Principles of Biology

Topic: Cell Structure and Function

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms, encompassing a diverse array
of structures and functions that enable life processes. All cells share common features, including a
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes, although they may vary in size, shape, and
specialized functions.

Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaea, lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Instead, their genetic material is located in a nucleoid region within the cytoplasm. Prokaryotic cells
are typically smaller and simpler in structure compared to eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists, have a true nucleus enclosed within a
nuclear envelope, as well as membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex
than prokaryotic cells, allowing for compartmentalization of cellular processes.

Cells carry out essential functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli
through a coordinated network of biochemical pathways and molecular interactions. These
processes rely on the interactions between cellular structures and molecules, including enzymes,
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Understanding the structure and function of cells is foundational to the study of biology, providing
insights into the mechanisms of life and the diversity of living organisms.