3 Variable acceleration

Skills check Exercise 3.1

d 1. v = 2t 2 – 4t + 3
1. a) (x 2 – 2x) = 2x – 2
dx
Differentiating
d ⎛1 1 ⎞ 1 2
b) ⎜ − 2⎟= − 2 + 3 a = 4t – 4
dx ⎝ x x ⎠ x x
If a = 0 then
d 1
c) ( x) = 4t – 4 = 0
dx 2 x
t = 1
2. y = 9x 2 – 4x 3
2. v = 5 + 4t – 3t 2
dy
= 18x – 12x 2 Differentiating
dx
dy a = 4 – 6t
At stationary points =0
dx 2
a = 0 when t =
3
18x – 12x 2 = 0
2 4
6x (3 – 2x) = 0 v = 5+4× −3 ×
3 9
x = 0 or x = 1.5
1
When x = 0, y = 0 v=6
3
When x = 1.5, y = 9 × 1.52 – 4 × 1.53
3. v = t 3 – 6t 2 + 9t
y = 6.75
Differentiating
The stationary points are (0, 0) and (1.5, 6.75).
a = 3t 2 – 12t + 9
By looking at 2nd derivatives or the gradient either
side of these points, we can determine that Maximum v when
(0, 0) is a minimum and (1.5, 6.75) is a maximum. t 2 – 4t + 3 = 0
(t – 3)(t – 1) = 0
3. a) (3x 2 + 4x) dx = x 3 + 2x 2 + c
t = 1 or 3
1 1
b) dx =
− +c v=1–6+9=4
2x 2 2x
or v = 27 – 36 + 9 = 0
2 32 Since t is between 0 and 3, the maximum value
c) x=
dx x +c
3 of v = 4
1
d) (1 + 2 x )3 d x = (1 + 2 x )4 + c 4. s = t (2t – 1) (t + 1)
8
3 = 2t 3 + t 2 – t
1
e) 2 x − 1 d x= (2 x − 1) 2 + c Differentiating
3
v = 6t 2 + 2t – 1
2 3 1 2
4. (2 x 2 − x − 1)d x= x − x −x +c a = 12t + 2
3 2
2 1 5. s = 2t 4 – 27t
− − 1 + c =− 1
3 2 Differentiating
1 v = 8t 3 – 27
c = −
6
2 a = 24t 2
2
5. (6 x 2 + 2 x )d x =⎡⎣2 x 3 + x 2 ⎤⎦1 27 3
1 When v = 0,=t =
3

= (16 + 4) – (2 + 1) 8 2

= 17 9
a = 24 × = 54
4

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6. s = 2t 3 – 3t 2 – 72 2 4 1
When t = , v = 240 × ×
Differentiating 3 9 3
v = 6t 2 – 6t 320 5
v = = 35 ≈ 35.6 km h–1
9 9
a = 12t – 6
The particle is at rest when 6t (t – 1) = 0. 10. s = 2t 3 – 9t 2 + 12t – 4

t = 0 or t = 1 a) Differentiating
v = 6t 2 – 18t + 12
When t = 0, s = –72
b) The particle changes direction when v = 0.
When t = 1, s = 2 – 3 – 72 = –73
6 (t 2 – 3t + 2) = 0
1
7. v= t 2 + 6 (t – 1)(t – 2) = 0
4t
t = 1 or t = 2
Differentiating
c) When t = 1, s = 1
1
=
a 2t − When t = 2, s = 0
4t 2
1 d) When t = 0, s = – 4 and when t = 3, s = 5.
When a = 0, t 3 =
8
1 5
t = 1
2
5
1 1 2 3
v= + × =
4 4 1 4 –4 0 1 5

1 Total distance from –4 to 1, 1 to 0 and 0 to 5 is

8.=s 3 t − t
2 5 + 1 + 5 = 11
Differentiating
3 1 Exercise 3.2
=v −
2 t 2 1. v = 8t 3 – 6t 2 + 5
a) Maximum occurs when v = 0, Integrating
t = 3 t = 9 s s = 8t 3 – 6t 2 + 5dt
b) When v = 0.25
s = 2t 4 – 2t 3 + 5t + c
1 13
− = t = 4s s = 0 when t = 0 so c = 0
2 t 2 4
s = 2t 4 – 2t 3 + 5t
a = −33 2. v = 15t 4 – 12t 2
4t 2 Integrating
−3
When t = 4, a = m s−2. s = 15t 4 – 12t 2 dt
32
9. s = 80t 3 – 60t 4 s = 3t 5 – 4t 3 + c
Differentiating s = 34 when t = 2
v = 240t – 240t
2 3 34 = 96 – 32 + c; c = –30
= 240t 2 (1 – t) s = 3t 5 – 4t 3 – 30
a) When v = 0, t = 0 or t = 1. When t = 1
The time taken between the two stations is 1 h. s = 3 – 4 – 30; s = –31 m
b) When t = 0, s = 0 3. a = 12 – 3t 2
When t = 1, s = 20 Integrating
The distance travelled between the two stations
v = 12 – 3t 2 dt
is 20 km.
c) Maximum speed is when a = 0. v = 12t – t 3 + c
a = 480t – 720t 2 When t = 2, v = 8
= 240t (2 – 3t) 8 = 24 – 8 + c c = –8
2 v = 12t – t 3 – 8
a = 0 when t = s
3

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 Integrating again Integrating
2
t3
s = 12t – t 3 – 8 dt s= t2 − + 3dt
0 3
1 ⎡t3 t4 ⎤
2
s = 6t 2 – t 4 – 8t + k s= ⎢ − + 3t ⎥
4 ⎣3 12 ⎦0
When t = 2, s = 2 ⎛ 8 16 ⎞
s=⎜ − + 6⎟ − 0
s = 24 – 4 – 16 + k; k = –2 ⎝ 3 12 ⎠
1 4 1
s = 6t 2 − t − 8t − 2 s =7
4 3
4. v = 20t – 6t 2 7. v = 4 (1 + 2t)3
Integrating Integrating
3
s= 20t – 6t 2 dt s = 4(1+ 2t)3 dt
1

=s [10t 2 − 2t 3 ]13 1
s = (1 + 2t )4 + c
s = (90 – 16) – (10 – 2) 2
When t = –1, s = 2, hence
s = 36 – 8
1
s = 28 (−1)4 + c =2
2
5. a = 3t 2 + 4t – 5 3
c =
Integrating 2
(1 + 2t ) 4 + 3
v= 3t 2 + 4t – 5 dt s=
2
v = t 3 + 2t 2 – 5t + c
=
8. a 15 2t − 1
When t = 0, v = 0, hence c = 0.
Integrating
Integrating 1
2
v = 15(2t − 1) 2 d t
s= t 3 + 2t 2 – 5t dt
1 3
2 v = 5(2t − 1) 2 + c
⎡1 2 5 ⎤
s = ⎢ t4 + t3 − t2 ⎥ 1
⎣4 3 2 ⎦1 When t = , v = 0, hence c = 0. v = 5(2t – 1)3/2
2
⎛ 16 16 20 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 5 ⎞ Integrating again
s= ⎜ + − ⎟−⎜ + − ⎟
⎝ 4 3 2 ⎠ ⎝4 3 2⎠ 3
11 s = 5(2t − 1) 2 d t
s = = 0.917
12 5
s = (2t − 1) 2 + c
6. a = 2t – t 2

Integrating 1
When t = , s = 0, hence c = 0.
2
v = 2t – t 2 dt 5
=
s (2t − 1) 2
t3
v =t 2 − +c
3 2
9. =
v 2t −
When t = 0, v = 3, hence c = 3. t2
t3 Integrating
v =t 2 − +3
3 2
s = 2t − dt
Maximum velocity is when a = 0. t2
2t – t 2 = 0 2
s = t2 + +c
t
t (2 – t) = 0
When t = 1, s = 3
t = 0 or t = 2
1+2+c=3 c=0
When t = 2
2
8 1 =
s t2 +
v = 4− +3= 4 t
3 3

© Oxford University Press 2018: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Variable acceleration 3
 Differentiating the expression for v ⎛ 200 200 ⎞
s = (0.2 × 100 – 0.0005 × 10 000) – 0 + ⎜ − + ⎟
dv ⎝ 20 10 ⎠
a=
dt s = (20 – 5) + (–10 + 20)
4
a= 2 + s = 25 m
t3
2. a) v = 0.000 001 2(240t 4 – 8t 5)
10. v = 3t – 2t 2 A and B are at points where v = 0.
dv
Maximum velocity is when = 0. 240t 4 – 8t 5 = 0
dt
dv 8t 4(30 – t) = 0
= 3 − 4t
dt t = 0 and t = 30
3 
Integrate v between the limits t = 0 and t = 30 to
3 – 4t = 0 t =
4 find AB. 30
3 9 1
vmax = 3 × −2× =1 s = 1.2 × 10−6 240t 4 − 8t 5 dt
4 16 8 0
30
Integrating v to find s ⎡ 4 6⎤
=
s 1.2 × 10 −6 ⎢ 48t 5 − t
⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ 0
s = 3t – 2t 2 dt
⎛ 4 ⎞
3 2 2 3 s = 1.2 × 10 −6 ⎜ 48 × 305 − × 30 4 ⎟
s= t − t +c ⎝ 3 ⎠
2 3
s = 233 m
When t = 0, s = 0, hence c = 0.
ds b) Differentiate to find a
Maximum s is when = 0. a = 1.2 × 10–6 (960t 3 – 40t 4)
dt
When a = 0
3t – 2t 2 = 0
960t 3 – 40t 4 = 0
t (3 – 2t) = 0
3 40t 3(24 – t) = 0
t = 0 or t =
2 t = 0 or t = 24 s
3 9 2 27 9 c) Maximum speed is at the point where a = 0
smax = × − × =
2 4 3 8 8 When t = 24
1 vmax = 1.2 × 10–6(240 × 244 – 8 × 245)
smax = 1
8
vmax = 19.1 m s–1
Summary exercise 3 6
=
3. a) v −1
(0.2t + 1)2
1. a) v = 0.4t – 0.002t 3
When t = 0
Differentiating
6
dv v = − 1 = 5m s−1
= 0.4 − 0.006t 2 1
dt
b) When v = 0
dv
At maximum =0 6
dt −1=0
(0.2t + 1)2
0.4 – 0.006t 2 = 0
t 2 = 66.67 6 = (0.2t + 1)2
t = 8.16 s t = 7.25 s (taking the positive root)
vmax = 0.4 × 8.16 – 0.002 × 8.163 7.25
 6 
vmax = 2.18 m s –1 c) s =  (0.2t + 1) 2 − 1 dt
0  
b) Since the velocity is not 0 between t = 0 ⎡ 150 ⎤
7.25

s = ⎢ − − t⎥
and t = 20, we can integrate to find the total ⎣ t +5 ⎦0
distance travelled.
10 20 ⎛ 150 ⎞ ⎛ 150 ⎞
s = 0.4t – 0.002t 3 dt +
200
dt s = ⎜ − − 7.25 ⎟ − ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 12.25 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
0 10 t2
20 s = 10.5 m
10 ⎡ 200 ⎤
s =
⎡⎣0.2t 2 − 0.0005t 4 ⎤⎦ 0 + ⎢ −
⎣ t ⎥⎦10

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4. a) Differentiating v 5. aP = –1 aQ = – 0.2
a = 0.15t 2 − 0.005t 3 Differentiating Differentiating
When a = 0 vP = – t + c vQ = – 0.2t + c
0.15t 2 − 0.005t 3 = 0 Since vQ = 1 when
t = 0, c = 1
0.005t 2 ( 30 − t ) = 0
vP = 3 – t vQ = 1 – 0.2t
t = 0 or t = 30
Differentiating again Differentiating again
The value of t is 30 s
sP = 3t – 0.5t 2 + k sQ = t – 0.1t 2 + k
b) The particle changes direction when v = 0 Since sP = 2 when Since sQ = 2 when
0.05t 3 − 0.00125t 4 = 0 t = 0, k = 2 t = 0, k = 2
0.00125t 3 ( 40 − t ) = 0 sP = 3t – 0.5t 2 + 2 sQ = t – 0.1t 2 + 2
t = 0 or t = 40 When the particles meet
s = ∫ 0.05t − 0.00125t dt
3 4
3t – 0.5t 2 + 2 = t – 0.1t 2 + 2
s = 0.0125t 4 − 0.00025t 5 + c 2t – 0.4t 2 = 0
s = 0 when t = 0 so c = 0 0.4t (5 – t) = 0
4 5 t = 0 or t = 5
s = 0.0125t − 0.00025t
t = 5s
When t = 40
When t = 5
s = 0.0125 × 40 4 − 0.00025 × 40 5
sP = sQ = 3 × 5 – 0.5 × 52 + 2 = 4.5 m
s = 6400 m
vP = 3 – 5 = –2 m s–1
vQ = 1 – 0.2 × 5 = 0 m s–1

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