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Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 133
Svetlana Igorevna Ashmarina

Valentina Vyacheslavovna Mantulenko Editors
Current
Achievements,
Challenges and
Digital Chances
of Knowledge
Based Economy
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems
Volume 133
Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland
Advisory Editors
Fernando Gomide, Department of Computer Engineering and Automation—DCA,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering—FEEC, University of Campinas—
UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
Okyay Kaynak, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
Derong Liu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA; Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China
Witold Pedrycz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Systems Research Institute,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Marios M. Polycarpou, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks, University of Cyprus,
Nicosia, Cyprus
Imre J. Rudas, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
Jun Wang, Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong,
Kowloon, Hong Kong
The series “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems” publishes the latest
developments in Networks and Systems—quickly, informally and with high quality.
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15179

Svetlana Igorevna Ashmarina•
Valentina Vyacheslavovna Mantulenko

Editors
Current Achievements,
Challenges and Digital
Chances of Knowledge
Based Economy
123
Editors
Svetlana Igorevna Ashmarina Valentina Vyacheslavovna Mantulenko
Applied Management Department Department of Applied Management
Samara State University of Economics Samara State University of Economics
Samara, Russia Samara, Russia
ISSN 2367-3370 ISSN 2367-3389 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems
ISBN 978-3-030-47457-7 ISBN 978-3-030-47458-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47458-4
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
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Contents
Knowledge and Information as Basic Values of a New

Economic Paradigm
Knowledge and Information as an Object of Criminal
Law Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
A. V. Beliakov
Information Space Concept of Interaction Between Digital
and Innovative Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
O. A. Bulavko and L. R. Tuktarova
Information Technologies Significance in Higher Education
in Context of Its Digitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
T. V. Gromova
«Knowledge» and «Information» in the Structure of Modern
Rationality and Human Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A. E. Makhovikov, A. V. Guryanova, and T. G. Stotskaya
Information as Basic Value of Revenue Maximization in Evolving
Public Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
D. Khvalynskiy
Public Diplomacy in the Context of Cross-Border Knowledge-Based
Cooperation Between Universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
A. Zotova
Information and Knowledge: From a Resource to a Key Factor
in Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
S. A. Sevastyanova and A. L. Sevastianova
Digital Forum as a Challenge to Jurisdiction of a Modern State . . . . . . 59
S. K. Stepanov and A. V. Nektov
v
vi Contents
Towards a New Format of Regional Integration:

Co-creation and Application of Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
G. A. Khmeleva and T. Czegledy
The Concept of “Information” in the Law of the Digital Society . . . . . . 79
T. Cherevichenko and A. G. Galkin
Gender Extremism in the Internet Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
M. A. Yavorsky and S. V. Mikheeva
Semantic Metalanguage for Digital Knowledge Representation . . . . . . . 93
V. Dobrova, N. Ageenko, and S. Menshenina
Entrepreneurship in Digital Era: Prospects and Features
of Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
E. V. Rybakova and M. A. Nazarov
Technological Paradigms of Digital Competences Development . . . . . . . 113
M. V. Kurnikova, I. V. Dodorina, and V. B. Litovchenko
Innovative Digital Economy of Regions: Convergence of Knowledge
and Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
E. Chirkunova, V. Y. Anisimova, and N. M. Tukavkin
State’s Legal Policy in the Era of Digitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
A. P. Korobova
Statistical Analysis of the Population and Household Digitization . . . . . 139
N. V. Proskurina and Y. A. Tokarev
The Digital Economy: Challenges and Opportunities for Economic
Development in Russia’s Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
S. V. Domnina, O. A. Podkopaev, and S. U. Salynina
Transformation of Public Administration in the Interests of Digital
Economy Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
A. V. Pavlova and S. I. Ashmarina
Information Technologies for Ensuring Sustainable Development

of Organisations
Informatization of Labor Regulation as Basis for Ensuring
Sustainable Development of Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
I. V. Bogatyreva and L. A. Ilyukhina
The Development of the Domestic Pharmaceutical Industry
in the Context of Digitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
A. Izmaylov, A. Saraev, and Z. Barinova
Contents vii
The Development of the Russian Consumer Lending Market

Under Digitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
O. Y. Kuzmina and M. E. Konovalova
Supply Chain Resilience and Risk Analysis in Construction . . . . . . . . . 197
I. V. Yakhneeva
Basic Principles for Evaluating the Enterprise Performance
in the Digital Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
E. M. Pimenova
Digitization of JSC “RZD” Electric Networks Activity:
Problems and Prospects of Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
T. B. Efimova and E. V. Chupac
Analysis of Ethnic Tourism Resources and Content Placement
on a Digital Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
E. A. Solentsova, M. V. Krzyzewski, and A. A. Kapitonov
Assessment of the Digitalization Level of the Regional
Investment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
L. K. Agaeva
Economic Efficiency Assessment of Investments
in Production Digitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
A. A. Chudaeva
Legal Regulation of Realtor Activity in Conditions of Using
Information Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
F. F. Spanagel
Processes of Informatization in the Accounting of an Enterprise:
The Methodological Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
S. V. Andreeva
Managing the Financial Stability of an Enterprise
in a Digital Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
F. T. Betaneli, N. V. Nikitina, and P. Zhelev
Application of Information Technologies in Tax Administration . . . . . . 273
O. L. Mikhaleva and M. Vochozka
Information Technologies in Increasing Competitiveness of Small
and Medium-Sized Construction Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
E. V. Volkodavova and S. M. Petrov
Development Approaches of Gaming Applications Under
Conditions of Innovative Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
L. E. Popok, A. V. Mantulenko, and M. O. Suraeva
viii Contents
Information and Analytical Support for Enterprise

Business Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
O. A. Naumova and M. A. Tyugin
Prospects for Promoting a Tourist Product Using Virtual
Information Space Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
O. V. Petryanina
Features of Digitalization of the Business Sector
in the Russian Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
O. V. Trubetskaya
Electronic Document Management in International Carriage:
Russian Experience of Railway Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
R. V. Fedorenko, O. D. Pokrovskaya, and E. R. Khramtsova
Automation Problems of ABC Costing in Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
O. Potasheva
Role of Losses in the Financial Statements of Digital Companies . . . . . . 341
U. E. Monastyrsky
Automation of Design and Technological Preparation
of Repair Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
A. Kornilova, E. Acri, and N. N. Pronina
Augmented Reality, Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Education

and Business
Artificial Intelligence in the Contemporary Digital Environment . . . . . . 355
J. D. Ermakova
Application of Big Data in the Educational Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Yu. I. Efremova
Artificial Intelligence as an Object of Legal Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
T. Kazankova
Application of Information Technologies in Physical Education
in Samara Higher Educational Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
O. A. Kazakova, L. A. Ivanova, and V. S. Martynenko
Applied Pattern of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in Business . . . . 383
A. V. Loshkarev
Artificial Intelligence Technologies in the Field of Legal Services:
Relevant Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
N. V. Deltsova
Augmented Reality Technology in Russian Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
A. V. Levchenko, Yu. V. Shikhovtsov, and A. V. Timoshenko
Contents ix
Big Data Analytics in the Model “Cargo Flow—Transport

and Logistics Infrastructure” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
E. V. Bolgova, V. A. Haitbaev, and S. A. Nikishchenkov
Digital Education Influence on Students’ Intellectual Development
and Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
G. N. Alexandrova, M. V. Cherkunova, and J. S. Starostina
The Main Ethical Risks of Using Artificial Intelligence in Business . . . . 423
E. L. Sidorenko, Z. I. Khisamova, and U. E. Monastyrsky
Actual Problems of Industry Digitalization in Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
A. B. Vishnyakova, D. A. Bondarenko, and M. A. Agisheva
Factor Analysis as a Modeling Tool in the Digital Economy . . . . . . . . . 441
O. A. Dinukova and N. N. Gunko
Digital Platforms and Sharing Economy

Waste Management and Circular Economy in the Public Discourse
in Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
B. Nikitina
Digital Platforms and Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
G. Panova
Sharing Economy and Legal Barriers to Its Development . . . . . . . . . . . 473
E. L. Sidorenko
Development of Sharing as a Factor in the Tertiarization
of the World Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
V. A. Perepelkin
Digital Platforms in Modern Enterprise Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
S. A. Chevereva and E. S. Popova
On the Development of an Integrated Information System
of Municipal Finance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
A. A. Petrogradskaya
Industrial Digital Transformation and Ecosystem Formation Based
on Advanced Digital Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
O. Pudovkina and E. Ivanova
Global Challenges and Infrastructure Background of the Economic
Security of Regional Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
V. A. Noskov
Smart City and Living Standards: Significant Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . 531
E. Repina
x Contents
Smart City: Ensuring Economic Security of Administrative Center

of the Russian Entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
I. A. Svetkina
App-Based Multimedia in Foreign Language Teaching:
Options for Language Learner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
O. V. Belyakova and N. A. Pyrkina
Potential of Digital Footprints for Economies and Education

Digital Potential of Economic Education: Information Technologies
in a Management University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
F. F. Sharipov, T. Yu. Krotenko, and M. A. Dyakonova
Digital Footprint Interpretation in Vocabulary Training When
Working with Electronic Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
A. L. Kuregyan and E. A. Pertsevaya
Prospects of Digital Footprints Use in the Higher Education . . . . . . . . . 581
V. V. Mantulenko
Digital Footprint Analysis to Develop a Personal Digital
Competency-Based Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
L. V. Kapustina
Academic Development in the Era of Globalization of Scientific
Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
P. M. Taranov and M. A. Taranov
Learningmetry: Effectiveness E-Learning Measuring and Reflection
of Educational Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
N. A. Zaychikova
Peculiarities of the Digital Generation in the Context of Education
and Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
S. Grishaeva and E. Mitrofanova
The Role of Social Networks in the Adaptation of People
with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
N. A. Ustina
Digital Autism as a Factor of Reduced Physical Activity
of the Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
S. I. Zizikova, I. V. Nikolaeva, and O. B. Paramonova
Socio-Cultural Consequences of Digitalization

Problems of Digital Processing of Documents in Interaction
Between Tax Relations Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
A. V. Azarkhin
Contents xi
Technology Transformation in Education:

Consequences of Digitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
T. G. Bondarenko, T. P. Maksimova, and O. A. Zhdanova
Using Innovative Technologies During Sports Training
in the Additional Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
A. M. Danilova and A. D. Voronin
Features of Digital Transformation of Modern
Banking Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
A. M. Mikhaylov and N. A. Petrov
The Use of Digitalization in the Characterization of Illegal
Banking Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
I. E. Milova, A. S. Knyaz’kina, and A. M. Mozgunova
Civil Litigation Principles Transformation in Sight of Digitalization
Impact on Legal Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
E. N. Churakova
Digital Technologies of Tax Administration in Resolving
Tax Disputes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
O. S. Skachkova
Digitalization of the Openness Principle of Civil Proceedings:
Enunciation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
G. E. Ageeva
Recognition of Cryptocurrency as an Object of Civil Rights
by Russian Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
E. K. Gubaydullina
Social and Legal Aspects of Remote Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
M. K. Kot
Shaping the Model of Digital Economy in Russia and Its Regions . . . . . 725
V. I. Menshchikova, E. Yu. Merkulova, N. V. Molotkova,
and E. P. Pecherskaya
Social and Ethical Problems of Digital Technologies Application
in Human Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
V. G. Konovalova and A. E. Mitrofanova
Digital Economy and Intelligent Supply Chain Management:
International Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
K. Doan, S. Carrino, N. V. Ivanova, and T. E. Evtodieva
Innovative Solutions for Ensuring Information Security
of Modern Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
A. V. Balanovskaya, A. V. Volkodaeva, and A. Yu. Smol’kova
xii Contents
System Approach to the Control Organization

of Management Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
S. V. Sharokhina and T. A. Shevchenko
Digitization in the Development of Program Budgeting in Russia . . . . . 771
L. N. Mulendeeva
Procurement Analysis by Regions of Russia: Data from the Unified
Information System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
I. S. Pinkovetskaia and I. N. Nikitina
Prospects for the Development of the Russian Telemedicine Market:
Legal Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
A. Sidorova, A. Bezverkhov, and A. Yudin
Information Technologies as a Tool for Preventing Corruption
in Organizations in Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
R. R. Khasnutdinov and N. S. Maloletkina
Regional Labor Market: Supply and Demand in the Context
of Digitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
M. Simonova, Y. Lyachenkov, and E. Kostikova
Internet-Banking as a Part of Russian Digitalization:
The Key Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
S. Y. Salomatina
Reforming Issues of Entrepreneurship in the Digital Economy . . . . . . . 825
G. I. Yakovlev, A. V. Streltsov, and E. Yu. Nikulina
Statistical Analysis of Scientific and Technological Potential
of the Russian Federation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
N. Kulikova and N. Persteneva
Social and Cultural Consequences of Digitalization in Higher
Humanitarian Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
A. Klyushina, O. Shalifova, L. Stoykovich, and G. Stoykovich
The Digital Economy, Cyber Security and Russian Criminal Law . . . . . 851
S. P. Bortnikov and A. V. Denisova
Cryptocurrencies in the Regulatory Field of International
Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
Ilya Lifshits
Knowledge and Information as Basic
Values of a New Economic Paradigm
Knowledge and Information as an Object
of Criminal Law Protection
A. V. Beliakov
Abstract Recently, the number of registered crimes in the field of information and
telecommunication technologies has increased several times. The relevance of devel-
oping issues related to information security is increasing. The solution of this problem
is not possible without working out the legal mechanism. In our country, this problem
is generally resolved. There are a number of regulations that define the mechanism
under consideration. Criminal law plays a key role in this case. In this paper, we have
identified about 40 structures that provide for criminal liability for violation of the
rules for handling information. The selected set determined the need for ordering
them by classifying them. Thus, two groups of acts were identified, depending on
the approach of the legislator in describing the objective features of the crime. In
the course of studying the special literature, a natural tendency was revealed that
determines the need for a theoretical rethinking of some basic concepts in criminal
law. For example, the need for a broader interpretation of the concept of object of
crime is justified.
Keywords Information security · Unauthorized access · The subject of crime ·

The tools of crime
1 Introduction
In accordance with presidential decree No. 204 of May 7, 2018 [1], one of the key
goals is to achieve breakthrough scientific, technological, and socio-economic devel-
opment of the Russian Federation. To achieve this goal, the same legal act provides
for the implementation of tasks related to accelerating the technological development
of the Russian Federation and increasing the number of organizations that implement
technological innovations. The government of the Russian Federation is tasked with
creating a national program (project) on the topic “Digital Economy”. Specifying
the tasks, the decree contains a number of targets, which in particular should include:
A. V. Beliakov (B)
Samara State University of Economics, Samara, Russia
e-mail: Belekov2007@ya.ru
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 3

S. I. Ashmarina and V. V. Mantulenko (eds.), Current Achievements, Challenges
and Digital Chances of Knowledge Based Economy, Lecture Notes in Networks
and Systems 133, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47458-4_1
4 A. V. Beliakov
the creation of a stable and secure information and telecommunications infrastruc-

ture for high-speed transmission, processing and storage of large amounts of data,
accessible to all organizations and households; the use of mainly domestic software
by state bodies, local governments and organizations. As we can see, the solution
of the problem of information and telecommunications infrastructure security is a
task without which it is impossible to achieve the strategic goals set for the state. It
is extremely difficult to ensure security in modern society without working out its
legal basis.
Before this study, the problem of information protection is put on the resolution.
The relevance of this study is also evidenced by statistical data. Thus, according
to the Prosecutor General’s office of the Russian Federation in 2017, the number
of crimes in the field of information and telecommunication technologies increased
from 65,949 to 90,587. Their share of all criminal acts registered in Russia is 4.4%—
this is almost every 20 crimes. The most common of them are the so-called “computer
crimes” [6]. In 2019, the number of such crimes reached 294,400 [5]. These questions
are also the subject of active discussion in the special literature [3, 4, 7–9, 12].
2 Methodology
To substantiate the problem, in particular to prove the existence of violations in the use
of information, a statistical research method was used. In this study, using the analysis
of the dispositions of articles of criminal law, the features associated with information
were identified, which were used as a basis for grouping the corresponding elements
of crimes.
In the course of the study of various regulations that define the mechanism of
information protection in Russia, a comparative legal method was used. Based on
the results of the analysis of articles of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation,
a list of crimes aimed at protecting information was synthesized, which in turn was
grouped according to the relevant grounds.
3 Results
Currently, the mechanism of criminal legal protection of information in Russia has

developed and exists. However, for its most effective operation, it is necessary in
addition to applied problems. In particular, it is necessary to revise the concept
of defining the subject of crimes. In criminal and civil legislation, the concepts of
property and information should be fixed. It is necessary to determine the regularities
of systematization of criminal law norms that protect public relations related to the
use of information.
Knowledge and Information as an Object of Criminal Law Protection 5
4 Discussion
The Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaims and guarantees the right to
freedom of information. In this case, the exception is information that constitutes a
state secret. The legislation defines information as an object of public, civil and other
legal relations. It also declares the principle of free transfer of information between
individuals, as well as the possibility of limiting it by federal law [2]. Thus, there are
two types of information: public and restricted access.
Information depending on the order of its presentation or distribution subdivided
into: information, freely available; information provided under the agreement of the
persons participating in the relevant relations; information that in accordance with
Federal law shall be provided or disclosed; information which dissemination in the
Russian Federation is restricted or prohibited.
The same law imposes a number of restrictions on the use of information in order to
protect it. In particular, the following types of information are protected: information
constituting a state secret; information constituting a commercial secret, official
secret and other secret; information obtained in the performance of professional
duties; personal data.
Liability for violation of the rules for using information is provided for, including
criminal law. So, for example, M., acting intentionally, realizing the illegality of his
actions, out of personal interest, through correspondence using an Internet messen-
ger, asked B. to illegally replace the SIM card of the subscriber number no., the owner
or actual user of which he was not, to which B. as a result of his persuasions agreed,
thereby M. declined by asking and persuading B. illegal access to legally protected
computer information contained in the database and modification of computer infor-
mation, i.e. the Commission of a crime. Then B., M. inclined to the Commission of
the offence by instigation, wanting to be of service to M. in accordance with a prior
agreement with him, that is, acting out of personal interest, while at his workplace,
using his official position specialist sales office, intentionally, without legal grounds
(references and a written statement of the subscriber, its representative or the actual
user ID) for access to personal data of the subscriber, information about the pro-
vided telecommunication services and SIM cards, acting unlawful in violation of the
job requirements through regular software, using the account of an employee of the
above-mentioned sales office, she carried out illegal access to the legally protected
computer information contained in the database—information about the communi-
cation services provided to the actual user of the subscriber number, after which
she replaced the SIM card numbers by making appropriate changes to the database,
which led to modification of the computer information contained in the database.
After completing the procedure for replacing the SIM card, M., who is not the owner
and user of the specified subscriber number, acting intentionally, received a SIM card
from B. At the same time, the registered subscriber of the number, its representative
or the actual user of the specified subscriber number did not contact the sales offices
about replacing the SIM card. The court also qualified B.’s actions under article 272
of the criminal code [11].
6 A. V. Beliakov
However, the legislator has different approaches to formulating rules for the mis-
use of information. In particular, if we consider the violations we are interested in
from the point of view of the elements of crime, they can be divided into two groups.
Compositions in which information acts as a means of committing a crime. These
include:
1. Article 128.1 Libel.
2. Article 185.3. Market manipulation.
3. Article 185.6. Misuse of insider information.
4. Article 336. Insulting a soldier.
5. Article 207. Deliberately false report of an act of terrorism.
6. Article 298.1. Libel against a judge, juror, Prosecutor, investigator, person
conducting an inquiry, bailiff.
7. Article 306. Deliberately false denunciation.
8. Article 319. Insulting a government official.
9. Article 200.6. Deliberately false expert opinion….
10. Article 237. Concealment of information about circumstances that pose a risk
to life or health.
11. Article 287. Refusal to provide information to the Federal Assembly of the
Russian Federation or the accounting chamber of the Russian Federation.
12. Article 307. Knowingly false testimony, expert opinion, or incorrect translation.
13. Article 308. Refusal of a witness or victim to testify.
14. Article 330.2. Failure to comply with the obligation to submit a notification that
a citizen of the Russian Federation has citizenship (citizenship) of a foreign state
or a residence permit or other valid document confirming the right to permanent
residence in a foreign state.
15. Article 140. Refusal to provide information to a citizen.
16. Article 170.2. Entering deliberately false information in the boundary plan,
technical plan, survey report, land survey project or land plots or map-plan of
the territory.
17. Article 171.1. Production, acquisition, storage, transportation or sale of goods
and products without marking and (or) applying information provided for by
the legislation of the Russian Federation.
18. Article 172.3. Failure to include information about funds placed by individu-
als and individual entrepreneurs in the financial documents of accounting and
reporting of a credit institution.
19. Article 185.1. Malicious evasion of disclosure or provision of information
defined by the legislation of the Russian Federation on securities.
20. Article 185.5. Falsification of the decision of the General meeting of sharehold-
ers.
Structures in which information acts as a subject of criminal law protection. These
include:
1. Article 137. Violation of privacy.
2. Article 138. Violation of the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversa-

tions, postal, telegraphic or other messages.
3. Article 138.1. Illegal circulation of special technical means intended for secret
obtaining of information.
4. Article 146. Violation of copyright and related rights.
5. Article 147. Infringement of inventive and patent rights.
6. Article 155. Disclosure of the secret of adoption).
7. Article 180. Illegal use of means of individualization of goods (works, services).
8. Article 183. Illegal receipt and disclosure of information constituting commer-
cial, tax or banking secrets.
9. Article 272. Unauthorized access to computer information.
10. Article 273. Creating, using, and distributing malicious computer programs.
11. Article 274. Violation of the rules for using computer information and
information and telecommunications networks.
12. Article 275. Treason.
13. Article 276. Espionage.
14. Article 283. Disclosure of state secrets.
15. Article 283.1. Illegal receipt of information constituting a state secret.
16. Article 284. Loss of documents containing state secrets.
17. Article 310. Disclosure of preliminary investigation data.
18. Article 311. Disclosure of information about security measures applied to judges
and participants in criminal proceedings.
19. Article 320. Disclosure of information about security measures applied to an
official of a law enforcement or Supervisory authority.
20. Article 274.1. Undue influence on the critical information infrastructure of the
Russian Federation.
This method of grouping has already been used in special literature, but significant
changes in the current legislation have determined the need for its correction and
addition. Based on the goals of this study, the second group of compounds is of the
greatest interest. At the same time, it should be noted that in this work, the object of
the crime will be understood as public relations protected by criminal law, which are
harmed by the crime or create a real threat of harm. Signs of the object are: public
relations, the subject of crimes, the victim. Thus, information that is not a public
relation cannot be the object of a crime.
Based on the content of the analyzed articles, the category under consideration
is closest in content to such a feature of the composition of crimes as the subject.
Currently, the subject of crimes is usually understood as the object of the material
world, by affecting which a person causes harm to public relations themselves. This
approach is called a “real concept”. However, recently, taking into account the current
trends in the informatization of public relations, there have been comments about the
need to expand this approach. For example, it is proposed to recognize information as
the subject of crimes against property, since it has all the characteristics of property.
These include the value and ability to act as an object of civil relations [10].
8 A. V. Beliakov
However, it is impossible to fully agree with this point of view. Information can
be different in content, and therefore different in meaning. As some authors rightly
point out, such a property of information as copying allows its owner not just to
transfer it to other people, but to share it, increasing the number of copies. In this
case, for example, illegal copying of information that even has a monetary equivalent
does not have the signs of theft described in criminal law.
One of the reasons for this scientific discussion is the absence of the concepts of
property and information in criminal and civil legislation, as well as the uncertain
status of the latter as an object of civil law relations. The above suggests that it is
quite difficult to adapt the current legislation by a new interpretation of the subject of
a separate crime. Rapidly developing information technologies require more radical
changes in the theoretical interpretation of the subject of crimes, namely a more
extensive one.
In the Russian criminal law and its branch legislation, there are structures that
traditionally protect property rights. Their construction is mostly based on the concept
of “theft” in the traditional (real) sense, but now there is a need to describe these
actions in relation to information.
To substantiate the proposed hypothesis, it is necessary to consider in more detail
some of the features of the objective side, with which the legislator describes crim-
inal misconduct in relation to information. These include: collection, distribution,
disposal of information, demonstration; access to information; obtaining informa-
tion; misappropriation, illegal use, acquisition, storage, transportation; disclosure
of secrets; unauthorized access; unauthorized destruction, blocking, modification,
copying; violation of the rules for processing or transmitting information; issuance,
transfer or loss of information; illegal impact on the critical information infrastructure
of the Russian Federation.
The above indicates a much broader range of illegal actions that can be committed
in relation to information as the subject of a crime in comparison, for example, with
property in the traditional (real) sense. However, it is not possible to commit theft of
information under the current legislation.
5 Conclusion
The formal framework does not allow you to fully produce a full-fledged study that
would allow you to fully and reasonably answer the questions posed. However, the
identification of the problem, and the justification for its resolution, is also an initial,
but still a significant part of the study. For this reason, the conclusions in this paper
will be formulated not only affirmative theses, but also suggestions for solving some
problems in future studies.
The above allows us to state that at present the mechanism of criminal legal protec-
tion of information in Russia has developed and exists. However, for its most effective
operation, it is necessary to solve a number of fundamental problems in addition to
applied ones. In particular, the question of the conceptual apparatus remains unre-
solved. Also, the variety of criminal law norms devoted to the protection and lawful
use of information determine the need to resolve the issue of their classification and
place in the Russian criminal law system. The division proposed in this paper is only
the beginning for more thorough work.
References
1. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 204 of May 7, 2018. On national goals
and strategic objectives for the development of the Russian Federation for the period up to
2024. http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/57425. Accessed 26 Feb 2020
2. Federal law of July 27, 2006 N 149-FZ. On information, information technologies and infor-
mation protection. https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/rus_e/WTACCRUS58_LEG_
369.pdf. Accessed 26 Feb 2020
3. Frolova EE, Polyakova TA, Dudin MN, Rusakova EP, Kucherenko PA (2018) Information
security of Russia in the digital economy: the economic and legal aspects. J Adv Res Law
Econ 9(1):89–95
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trustable operations and data exchange in a global digital economy. In: de Oliviera FC (ed)
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pomoshchiu-it-tehnologij.html. Accessed 20 Feb 2020. (in Russian)
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Rhino-Otologie 97(10):713–716
Information Space Concept
of Interaction Between Digital
and Innovative Economy
O. A. Bulavko and L. R. Tuktarova
Abstract The article investigates possibilities of effective formation of the innova-

tion economy (knowledge economy), information technologies that have a positive
impact on the development of the digital economy. Improving the digital economy
development can increase the economic growth rate, the GDP share, and complete
the implementation of national projects. This goal can be achieved through a close
interaction between the innovative economy, development of production processes,
digital and information technologies. Indicators of the innovative activity and innova-
tiveness are also of great importance in this aspect. The authors identify innovative
development tools based on digital and information technologies that allow shift-
ing the vector of interaction between institutions and enterprises that contribute to
increasing the growth of both production and knowledge-intensive potential.
Keywords Digital economy · Innovative technologies · Digital technologies ·

Innovative economy · Intellectual capital · Economic growth rates
1 Introduction
Currently, the transition to the development of high-tech industries and the forma-
tion of a new information society is particularly relevant for all Russian regions. At
the same time, there is an increasing need for software development and implemen-
tation, and the release of new specialized equipment. In accordance with the new
requirements, Russian enterprises should reorient themselves to high-tech products,
while increasing innovative indicators and the number of cooperation agreements
with high educational institutions and secondary professional organizations. In our
opinion, digital and information technologies and information support programs are
O. A. Bulavko (B) · L. R. Tuktarova

e-mail: vikigor163@mail.ru
L. R. Tuktarova
e-mail: tuktarovalr@rambler.ru

12 O. A. Bulavko and L. R. Tuktarova
the main tools for stimulating the growth of the innovative economy, which con-
tribute to the development of enterprises and allow shifting the trajectory towards
high-tech industries. A lot of authors consider the impact of human capital formation
and the impact of the Internet on economic growth [1, 7, 9, 10].
At the moment, the development of information technologies is very rapid, and the
number of users on the Internet is growing every day. Any file presented in the digital
form can be copied, modified, and distributed. This is why multimedia products
are vulnerable to illegal use. In connection with this problem, various methods of
information protection are being developed. Digital data protection is provided by
cryptography and stenography methods. The main difference between these methods
is that cryptographic methods hide the contents of the file by encryption, while
stenographic methods hide the fact that any information is transmitted.
Information technologies cover all areas of human and state activity and are
becoming increasingly important in the development of the economy, positively
affecting the national welfare and receiving so-called “digital dividends”. According
to this report, “digital economy” is defined as a paradigm for accelerating economic
development through digital technologies. Thus, the digital economy and informa-
tion technologies are a powerful tool for effective development of the innovative
economy [13].
2 Methodology
In the course of this research, methods of stochastic, retrospective, prospective, and

comparative analysis were applied. The authors use empirical research methods,
as well as methods of analogy, interpretation, comparison, and generalization. The
applied statistical methods enabled to obtain quantitative characteristics that allow
avoiding minor deviations in the research process.
3 Results
When forming elements of a new economic policy, there is a strong correlation

between the economic development rate and the share of investment in human and
fixed capital in the GDP. Combining these factors produces approximately 85% of
the economic growth. At the same time, a very important proof, according to some
authors, is the fact that centralized functions, such as research and development, asset
optimization, corporate planning (strategies, investment planning), are of great value
for business [7].
A positive factor for the development of the innovative economy, namely the
knowledge economy, is provided by ICT use in education, both at the secondary and
higher levels. This topic is considered to the works of Tam et al. [12]. In Table 1, the
authors present the interaction of intellectual capital and the innovative economy.
Information Space Concept of Interaction Between Digital … 13
Table 1 Requirements of the innovative economy for intellectual capital

Characteristic Content Requirements of the innovative
economy
Motivation The combination of internal and Active communication and
external driving forces for innovations interaction of innovators in the market
Knowledge The result of the learning process, Areas: scientific, technical,
formally confirmed by documents on humanitarian, social
education Professional knowledge: engineering,
Skills Set of mastered ways to perform IT-technologies, bioengineering,
actions. physics, medicine, chemistry,
economics, entrepreneurship, etc.
Abilities Knowledge and skills implemented in
practice
Investments Funds for health maintenance, Human capital is the basis for the
education and professional growth of an innovative economy
development
Source authors
Investments in human capital are the most important factor in shaping its image
that meets the requirements of an innovative economy. Investments in education,
science, and health care contribute to the formation and development of human
capital from the perspective of a process approach to the development of innovations
in the region. Human capital is a qualitative characteristic of the influence of the
human factor on the results of the economic activity in general and innovations in
particular. The analysis and improvement of the terminological apparatus allowed us
to formulate a number of key conclusions for the development of innovative activities
and the formation of a new technological order [8].
The intensity of innovative activity and innovative processes determine the level
of economic development and the nature of economic growth. Effective deployment
of innovative processes in the Russian economy is associated with the strengthening
of its scientific and innovative potential, the orientation of scientific organizations to
the solution of socio-economic problems.
The development of the innovative activity in Russia looks very modest compared
with indicators of the European Union countries, including former Eastern European
countries, as well as Japan, a number of countries in Central, South and North Amer-
ica, New Zealand, and Australia. Russia is inferior even to the average economic
development countries, such as Mexico, Estonia, Latvia, Slovenia, Hungary, etc.
The main indicator that characterizes the effectiveness of innovative activities is
the share of innovative products in the total volume of industrial products. According
to the opinion of a number of Russian scientists, which the authors also adhere to,
the threshold value of the considered indicative indicator is 15%.
At present, the potential for economic growth based on the export-raw material
model is almost exhausted. It is necessary to switch to an innovative development
way, which opens opportunities for modernizing the Russian economy, increasing
the pace and efficiency of its development based on the intensive use of domestic
intellectual potential and the development of advanced technologies.
It is supposed to bring a resource base under the Russian economic development
in the form of scientific and technical development, high-tech goods and services
and on this basis to diversify and improve the quality of the economic growth, to
raise the efficiency of the primary resources usage. Accelerated development of
the scientific and educational complex and high-tech industrial sectors will create an
effective growth potential for the domestic economy. Increasing the number of signed
cooperation agreements between institutions, universities and enterprises will allow
graduates to improve their practical skills in real life, expand the number of business
contracts, and put enterprises on an innovative development path. This restructuring
will require major investments in the development of the scientific and educational
complex, updating the material and technical base of the industry, and creating new
high-tech industries.
As a tool for the development of digital technologies that can improve the effi-
ciency both in the production and in the high-tech industries, the authors propose a
computer shorthand method, the main directions of which are: digital stenography
methods and methods focused on the data format. These signals include images,
video data, and audio files.
Often, there are also problems with copyright infringement. One of the most
popular and effective methods in the field of stenography for copyright protection
and protection against unauthorized copying is to embed shorthand inserts in the
protected object—labels that carry a certain identifier of the copyright holder. These
labels are called digital watermarks. Currently, the problem of copyright protection
focuses on the protection of intangible property. The main component of intangible
property is the intellectual property. This problem has become particularly important
with the development of digital technologies and the Internet. One way to solve this
problem is to embed digital watermarks in multimedia files, in particular in digital
images and video data.
4 Discussion
The spread of high technologies in the industrial sphere shows the need to spread
and develop scientific and technological developments based on certain knowledge,
which are a prerequisite for long-term economic growth and prosperity. At the same
time, a synergistic effect can be obtained thanks to the breakthrough of the fourth
industrial revolution, defined as “Industry 4.0”, which is based on the “digitalization”
of industry and production. Schulze [11] in his research proves that the integration of
high technologies and traditional industry into a network of active players grouped
around the “authorized” state characterizes the European model. This model is based
on elements of reindustrialization, and a sufficient background in additive technolo-
gies, digital design and modeling. Technological breakthroughs in many industries
are possible with implemented developments and funded research.
Research and development is possible using intellectual capital, which, according

to some authors [5], consists of human capital and intellectual assets. The problem of
studying intellectual capital and information technologies in the space of interaction
with the digital economy has not been sufficiently studied. In order to study this inter-
action, the following main aspects are proposed. In the course of our research, it is
necessary to consider the process of interdependence between information technolo-
gies, production, the digital economy and human capital. The problem of information
literacy and the development of information and communication technologies were
considered in the works of Feldvari and Varga [6]. Questions of development of
neuro-network digitalization were studied by Dyatlov et al. [4]. Problems of digital
economy include the implementation of multimedia products that are vulnerable to
their illegal use. In connection with this problem, various methods of information
protection are being developed. Digital data protection is provided by cryptography
and stenography methods.
5 Conclusion
An important aspect of the interrelation between the digital and innovative economies
is tools for implementing the intellectual capital in the framework of the digital
economic paradigm. One of the problems (copyright protection) can be solved using
a “demonstration of ownership” scenario. If the author of an intellectual product
wants to prove the fact of authorship then after creating this product, he embeds a
persistent watermark in it, which can uniquely identify him as the owner. Due to the
specific nature of this application, it should be as resistant as possible to a wide range
of distortions, such as linear and nonlinear filtering, lossy compression, cropping,
and others. Thus, the innovative economy and information technologies are rightly
considered as the most important factor in the development of the digital economy, the
renewal of industrial production, and human resources aimed at achieving economic,
social, and knowledge-intensive results.
For the Russian Federation, the transformation of economic relations and the
transition to a new technological order is important, as it allows us to overcome
the trends of increasing technological and intellectual lag, reduce the dominance of
rent-oriented attitudes in the society and ultimately take a worthy place among the
world leaders of the globalizing world. For the authors, the motivation for choos-
ing transformational mechanisms for the formation and development of the digital
economy was the multidimensional nature of the topic, covering a wide range of
issues related to the formation of coalitions as a separate mechanism for acceler-
ating modernization processes, transforming risk into a specific type of resource
for the development of innovative systems, using human capital in the interests and
methods of regulating the information and innovative economy. The study of these
issues allowed us to form a more complete picture of the modernization mecha-
nisms aimed at improving the development of innovation policy in the conditions
of improving the digital economy development. All the above-mentioned problems
of transformation of the world regulatory system into a global management mega-

system require new scientific understanding, classification and identification of its
structural elements, structurally and functionally subordinated by sublevels, based
on the use of an interdisciplinary entropy-synergy approach, as well as the develop-
ment of an organizational mechanism for resolving poly-system contradictions of the
global economy and ensuring its sustainable development in conditions of increasing
hyper-competition [3].
In the context of growing informatization of the economy, the quality of economic
growth becomes much more important, expressed in such indicators as: the quality of
life, the environmental factor, competitiveness, strengthening resource conservation;
improving the quality and diversity of products; increasing the profitability of high-
tech industries, and sustainable economic development.
The most important obstacle for companies’ innovative activity during the crisis
was the high uncertainty of the development prospects of sales markets. The uncer-
tainty factor for the economy’s prospects was also enhanced by the low predictability
of government actions [2].
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Information Technologies Significance
in Higher Education in Context of Its
Digitalization
T. V. Gromova
Abstract The problem is that the education system does not meet the challenges of
the digital economy. The digital economy requires competent personnel, to whose
training is necessary to improve education system and specialized training, adapt
didactic programs in accordance with digital challenges. The goal of the paper is to
promote the introduction of information technologies in the framework of digital-
ization in the education system and professional training of students by improving
the efficiency of the educational process. This is done by analyzing and identifying
the distinctive features of the teacher of distance and traditional learning systems,
revealing the essence of the main models of distance education, elements of the
work of the distance learning teacher. The research methods included both empirical
(observation, comparison, etc.) and theoretical (analysis, synthesis, modeling, etc.).
The article considers the objective factors of integration of information technolo-
gies in the higher education system, and the relationship between the functions of
information technologies and their methodological and communicative potential in
education.
Keywords Digital economy · Digital education · Information and communication

technologies · Distance education · Distance learning · Distance learning teacher
1 Introduction
Radical socio-administrative and cultural transformations happening nowadays are

the motive of innovations that penetrate all spheres of public life: from the economy
to education. The education system should provide society with a confident transition
to a digital age focused on productivity growth and human needs. In 2017 Ministry
of education and science of Russia launched the project “Modern digital educational
T. V. Gromova (B)
e-mail: gromova73@yandex.ru

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the morning till ten at night, with an hour at dinner-time and half an
hour at breakfast and again at supper. These spare moments every
day I devoutly spent on my books, chiefly in the rudiments of Latin
and Greek; for I had given my soul to God, and was resolved to aim
at being a missionary of the Cross, or a minister of the Gospel. Yet I
gladly testify that what I learned of the stocking frame was not
thrown away; the facility of using tools, and of watching and keeping
the machinery in order, came to be of great value to me in the
Foreign Mission field.
How much my father’s prayers at this time impressed me I can
never explain, nor could any stranger understand. When, on his
knees and all of us kneeling around him in Family Worship, he
poured out his whole soul with tears for the conversion of the
heathen world to the service of Jesus, and for every personal and
domestic need, we all felt as if in the presence of the living Saviour,
and learned to know and love Him as our Divine Friend. As we rose
from our knees, I used to look at the light on my father’s face, and
wish I were like him in spirit,—hoping that, in answer to his prayers,
I might be privileged and prepared to carry the blessed Gospel to
some portion of the heathen world.
One incident of this time I must record here, because of the lasting
impression made upon my religious life. Our family, like all others of
peasant rank in the land, were plunged into deep distress, and felt
the pinch severely, through the failure of the potato, the badness of
other crops, and the ransom-price of food. Our father had gone off
with work to Hawick, and would return next evening with money and
supplies; but meantime the meal barrel ran empty, and our dear
mother, too proud and too sensitive to let any one know, or to ask aid
from any quarter, coaxed us all to rest, assuring us that she had told
God everything, and that He would send us plenty in the morning.
Next day, with the carrier from Lockerbie came a present from her
father, who, knowing nothing of her circumstances or of this special
trial, had been moved of God to send at that particular nick of time a
love-offering to his daughter, such as they still send to each other in
those kindly Scottish shires—a bag of new potatoes, a stone of the
first ground meal or flour, or the earliest homemade cheese of the
season—which largely supplied all our need. My mother, seeing our
surprise at such an answer to her prayers, took us around her knees,
thanked God for His goodness, and said to us,—
“O my children, love your heavenly Father, tell Him in faith and
prayer all your needs, and He will supply your wants so far as it shall
be for your good and His glory.”
Perhaps, amidst all their struggles in rearing a family of eleven,
this was the hardest time they ever had, and the only time they ever
felt the actual pinch of hunger; for the little that they had was
marvellously blessed of God, and was not less marvellously utilized
by that noble mother of ours, whose high spirit, side by side with her
humble and gracious piety, made us, under God, what we are to-day.
I saved as much at my trade as enabled me to go six weeks to
Dumfries Academy; this awoke in me again the hunger for learning,
and I resolved to give up that trade and turn to something that might
be made helpful to the prosecution of my education. An engagement
was secured with the sappers and miners, who were mapping and
measuring the county of Dumfries in connection with the Ordnance
Survey of Scotland. The office hours were from 9 a.m. till 4 p.m.; and
though my walk from home was above four miles every morning, and
the same by return in the evening, I found much spare time for
private study, both on the way to and from my work and also after
hours. Instead of spending the mid-day hour with the rest, at football
and other games, I stole away to a quiet spot on the banks of the
Nith, and there pored over my book, all alone. Our lieutenant,
unknown to me, had observed this from his house on the other side
of the stream, and after a time called me into his office and inquired
what I was studying. I told him the whole truth as to my position and
my desires. After conferring with some of the other officials there, he
summoned me again, and in their presence promised me promotion
in the service, and special training in Woolwich at the Government’s
expense, on condition that I would sign an engagement for seven
years. Thanking him most gratefully for his kind offer, I agreed to
bind myself for three years or four, but not for seven.
Excitedly he said, “Why? Will you refuse an offer that many
gentlemen’s sons would be proud of?”
I said, “My life is given to another Master, so I cannot engage for
seven years.”
He asked sharply, “To whom?”
I replied, “To the Lord Jesus, and I want to prepare as soon as
possible for His service in the proclaiming of the Gospel.”
In great anger he sprang across the room, called the paymaster,
and exclaimed, “Accept my offer, or you are dismissed on the spot!”
I answered, “I am extremely sorry if you do so, but to bind myself
for seven years would probably frustrate the purpose of my life; and
though I am greatly obliged to you, I cannot make such an
engagement.”
His anger made him unwilling or unable to comprehend my
difficulty; the drawing instruments were delivered up, I received my
pay, and departed without further parley. The men, both over me
and beside me, were mostly Roman Catholics, and their talk was the
most profane I had ever heard. Few of them spoke at any time
without larding their language with oaths, and I was thankful to get
away from hearing their shocking speech. But to me personally both
officers and men had been extremely kind, for which, on leaving, I
thanked them all very cordially, and they looked not a little
surprised,—as if unused to such recognitions!
Hearing how I had been treated, and why, Mr. Maxwell, the Rector
of Dumfries Academy, offered to let me attend all classes there, free
of charge, so long as I cared to remain; but that, in lack of means of
support, was for the time impossible, as I would not and could not be
a burden on my dear father, but was determined rather to help him
in educating the rest. I went therefore to what was known as the
Lamb Fair at Lockerbie, and for the first time in my life took a “fee”
for the harvest. On arriving at the field when shearing and mowing
began, the farmer asked me to bind a sheaf; when I had done so, he
lifted it by the band, and it fell to pieces! Instead of disheartening
me, however, he gave me a careful lesson how to bind, and the
second that I bound did not collapse when shaken, and the third he
pitched across the field, and on finding that it still remained firm, he
cried to me cheerily,—
“Right now, my lad; go ahead!”
It was hard work for me at first, and my hands got very sore; but,
being willing and determined, I soon got into the way of it, and kept
up with the best of them. The harvesters, seeing I was not one of
their own workers, had an eager dispute as to what I was, some
holding that I was a painter, and some a tailor; but the more ’cute
observers denied me the rank of tailor from the lack of “jaggings” on
my thumb and finger, so I suppose they credited me with the brush.
The male harvesters were told off to sleep in a large hay-loft, the beds
being arranged all along the side, like barracks. Many of the fellows
were rough and boisterous, and I suppose my look showed that I
hesitated in mingling with them, for the quick eye and kind heart of
the farmer’s wife prompted her to suggest that I, being so much
younger than the rest, might sleep with her son George in the house,
—an offer, oh, how gratefully accepted! A beautiful new steading had
recently been built for them; and during certain days, or portions of
days, while waiting for the grain to ripen or to dry, I planned and laid
out an ornamental garden in front of it, which gave great satisfaction
—a taste inherited from my mother, with her joy in flowers and
garden plots. They gave me, on leaving, a handsome present, as well
as my fee, for I had got on very pleasantly with them all. This
experience, too, came to be valuable to me, when, in long after days,
and far other lands, Mission buildings had to be erected, and garden
and field cropped and cultivated without the aid of a single European
hand.
Before going to my first harvesting, I had applied for a situation in
Glasgow, apparently exactly suited for my case; but I had little or no
hope of ever hearing of it further. An offer of £50 per annum was
made by the West Campbell Street Reformed Presbyterian
Congregation, then under the good and noble Dr. Bates, for a young
man to act as district visitor and tract distributor, especially amongst
the absentees from the Sabbath school; with the privilege of receiving
one year’s training at the Free Church Normal Seminary, that he
might qualify himself for teaching, and thereby push forward to the
Holy Ministry. The candidates, along with their application and
certificates, were to send an essay on some subject, of their own
composition, and in their own handwriting. I sent in two long poems
on the Covenanters, which must have exceedingly amused them, as I
had not learned to write decent prose! But, much to my surprise,
immediately on the close of the harvesting experience, a letter
arrived, intimating that I, along with another young man, had been
put upon the short leet, and that both were requested to appear in
Glasgow on a given day and compete for the appointment. Two days
thereafter I started out from my quiet country home on the road to
Glasgow. Literally on the road, for from Torthorwald to Kilmarnock
—about forty miles—had to be done on foot, and thence to Glasgow
by rail. Railways in those days were as yet few, and coach travelling
was far beyond my purse. A small bundle, tied up in my pocket
handkerchief, contained my Bible and all my personal belongings.
Thus was I launched upon the ocean of life. “I know thy poverty, but
thou art rich.”
My dear father walked with me the first six miles of the way. His
counsels and tears and heavenly conversation on that parting
journey are fresh in my heart as if it had been yesterday; and tears
are on my cheeks as freely now as then, whenever memory steals me
away to the scene. For the last half-mile or so we walked on together
in almost unbroken silence,—my father, as was often his custom,
carrying hat in hand, while his long, flowing yellow hair (then yellow,
but in later years white as snow) streamed like a girl’s down his
shoulders. His lips kept moving in silent prayers for me, and his tears
fell fast when our eyes met each other in looks for which all speech
was vain. We halted on reaching the appointed parting place; he
grasped my hand firmly for a minute in silence, and then solemnly
and affectionately said,—
“God bless you, my son! Your father’s God prosper you, and keep
you from all evil!”
Unable to say more, his lips kept moving in silent prayer; in tears
we embraced, and parted. I ran off as fast as I could, and, when
about to turn a corner in the road where he would lose sight of me, I
looked back and saw him still standing with head uncovered where I
had left him. Waving my hat in adieu, I was round the corner and out
of sight in an instant. But my heart was too full and sore to carry me
further, so I darted into the side of the road and wept for a time.
Then, rising up cautiously, I climbed the dyke to see if he yet stood
where I had left him, and just at that moment I caught a glimpse of
him climbing the dyke and looking out for me! He did not see me,
and after he had gazed eagerly in my direction for a while, he got
down, turned his face towards home, and began to return—his head
still uncovered, and his heart, I felt sure, still rising in prayers for me.
I watched through blinding tears, till his form faded from my gaze;
and then, hastening on my way, vowed deeply and oft, by the help of
God, to live and act so as never to grieve or dishonour such a father
and mother as He had given me. The appearance of my father, when
we parted,—his advice, prayers and tears,—the road, the dyke, the
climbing up on it and then walking away, head uncovered, have
often, often, all through life, risen vividly before my mind,—and do
so now while I am writing, as if it had been but an hour ago. In my
earlier years particularly, when exposed to many temptations, his
parting form rose before me as that of a guardian Angel. It is no
Pharisaism, but deep gratitude, which makes me here testify that the
memory of that scene not only helped, by God’s grace, to keep me
pure from the prevailing sins, but also stimulated me in all my
studies, that I might not fall short of his hopes, and in all my
Christian duties, that I might faithfully follow his shining example.
I reached Glasgow on the third day, having slept one night at
Thornhill, and another at New Cumnock; and having needed, owing
to the kindness of acquaintances upon whom I called by the way, to
spend only three half-pence of my modest funds. Safely arrived, but
weary, I secured a humble room for my lodging, for which I had to
pay one shilling and sixpence per week. Buoyant and full of hope and
looking up to God for guidance, I appeared at the appointed hour
before the examiners, as did also the other candidate; and they,
having carefully gone through their work, asked us to retire. When
recalled, they informed us that they had great difficulty in choosing,
and suggested that the one of us might withdraw in favour of the
other, or that both might submit to a more testing examination.
Neither seemed inclined to give it up, both were willing for a second
examination, but the patrons made another suggestion. They had
only £50 per annum to give; but if we would agree to divide it
betwixt us, and go into one lodging, we might both be able to struggle
through; they would pay our entrance fees at the Free Normal
Seminary, and provide us with the books required; and perhaps they
might be able to add a little to the sum promised to each of us. By
dividing the mission work appointed, and each taking only the half,
more time also might be secured for our studies. Though the two
candidates had never seen each other before, we at once accepted
this proposal, and got on famously together, never having had a
dispute on anything of common interest throughout our whole
career.
As our fellow-students at the Normal were all far advanced beyond
us in their education, we found it killing work, and had to grind away
incessantly, late and early. Both of us, before the year closed, broke
down in health, partly by hard study, but principally, perhaps, for
lack of nourishing diet. A severe cough seized upon me; I began
spitting blood, and a doctor ordered me at once home to the country
and forbad all attempts at study. My heart sank; it was a dreadful
disappointment, and to me a bitter trial. Soon after, my companion,
though apparently much stronger than I, was similarly seized. He,
however, never entirely recovered, though for some years he taught
in a humble school; and long ago he fell asleep in Jesus, a devoted
and honoured Christian man.
I, on the other hand, after a short rest, nourished by the hill air of
Torthorwald and by the new milk of our family cow, was ere long at
work again, and got an appointment to teach a small school at
Girvan. There I received the greatest kindness from Rev. Matthew G.
Easton of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, now Dr. Easton of the
Free Church, Darvel, and gradually but completely recovered my
health.
Having saved £10 by my teaching, I returned to Glasgow, and was
enrolled as a student at the College; but before the session was
finished my money was exhausted—I had lent some to a poor student
who failed to repay me—and only nine shillings remained in my
purse. There was no one from whom to borrow, had I been willing; I
had been disappointed in securing private tuition; and no course
seemed open for me, except to pay what little I owed, give up my
College career, and seek for teaching or other work in the country. I
wrote a letter to my father and mother, informing them of my
circumstances; that I was leaving Glasgow in quest of work, and that
they would not hear from me again till I had found a suitable
situation. I told them that if otherwise unsuccessful, I should fall
back on my own trade, though I shrank from that as not tending to
advance my education; but that they might rest assured I would do
nothing to dishonour them or my Christian profession. Having read
that letter over again through many tears, I said,—I cannot send that,
for it will grieve my darling parents; and therefore, leaving it on the
table, I locked my room door and ran out to find a place where I
might sell my few precious books, and hold on a few weeks longer.
But, as I stood on the opposite side and wondered whether these
folks in a shop with the three golden balls would care to have a poor
student’s books, and as I hesitated, knowing how much I needed
them for my studies, conscience smote me for doing a guilty thing; I
imagined that the people were watching me as if I were about to
commit a theft, and I made off from the scene at full speed, with a
feeling of intense shame at having dreamed of such a thing! Passing
through one short street into another, I marched on mechanically;
but the Lord God of my father was guiding my steps, all unknown to
me.
A certain notice in a window, into which I had probably never in
my life looked before, here caught my eye, to this effect—“Teacher
wanted, Maryhill Free Church School; apply at the Manse.” A coach
or ’bus was just passing, when I turned round; I leapt into it, saw the
minister, arranged to undertake the school, returned to Glasgow,
paid my landlady’s lodging score, tore up the letter to my parents and
wrote another full of cheer and hope, and early next morning entered
the school and began a tough and trying job. The minister warned
me that the school was a wreck, and had been broken up chiefly by
coarse and bad characters from mills and coal-pits, who attended the
evening classes. They had abused several masters in succession; and,
laying a thick and heavy cane on the desk, he said,—
“Use that freely, or you will never keep order here!”
I put it aside into the drawer of my desk, saying,—
“That will be my last resource.”
There were very few scholars for the first week—about eighteen in
the day school and twenty in the night school. The clerk of the mill, a
good young fellow, came to the evening classes, avowedly to learn
book-keeping, but privately he said he had come to save me from
personal injury.
The following week, a young man and a young woman began to
attend the night school, who showed from the first moment that they
were bent on mischief. By talking aloud, joking, telling stories, and
laughing, they stopped the work of the school. On my repeated
appeals for quiet and order, they became the more boisterous, and
gave great merriment to a few of the scholars present. I finally urged
the young man, a tall, powerful fellow, to be quiet or at once to leave,
declaring that at all hazards I must and would have perfect order; but
he only mocked at me, and assumed a fighting attitude. Quietly
locking the door and putting the key in my pocket, I turned to my
desk, armed myself with the cane, and dared any one at his peril to
interfere betwixt us. It was a rough struggle, he smashing at me
clumsily with his fists, I with quick movements evading and dealing
him blow after blow with the heavy cane for several rounds, till at
length he crouched down at his desk, exhausted and beaten, and I
ordered him to turn to his book, which he did in sulky silence. Going
to my desk, I addressed them and asked them to inform all who
wished to come to the school, “that if they came for education,
everything would be heartily done that it was in my power to do; but
that any who wished for mischief had better stay away, as I was
determined to conquer, not to be conquered, and to secure order and
silence, whatever it might cost. Further, I assured them that that
cane would not again be lifted by me, if kindness and forbearance on
my part could possibly gain the day, as I wished to rule by love and
not by terror. But this young man knew he was in the wrong, and it
was that which had made him weak against me, though every way
stronger far than I. Yet I would be his friend and helper, if he was
willing to be friendly with me, the same as if this night had never
been.”
A dead silence fell on the school; every one buried face diligently in
book; and the evening closed in uncommon quiet and order.
Next morning, two of the bigger boys at the day school, instead of
taking their seats like the rest, got in under the gallery where coals
and lumber were kept, and made a great noise as if dog and cat were
worrying each other. Pleading with them only increased the uproar;
so I locked the doors, laid past the keys, and proceeded with the
morning’s work. Half an hour before the mid-day rest, I began
singing a hymn, and marched the children round as if to leave; then
the two young rascals came out, and, walking in front, sang
boisterously. Seizing the first by the collar, I made him stagger into
the middle of the floor, and dragging the other beside him, I raised
my heavy cane and dared them to move. Ordering the children to
resume their seats, I appointed them a jury to hear the case and to
pass sentence. The two were found guilty, and awarded a severe
lashing. I proposed, as this was their first offence, and as I only used
the cane for a last resource, to forego all punishment, if they
apologized and promised to be attentive and obedient in the future.
They both heartily did so, and became my favourite scholars. Next
evening I had little difficulty, as the worst characters did not at once
return, guessing that they had got a bit of lion in the new dominie,
that was more likely to subdue than to be subdued.
On the following day, the parents of some children, getting
alarmed by the rumours of these exploits, waited on me with the
minister, and said their children were terrified to come. I said that no
child had been beaten by me, but that I insisted upon order and
obedience; I reminded the minister that of my immediate
predecessors three had suffered from these rowdies in the evening
class—one actually going wrong in the mind over the worry, another
losing his health and dying, and the third leaving in disgust; and
finally I declared that I must either be master, at whatever cost, or
leave the school. From that time perfect order was established, and
the school flourished apace. During next week, many of the worst
characters returned to their class work in the evening; but
thenceforward the behaviour of all towards me was admirable. The
attendance grew, till the school became crowded, both during the day
and at night. During the mid-day hour even, I had a large class of
young women who came to improve themselves in writing and
arithmetic. By-and-by the cane became a forgotten implement; the
sorrow and pain which I showed as to badly done lessons, or
anything blameworthy, proved the far more effectual penalty.
The School Committee had promised me at least ten shillings per
week, and guaranteed to make up any deficit if the fees fell short of
that sum; but if the income from fees exceeded that sum, all was to
be mine. Affairs went on prosperously for a season; indeed, too much
so for my selfish interest. The committee, regarding the arrangement
with me as only temporary, took advantage of the larger attendance
and better repute of the school, to secure the services of a master of
the highest grade. The parents of many of the children, resenting
this, offered to take and seat a hall if I would remain and carry on an
opposition school; but, besides regarding this as scarcely fair to the
committee, however unhandsomely they had treated me, I knew too
well that I had neither education nor experience to compete with an
accomplished teacher, and so declined the proposal, though grateful
for their kind appreciation. Their children, however, got up a
testimonial and subscription, in token of their gratitude and esteem,
which was presented to me on the day before I left; and this I valued
chiefly because the presentation was made by the young fellows who
at first behaved so badly, but were now my warm friends.
Once more I committed my future to the Lord God of my father,
assured that in my very heart I was willing and anxious to serve Him
and to follow the blessed Saviour, yet feeling keenly that intense
darkness had once again enclosed my path.
CHAPTER III.
IN GLASGOW CITY MISSION.
“He leadeth me.”—A Degraded District.—The Gospel in a Hay-

Loft.—New Mission Premises.—At Work for Jesus.—At War
with Hell.—Sowing Gospel Seeds.—Publicans on the War Path.
—Marched to the Police Office.—Papists and Infidels.—An
Infidel Saved.—An Infidel in Despair.—A Brand from the
Burning.—A Saintly Child.—Papists in Arms.—Elder and
Student.
Before undertaking the Maryhill school, I had applied to be taken on

as an agent in the Glasgow City Mission; and the night before I had
to leave Maryhill, I received a letter from Rev. Thomas Caie, the
superintendent of the said Mission, saying that the directors had
kept their eyes on me ever since my application, and requesting, as
they understood I was leaving the school, that I would appear before
them the next morning, and have my qualifications for becoming a
Missionary examined into. Praising God, I went off at once, passed
the examination successfully, and was appointed to spend two hours
that afternoon and the following Monday in visitation with two of the
directors, calling at every house in a low district of the town, and
conversing with all the characters encountered there on their eternal
welfare. I had also to preach a “trial” discourse in a Mission meeting,
where a deputation of directors would be present, the following
evening being Sunday; and on Wednesday evening, they met again to
hear their reports and to accept or reject me. All this had come upon
me so unexpectedly, that I almost anticipated failure; but looking up
for help I went through with it, and on the fifth day after leaving the
school they called me before a meeting of directors, and informed me
that I had passed my trials most successfully, and that the reports
were so favourable that they had unanimously resolved to receive me
at once as one of their City Missionaries. It was further explained
that one of their number, Matthew Fairley, Esq., an elder in Dr.
Symington’s congregation, had guaranteed the half of my salary for
two years, the other half to be met by the resources of the Mission
voluntarily contributed,—the whole salary at that time amounting to
£40 per annum. The district allocated to me was one especially
needful and trying, that had never been occupied, in and around the
Green Street of Calton, and I was enjoined to enter upon my duties at
once. After receiving many good and kind counsels from these good
and kind men, one of them in prayer very solemnly dedicated me and
my work to the Lord; and several of them were appointed to
introduce me to my district, taking a day each by turns, and to assist
me in making arrangements for the on-carrying of the work. Deeply
solemnized with the responsibilities of my new office, I left that
meeting praising God for all His undeserved mercies, and seeing
most clearly His gracious hand in all the way by which He had led
me, and the trials by which He had prepared me for the sphere of
service. Man proposes—God disposes.
Most of these directors were men of God, adapted and qualified for
this special work, and very helpful in counsel as they went with me
from day to day, introducing me to my district, and seeing the
character and position of the people dwelling there. Looking back
upon these Mission experiences, I have ever felt that they were, to
me and many others, a good and profitable training of students for
the office of the Ministry, preparing us to deal with men of every
shade of thought and of character, and try to lead them to the
knowledge and service of the Lord Jesus. I found the district a very
degraded one. Many families said they had never been visited by any
minister; and many were lapsed professors of religion who had
attended no church for ten, sixteen, or twenty years, and said they
had never been called upon by any minister, nor by any Christian
visitor. In it were congregated many avowed infidels, Romanists, and
drunkards,—living together, and associated for evil, but apparently
without any effective counteracting influence. In many of its closes
and courts sin and vice walked about openly—naked and not
ashamed.
We were expected to spend four hours daily in visiting from house
to house, holding small prayer meetings amongst those visited,
calling them together also in evening meetings, and trying by all
means to do whatever good was possible amongst them. The only
place in the whole district available for a Sabbath evening
Evangelistic Service was a hay-loft, under which a cow-feeder kept a
large number of cows, and which was reached by an outside rickety
wooden stair. After nearly a year’s hard work, I had only six or seven
non-church-goers, who had been led to attend regularly there,
besides about the same number who met on a week evening in the
groundfloor of a house kindly granted for the purpose by a poor and
industrious but ill-used Irishwoman. She supported her family by
keeping a little shop, and selling coals. Her husband was a powerful
man—a good worker, but a hard drinker, and, like too many others
addicted to intemperance, he abused and beat her, and pawned and
drank everything he could get hold of. She, amid many prayers and
tears, bore everything patiently, and strove to bring up her only
daughter in the fear of God. We exerted, by God’s blessing, a good
influence upon him through our meetings. He became a total
abstainer, gave up his evil ways, and attended church regularly with
his wife. As his interest increased, he tried to bring others also to the
meeting, and urged them to become abstainers. His wife became a
centre of help and of good influence in all the district, as she kindly
invited all and welcomed them to the meeting in her house, and my
work grew every day more hopeful.
Seeing, however, that one year’s hard work showed such small
results, the directors proposed to remove me to another district, as in
their estimation the non-church-goers in Green Street were
unassailable by ordinary means. I pleaded for six months’ longer
trial, as I had gained the confidence of many of the poor people
there, and had an invincible faith that the good seed sown would
soon bear blessed fruit. To this the directors kindly agreed. At our
next meeting I informed those present that, if we could not draw out
more of the non-church-goers to attend the services, I should be
removed to another part of the city. Each one there and then agreed
to bring another to our next meeting. Both our meetings at once
doubled their attendance. My interest in them and their interest in
me now grew apace, and, for fear I might be taken away from them,
they made another effort, and again doubled our attendance.
Henceforth meeting and class were both too large for any house that
was available for us in the whole of our district. We instituted a Bible
Class, a Singing Class, a Communicants’ Class, and a Total
Abstinence Society; and, in addition to the usual meetings, we
opened two prayer meetings specially for the Calton division of the
Glasgow Police—one at a suitable hour for the men on day duty, and
another for those on night duty. The men got up a Mutual
Improvement Society and Singing Class also amongst themselves,
weekly, on another evening. My work now occupied every evening in
the week; and I had two meetings every Sabbath. By God’s blessing
they all prospered, and gave evidence of such fruits as showed that
the Lord was working there for good by our humble instrumentality.
The kind cow-feeder had to inform us—and he did it with much
genuine sorrow—that at a given date he would require the hay-loft,
which was our place of meeting; and as no other suitable house or
hall could be got, the poor people and I feared the extinction of our
work. On hearing this the ostlers and other servants of Menzies, the
coach-hirer, who had extensive premises near our place of meeting,
of their own accord asked and obtained liberty to clear out a hay-loft
of theirs that was seldom in use, and resolved, at their own expense,
to erect an outside wooden stair for the convenience of the people.
This becoming known, and being much talked of, caused great joy in
the district, arrested general attention, and increased the interest of
our work. But I saw that, however generous, it could be at the best
only another temporary arrangement, and that the premises might
again at any moment be required. After prayer I therefore laid the
whole case before my good and great-hearted friend, Thomas Binnie,
Esq., Monteith Row, and he, after inquiring into all the
circumstances, secured a good site for a Mission Hall in a piece of
unoccupied ground near our old hay-loft, on which he proposed to
build suitable premises at his own expense. At that very time,
however, a commodious block of buildings, that had been Church,
Schools, Manse, etc., came into the market. Mr. Binnie persuaded
Dr. Symington’s congregation, Great Hamilton Street, in connection
with which my Mission was carried on, to purchase the whole
property for Mission purposes. Its situation at the foot of Green
Street gave it a control of the whole district where my work lay; and
so the Church was given to me in which to conduct all my meetings,
while the other halls were adapted as Schools for poor girls and boys,
where they were educated by a proper master, and were largely
supplied with books, clothing, and even food, by the ladies of the
congregation. The purchasing and using of these buildings for an
evangelistic and educational Mission became a blessing—a very
conspicuous blessing—to that district in the Calton of Glasgow; and
the blessing still perpetuates itself, not only in the old premises, now
used for an Industrial School, but still more in the beautiful and
spacious Mission Halls, erected immediately in front of the old, and
consecrated to the work of the Lord in that poor and crowded and
clamant portion of the city.
Availing myself of the increased facilities, my work was all re-
organized. On Sabbath morning, at seven o’clock, I had one of the
most deeply interesting and fruitful of all my Classes for the study of
the Bible. It was attended by from seventy to a hundred of the very
poorest young women and grown-up lads of the whole district. They
had nothing to put on except their ordinary work-day clothes,—all
without bonnets, some without shoes. Beautiful was it to mark how
the poorest began to improve in personal appearance immediately
after they came to our class; how they gradually got shoes and one bit
of clothing after another, to enable them to attend our other
meetings, and then to go to church; and, above all, how eagerly they
sought to bring others with them, taking a deep personal interest in
all the work of the Mission. Long after they themselves could appear
in excellent dress, many of them still continued to attend in their
working clothes, and to bring other and poorer girls with them to
that morning class, and thereby helped to improve and elevate their
companions.
My delight in that Bible Class was among the purest joys in all my
life, and the results were amongst the most certain and precious of
all my ministry. Yet it was not made successful without unceasing
pains and prayers. What would my younger brethren in the Ministry,
or in the Mission, think of starting out at six o’clock every Sunday
morning, running from street to street for an hour, knocking at the
doors and rousing the careless, and thus getting together, and
keeping together, their Bible Class? This was what I did at first; but,
in course of time, a band of voluntary visitors belonging to the class
took charge of all the irregulars, the indifferents, and the new-
comers, and thereby not only relieved and assisted me, but vastly
increased their own personal interest, and became warmly attached
to each other.
I had also a very large Bible Class—a sort of Bible-reading—on
Monday night, attended by all, of both sexes and of any age, who
cared to come or had any interest in the work. Wednesday evening,
again, was devoted to a Prayer Meeting for all, and the attendance
often more than half-filled the Church. There I usually took up some
book of Holy Scripture, and read and lectured right through,
practically expounding and applying it. On Thursday I held a
Communicants’ Class, intended for the more careful instruction of all
who wished to become full members of the Church. Our constant
text-book was “Patterson on the Shorter Catechism,” than which I
have never seen a better compendium of the doctrines of Holy
Scripture. Each being thus trained for a season, received from me, if
found worthy, a letter to the minister of any Protestant Church which
he or she inclined to join. In this way great numbers became active
and useful communicants in the surrounding congregations, and
eight young lads of humble circumstances educated themselves for
the ministry of the Church,—most of them getting their first lessons
in Latin and Greek from my very poor stock of the same! Friday
evening was occupied with a Singing Class, teaching Church music,
and practising for our Sabbath meetings. On Saturday evening we
held our Total Abstinence meeting, at which the members
themselves took a principal part, in readings, addresses, recitations,
singing hymns, etc.
Great good resulted from this Total Abstinence work. Many adults
took and kept the pledge, thereby greatly increasing the comfort and
happiness of their homes. Many were led to attend the church on the
Lord’s Day, who had formerly spent it in rioting and drinking. But,
above all, it trained the young to fear the very name of intoxicating
drink, and to hate and keep far away from everything that led to
intemperance. From observation, at an early age I became convinced
that mere Temperance Societies were a failure, and that Total
Abstinence, by the grace of God, was the only sure preventive as well
as remedy. What was temperance in one man was drunkenness in
another; and all the drunkards came not from those who practised
total abstinence, but from those who practised or tried to practise
temperance. I had seen temperance men drinking wine in the
presence of others who drank to excess, and never could see how
they felt clear of blame; and I had known ministers and others, once
strong temperance advocates, fall through their “moderation” and
become drunkards. Therefore it has all my life appeared to me
beyond dispute, in reference to intoxicants of every kind, that the
only rational temperance is total abstinence from them as beverages,
and the use of them only as drugs, and then only with extreme
caution, as they are deceptive and deleterious poisons of the most
debasing and demoralizing kind. I found also, that when I tried to
reclaim a drunkard, or caution any one as to intemperate habits, one
of the first questions was,—
“Are you a pledged Abstainer yourself?”
By being enabled to reply decidedly, “Yes, I am,” the mouth of the
objector was closed; and that gave me a hundred-fold more influence
with him than if I had had to confess that I was only “temperate.” For
the good of others, and for the increase of their personal influence as
the servants of Christ, I would plead with every Minister and
Missionary, every office-bearer and Sabbath school teacher, every
one who wishes to work for the Lord Jesus in the family, the Church,
and the world, to be a Total Abstainer from all intoxicating drinks.
I would add my testimony also against the use of tobacco, which
injures and leads many astray, especially the very young, and which
never can be required by any person in ordinary health. But I would
not be understood to regard the evils that flow from it as deserving to
be mentioned in comparison with the unutterable woes and miseries
of intemperance. To be protected, however, from suspicion and from
evil, all the followers of Jesus should, in self-denial (how small!) and
consecration to His service, be pledged Abstainers from both of these
selfish indulgences, which are certainly injurious to many, which are
no ornament to any character, and which can be no help in well-
doing. Praise God for the many who are now so pledged! Happy day
for poor Humanity, when all the Lord’s people adopt this self-
denying ordinance for the good of the race!
Not boastfully, but gratefully, let me record that my Classes and
Meetings were now attended by such numbers that they were
amongst the largest and most successful that the City Mission had
ever known; and by God’s blessing I was enabled to develop them
into a regular, warmly attached, and intelligent Congregation. My
work, however exacting, was full of joy to me. From five to six
hundred people were in usual weekly attendance; consisting
exclusively of poor working persons, and largely of the humbler class
of mill-workers. So soon as their circumstances improved, they were
constantly removing to more respectable and healthy localities, and
got to be scattered over all the city. But wherever they went, I visited
them regularly to prevent their falling away, and held by them till I
got them interested in some Church near where they had gone to
live. On my return, many years after, from the Foreign Mission field,
there was scarcely a congregation in any part of the city where some
one did not warmly salute me with the cry, “Don’t you remember
me?” And then, after greetings, came the well-remembered name of
one or other member of my old Bible Class.
Such toils left me but small time for private studies. The City
Missionary was required to spend four hours daily in his work; but
often had I to spend double that time, day after day, in order to
overtake what was laid upon me. About eight or ten of my most
devoted young men, and double that number of young women,
whom I had trained to become visitors and tract distributors, greatly
strengthened my hands. Each of the young men by himself, and the
young women two by two, had charge of a portion of a street, which
was visited by them regularly twice every month. At a monthly
meeting of all our Workers, reports were given in, changes were
noted, and all matters brought under notice were attended to.
Besides, if any note or message were left at my lodging, or any case of
sickness or want reported, it was looked after by me without delay.
Several Christian gentlemen, mill-owners and other employers in the
Calton, Mile-end, and Bridgeton of Glasgow, were so interested in
my work that they kindly offered to give employment to every
deserving person recommended by me, and that relieved much
distress and greatly increased my influence for good.
Almost the only enemies I had were the keepers of Public-Houses,
whose trade had been injured by my Total Abstinence Society.
Besides the Saturday night meetings all the year round, we held, in
summer evenings and on Saturday afternoons, Evangelistic and
Total Abstinence services in the open air. We met in Thomson’s
Lane, a short, broad street, not open for the traffic of conveyances,
and admirably situated for our purposes. Our pulpit was formed by
the top of an outside stair, leading to the second flat of a house in the
middle of the lane. Prominent Christian workers took part with us in
delivering addresses; an intimation through my classes usually
secured good audiences; and the hearty singing of hymns by my
Mission Choir gave zest and joy to the whole proceedings. Of other
so-called “attractions” we had none, and needed none, save the
sincere proclamation of the Good Tidings from God to men!
On one occasion, it becoming known that we had arranged for a
special Saturday afternoon demonstration, a deputation of Publicans
complained beforehand to the Captain of the Police that our
meetings were interfering with their legitimate trade. He heard their
complaints and promised to send officers to watch the meeting,
prevent any disturbance, and take in charge all offenders, but
declined to prohibit the meetings till he received their reports. The
Captain, a pious Wesleyan, who was in full sympathy with us and our
work, informed me of the complaints made and intimated that his
men would be present, but I was just to conduct the meeting as
usual, and he would guarantee that strict justice would be done. The
Publicans, having announced amongst their sympathisers that the
Police were to break up and prevent our meeting and take the
conductors in charge, a very large crowd assembled, both friendly
and unfriendly, for the Publicans and their hangers-on were there “to
see the fun,” and to help in baiting the Missionary. Punctually, I
ascended the stone stair, accompanied by another Missionary who
was also to deliver an address, and announced our opening hymn. As
we sang, a company of Police appeared, and were quietly located
here and there among the crowd, the serjeant himself taking his post
close by the platform, whence the whole assembly could be scanned.
Our enemies were jubilant, and signals were passed betwixt them
and their friends, as if the time had come to provoke a row. Before
the hymn was finished, Captain Baker himself, to the infinite
surprise of friend and foe alike, joined us on the platform, devoutly
listened to all that was said, and waited till the close. The Publicans
could not for very shame leave, while he was there at their suggestion
and request, though they had wit enough to perceive that his
presence had frustrated all their sinister plans. They had to hear our
addresses and prayers and hymns; they had to listen to the
intimation of our future meetings. When all had quietly dispersed,
the Captain warmly congratulated us on our large and well-

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Current Achievements Challenges and

Digital Chances of Knowledge Based

Digital Age Chances Challenges and Future Svetlana

Digital Transformation of the Economy: Challenges,

Digital Economy and the New Labor Market Jobs

Digital Economy and the New Labor Market: Jobs,

Economic Systems in the New Era: Stable Systems in an

Sustainable Growth and Development of Economic Systems

Towards Digital Intelligence Society: A Knowledge-based

The New Development Paradigm Education Knowledge

Svetlana Igorevna Ashmarina

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15179

Valentina Vyacheslavovna Mantulenko

ISSN 2367-3370 ISSN 2367-3389 (electronic)

Knowledge and Information as Basic Values of a New

Towards a New Format of Regional Integration:

Information Technologies for Ensuring Sustainable Development

The Development of the Russian Consumer Lending Market

Information and Analytical Support for Enterprise

Augmented Reality, Artiﬁcial Intelligence and Big Data in Education

Big Data Analytics in the Model “Cargo Flow—Transport

Digital Platforms and Sharing Economy

Smart City: Ensuring Economic Security of Administrative Center

Potential of Digital Footprints for Economies and Education

Socio-Cultural Consequences of Digitalization

Technology Transformation in Education:

System Approach to the Control Organization

Keywords Information security · Unauthorized access · The subject of crime ·

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 3

the creation of a stable and secure information and telecommunications infrastruc-

Currently, the mechanism of criminal legal protection of information in Russia has

2. Article 138. Violation of the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversa-

O. A. Bulavko and L. R. Tuktarova

Abstract The article investigates possibilities of effective formation of the innova-

Keywords Digital economy · Innovative technologies · Digital technologies ·

O. A. Bulavko (B) · L. R. Tuktarova

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 11

In the course of this research, methods of stochastic, retrospective, prospective, and

When forming elements of a new economic policy, there is a strong correlation

Table 1 Requirements of the innovative economy for intellectual capital

Research and development is possible using intellectual capital, which, according

of transformation of the world regulatory system into a global management mega-

Keywords Digital economy · Digital education · Information and communication

Radical socio-administrative and cultural transformations happening nowadays are

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 19

“He leadeth me.”—A Degraded District.—The Gospel in a Hay-

Before undertaking the Maryhill school, I had applied to be taken on

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