CMT Cladding

Materials Research Express
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Cold Metal Arc Transfer (CMT) metal deposition of Inconel 625

superalloy on 316L austenitic stainless steel: microstructural evaluation,
corrosion and wear resistance properties
To cite this article before publication: Evangeline A et al 2019 Mater. Res. Express in press https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab0a10
Manuscript version: Accepted Manuscript

Accepted Manuscript is “the version of the article accepted for publication including all changes made as a result of the peer review process,
and which may also include the addition to the article by IOP Publishing of a header, an article ID, a cover sheet and/or an ‘Accepted
Manuscript’ watermark, but excluding any other editing, typesetting or other changes made by IOP Publishing and/or its licensors”
This Accepted Manuscript is © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
During the embargo period (the 12 month period from the publication of the Version of Record of this article), the Accepted Manuscript is fully
protected by copyright and cannot be reused or reposted elsewhere.
As the Version of Record of this article is going to be / has been published on a subscription basis, this Accepted Manuscript is available for reuse
under a CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 licence after the 12 month embargo period.
After the embargo period, everyone is permitted to use copy and redistribute this article for non-commercial purposes only, provided that they
adhere to all the terms of the licence https://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/3.0
Although reasonable endeavours have been taken to obtain all necessary permissions from third parties to include their copyrighted content
within this article, their full citation and copyright line may not be present in this Accepted Manuscript version. Before using any content from this
article, please refer to the Version of Record on IOPscience once published for full citation and copyright details, as permissions will likely be
required. All third party content is fully copyright protected, unless specifically stated otherwise in the figure caption in the Version of Record.
View the article online for updates and enhancements.
This content was downloaded from IP address 128.252.67.66 on 26/02/2019 at 09:47

Page 1 of 48 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - MRX-112561.R1
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6 Cold Metal Arc Transfer (CMT) Metal Deposition of Inconel 625 Superalloy on
7
8
9 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel: Microstructural Evaluation, Corrosion and Wear
cri
10
11 Resistance Properties
12
13
14
15
16 A.Evangeline 1, P.Sathiya 1 *
us
17
18
19 1Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology. Tiruchirappalli-620015,
20
21 Tamil Nadu, India
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
1*E-mail:
an
psathiya@nitt.edu ; Tel.:+91 431 2503510; Fax: +91431 2500133
*corresponding author: psathiya@nitt.edu

dM
29
30 Abstract
31
32
33 The low dilution cladding process, Cold metal arc transfer (CMT) is an modified version of conventional
34
35
36
GMAW welding process with the advantage of controlled heat input was carried out for studying the
37
38 microstructural, corrosion and wear behaviour of Inconel 625 superalloy. The CMT cladding, in addition
pte
39
40 can be used as a repair method for any type of alloy. The base material used here is 316L and the
41
42 corresponding filler wire is Inconel 625. The input parameters considered were welding current (120, 160,
43
44
45 200 Amps), voltage (15, 19, 20 volts), torch angle (50, 70, 90 degrees) and travel speed (100,150, 200
46
ce
47 mm/min). The microstructure was examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (with
48
49 energy dispersive X-ray analysis) and X-ray diffraction analysis. The Inconel 625 clad beads are free from
50
51
52 pores and cracks and are well bonded with minimal dilution. The heat input has a linear relation with the
Ac
53
54 wire feed and speed during the cladding process. The clad beads contain dendritic and interdendritic
55
56
57
58
59
60
AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - MRX-112561.R1 Page 2 of 48
1
2
3 precipitates containing Mo and Nb growing vertically along the substrate. The intermetallic precipitates
4
pt
5
6 combine into columnar dendrites near the topmost region of the clad along with the formation of γ, the
7
8 Laves and (Nb,Ti) C phases. The EDS curve indicates the presence of low Fe concentration in the Inconel
9
cri
10 625 alloy cladding. The corrosion performance of the clad region nearer to interface region and higher to
11
12
13
substrate in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, indicating an excellent protection for Inconel 625. The as deposited
14
15 cladding is composed of the Ni-rich γ (Ni, Fe) phase, M23C6, Ni3B, and Ni3Si. At the applied load of 90 N,
16
us
17 the wear rate gets doubled than the rates under loads of 20 N and 50 N. The wear mechanism tends to vary
18
19
with the wearing time and the load applied. The outcome of this study reveals that the relatively new CMT
20
21
22 process, with the suitable process parameters, would be apt for build up of affected areas of worn out and
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
service damaged components of gas turbines applications.
Keywords: Cladding, Inconel 625, Cold Metal Arc Transfer (CMT) cladding, AISI 316L
dM
29
30
31 1.Introduction:
32
33 In order to manufacture engineering components, Ni based alloys are widely used due to their ability to
34
35
36
work in extreme high temperature conditions. These are mainly used as a economic coating over the
37
38 cheaper base substrates. The Ni based alloy Inconel 625 offers excellent strength and can provide high
pte
39
40 temperature corrosion resistance [1, 2]. Inconel 625 is a solid solution strengthened nickel base superalloy
41
42
mainly used in applications that combines moderate strength and excellent corrosion resistance at high
43
44
45 temperatures. The presence of molybdenum and nickel accounts for resistance in non-oxidizing corrosion
46
ce
47 environment and vice versa in case of chromium and nickel [3-4]. The above said properties makes Inconel
48
49 625 as a extensively applied material in used in oil and gas, nuclear power, marine, aerospace, and
50
51
52 chemical industry. The cladding is done through fast melting and non equilibrium solidification with the
Ac
53
54 aid of variation in heat source, results in high residual stress and even cracks [5]. The hydrogen induced
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 cracking is mainly due to the residual stress. The harmful cracks tends to initiate crevice and pitting
4
pt
5
6 damage [6].
7
8 The application of Inconel 625 several industrial sectors, like chemical and petrochemical plants, power
9
cri
10 generation sector, aircraft engines components. The corrosion, oxidation resistance and high heat,
11
12
13
properties of Inconel 625 has been used in aerospace including hot section components, liquid rocket
14
15 components and aerospace structures involving cryogenic engines, chemical industries and power plants [7
16
us
17 & 8]. Extensive properties like corrosion resistance, toughness, higher strength and resistance to thermal
18
19
fatigue are shown by Inconel 625 at higher temperature [9]. Elango et al. worked on cladding of Inconel
20
21
22 625 over carbon steel by GMAW and reported that by restricting the Fe content in the clad to less than 5%,
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
corrosion properties remained unaltered [10]. Inconel 625 contains austenitic ϒ phase, consistent deposits
of ϒ΄ and carbides [10]. Inconel 625 mainly comprises of austenitic matrix phase together with secondary
dM
29 phases namely MC, M23C6, ϒ” phase (Ni3Nb) [11]. Among the cladding methods available, some are CMT
30
31 cladding, TIG, laser and thermal spraying [12]. Thermal sprayings brings pores and cracks like defects. As
32
33 the rate of cooling increases, the finer microstructure can be obtained in laser cladding [13].
34
35
36
The advantage of CMT cladding over conventional processes is their tendency to produce low heat input
37
38 clad with the minimal dilution of the base material. The CMT also called as droplet deposition mechanism,
pte
39
40 which controls the short circuit by the retraction motion of the wire from short circuiting action.
41
42
Lorenzin and Rutili emphasises about the nature, benefits and application areas of the Cold Metal Arc
43
44
45 Transfer (CMT) processes [14]. The advantages of the CMT process for cladding of aluminum alloy 2024
46
ce
47 was reported by Pickin et al. [15]. Cladding is prone to work under severe abrasive and corrosive
48
49 atmosphere, the TiC reinforced Inconel 825 clad over AISI 304 steel shown improvement in terms of its
50
51
52 mechanical properties i.e. hardness and wear resistance [16]. Normand et al. [17, 18] emphasised on
Ac
53
54 contradictory conclusions regarding the importance of oxide formation in influencing the corrosion rates of
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 Inconel coatings as determined by potentiodynamic polarisation methods. The former concluded that by
4
pt
5
6 minimising oxide contents, the corrosion rates can be reduced whereas the latter proved that lowest passive
7
8 current densities occur a highly oxidised coating. Compared to Laser or Laser hybrid welding, the CMT
9
cri
10 Laser hybrid welding is more preferable in terms of its low current to low heat input feature and also its
11
12
13
short circuiting ability [28]. The importance of arc behaviour while cladding of dissimilar material
14
15 aluminum to zinc coated steel was studied by Zhang et al [30]. Lots of work were studied on metallurgical
16
us
17 characteristics of Al-Mg dissimilar CMT clads [31]. So far identified from the literatures, wide range of
18
19
CMT related studies were performed on Aluminium alloys. Though the cladding by CMT method seems to
20
21
22 be efficient and potentially useful for the application of cladding of high temperature materials, such as Ni
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
based Inconel 625, information about the dissimilar cladding between Inconel 625 and 316L is currently
limited. The microstructure of the Inconel 625 wire on 316L using Cold Metal arc Transfer (CMT)
dM
29 Cladding is examined and then its microhardness, corrosion performance in 3.5% NaCl solution and wear
30
31 behaviour [32] were then reported. Further the SEM, EDAX analysis are taken for the corroded as well as
32
33 worn surfaces.
34
35
36 2.1 Material & Sample Preparation
37
38
pte
39 AISI 316L plates of dimensions 500x100x10mm thickness were used as the base metal. The nickel
40
41
based filler alloy, Inconel 625 of 1.2 mm diameter was used. The nominal chemical composition of the
42
43
44 base metal and filler are presented in Table I.
45
46
Table I Chemical composition of the base material and filler wire
ce
47
48
49
50 Base metal – AISI 316L Weight %
51
52 C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo P S N Fe
Ac
53
54
0.02% 2.00% 0.75% 16.00-18.00% 10.00-14.00% 2.00-3.00% 0.05% 0.03% 0.10% Bal.
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 Filler Wire - Inconel 625 Weight%
4
pt
5
6 Cr Ni Mo Co Nb + Ta C
7
8 20 – 23 % 58 – Bal % 8 – 10 % 0-1% 3.1 - 4.1% 0-0.1 %
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
2.2 Cold Metal Arc Transfer (CMT) Cladding
17
18
19 Fronius Trans plus Synergic 5000 CMT welding machine (Fronius International GMBH, Wels, Austria) is
20
21
22 used to clad Inconel 625 on 316L substrate. Hence this is particularly used to clad high temperature
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
materials in gas turbine industry. For this study the shielding gas selected was argon with the flow rate of
15L/min-20L/min. The nozzle diameter was about 3.2 mm. The cylinder gas pressure of 70bar is used.
dM
29
Process parameters influence the quality of the clad. The process parameters of Cold Metal Arc Transfer
30
31 (CMT) cladding are welding current, voltage, torch angle, travel speed. The depth of penetration is directly
32
33 influenced by welding current and extends the base metal fusion. The shape and external appearance of
34
35 bead is affected by welding arc voltage. Clad size and penetration for given combination of current and
36
37
38 welding voltage is affected by travel speed.
pte
39
40
41 Taguchi experimental design of experiments suggests L9 orthogonal array, where 9 experiments are
42
43 sufficient to optimize the parameters. While there are many standard orthogonal arrays available, each of
44
45 the arrays is meant for a specific number of independent design variables and levels. The L9 orthogonal
46
ce
47
48
array is meant for understanding the effect of 4 independent factors each having 3 factor level values. This
49
50 array assumes that there is no interaction between any two factors. During the cladding a manufacturer can
51
52 control the various main welding parameters. It was observed that the main parameters levels chosen were
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 in the operational range of the CMT Cladding. Different experimental runs were done by varying one of
4
pt
5
6 the welding parameters and keeping the others at constant values.
7
8
9 In the current work, 4 factors and 3-level development parameters that are welding current, voltage, torch
cri
10
11 angle and travel speed are considered.
12
13
14 Before selecting an orthogonal array, the minimum number of experiments to be conducted is to be fixed
15
16 based on the formula below
us
17
18
19 N Taguchi = 1+ NV (L – 1)
20
21
22 N Taguchi = Number of experiments to be conducted
23
24
25
26
27
28
NV = Number of parameters
L = Number of levels
an
dM
29
30
31 In this work NV = 4 and L = 3,
32
33
34 Hence N Taguchi = 1+ 4 (3-1) = 9
35
36
37
38
pte
39
40 The values of such cladding process parameters and its levels variables are listed in Table III.
41
42
43 To obtain a desirable clad quality, the right selection of weld cladding process parameters is needed.
44
45 Suitable factors and their levels taken for the study were shown in Table II. The L9 Orthogonal Array
46
ce
47
chosen for the experimental runs shown in Table III
48
49
50
51
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6
7
8
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
Fig. 1 Cold Metal Arc Transfer (CMT) cladding set up
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Table II Experimental Parameters
38
pte
39
40 Exp. Welding Voltage Torch Welding
41
42 No. Current (v) Angle Speed
43
44 (Amps) (deg) (mm/min)
45
46
1 140 17 60 125
ce
47
48
49 2 140 19 70 150
50
51 3 140 21 80 175
52
Ac
53
54
4 160 17 70 175
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 5 160 19 80 125
4
pt
5
6 6 160 21 60 150
7
8 7 180 17 80 150
9
cri
10 8 180 19 60 175
11
12
13 9 180 21 70 125
14
15
16
us
17
18 Table III Cladding Parameters and their levels
19
20
21 S. No Parameters Units Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
1 Welding Current
(I)
Amps
an 140 160 180
dM
29 2 Voltage (v) Volts 17 19 21
30
31
32 3 Degrees 60 70 80
33
Torch Angle ()
34
35
36
37
4 Travel Speed (S) mm/min 125 150 175
38
pte
39
40
41
42
43
2.3 Microstructure Analysis
44
45
The Inconel 625 cladded AISI 316L plates of dimension 500x100x10mm were drawn into required
46
ce
47
48 length 500x10x10mm strips using MW250 is a high-precision micro wire EDM machine. Further, samples
49
50 were drawn into 20x10x10mm using Master SSA abrasive cutting machine.
51
52
Ac
53 The specimens were polished by SiC sand papers of grades 120,320,400,600,800,1000 and 1200
54
55 followed by alumina powder polishing and then by diamond paste polishing of 1 μ surface finish. Finally
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 the sample specimens were etched using aqua regia (3HNO3 : 3HCl). Microstructures of the clad, interface
4
pt
5
6 and base regions were observed through optical microscopy. Further the grain size were measured using
7
8 Line Intercept method and ImageJ software. The dilution is the most important aspect in cladding process
9
cri
10 by welding. The carbon content in the clad region makes an increase in dilution percent. The dilution, area
11
12
13
of reinforcement, depth of penetration is all measured using LYNX Sterozoom Microscope with 5 MP C
14
15 MOS Camera and Image Acquisition Software. Element compositions present in the clad, interface and
16
us
17 base regions were analysed using scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi S-3000 H) equipped with energy
18
19
dispersive spectrometer (EDS).
20
21
22 2.3 Microhardness measurement
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
According to ASTM A264 standards, the microhardness of the clad, interface, base region of the
samples were examined. Vickers Microhardness Tester (Make: Wilson Hardness 402 MVD) with the
dM
29 applied load of 500 kgf, along with the dwell time of 10seconds.
30
31
32 Measurements were carried out on each specimen initially from the base metal then towards
33
34
35
various zones along the centreline of the clad bead profile perpendicular to the direction of cladding. To
36
37 make indentation on the specimens, Vickers indenter with a 500 kgf load was used with a dwell time of 10
38
pte
39 seconds. The measurements were taken in the centre of the clad region with the distance of 2mm between
40
41
successive points.
42
43
44
2.4 Corrosion resistance using Potentiodynamic Polarization technique
45
46
ce
47 The corrosion behaviour of the clad samples of sizes 20x10x10mm were investigated by
48
49
50 potentiodyanmic polarization test in 3.5% NaCl solution at 24C. The IVIUM software was used to
51
52 conduct the corrosion analysis in accordance with ASTM A262 standard. The potentiodyanmic polarisation
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 tests was done successfully using a conventional three electrode cell containing the graphite as counter
4
pt
5
6 electrode sample and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as reference electrode.
7
8
9 For achieving an open circuit potential (OCP), initial delay of 10s is given. With the scan rate of
cri
10
11 0.8mv/s, corresponding tafel plot for the experiment was calculated from -1v/SCE to +1v/SCE. The
12
13 corrosion potential (Ecorr), corrosion current density (Icorr) and polarization resistance (Rp) are calculated
14
15
16
after the installation of IVIUM soft electrochemistry software. The corrosion rate and corrosion current
us
17
18 density are related by [32]:
19
20
21
22
23
24 Corrosion rate =0.13* Icorr*E.W./A*d
25
26
27 Where,
28
an (1)
dM
29
30 Icorr=corrosion current density, E.W=equivalent weight of the sample used in (g/eq),
31
32 2 3
33 A=area in cm , d= density (in g/cm ).
34
35
36 The base material AISI 316L is found to have equivalent weight of 25.50 g/eq and density of 8
37
3
38 g/cm . The corresponding filler wire Inconel 625 has equivalent weight of 25.573 g/eq and density of 8.44
pte
39
40 g/cm3. The properties of the as received base and filler wire were evaluated initially and microhardness
41
42
43
value of 218HV0.5 and 231HV0.5 and corrosion density of 8.73E-06A/cm2. Further the corroded surfaces
44
45 were subjected to SEM analysis followed by EDAX analysis [34].
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51 2.5 Wear resistance
52
Ac
53
54 Nickel alloys are commonly used in many industries few of them are, power generation, chemical industry
55
56 (vessels, pipes, heat exchangers, and pumps), the automotive industry, and the marine industry (pumps,
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 impellers, valves). The high strength, highly corrosion resistant Ni-Cr alloy, Inconel 625 exhibits inherent
4
pt
5
6 resistance to a variety of severe corrosive environments.
7
8
9 Even though Ni based alloys contain excellent corrosion resistance in seawater due to the protective nature
cri
10
11 of the surface oxide film, they are extremely sensitive to fatigue and wear (Espallargas and Mischler [44];
12
13 Yano, et al. [45]).
14
15
16 Tribocorrosion is a process of degradation resulting from the simultaneous action of mechanical wear and
us
17
18
corrosion (Stemp, et al. [46]). Tribocorrosion has higher sensitivity towards passive metals, since rubbing
19
20
21 mechanism can destroy the protective passive film and leading to an increased corrosion rate even before
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
the surface repassivates. In order to achieve minimal material loss, the contribution of corrosion and wear
to material removal by tribocorrosion should be applied. If wear accelerated corrosion is the main factor,
then improvements in corrosion protection should be considered first. On the other hand, materials or
dM
29
30 lubricants with good mechanical performance should be used if mechanical wear determines the overall
31
32 material loss rate (Landolt, et al. [47], Mischler [48]).
33
34
35 From the past literatures, during any wear process the transformation takes place from austenite to
36
37
38
martensite hence reducing the wear corrosion of the austenite stainless steel. The cobalt based alloy
pte
39
40 surfacing deposited by using the PTAW process exhibits increased hardness and excellent wear resistance.
41
42 At high temperature, because of the formation of wear protective oxide layers on wear surfaces, the wear
43
44
mechanism converts from adhesive wear to oxidative wear, and hence reduction in weight loss is observed.
45
46
Since, there is not much research contribution of wear tests using Cold Metal Arc Transfer Cladding
ce
47
48
49 process, a study has been done and concluded that wear mechanism varies with the wearing time and the
50
51 applied load.
52
Ac
53
54 The sliding wear behaviour of the Inconel 625 cladded on 316L , using pin on disc wear testing apparatus
55
56 was evaluated as per ASTM: G99 . The necessary parameters taken for wear testing are sliding velocity,
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 applied load, time and sliding distance [38]. Three levels are taken from the parameters shown in Table IV.
4
pt
5
6 The number of experiments have been reduced according to the defined parameters and their corresponding
7
8 levels, Taguchi based L9 orthogonal array was selected as shown in Table II.
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14 Table IV Control factors and their levels
15
16
us
17 Control Factors Units Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
18
19
20 Load N 20 50 90
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Speed
Sliding Distance
Rpm
M
200
3000
an 400
3000
600
3000
dM
29 Sliding Time Min 90 60 40
30
31
32
33
34
35 The sample pins taken for wear testing of 6.3 mm of diameter and 32.8 mm of height was prepared from
36
37 the 316L material. The EN8 steel with the hardness value of 35HRC is selected as a counterpart disc.
38
pte
39
Normally the disc possess higher hardness when compared to the pin, in order to keep the disc from wear.
40
41
42 The ends of the counterpart disc as well as the pins should be polished to 1 μm surface roughness and kept
43
44 levelled in order to enhance uniform contact. Before and after the start of every experimental trail, the
45
46 sample pin and the counterpart disc should be cleansed with acetone, dried and their masses were
ce
47
48
49 calculated with the help of an electronic weighing machine having least count 0.0001 g. The mass loss on
50
51 the pin alone should be taken as a measure of sliding wear, whereas the mass loss on the counterpart
52
Ac
53 confirms that there was no wear on the disc. The calculation of wear rate on the sample pin with the help of
54
55
56 the standard formula (Eq. (2)) [38], for each experimental run as shown in Table II
57
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6 (𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠/𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦)
7 Wear Rate (mm3/m) = (2)
(𝑆𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒)
8
9
cri
10
11
12 3 Results and Discussion
13
14
15 3.1 Macrostructural Analysis
16
us
17
18 The experiments were carried out based on L9 Orthogonal Array (OA). The macrostructural clad bead
19
20
21
profiles obtained for all the experimental runs are shown in below in Fig. 2(a-i)
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
a b
an c
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37 Current: 140 DOP:7.613 Current:140 DOP:2.323 Current: 140 DOP:2.138
38
pte
39
40 Speed: 125 BW:7.613 Speed:125 BW:8.232 Speed:175 BW:7.293
41
42
43 d e f
44
45
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 Current: 160 DOP:2.443 Current: 160 DOP:1.620 Current: 160 DOP:2.432
4
pt
5
6 Speed: 175 BW:7.775 Speed: 125 BW:8.099 Speed: 150 BW:8.002
7
8
9 g h i
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Current: 180
Speed:150
DOP:2.342
BW:8.121
Current: 180
Speed: 170
an
DOP:2.160
BW:7.354
Current: 180
Speed: 125
DOP:2.376
BW:8.956
dM
29 Fig. 2(a-i) Clad bead profiles obtained for the experiments
30
31
32 The heat input (0.857-0.679 kJ/mm) values are observed to decrease with increasing speed
33
34 (125-175mm/min). A clad bead formed at the welding current (120, 160, 200 Amps), voltage (15, 19, 20
35
36
volts), torch angle (50, 70, 90 degrees) and travel speed (100, 150, 200 mm/min) was selected for
37
38
microstructural analysis. The sample holds good clad qualities with the minimal dilution (9.3%) and high
pte
39
40
41 aspect ratio (2.6). CMT cladding offers minimal dilution which is needed for the corrosion resistance.
42
43
44 From Fig. 2 (a-i), it is observed that the clad beads were crack free. The geometry of the clad beads was
45
46
examined. Clad bead obtained by the 9th experiment (I=180 Amps, V=17 volts, TA=80 and S=150
ce
47
48
49 mm/min), attains less dilution and more clad bead width. This was due to higher heat input present in the
50
51 weld clad. At the interface region of Inconel 625 and 316L, heat transfer occurs due to conduction from the
52
Ac
53 melt pool to the substrate. The dilution and geometry size of the clad layer is illustrated. The process
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 parameters considered for bead on plate cladding were performed and corresponding heat input values as
4
pt
5
6 calculated in Table V. Heat input plays a major part in cladding.
7
8
9 The dilution and geometry size of the clad layer is illustrated from the Fig. 2 (a-i). The clad beads were free
cri
10
11 from surface defects and are continuous. The process parameters considered for bead on plate cladding
12
13 were performed and corresponding heat input values as calculated in Table 4. Heat input plays a major part
14
15
16
in cladding. The good penetration, favourable fusion and sufficient bonding, cooling rate, size of the clad
us
17
18 bead depends on the heat input calculated from the clad bead. The heat input taken from the following
19
20 equation [21].
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Where,
60xVxI
Q= 1000S x 
an (3)
dM
Q = Heat Input (kJ/mm)
29
30
31 V = Voltage (V)
32
33 I = Current (A)
34
35 S = Travel Speed (mm/min)
36
37
38
η = Efficiency
pte
39
40
41
42 The dilution is calculated using the following equation [21].
43
44 As
45 D= (4)
As+Afm
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51 D=Dilution (%)
52
Ac
53 As= cross-sectional area of the substrate (mm)

54
55
56 Afm= cross-sectional area of the deposited filler material (mm)
57
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6 Table V. Comparison of selected process parameters with depth of penetration and dilution
7
8
9 S.No Current Voltage Torch Welding Depth of Heat Dilution Average
cri
10
11
12 I (v) Angle Speed, S penetration, Input D (%) Grain
13
14 (Amps) (deg) (mm/min) (mm) (kJ/mm) Size
15
16 (µm)
us
17
18
19
1 140 17 60 125 7.613 0.856 35.71 15.8
20
21 2 140 19 70 150 2.323 0.798 32.70 17.6
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
3
5
140
160
160
21
17
19
80
70
80
175
175
125
an 2.138
2.443
1.620
0.756
0.699
1.094
34.38
28.5
23.5
21.6
19.3
24.6
dM
29
30 6 160 21 60 150 2.432 1.008 21.8 15.9
31
32
33 7 180 17 80 150 2.342 0.918 9.3 17.8
34
35 8 180 19 60 175 2.160 0.879 30.4 22.8
36
37 9 180 21 70 125 2.376 1.360 27.2 13.7
38
pte
39
40
41
42
43 From Table V, it is observed that 9th experiment confirms as heat input increases 1.360 kJ/mm, bead
44
45 width also increases from 7.3-8.9 mm (Fig. 3). Thus, high heat input influences wider bead width. Thus
46
ce
47 heat input increases, bead width also increases but reinforcement and penetration increase considerably.
48
49
The effect of welding current on clad bead geometry is presented in Table V. It was found that the
50
51
52 reinforcement, total area and width increases with an increase in welding current, (I). The dilution initially
Ac
53
54 increases (32.70-34.38 %) with the increase in welding current (140-160 Amps) due to the higher heat
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 input (0.756 kJ/mm) due to the increase in welding current and it then decreases (28.5%) with the further
4
pt
5
6 increase in welding current. This is due to the decrease of reinforcement, for any further increase in
7
8 welding current (160-180 Amps). The penetration is not significantly affected by welding current. It was
9
cri
10 observed that with increase in welding current, penetration increases significantly. This happens because
11
12
13
with increase in welding current heat input to the base metal increases to a large extent resulting in gradual
14
15 increase in dilution, weld with and total area.
16
us
17
18 As voltage increases (17-19 v) the bead width also increases (7.613 - 8.313 mm) bringing out a reduction
19
20 in reinforcement. The increase in voltage, gives rise to increase in the arc length and heat input, but it has
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
very less influence on the wire feed speed. The increase in the heat input in turn results in increase in
penetration. The increase in the arc length results in the spreading of arc cone at its base which leads to an
increase in bead width. The marginal increase in the heat input and the metal deposition rate are utilized for
dM
29 increasing the value of penetration and therefore the reinforcement height decreases with increase in
30
31
32 voltage.
33
34
35
3.1.1 Interaction effect of welding current and travel speed on dilution
36
37 The welding current holds a significant relationship with the percentage of dilution at lower travel speeds.
38
pte
39 i.e., at lower travel speeds the percentage of dilution increases with the welding current. This is because
40
41
during higher welding current, heat generation is higher and heat in excess is available to melt the substrate
42
43
44 material. In addition, the higher heat generation increases the arc forces and subsequently increases the
45
46 depth of penetration in to the substrate material. Deeper penetration will in turn lead to a higher percentage
ce
47
48 of dilution, which is the reason for increase in percentage of dilution as welding current increases.
49
50
51 3.1.2 Interaction effect of welding current and welding speed on area of penetration (AP)
52
Ac
53
54 It is evident that, area of penetration decreases with increase in welding speed for all levels of current. It is
55
56 interesting to note that when the welding current is at 140 Amps, the area of penetration is higher
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 (7.613mm) at lower welding speed, S (125 mm/min), but when the welding current is at 180 Amps, the
4
pt
5
6 value of area of penetration, AP is lower (2.316 mm) for lower welding speeds (175 mm/min) and this may
7
8 be due to the fact that the weld pool no longer cushions the arc at higher currents and also the width and
9
cri
10 depth of penetration increase with increasing welding current.
11
12
13 Interaction effect of welding current and welding speed on percent dilution (D)
14
15
16 It is evident that if the welding speed is increased, there is a decrease in dilution percentage D. But it is
us
17
18
note worthy that when the welding current increases (160 Amps), the percent dilution increases (28.5),
19
20
21 maintaining the welding speed at 150 mm/min, however, the value of dilution D decreases (9.3%) with the
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
further increase of welding current (180Amps) and welding speed (175 mm/min). At lower welding speed
125 mm/min, the effect of welding current is not significant and the value of dilution D remains unchanged
for all levels of welding current.

dM
29
30
31 From the above clad bead appearance, it is found that in particular clad parameters which are: I=180 Amps,
32
33 V=17 volts, TA=80 and S=150 mm/min, attains minimal percentage dilution and more clad bead width.
34
35 3.2 Microstructural Analysis
36
37
38 Photomicrographs for specimens with different heat input conditions were taken at different zones at 100X
pte
39
40
41 and 200X magnifications. The photomicrographs of 1st experiment containing the base region is shown in
42
43 Fig.3. The etchants used gave good reproducibility in revealing the microstructure.
44
45
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6
7
8
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17 Fig 3. The microstructure of the substrate 316L
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38 (a) Experiment No: 1
pte
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac
53
54
55 (b) Experiment No: 2
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6
7
8
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17
18
19
20
21 (c) Experiment No: 3
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
pte
39
40
41
42
43
(d) Experiment No: 4
44
45
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6
7
8
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17
18 (e) Experiment No: 5
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
(f) Experiment No: 6
pte
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 (g) Experiment No: 7
4
pt
5
6
7
8
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
(h) Experiment No: 8
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
pte
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
(i) Experiment No: 9
ce
47
48
49
50
51
52
Fig. 4. (a-i) Microstructures of the clads
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 Fig.4 (a-i) clearly shows the microstructures of the clad regions obtained for the nine experiments. The L9
4
pt
5
6 OA comprises of parameters namely welding current (120, 160, 200 Amps), voltage (15, 19, 20 volts),
7
8 torch angle (50, 70, 90 degrees) and travel speed (100, 150, 200 mm/min).
9
cri
10
11 The investigations revealed that the clads (Fig 4(a-i)) were free from porosity, cracking and other flaws.
12
13 Inconel 625 possess good adhesion to the 316L substrate. According to base portion 316L stainless steel
14
15
16
comprises of fine and equiaxed austenite grains with twin boundaries. Observations shows that the Inconel
us
17
18 625 had dendritic structure (Fig. 3). The growth of the dendritic arms is along direction of the heat flow.
19
20 From the reports of DuPont, the solidification process of the Inconel 625 alloy starts with the formation of
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
of γ phase was confirmed by SEM micrographs (Fig. 6). an
γ phase [14]. Formation of MC carbides and the Laves phase appear in the clad region [15]. The occurrence
Fig. 4 (a) shows the presence of the cellular and Laves + γ eutectic phases. As Ti content increases, the size
dM
29 of the Laves phase gets increased and the structure gets transformed from the short rod or pointed like
30
31
32 structure to the lamellar. Clad and substrate are well bonded and the clad bead appears to be free from
33
34 cracks and it’s dense in appearance. The clad bead comprises of few columnar dendrites showing epitaxial
35
36 growth. Fig. 4 (b) reveals the columnar dendrites with secondary arm and few cellular dendrites near to
37
38
clad region. The columnar dendrites grow parallel to the direction of the deposition region. The absence of
pte
39
40
41 cellular dendrites in the interface region is noticed in Fig. 4 (b). From Fig. 4 (c), columnar dendrites and
42
43 cellular without secondary dendrites have been observed. Nearer to the substrate laves phase appears and
44
45 few cellular grains are seen in the cladded region as shown in Fig. 4 (d). The microstructure morphology
46
ce
47
48 from the substrate to clad region consists of austentic grains, cellular dendrites without secondary arm,
49
50 columnar dendrites with secondary arm and equiaxed grains. The growth transformation in Fig. 3(d) is
51
52 mainly due to the effects of temperature gradients (G) and grain growth rate (R) of the molten pool. Once
Ac
53
54
55 arc ignites and filler wire are fed, molten pool is created and solidification starts once electric arc is
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 withdrawn. Clad portion contains maximum G and minimum R and there are cellular dendrites without
4
pt
5
6 secondary arm and columnar dendrites as seen in Fig. 4(c). The absence of planner and cellular crystals in
7
8 the interface region is due to rapid solidification rate, which creates insufficient time for the “flat interface
9
cri
10 growth mode”.
11
12
13
From Fig 4(e-i) many cellular grains, columnar dendrites, equiaxed grains and laves phase are observed.
14
15 The constitutional undercooling needs a concentration temperature gradient. The decrease in the
16
us
17 temperature gradient increases the growth rate towards the clad region [31]. Growth of dendrites appears to
18
19
be non uniform and randomized. Direction of heat flow initiates the direction of the flow of temperature to
20
21
22 the substrate, resulting in formation of directional dendrites [19]. The ϒ phase with the FCC structure
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
growing in the direction of <100> paves way for the growth of dendrites in the columnar region [16]. In the
CMT cladding, the rate of cooling increases in the molten pool and decreases in the direction the clad
dM
29 region. Hence in the bottom of the melt pool, growth is cellular and there is no formation of columnar with
30
31 secondary dendritic arms. In CMT cladding, the thickness of the clad region accounts to 139 ± 20 µm. The
32
33 mean distance between the columnar with secondary dendritic arm was measured and it was around 3.29 ±
34
35
36
1 μm. The X-ray diffraction pattern of cladded samples was given in Fig.5. Selected experiments such as 2,
37
38 4, 6, 7, 8 are given for analysis. The XRD result of Inconel 625 cladded samples demonstrated that the
pte
39
40 diffraction peaks of almost all γ-Ni (FCC) matrix phase were identified in all the experiments.
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6
7
8
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33 Fig. 5 XRD spectrum for all clad beads of Inconel 625 on 316L substrate
34
35 In Fig.5, the XRD spectrum of Inconel 625 shows the presence of major peaks corresponding to 2Ɵ
36
37
38 value of 43.62, 54.96, 74.62. XRD analysis shows the evolution of ϒ-Ni phase in clad bead owing
pte
39
40 to the composition of nickel based superalloy. The phases with low peaks are difficult to be
41
42 considered [28]. It is evident from the XRD pattern that the high intense peaks correspond to FCC γ-
43
44
45 Ni rich supersaturated solid solution matrix (ICDD 00-035-1489) resulting from the rapid
46
ce
47 solidification during cladding. The presence of lave type precipitates, M23C6 and other carbides, as
48
49 reported by several authors [39], were not identified in the obtained XRD pattern. Even though Mo
50
51
52
rich precipitates were seen intermittently in the SEM micrographs, their volume fractions were less
Ac
53
54 than the detectable limit of XRD. Neither change in the lattice parameter of γ-Ni rich solid solution
55
56 matrix nor additional phases were identified on changing the weld parameters during CMT cladding.
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 The absence of the prominent <200> peaks in CMT could can be attributed to any particular strong
4
pt
5
6 preferred texture orientation of <200> planes in the top surface of cladding.
7
8 Pure FCC Ni phase peaks emerge at slightly higher values of 2Ɵ when compared to the large number
9
cri
10 of peaks observed in the XRD spectrum of the CMT clad Inconel 625 wire. The difference in the
11
12
13
lattice parameter is due to alloying elements in the solid solution of Inconel 625. This affected the
14
15 interplanar spacing of the γ-Ni present in the coating. Here the observable phase is FCC γ-Ni phase
16
us
17 with lattice parameter close to pure Ni. Analysis confirms the presence of Nb and Mo carbide former
18
19
elements into the interdendritic region whilst the partition of Cr and Fe results on the active
20
21
22 participation in both the γ (Ni-rich) solid solution and interdendritic regions.
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
The SEM analysiswere performed to confirm the obtained microstructures were shown in the
following Fig 6(a-d). Selected experiments such as 2, 4, 6 & 8 were given for SEM analysis and the
dM
29 results were confirmed through EDS.
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
pte
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6
7
8
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
pte
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac
53 Fig. 6 (a-f) SEM micrographs of the clad interface region

54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 From Fig.6 (a) it is seen that in 2nd experiment, two different phases were appeared, the dark gray and the
4
pt
5
6 light gray phase. The light gray is seen as patches in between the dark gray phase. According to EDS, dark
7
8 gray phase contains nickel, Cr, Mo, C, O, Al and Nb, whereas light gray phase contains nickel, Al, O, C,
9
cri
10 Cr and Mo. The white particles seen in between contain Nb, nickel, Mo, Cr. Also, in Fig.6 (b) it is seen that
11
12
13
4th experiment shows, columnar dendrites and black blade like region identifies elements contain nickel,
14
15 Nb, Mo and Cr.
16
us
17
18 From Fig.6 (c) it is found that in 6th experiment the precipitation of secondary phase observed in the
19
20 interdendritic region as elongated form or rod shape. EDS analysis confirms the presence of Mo and Nb as
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
well as the amount of Si at higher concentrations.
an
Fig.6 (d) shows that with respect to EDS analysis in 8th experiment light gray region accounts for 51.48
wt% nickel, 19.5 wt% Cr, 10.8 wt% Mo and 7 wt% Nb, and in addition contains carbon, iron and oxygen.
dM
29
30 Due to the increased weight percentage of elements like Nb and Mo nearer to the light gray phase, the
31
32 black blade like region containing ϒ phase is formed. The presence of Cr and C, confirms the formation of
33
34
35
carbide precipitates. The dark gray region accounts for 46.3 wt% Ni, 21.2.4 wt% Cr and 4.8 wt% Mo and
36
37 in addition contains Iron, Aluminium. Ni3Nb, the intermetallic compound coherent with ϒ or ϒ “ phase
38
pte
39 may be seen. Formation of continuous phase is expected in the coaxial region due to low thermal gradient
40
41
[29].
42
43
44
From Fig. 6 (f) the formation of ϒ dendrite phase indicates the solidification of Inconel 625.The presence
45
46
of 7.12 wt % of Nb in the light gray phase moves away from the dendrite phase and joins the molten
ce
47
48
49 region. Due to solidification the 7.12 wt % of Nb and 10.12 wt % of Mo increases further in the molten
50
51 region, forms a new compound γ/Laves.
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 Considering the process parameters, clad region with 180Amps, beads show large dendritic length
4
pt
5
6 owing to the reason of lower cooling rate as compared to 140 Amps. In addition, as welding current
7
8 increases, decrease in the microhardness of 236HV0.5 is observed. The microhardness variation among the
9
cri
10 clad beads could be attributed to the fact that as welding current increased (180 Amps), heat input per unit
11
12
13
length of the clad bead also increased (1.360 KJ/mm) proportionately, which resulted in slower cooling
14
15 rate of the clad bead, in turn resulting in reduction of microhardness (234 HV0.5).
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22 3.3 Hardness measurement across the clad surfaces
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
pte
39
40
41
42
43
44 Fig. 7 Microhardness profiles of the experiments
45
46 Vickers microhardness indentation method was used. The microhardness values of the clad bead for all the
ce
47
48
49 experiments are shown in Fig.7. The clad region shows higher hardness than the substrate. The higher
50
51 hardness in the clad region is mainly due to the chemical composition and also due to the presence of
52
Ac
53 higher amounts of Nb, Ni, Cr and C. At the terminal stage of solidification of cladded region, Nb and Mo
54
55
56
segregate to the liquid due to their low solubility in the austenite phase and carbides with high hardness are
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 produced [27]. In fact rejection of Nb into interdendritic regions during solidification along with diffusion
4
pt
5
6 of carbon by an interstitial mechanism can produce NbC. However, microstructure of base metal composed
7
8 of columnar austenite with a little δ ferrite has definitely lower microhardness. It can also be observed that
9
cri
10 the microhardness value decreases from Inconel 625 to the centre of the substrate. The increase in
11
12
13
hardness, from 220.3 ±10.5 HV0.5 to 249.9 ±24.9 HV0.5. From Fig. 7, the average microhardness value of
14
15 single clad bead was 231.33 HV0.5.
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22 3.4 Corrosion Potential tests
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
The primary parameters considered for corrosion resistance are corrosion potential (Ecorr), passive current
density (Ip) and corrosion rate (C Rate). For a better corrosion resistance high corrosion potential is
dM
29 required [27]. The reason behind uniform current density is passive current density. The formation of
30
31 passive film at the low current densities helps to avoid losses developed at high current densities [7]. The
32
33 passive film formed by Inconel 625 attributes to the formation of CrO2, NiO. The presence of iron in the
34
35
36
clad surface is acclaims to the formation of the Fe2O3 oxide. In order to prevent defects occurring in the
37
38 passive layer, breakdown potential is established [28]. Fig.8 summarizes the potentiodynamic polarization
pte
39
40 curves of the Inconel 625 on 316L.
41
42
43 V
1C
44 1.0
45
46 0.5
ce
47
48 0.0
49
50
Potential
-0.5
51
52 -1.0
Ac
53
54
55 -8 -6 -4 -2
56 Log(Current/A) A
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 Fig. 8. Potentiodynamic polarisation curves for experiments (1-9)
4
pt
5
6 The corrosion potential (Ecorr), pitting potential (Epit), passive region (ΔE), and corrosion current (Icorr) were
7
8
9 measured by Tafel extrapolation shown in Table VI.
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
Table VI Comparison of selected process parameters with depth of penetration and dilution
16
us
17
18
S.No Ecorr (V) Icorr(A/cm2 ) RP C Rate
19
20 ohm (mm/yr)
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Base
316L
1
-0.4553
-0.3383
0.0000004085
0.0000007811
an 24630
16600
1.065
5.505
dM
29
30 2 -0.3826 0.0000007758 40840 5.468
31
32
33 3(best) -0.2605 0.0000003064 72850 0.5399
34
35
36 4 -0.5562 0.000001105 9908 1.947
37
38
pte
39
40
5 -0.3975 0.0000004584 30540 0.8078
41
42
43 6(worst -0.3784 0.000003751 2095 8.813
44
45 )
46
ce
47 7 -0.2982 0.0000003238 49010 0.5705

48
49
50
51
8 -0.2833 0.00000003146 116300 0.05544
52
Ac
53
54 9 -0.378 0.000004581 2749 8.071
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 The potentiodynamic polarisation tests conducted on Inconel 625 in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution at room
4
pt
5
6 temperature given in Table VI. Fig. 7 shows the potential polarisation behaviour of the CMT cladding of
7
8 Inconel 625 over 316L as base material. From the results presented in Table VI, comparing with the base
9
cri
10 material, the Inconel 625 clad region (9.3% dilution) has increased corrosion resistance.
11
12
13 The following Fig.9 (a & b) shows the SEM microstructures of Inconel 625 before corrosion for a- Sample
14
15
16
3 & b-Sample 6
us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29 Fig 9 (a & b) SEM images of the surface of etched samples a- Sample 3 & b-Sample 6 before the corrosion
30
31 test
32
33
34 Fig. 9 (a & b) shows SEM images of the microstructure on the surface of sample 3 and sample 6 before the
35
36
37
corrosion test. The sample preparation was followed by chemical etching with aqua regia (3HNO3 : 3HCl)
38
pte
39 Fig. 10 (a & b) shows SEM images of the as corroded surfaces of the Inconel 625 samples (3 & 6)
40
41 successfully after the potentiostatic polarization tests. Both Figs. 9(a & b) and 10(a & b) show that both
42
43
samples (3 & 6) comprises of dendritic microstructure. In Fig. 9(a & b) and 10(a & b), the visible bright
44
45
46 regions indicates the subgrain boundaries and the dark regions reveals the columnar dendrite cores [40].
ce
47
48 The presence of Nb carbide and oxide is the reason behind the bright appearance on the subgrain
49
50 boundaries [41]. In the case of sample 6 in Fig. 10 (b), the irregular rugged appearance reveal that
51
52
Ac
53 corrosion happened in a wide surrounding region of the grain boundary, in contrast to sample 6 in Fig 9
54
55 (b). The shape of the grain boundary is visible, due to the effect of corrosion. A small amount of NbC got
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 precipitated, over the grain boundary where corrosion happened. The deeper pit along transgranular region
4
pt
5
6 to the grain boundary the showed that the corrosion started from the grain boundary and progressed
7
8 towards the transgranular region. On the other hand, sample 3 is clearly diffrentiated from sample 6: with
9
cri
10 the exception of oxides that were formed in a bright color at the subgrain boundaries, neither intergranular
11
12
13
corrosion nor overall corrosion occurred. Taking sample 3 into consideration, the grain boundary was not
14
15 corroded, the location of the grain boundaries could be estimated only from the arrangement of the
16
us
17 subgrain boundaries, which could not be clearly distinguished [42].
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33 Fig 10 (a&b). SEM images of the surface of samples after the potentiostatic polarization test(a-Sample 3 &
34
35
b-Sample 6)
36
37
38 Large amount of Nb and Mo existed in region present in 10 (b) than in the surrounding area, and this was
pte
39
40
41 where Nb carbides were usually precipitated [43]. In contrast to sample 6, shown in Fig. 9(a) it was
42
43 confirmed that much corrosion occurred at the subgrain boundaries in sample 6, shown in Fig. 10(b) and it
44
45 was noticeable amount of Nb carbides were precipitated between the subgrain boundaries. In sample 3,
46
ce
47
48 shows the presence of oxides at the subgrain boundaries, no cracking was due to corrosion observed.
49
50 Inaddition, it can be confirmed that the surroundings of the grain boundaries were slightly corroded with
51
52 the rate of 0.533mm/yr.
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6
7
8
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
Fig.11 Composition in the corrosion site of Sample 6
Fig. 11 reveals the chemical composition of elements examined through energy-dispersive X-ray
dM
spectroscopy (EDS). In the transgranular region, the composition of major elements such as Ni and Cr were
29
30
31 found to be same as that of sample composition analyzed using the spectrometer, except that for C found to
32
33 be 10.23 wt.%. However, the Nb content was measured to be about six times higher at the grain boundary
34
35 than in the surrounding, and the composition of Ni and Cr were about 1/3 and 1/2 of those in the
36
37
38
transgranular region. In addition, the composition of C was 17.3 wt%, which is very high because during
pte
39
40 cladding, the base metal’s carbon spread to the clad metal and became diluted .
41
42
43 Thus the corrosion rate of sample 3 of corrosion rate 0.5399 mm/yr is comparitively lesser compared to the
44
45 corrosion rate of sample 6 8.813 mm/yr. The lesser corrosion rate of sample 3 confirms the present of rich
46
ce
47
content of chromium, nickel and molybdenum that improve corrosion resistance in chloride environment.
48
49
50
51
52
The clad region passivated at 3 × 10−4 mAcm−2 has lower current density when compared to the substrate
Ac
53
54
55 which gets passivated at 1.9 × 10−3 mAcm−2. At high current density, severe loss is encountered on the
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 material, due to the effect of passive film formation at low current density. Thus low passive current
4
pt
5
6 density tends to shows higher corrosion resistance. The breakdown potential resists the localised attack
7
8 over the passive layer. Compared to the breakdown potential of 316L (298 ± 10 mV (wrt Ag/AgCl
9
cri
10 electrode)), the clad bead has wider passive region with a breakdown potential of 560 ± 5 mV (wrt
11
12
13
Ag/AgCl electrode). The increase in current density with the slight change in the potential is due to the
14
15 result of difference in breakdown potential.
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34 Fig. 12. SEM images of (a–b) corroded surface of Inconel 625 wire CMT clad layer
35
36
37
38
pte
39
40 The SEM images of the corroded sample shows the impact of positive hysteresis identified in polarisation
41
42 curve along the base material region and appearance of ploughs confirm the occurrence of pits in Fig. 12
43
44 (a-b). The increase in breakdown potential exhibited at the clad bead reveals that the damage nuclei cannot
45
46
initiate on the passive layer. The absence of permanent damage in the transpassive region of the Inconel
ce
47
48
49 625, mainly due to low gradient current density. Thus, the damage occurred on the corroded surface of the
50
51 clad bead has spread uniformly. Comparing the corrosion potential values, the Inconel 625 clad region
52
Ac
53
54 appears to be nominal. It was found that from Fig. 12(a) the core dendritic matrix shown as grey regions is
55
56 rich in Mo (15.5 wt%) and O (47.2 wt%). The oxidation reaction on the core dendrites leads to the
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 formation of oxides or compounds of molybdenum is confirmed through higher weight percentage of O.
4
pt
5
6 The light contrast region (precipitates) shows the boundaries between the dendritic core indicating
7
8 negligible amount of O (2.6 wt%) .
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34 Fig. 13 SEM/EDAX analysis
35
36
37
38
pte
39
40
41
42
43 From Fig 13, flaky phases contains Nb and Ti content seen in Inconel 625. Fig 10, EDS results show that
44
45 the bright interdendritic areas contains Nb and Mo, while Cr content remained almost uniform throughout
46
ce
47
48 the CMT cladding. The pits consists of secondary phases contains Mn, Ni, Fe. Further, EDAX analysis was
49
50 carried out to infer the elemental composition at clad, interface and base regions. The precipitates in the
51
52 cladding of Inconel 625 shown in Fig 6(c) were examined by SEM.
Ac
53
54
55 3.4. Analysis of wear performance of Inconel 625 on 316L
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 The graph showing wear rates as a function of sliding time under different condition of applied loads 20N,
4
pt
5
6 50N and 90N respectively in Fig.14. During the initial start of the experiment with the load of 20N,
7
8 increase in wear rate is observed. The reason for the increase of asperities on the worn surface, liesin the
9
cri
10 reduction of real contact area of the friction pair compared to its nominal counterpart. During the wear
11
12
13
testing, the asperities flake off from the surface, and there is an increase in the wear rate. After the initial
14
15 start of 30 min, wear rate gradually decreases with an increase in sliding time. During wear tests the hard
16
us
17 phases present in the Inconel 625 clad bead acts as a protective layer, thereby improving the wear
18
19
resistance of 316L [37].
20
21
22 The wear rate under the load of 50 N and 20N are nearly equal. However, when the load reaches 90 N, the
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
wear rate gets doubled than the rate under the load of 20 N. The required shear stress which is necessary to
separate the hard phases from the substrate is not sufficient until the load increases to 90N. The Fig. 14
dM
29 shows the graph between wear rate and sliding time and Fig 15 shows the SEM micrographs of the worn
30
31 surfaces indicating the ploughs and sliding direction. The formation of wear debris on the worn surface is
32
33 noticed along the sliding direction.
34
35
36
37
38
pte
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6
7
8
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34 Fig. 14. Wear rate vs. sliding time of worn surface deposit under different loads(20N,50N,90N)
35
36
37
38
pte
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51 Fig 15.SEM images of worn surface
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6
7
8
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32 Fig. 16. SEM micrographs of the coating worn surface under after wear test at (a) 40min; (b) 60min;
33
34 (c) 90min.
35
36
37
38
pte
39 SEM micrographs of the worn surface under varying time duration are shown in Fig. 16(a-c). During the
40
41 start of the test, appearance of fracture particles on the worn surface mainly due to the flakes removed from
42
43
44
the clad area, as shown in Fig. 16 (a). The appearance of ploughs is due to detached abrasive particles seen
45
46 during wearing. The main mechanism behind the wearing action is abrasive in nature. Increasing the time
ce
47
48 of wearing, abrasive type of wear is formed as shown in Fig. 16 (b-c). Increase in the wearing time deepen
49
50
the oxidized wear and vary the morphology of the worn surface.
51
52
Ac
53 Generally, as hardness increases, wear resistance of the material also increases and a similar observation
54
55 was made in this study. It is observed that the mere difference in the value of hardness between 316L and
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 EN8 is not significant, however 316L showed exceptional wear resistance compared to EN8. This might be
4
pt
5
6 due to reduction in rippling effect at higher scan speed which could lower the frictional force during wear.
7
8 Conclusion
9
cri
10 This study focused on the deposition of Inconel 625 on the 316L using CMT cladding, and the
11
12
13
metallurgical, microhardness and corrosion tests were evaluated.
14
15  In this study, CMT cladding of Inconel 625 filler wire was performed without any defects. It
16
us
17 is revealed that sound clad pool geometry is obtained at the welding speed of 150 mm/min.
18
19
As welding current increases, there is a proportional decrease in base metal dilution. In
20
21
22 particular clad parameters consisting: I=180 Amps, V=17 volts, TA=80 and S=150
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
mm/min, attains less dilution (9.3%) and more clad bead width (8.956mm).
 The microstructure of the clad bead comprise mainly of columnar dendrites, cellular with
dM
29 secondary dendrite arm spacing. However, changes in the shape and size of grain structure
30
31 and dendrite spacing were noted due to the variation in process parameters. The presence of
32
33 the cellular and Laves + γ eutectic phase was confirmed through SEM analysis.
34
35
36
 It is evident from the hardness tests that the clad and the interface has maximum hardness
37
38 (231.33 HV0.5) compared to the base. The increase in hardness of Inconel 625 could be due
pte
39
40 to enrichment of Mo, Cr, Nb and C. The maximum hardness of 231.33 HV0.5 at the clad
41
42
could also be attributed due to the formation of equiaxed dendrite due to the higher amounts
43
44
45 of Nb.
46
ce
47  The presence of higher content of chromium and molybdenum in the Fe-Ni based alloys
48
49 increases the corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance depends on dendritic arm space,
50
51
52 in that the fine dendritic arm space gives better corrosion resistance. Thus clad area exhibits
Ac
53
54 the best corrosion performance in 3.5% NaCl Inconel 625 had a higher corrosion potential
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 (Ecorr) and pitting potential (Epit) also formed a marginally larger passive region (ΔE).From
4
pt
5
6 the SEM EDS analysis, more Nb and Mo existed in the clad region, carbide precipiation
7
8 were observed only at the subgrain boundaries of Inconel 625, and no cracking due to
9
cri
10 corrosion was observed.
11
12
13
 From the pin on disc wear test results, as deposited Inconel 625 clad composed of the Ni-
14
15 rich γ (Ni, Fe) phase, M23C6, Ni3B, and Ni3Si. At the applied high level load of 90 N, the
16
us
17 wear rate gets doubled than the rates under loads of 20 N and 50 N. Applying 20N load, the
18
19
adhesive wear is formed, whereas by applying 90N oxidation wear is formed. It was
20
21
22 concluded that the wear mechanism varies with the wearing time and the applied load.
23
24
25
26
27
28
References
an
dM
29 [1] Li, S., Wei, Q., Shi, Y., Zhu, Z., & Zhang, D, “Microstructure characteristics of Inconel 625 superalloy
30
31 manufactured by selective laser melting.” Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 31(9), 946-952
32
33 (2015)
34
35
36
[2] Rajani, H. Z., Mousavi, S. A., & Sani, F. M,“Comparison of corrosion behavior between fusion cladded
37
38 and explosive cladded Inconel 625/plain carbon steel bimetal plates. “Materials & Design, 43, 467-474
pte
39
40 (2013)
41
42
[3] Solecka, M., Petrzak, P., & Radziszewska, A. “The microstructure of weld overlay Ni-base alloy
43
44
45 deposited on carbon steel by CMT method. “Solid State Phenomena, 231. (2015)
46
ce
47 [4] Ola, O. T., & Doern, F. E. “A study of cold metal transfer clads in nickel-base INCONEL 718
48
49 superalloy.” Materials & Design, 57, 51-59. (2014).
50
51
52 [5] Egerland, S. A. . “Status and perspectives in overlaying under particular consideration of sophisticated
Ac
53
54 welding processes.” Quarterly Journal of the Japan Welding Society, 27(2), 50s-54s.(2009)
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 [6] Abioye, T. E., McCartney, D. G., & Clare, A. T. “Laser cladding of Inconel 625 wire for corrosion
4
pt
5
6 protection.” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 217, 232-240.(2015)
7
8 [7] Dinda, G. P., Dasgupta, A. K., & Mazumder, J.”Laser aided direct metal deposition of Inconel 625
9
cri
10 superalloy: Microstructural evolution and thermal stability.” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 509(1-
11
12
13
2), 98-104.(2009)
14
15 [8] Eiselstein, H. L., & Tillack, D. J. “The invention and definition of alloy 625.” Superalloys, 718(625),
16
us
17 1-14. (1991).
18
19
[9] Lehockey, E. M., Palumbo, G., & Lin, P. “Improving the weldability and service performance of
20
21
22 nickel-and iron-based superalloys by grain boundary engineering.” Metallurgical and Materials
23
24
25
26
27
28
Transactions A, 29(12), 3069-3079.(1998)
an
[10] P. Elango and S. Balaguru, “Welding Parameters for Inconel 625 Overlay on Carbon Steel
dM
29 using GMAW.” Indian J. Sci. Tech. 8:31 (2015)
30
31 [11] D. Janicki, “Fiber laser welding of Ni based superalloy Inconel 625.” SPIE Laser Technology 2012:
32
33 Applications of Lasers 8703 (2013)
34
35
36
[12] Donachie, Matthew J., and Stephen J. Donachie. “Superalloys: a technical guide.” ASM international (
37
38 2002)
pte
39
40 [13] Dooley, R., & Wiertel, E. “A survey of erosion and corrosion resistant materials being used on boiler
41
42
tubes in waste to energy boilers." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference (pp. 37-
43
44
45 41). American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2009)
46
ce
47 [14] Lorenzin, G., & Rutili, G. The innovative use of low heat input in welding: experiences on
48
49 ‘cladding’and brazing using the CMT process. Welding International, 23(8), 622-632 (2009)
50
51
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 [15] Pickin, C. G., Williams, S. W., & Lunt, M. “Characterisation of the cold metal transfer (CMT) process
4
pt
5
6 and its application for low dilution cladding”. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 211(3), 496-
7
8 502. (2011)
9
cri
10 [16] Saroj, S., Sahoo, C. K., & Masanta, M. “Microstructure and mechanical performance of TiC-
11
12
13
Inconel825 composite coating deposited on AISI 304 steel by TIG cladding process.” Journal of Materials
14
15 Processing Technology, 249, 490-501 (2017)
16
us
17 [17] Wang, Y., Normand, B., Mary, N., Yu, M., & Liao, H. Microstructure and corrosion behavior of cold
18
19
sprayed SiCp/Al 5056 composite coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology, 251, 264-275 (2014).
20
21
22 [18] Ramkumar, K. D., Abraham, W. S., Viyash, V., Arivazhagan, N., & Rabel, A. M. “Investigations on
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
the microstructure, tensile strength and high temperature corrosion behaviour of Inconel 625 and Inconel
718 dissimilar joints.” Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 25, 306-322 (2017)

dM
29 [19] Sreedhar, G., Alam, M. M., & Raja, V. S. “Hot corrosion behaviour of plasma sprayed YSZ/Al2O3
30
31 dispersed NiCrAlY coatings on Inconel-718 superalloy.” Surface and Coatings Technology, 204(3), 291-
32
33 299 (2009)
34
35
36
[20] Abioye, T. E., Folkes, J., & Clare, A. T. “A parametric study of Inconel 625 wire laser
37
38 deposition.” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 213(12), 2145-2151 (2013)
pte
39
40 [21] Kannan, T. D. B., Ramesh, T., & Sathiya, P. “A review of similar and dissimilar micro-joining of
41
42
nitinol.” JOM, 68(4), 1227-1245. (2016).
43
44
45 [22] Longlong, G., Hualin, Z., Shaohu, L., Yueqin, L., Xiaodong, X., & Chunyu, F. “Formation quality
46
ce
47 optimization and corrosion performance of Inconel 625 weld overlay using hot wire pulsed TIG.” Rare
48
49 Metal Materials and Engineering, 45(9), 2219-2226 (2016)
50
51
52 [23] Abioye, T. E., D. G. McCartney, and A. T. Clare. "Laser cladding of Inconel 625 wire for corrosion
Ac
53
54 protection." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 217: 232-240 (2015)
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 [24] Dinda, G. P., Dasgupta, A. K., & Mazumder, J. “Laser aided direct metal deposition of Inconel 625
4
pt
5
6 superalloy: Microstructural evolution and thermal stability.” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 509(1-
7
8 2), 98-104 (2009)
9
cri
10 [25] Xu, X., Mi, G., Chen, L., Xiong, L., Jiang, P., Shao, X., & Wang, C. “Research on microstructures and
11
12
13
properties of Inconel 625 coatings obtained by laser cladding with wire.” Journal of Alloys and
14
15 Compounds, 715, 362-373 (2017)
16
us
17 [26] Bhattacharya, S., Dinda, G. P., Dasgupta, A. K., & Mazumder, J. “Microstructural evolution of AISI
18
19
4340 steel during direct metal deposition process.” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 528(6), 2309-
20
21
22 2318 (2011)
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
[27] G. Longlong, Z. Hualin, L. Shaohu, L. Yueqin, X. Xiaodong, F. Chunyu, “Formation quality
optimization and corrosion performance of Inconel 625 weld overlay using hot wire pulsed TIG.” Rare
dM
29 Met. Mater. Eng. 45 2219–2226 (2016)
30
31 [28] Selvi, S., Vishvaksenan, A., & Rajasekar, E. “Cold metal transfer (CMT) technology-An
32
33 overview.” Defence technology, 14(1), 28-44 (2018).
34
35
36
[29] Qin, W., & Chen, Z. H. “Stability of the austenitic phase in ultra-fine particles of Fe-based
37
38 alloys.” Journal of alloys and compounds, 322(1-2), 286-289 (2001)
pte
39
40 [30] Zhang, W., Sun, D., Han, L., & Li, Y. “Optimised design of electrode morphology for novel
41
42
dissimilar resistance spot welding of aluminium alloy and galvanised high strength steel.” Materials &
43
44
45 Design, 85, 461-470. (2015).
46
ce
47 [31] Yang, S., Zhang, J., Lian, J., & Lei, Y. “Welding of aluminum alloy to zinc coated steel by cold metal
48
49 transfer.” Materials & Design, 49, 602-612 (2013)
50
51
52 [32] Tuominen, J., Vuoristo, P., Mäntylä, T., Kylmälahti, M., Vihinen, J., & Andersson, P. H. “Improving
Ac
53
54 corrosion properties of high-velocity oxy-fuel sprayed inconel 625 by using a high-power continuous wave
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser”. Journal of thermal spray technology, 9(4), 513-519
4
pt
5
6 (2000)
7
8 [33] Abioye, T. E., P. K. Farayibi, D. G. McCartney, and A. T. Clare. "Effect of carbide dissolution on the
9
cri
10 corrosion performance of tungsten carbide reinforced Inconel 625 wire laser coating." Journal of Materials
11
12
13
Processing Technology 231 89-99 (2016)
14
15 [34] Liu, Z., Cabrero, J., Niang, S., & Al-Taha, Z. Y. “Improving corrosion and wear performance of
16
us
17 HVOF-sprayed Inconel 625 and WC-Inconel 625 coatings by high power diode laser treatments.” Surface
18
19
and Coatings Technology, 201(16-17), 7149-7158. (2007)
20
21
22 [35] J.C. Heigel, M.F. Gouge, P. Michaleris, T.A. Palmer, “Selection of powder or wire feedstock material
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
for the laser cladding of Inconel 625.” J. Mater. Process. Technol. 231 357e365 (2016)
[36] Deepan Bharathi Kannan T., Sathiya P.,Ramesh T. "Experimental investigation and characterization
dM
29 of laser welded NiTinol shape memory alloys", Journal of Manufacturing Processes, (2017)
30
31 [37] Hashim, M., K.E. Sarath Raghavendra Babu, Muthukannan Duraiselvam, and Harshad Natu.
32
33 "Improvement of wear resistance of Hastelloy C-276 through laser surface melting", Materials
34
35
36
& Design, (2013).
37
38 [38] Baskaran, S., Anandakrishnan, V., & Duraiselvam, M., “Investigations on dry sliding wear behavior
pte
39
40 of in situ casted AA7075–TiC metal matrix composites by using Taguchi technique.” Materials &
41
42
Design, 60, 184-192 (2014)
43
44
45 [39] Rai, S. K., Kumar, A., Shankar, V., Jayakumar, T., Rao, K. B. S., & Raj, B. “Characterization of
46
ce
47
48 microstructures in Inconel 625 using X-ray diffraction peak broadening and lattice parameter
49
50 measurements.” Scripta materialia, 51(1), 59-63 (2004)
51
52
Ac
53 [40] Xing, X., Di, X., & Wang, B. “The effect of post-weld heat treatment temperature on the
54
55 microstructure of Inconel 625 deposited metal”. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 593, 110-116.(2014)
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 [41] Lippold, J. C., Kiser, S. D., & DuPont, J. N. (2011). “Welding metallurgy and weldability of nickel-
4
pt
5
6 base alloys.” John Wiley & Sons.
7
8
9 [42] DuPont, J. N. “Solidification of an alloy 625 weld overlay.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions
cri
10
11 A, 27(11), 3612-3620 (1996).
12
13
14 [43] Deacon, R. M., DuPont, J. N., & Marder, A. R. “High temperature corrosion resistance of candidate
15
16 nickel-based weld overlay alloys in a low NOx environment.” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 460,
us
17
18
392-402 (2007).
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
[44] Espallargas, N. and Mischler, “Tribocorrosion Behaviour of Overlay Welded Ni-Cr 625 Alloy in
Sulphuric and Nitric Acids: Electrochemical and Chemical Effects,” Tribology International, 43(7), pp
dM
29 1209- 1217 (2010)
30
31
32 [45] Yano, A., Hirayama, Y., Sakanishi, A., Shirai, S., Uchida, Y., Fujita, K., Kikkawa, F., Fujioka, K.,
33
34 Kawazoe, T., Saki, K., and Yamamoto, Y. “Corrosive Wear of Bronze Propeller Shaft Sleeve (Part 1;
35
36
37
Investigation of the Sleeve Used and Fundamental corrosive wear test),” Tribology Transactions, 50(1), pp
38
pte
39 1-12 (2007)
40
41
42 [46] Stemp, M., Mischler, S., and Landolt, D., “The Effect of Contact Configuration on the Tribocorrosion
43
44 of Stainless Steel in Reciprocating Sliding under Potentiostatic Control,” Corrosion Science, 45(3), pp 625-
45
46
640. (2003)
ce
47
48
49 [47] Landolt, D., Mischler, S., and Stemp, M, “Electrochemical Methods in Tribocorrosion: A Critical
50
51
52 Appraisal,” Electrochimica Acta, 46(24- 25), pp 3913-3929. (2001)
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3 [48] Mischler, S. “Triboelectrochemical Techniques and Interpretation Methods in Tribocorrosion: A
4
pt
5
6 Comparative Evaluation,” Tribology International, 41(7), pp 573-583. (2008)
7
8
9 [41] Lippold, J. C., Kiser, S. D., & DuPont, J. N. (2011). “Welding metallurgy and weldability of nickel-
cri
10
11 base alloys.” John Wiley & Sons.
12
13
14 [42] DuPont, J. N. “Solidification of an alloy 625 weld overlay.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions
15
16 A, 27(11), 3612-3620 (1996).
us
17
18
19 [43] Deacon, R. M., DuPont, J. N., & Marder, A. R. “High temperature corrosion resistance of candidate
20
21
nickel-based weld overlay alloys in a low NOx environment.” Materials Science and Engineering: A, 460,
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
392-402 (2007).
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
pte
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1
2
3
4
pt
5
6
7
8
9
cri
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
us
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
an
dM
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
pte
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
ce
47
48
49
50
51
52
Ac
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

CMT Cladding

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

CMT Cladding

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CMT Cladding

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Materials Research Express

Cold Metal Arc Transfer (CMT) metal deposition of Inconel 625

Manuscript version: Accepted Manuscript

This Accepted Manuscript is © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

This content was downloaded from IP address 128.252.67.66 on 26/02/2019 at 09:47

*corresponding author: psathiya@nitt.edu

53 As= cross-sectional area of the substrate (mm)

for all levels of welding current.

53 Fig. 6 (a-f) SEM micrographs of the clad interface region

47 7 -0.2982 0.0000003238 49010 0.5705

718 dissimilar joints.” Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 25, 306-322 (2017)

You might also like