwater Park at the Block-Level: A Case Study
in Nanjing, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Hanwen Xu and Yuning Cheng
23 The Design Framework of Urban Nature-Based Solutions
for Regenerative Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Judit Boros
24 Ecosystem Services Guiding Built Environment
Design—Understanding the Impacts of Building Practice
on Ecosystems and Their Fundamental Contribution
to Human Wellbeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Marcus Ming Fricke, Katharina Hecht, Michael Vollmer,
and Werner Lang
25 Towards a Biometeorological Design Practice—Architectures
of the Planetary Invironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Klaus Klaas Loenhart
26 Resilient Urban Design Prototypes with Guidelines
of the Coastal City Under Extreme Climate Change:
The Case Study of Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Yiwei Zhang and Rudi Stouffs
27 Revitalizing Infrastructure: Design Study on the Renewal
of Zijang River Dike in Yiyang City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Mengxun Liu, Mengying Tang, Yichen Zhu, and Zhenyu Li
28 Architecture Transforms the City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Hoang Manh Nguyen
29 Orthodox Prosaic Greenway Design at East West Street
Canyons: In Enhancing Street Canyon Microclimate
of Residential Dhaka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Zarrin Tasnim and Ashikur Rahman Joarder
30 Geomorphic Site Planning: Nature Based Solution for Tidal
Flood Prone Lagos Residential Estates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Tunji Adejumo and Segun Esan
31 Nature-Based Adaptation in a Nairobi Informal
Settlement: Addressing Chronic Flooding While Increasing
Community Resilience Through Multi-Benefit Green
Infrastructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Courtney Crosson
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Daddy Joe's
fiddle
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Daddy Joe's fiddle

Author: Faith Bickford

Illustrator: Edith Francis Foster

Release date: November 14, 2023 [eBook #72132]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: H. M. Caldwell Co, 1903

Credits: Steve Mattern, David E. Brown, and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DADDY

JOE'S FIDDLE ***
DADDY JOE’S FIDDLE
“CHEE’S FACE GLOWED. SHE WOULD MAKE MUSIC FOR
HERSELF”
 The
EDITHA SERIES

DADDY
JOE’S
FIDDLE
By
FAITH BICKFORD

With Illustrations by
EDITH FRANCIS FOSTER

H. M. CALDWELL CO.
PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK & BOSTON
 Copyright, 1903
By Dana Estes & Company

All rights reserved

 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
“Chee’s face glowed. She would make music for
herself” (Page 17) Frontispiece
“‘This is a ’portant matter. “Guess so” won’t do.
Say “yes,” please’” 32
“‘Shall I ask Our Father?’” 51
“She stood a moment in meditation, the violin
already under her chin” 71
“‘I’ve saved you from the great Wi-will-mecq’” 91
“It was as though all the plaintive story of a
dying race had been stored in that little red
case” 97
DADDY JOE’S FIDDLE
 CHAPTER I.
A TALL clock in the hall was striking eleven. A tired, but very wide-
awake, little girl was climbing the stairs. “Land sakes, child! Hear
that? Go straight to sleep now. It’s wicked for grown folks to be up
this time of night, say nothing of young ’uns.”
The child made no reply. She had nothing to say. Older people than
Chee have learned to be silent; in her case, lessons had been
unnecessary. Softly closing her chamber door, Chee blew out the
little flame that had lighted her way up the creaking stairs. Instead of
going straight to sleep, she sat down by the open window and began
to unbraid her long, stiff hair. Impatiently she stopped, and clenched
her brown hands. Her cheeks burned as she broke out in bitter
whispers, “Oh, the music! The music! And Aunt Mean called it
wicked. It wasn’t wicked. It was lovely. It made me want to fly right up
to heaven. Guess things that make you feel that way aren’t wicked.
She couldn’t have heard it much,” continued the child, excitedly.
“She was watching the people in front of us, and ’zaminin’ their
clothes. Told Uncle Reuben how many different kinds of stuffs were
on Mrs. Snow’s bonnet; and that beautiful, beautiful song going on
all the while. It wasn’t wicked! The choir at church isn’t wicked, and
this is fifty times nicer. ’Sides—” Her hands dropped limply to her lap.
Her eyes lifted from their watch down the road which lay white and
smooth in the moonlight, the shadows of the trees crouching dark on
either side. Gazing up at the stars she continued, tenderly, “My
Daddy Joe made music on one. He called it his ‘dear old fiddle,’ he
loved it so. No, it can’t be wicked.”
With the thought of Daddy Joe came a new grievance. “And I just
won’t let any one hurt it, either, I won’t. I love it, too. If Aunt Mean
knew, she’d call me wicked, but she sha’n’t know—ever. I’ll make out
I didn’t like the concert, so she can’t guess. No, I won’t, either, I
suppose that ’ud be a lie. I just won’t say anything ’tall about it,
’cause I did like it. Oh, how I liked it, though! Still, I most wish there
had been some one for me to stay with, so’s I couldn’t have gone,
’cause now I’ll wish and wish for always to hear some more.
“I wouldn’t mind so much about the girl in a white dress that sang
those songs, or the man who played on the black organ, somethin’
like the one at Sunday school, only blacker and sweeter—it’s the
fiddle I mind. It sounded like the river when it rubs against the little
stones and tumbles over the rocks; and pretty soon it seemed just
like the stream by the mill-dam, so big and strong-like, with it’s mind
all made up. And then, by and by, it whispered. I wanted to cry then,
—it was funny when I liked it so, too,—it whispered ever and ever so
low, like the leaves talk together just before the rain falls, almost just
like a violet smell could be if it made any noise.”
The moon was rising above the trees. The beauty of the mill-stream
music was forgotten for the murmuring leaf sounds. A softer mood
stole over her heart, stilling its turmoil.
Chee laid her head against the window-frame. Lower and lower it
drooped, until it rested on the sill. The moon had disappeared when
she awoke. The road was swallowed up in blackness. The room was
so dark she could not see her little bed. She felt around, found it, and
crept in. Still, sweet, far-off strains echoed through her dreams,
bringing a smile—half-rapt, half-yearning.
 CHAPTER II.
IT was scarcely daylight. A small white figure was picking its way,
barefooted, across the dusty attic floor. It paused beside an old-
fashioned, hair-covered trunk. Chee’s waking thought had been of
the wonderful concert. Led by some unconscious motive, she had
sought the loft for a sight of Daddy Joe’s fiddle. Raising the lid of the
trunk, she slowly drew forth one article after another,—a scarlet
shawl with little glistening beads fastened in its fringe, a pair of
moccasins, a heavy Indian blanket wrought in gay colors, a silken
scarf. She thoughtfully stroked the rich goods of the scarf and
slipped her feet into the moccasins. “My mamma’s feet were most’s
little’s mine,” she said, in the customary whisper of her reveries.
Spying a small box, she pulled it out and opened it. Across its cover
was printed in large, uneven letters, “Mamma’s Playthings.” Lovingly
she took in her arms a much worn corn-cob dolly; only a few streaks
of paint were left for its face, only a few wisps of hair for its wig. She
handled some little acorn cups and saucers as though they had been
the frailest of china. Then, with a sigh, she remembered what had
brought her to the attic, and laid aside several rudely moulded
figures of clay. The trunk was almost emptied of its contents before
she drew forth a battered violin case, opened it, and with reverent
hands lifted out Daddy Joe’s fiddle. The bridge had slipped;
instinctively she straightened it. “My Daddy Joe’s own dear fiddle.”
Closing her eyes, she tried to remember how he had looked with the
violin under his chin. Perhaps, after all, imagination as well as
memory painted the picture before her,—her father’s tall, straight
form as he drew the bow across the strings; a fainter vision of the
gaily blanketed woman by his side.
“And I was there, too,” she murmured, dreamily fingering a string of
Indians beads that hung around her neck. For some reason Aunt
Mean has never taken these away from her. With a fold of her night-
robe she began to polish the instrument. In doing so she disturbed
one of its yellow strings. A low, trembling note vibrated through the
loft. Chee’s face glowed. She would make music for herself. Why
had she not thought of that before? In her delight, the child put both
her arms around the old violin and passionately hugged it.
Taking the bow from its place, she said, “I’ll find the way they do it. I’ll
begin this very night. Nobody shall hear it, ’cause they’re way
downstairs. ’Sides, they’ll be asleep.”
Chee trembled with excitement. “I’ll hide it where I can find it in the
dark,” she continued, stealthily, “so Aunt Mean’ll never know. She’d
most kill me if she found out. I wonder why her mother named her
such a name. Maybe she guessed what she’d be like when she got
old, like the squaws used to long ago, or maybe it only just
happened to fit her.” With these meditations she carefully hid the old
violin box behind a chest.
Miss Almeana Whittaker, the while, was placidly untying her
nightcap. (Nightcaps were still useful to Miss Almeana.) She was not
in the least suspicious that her heathen niece, as she chose to call
her, was awake at this early hour. She often told her brother that
children kicked against going to bed at night, and might just as well
kick about getting up in the morning. To Chee, she would say, “Go to
bed so’s to get up.”
“Chee! Chee!” came from the stairway.
“Yes, Aunt, I’m awake.”
“What’s struck her to wake this early?” she asked, but that was the
last she thought of it.
 CHAPTER III.
OH, the excitement of the days that followed that memorable
concert! The pleasure, to Chee, of a secret all her own! The attempts
and failures to make music! She was not even familiar with the
beginnings of melody; if she had heard of a scale, she did not known
its meaning. So, for awhile, she tried with her little, trembling fingers,
to draw tones from the old, loosened strings.
After repeated trials and no music, she grew discouraged; even her
untrained ear found something very, very wrong. “It’s the fiddle,” she
concluded, “it’s too old. It won’t work. If I only had a new one now,
brandy-new from the store, I know I could do it. I hear lots of songs
in my head, but I can’t hear them in the fiddle.” However, the idea
that the violin was too old was soon corrected.
One Sunday morning Chee sat in church, thinking there must be
baby birds just outside a window near. The songs the old birds were
singing made her think so. It had been a bright day, but for a moment
the sky was clouded.
“What a terrible big bird Culloo[1] must be to hide the whole sun!
There, he’s gone now. I do hope he will stay away.” Chee shuddered
a little. Aunt Mean frowned at her from the end of the pew. She could
not understand her niece’s fanciful, almost superstitious ideas. It was
not strange that so sensitive a nature as Chee’s, of which the
fantastic beliefs of her mother’s race were a prominent part, could
have little in common with the blunt, doctrinal mind of Aunt Mean.
All the little sounds of the outdoor world had each a separate
individuality for Chee. The tall, stiff poplars in the churchyard,
mingling their metallic rustle with the dainty murmur of the willows,
caused Aunt Mean to think, “I guess it’s going to blow up a storm,
the trees air a-rattling.”
“The poplars are singing with the willows,” thought Chee. “Their
voices sound together just like little Sadie’s and her grandpa’s when
they stand up to sing.” Sadie was a dear, wee tot of a girl, with soft,
flying hair. She sat in the pew ahead of Miss Almeana. Her grandpa
was a tall, stiff-jointed old gentleman. He wore a very long, shiny
coat, and, no matter how warm the day, there was a turkey-red scarf
around his neck. His eyes were small, and glinted like steel. His
nose was thin and straight, and his face always pale. When he left
his pew he immediately put on a high silk hat. Nor did he consider
himself in church until he had reached his old-fashioned seat and
closed its door.
Chee did not like the grandpa very well, he made her feel chilly, she
said; but often she longed to change her own stiff, jetty hair for
Sadie’s fuzzy curls. Her thoughts of the birds and the trees and
Sadie’s curls were suddenly checked by Mr. Green, the minister, who
was saying, “It is something like a violin—the older it grows, and the
oftener it is used, the more valuable it becomes.”
Chee instantly straightened herself in her seat. “Did he mean the
older it is the better it plays? How could he? How funny! Other things
wear out, why don’t fiddles? Guess he must be mistaken, ’cause
’less Daddy Joe’s is too old, what can be the trouble? Wouldn’t the
minister think I was wicked, though, if he knew I loved it like I do? I
s’pose ’course he would, ’cause he’s Aunt Mean’s minister.”
That Aunt Mean could have a minister who did not think just as she,
never occurred to Chee.
“But if I could only make him promise not to tell, he couldn’t—ever,
’cause he’s a minister.”
A few evenings longer she struggled on. The same discordant tones
were the only result. One night the horrible sounds were more than
she could bear. With a shiver, she put away the naughty fiddle.
Baffled and broken-hearted, she crept down to her room. “What shall
I do? Oh, what shall I do?”
Worn out, she threw herself on the floor, and did something very
unusual for Chee—she began to cry. “Nobody can help me. I’m all
’lone. Nobody’s here ’cept Our Father, I s’pose He’s here, ’cause
He’s always everywhere; but I don’t feel Him very much anywhere.
Any way, He wouldn’t make music for me. He used to for Musmi and
his friends, but perhaps He isn’t so fond of music as He used to be
when they lived.”
The thought of heavenly music fascinated her. “I wish I was an
angel, I do. I’d dare ask Him then, any way. He used to do such
things for people in the stories Daddy told me. But Mr. Green only
says He can make us good and such things. I wonder,” she said,
slowly, trying to grasp a new idea, “I wonder if He couldn’t make Mr.
Green think the fiddle isn’t wicked. If He could only do that so I knew
Mr. Green wouldn’t tell Aunt Mean, I could ask him about old fiddles
being as good as new.”
She still lay on the floor. Looking up at the faintly blinking stars, she
murmured, “I don’t believe it would be wrong to ask Our Father to try,
’cause Our Father and I know the fiddle isn’t wicked, even if Aunt
Mean and the minister don’t. I am going to ask Him, any way, this
very night.”
This resolution seemed to comfort her. Beginning to undress, she
tried to think out a prayer. Poor little Chee! She did not realize that as
she had been lying on the floor, looking up at the stars, her heart had
offered its petition. So she kept on framing a prayer that had already
been heard.
At last, kneeling by her bed, she said over the carefully chosen
words, “Our Father, who art in heaven and everywhere, I love Daddy
Joe’s fiddle very much. Better even than the real china tea-set that
Cousin Gertrude sent me, or my string of beads. But I can’t make
music on it, I’m afraid it’s too old. Mr. Green said it couldn’t be, but
I’m afraid I didn’t understand him right. I want to ask him. Can’t Thou
make him not call me wicked, nor Daddy Joe, nor ever tell Aunt
Mean, ’cause Thou knows how mad she’d be.” Chee paused. This
was the prayer she had planned, but something seemed lacking.
After a moment she added, “And if Thou do, I’ll do something for
Thee sometime, only I can’t think of anything now. Thy kingdom
come. And finally save us. Amen.”