3rd Quarter Gasoline

Lubrication System
For normal operation and long life, an engine requires good lubrication system. Without adequate
circulation of motor oil, an engine cannot continue to run. In addition to lubricating motor oil. Cools, Seals,
Clean, and Protect against rust and corrosion.

Main Purpose of Lubrication System

1. Lubricate moving parts to minimize ware.
2. Lubricate moving parts to minimize power loss from friction.
3. Remove heat from the engine parts by acting as cooling agent.
4. Absorbs shocks between the bearing and other engine parts.
5. Form a good seal between piston rings and cylinder wall.

Main Components of Lubricating System

1. OIL – A liquid lubricant usually made from crude oil and used for lubrication between moving parts.
2. ENGINE OIL – a mineral oil mixed with additives.
Main Purpose of Engine Oil
 LUBRICATING – Engine oil lubricates contacting metal surface in the engine by forming a film of oil
over them. The film reduces friction between metal surfaces and minimum ware and power loss.
 COOLING – Combustion of fuel generates heat and engine parts become extremely hot. This will lead
to seizure unless is something is done to lower heat to do this engine oil circulates around moving
parts absorb the heat and release it outside of the engine.
 SEALING – Engine oil forms a film of oil between the piston and cylinder. This serve a sealing that
prevent loss of engine output otherwise the compress or burning gas would escape around the piston
into the crankcase and there would be a significant loss of output.
 CLEANING – Sludge and soot are deposited on internal parts. This increases friction and blocks oil
passages. Engine oil washes these deposits away to prevent their accumulation inside the engine.

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OIL VISCOSITY – Water and gasoline are “thin” liquids that flow easily. They have low viscosity. VISCOSITY
is a measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow. Motors oil and gear oil are “thicker” liquids
with more resistance to flow. They have higher viscosity. The viscosity of oil is affected by
temperature.
OIL ADDITIVES – These are the chemical which put into lubricating oil to provide extra performance.
Requires today high speed engine.

Different Oil Additives:

1. Detergent – Oil containing detergent additives help to clean the inside of the engine and remove dirt.
2. Oxidation Inhibitors – Protect oil from the effect of high temperature and oxygen.
3. Corrosion Inhibitors – The internal parts from acids that form in the crankcase.
4. Foam Inhibitors – Prevent the oil for foaming and filling with air bubbles.
5. Pour Point Depressors – Lower the pour point the measurement of pour ability of oil depending on its
temperatures.
6. Lubricity Improvers – give oil greater friction reducing properties.
7. Extreme Pressure – Improve the ability of oil to high pressure.
8. Viscosity Index Improvers – These additives help make the oil be had at high temperature without
making thicker when it is cold.

Requirements of Engine oil

1. The viscosity level must remain relatively stable regardless of changes of temperature.
2. Engine oil must be suitable for use with metals.
3. It must remain corrode oil rust parts.
4. It must not foam.

Engine Oil Rating and Classification

1. SAE – The SAE viscosity established by the Society of Automotive Engineers.
2. API – Service classification established by the American Petroleum Institute.
3. U.S. Mil. – Military specification prepared by the ordinance department of the U.S. Military, Navy, Army,
and Air Force.
4. ASTM – Engine test whose procedures are adopted by the American Society for testing instrument.
5. JASO – Established by the Japan Automotive Standards Organization.

SERVICE RATING OF OIL

Oil is rated by viscosity number and by its servicing rating. This designation by the American Petroleum
Institute (API) indicates the service for which the oil is suited.
There are seven service rating for spark ignition lubricating oils SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, and SG.
There are six service rating for diesel-engine lubricating oils CA, CB, CC, CD, CE, and CF.
The rating SA through SE is no longer recommended for use in new automotive engines.
Most models on the road today require SF and SG oils.
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 SF Oil – this oil was introduce in 1981. It provides more protection against sludge, varnish ware, oil screen
clogging, and engine deposits than earlier oils. The introduction of SG oil made SF oil outdated. SF oil is
phasing out and may be widely not available.
SG Oil – this was introduced in 1989. It provides better control of engine deposits, oil oxidation, engine
wear and rust corrosion than SF oil. Any older spark ignition engine can safely use SG oil.
Lubrication oil for diesel engines (C Series) must have different properties then oil for spark-ignition
engines. The CA,CB, and CC ratings are obsolete or outdated. The CD, CE, and CF ratings indicate oils for
severe operating conditions. Use the oil recommended in the owner’s manual. The recommended oil may
have a combined rating, such as SG/CE or SG/CF. Oil that does not have the recommended combined
designation may cause engine damage.

3. OIL PUMP – It may be driven by a Crankshaft or a Camshaft. The pump receives power from the engine
through belt and pulley arrangement. Oil pump sucks oil from the oil pan and supply it to the oil galleries to
lubricate the moving parts.

2 Type of Oil Pump

 Gear Type – It has a pair of meshing gears. As the gears
unmeshed, the spaces between the teeth fill with oil from the
pump inlet. The gears mesh and force the oil out through the
pump outlet.

 Rotor Type – It uses an inner rotor and an outer rotor. The inner
rotor is driven and drives the outer rotor. As the rotors turn, the
spaces between the lobes fill with oil. When the lobes of the inner
rotor move into the spaces in the outer rotor, oil is forced out
through the pump outlet.

Various arrangements are used to drive the oil pump. In Camshaft-in-block engines, the camshaft spiral gear
that drives the ignition distributor usually drives the oil pump. Some engines drive the distributor directly from
the end of an overhead camshaft. The oil pump on these engines may be driven by a separate drive shaft or
jackshaft. An engine with distributor less ignition may have a crankshaft-driven oil pump. Other engines have a
crankshaft-driven rotor-type.
An Oil Pump, consists of the following parts:
 Pick-up tube and Screen
 Gears or Rotors
 Housing and Cover
 Oil Pressure Relief Valve
Pick-up Tube and Screen
The oil pick-up is a hollow flat cup mounted at the end of a tube. Mounted over the cup is a screen to
prevent large particles from entering the pump and damaging the gears and housing. The pick-up tube leads
to the inlet or low pressure side of the pump.
Housing and Cover
The housing encloses the gears or rotors and contains a drive shaft for one of the gears.

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Gears and Rotors
Two gears or rotors are meshed in the housing. One of the gears is driven, in most cases by a shaft
from the distributor drive gear. At the point where the oil pump gears unmeshed or separate, a low pressure
area is created. Atmospheric pressure forces the oil up through the pickup tube to the low pressure area. The
oil is then carried around the outside of the gear, in the chambers formed between the teeth, housing, and
side plates. As the oil reaches the outlet port, it is forced out under high pressure. Oil is forced out of the
pump under pressure to the oil filter.
Oil Pressure Relief Valve
To prevent excess pressure from developing, a relief valve is used. A spring holds a check valve or ball
on a seat in the oil outlet. When oil pressure develops more force against the check valve than the spring, the
valve is pushed open. This action uncovers a relief passage that allows oil to be redirected to the inlet side of
the oil pump. In action, the valve acts as a controlled leak and allows only enough oil out to maintain a
controlled pressure.
4. OIL COOLER – It prevents the oil from getting too hot. In the oil cooler, engine coolant flows past tubes
carrying the hot oil. The coolant picks up the excess heat and carries it back to the engine
radiator. Outside air passing through the radiator carries away the heat.
Another arrangement that transfers heat to the engine coolant. A Hose from the oil filter
carries engine oil to oil-cooler tube in the side tank of the radiator. As the oil flows down the
tube, the oil loses heat to the coolant. The cooled oil then flows back to the oil filter and to
the engine. A similar arrangement cools the fluid in automatic transmission and transaxles.
Engines in severe service such as those in taxis and police cars use a radiator-like oil cooler
that mounts in front of the engine radiator. The excess heat transfers from the oil to the
outside air passing through the oil cooler. A similar system cools automatic-transmission
fluid.
5. OIL FILTERS – All automotive engine lubricating systems have an oil filter. The oil from the pump flows
through the filter before reaching the engine bearings. The filter has a pleated-paper filtering
element. It allows the oil to pass through while trapping particles of dirt and carbon.
The filter has a spring-loaded particles bypass
valve. It opens to protect the engine from oil
starvation if the filter becomes clogged. Then
unfiltered oil bypasses the filter and goes directly
to the engine. However, the filter should be
changed before this happens.
Some oil filters have an anti-drain back valve. It
helps prevent oil from draining out of the filter
while the engine is off. A full supplies oil quickly on
starting. This reduces wear and possible damage.
They attach to the outside of the engine. Some
engines have an internal oil filter. It mounts inside the pan and attaches directly to the oil
pump. Removing a large drain plug allows the filter to
be changed.

6. OIL PAN or OIL SUMP – The oil pan is bolted to the engine crankcase
area, serves as a reservoir for oil. A Drain Plug can be removed to
allow the engine oil to drain out during oil changes. An oil pump and
pick-up tube are mounted on the crankcase inside the oil pan.

7. OIL INDICATORS – It shows the condition of the engine oil. It also shows the pressure of the oil while
circulating inside the engine. Some of the indicators are dipstick, light indicator at the
instrumental panel or an oil pressure gauge.
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 Cooling System

An engine cooling system that provides a continuous supply of water/coolant in order to maintain the
normal operating temperature of the engine.

Cooling System Description:

The engine burns fuel in the cylinders to transform its thermal energy into a driving power. But the
thermal energy of the fuel is not converted into power entirely. Only approximately 25% of the energy is
utilized effectively about 45% if it is lost in exhaust gas or friction and 30% absorbed by the engine itself.
The heat that is absorbed by the engine must be discharged to the atmosphere in one way or another
because the engine will become overheated and eventually seize up. A cooling system is built into the engine
to cool it by the engine itself.
Engine are normally cooled by an air-cooling system or water-cooling system. Most automotive engine
are cooled by the water-cooling system. *Air-cooling system mostly used in small engines.

Purpose of Cooling System

The cooling system keeps the engine at its most efficient temperature at all speeds and operating
conditions. Burning fuel in the engine produces heat. Some of this heat must be taken away before it damages
engine parts. This is one of the three jobs performed by the cooling system. It is also possible. In addition, the
cooling system provides a source of heat for the passenger-compartment heater and air conditioner.

2 Types of Cooling System

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  Water Cooling System
 Air Cooling System

Water Cooling System

A water-cooling system is more complicated and therefore more costly than air cooling system, but it
has number a number of advantages. A water-cooled engine is quieter because the combustion chambers are
surrounded by coolant (water plus various additives, such as antifreeze).

Air Cooling System

This type of cooling system uses air in the atmosphere to maintain the normal operating temperature
of the engine.
 No Radiator
 No water jackets
 Direct cooling system

Components of Water-Cooling System

1. Coolant – the liquid mixture of about 50% antifreeze and 50% water
used to carry heat out of the engine.

2. Radiator Tank – the radiator cools the coolant

after it becomes very hot from going through
the water jackets. The radiator consists of the
upper water tank and the core between, the
coolant enters the upper tank is also provided
with a radiator cap for adding new coolant. It
also connected by a hose to the reservoir tank
where excess cooling water or stream is
collected. The lower tank has an outlet and a
drain cock.

2 Types of Radiator Tank

 Downflow Tank
 Crossflow Tank

Radiator Core – it consists of many tubes through which the coolant flows from the upper to the lower
tank. It is also provided with many cooling fins. The heat of the hot coolant is first transmitted to
these fins, which are cooled by the cooling fan and the wind created by the movement of the
vehicle which flows through the fins while vehicle is moving.
2 basic types of Radiator Core
 Plate Fin Type
 SR Type (Single Row)

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 Note: *SR Type Radiator only has a single row of tubes so that the overall structure is thinner than
conventional radiators.

3. Radiator Cap – radiators are normally equipped with a pressure

radiator cap that tightly seals the radiator. The use of a pressure cap
is preferred because the cooling effect of the radiator increases in
proportion to the difference in temperature between the outside air
and the coolant. This means that the radiator can be reduced in size
without affecting the necessary cooling effect.

Radiator Cap Operation

The pressure cap has a built-in relief valve and a
vacuum valve. When the coolant increase in volume
as its temperature rises, its pressure rises also. When
the pressure rises above a predetermined level, the
relief valve opens to allow the excess pressure to
escape through the overflow hose to the reservoir
tank.
The temperature of the coolant decreases after
the engine is stopped and a partial vacuum forms
inside the radiator. The vacuum valve opens
automatically to draw in needed coolant in the
radiator is at atmosphere when the engine is
completely cold.

4. Reservoir Tank or Overflow Tank – this is connected to the to the

radiator by the overflow hose and when the coolant volume
expands due to a rise in temperature the excess coolant is sent to
the reservoir tank. When the temperature drops, the coolant in
the reservoir tank returns to the radiator. This prevents wasteful
discharge of the coolant and eliminates the need for constant
replenishment of the coolant display.

5. Water Pump – the water pump supplies the coolant

through the cooling system under pressure, a centrifugal
pump is most often used for this. The water pump is
located at the front of the cylinder block and is driven by a
V-belt or the timing belt.

6. Thermostat – the thermostat is designed to maintain the

temperature of the coolant within the desired range. The
thermostat is a kind of valve that automatically opens and
closes according to the coolant temperature. It is fitted
between the radiator and the engine along the coolant
temperature is low the valve closes to prevent water from
flowing to the radiator. When the temperature rises, it
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 opens so that the coolant flows to the radiator. The thermostat is provided with a jiggle valve which is used
to bleed air from the cooling system when the coolant is added in the system.

Function of Thermostat when Engine is Cold

The coolant is pressurized by the water pump
and circulates as shown by the arrows. When the
engine is cold, the coolant is still cold and the
thermostat is closed. Therefore, the coolant
circulates through the bypass hose to the cylinder
head and back to the water jackets.

Function of Thermostat when Engine is Cold

As the engine becomes hot the thermostat
opens and the bypass valve closes off the circuit.
The coolant after being warmed in the water
jackets is now sent to the radiator where it is
cooled by the cooling fan and the wind created by
the forward movement of the vehicle itself. The
cooled coolant is pressurized again by the water
pump before sent back to the water jackets.

Important:
Never run the engine with the thermostat removed. The bypass circuit will remain open. Allowing the
coolant to bypass the radiator where it is supposed to be cooled, this will cause engine overheating.

7. Cooling Fan – the radiator is cooled by fresh air. But is not cooled sufficiently when the vehicle is not
moving. The cooling fan is used as a means of forced cooling. It is located behind the radiator. The cooling
fan is driven by the crankshaft via belt or by an electric motor.

Types of Cooling Fan

 Belt Driven Fan – this type of cooling fan is driven constantly by the
Crankshaft (via belt). The fan speed changes in proportion to the
engine speed. When the engine is running at a high speed, the fan
also runs at high speed.

 Electric motor Fan – this type of cooling fan is driven by an

electric motor in place of a belt. It receives a signal from
the coolant temperature sensor which is attached to
cylinder head. The temperature rises to a predetermined
level this signal activates the motor relay. Turning on the
motor and the motor drives the cooling fan therefore; the
cooling fan operates only when it is needed.