Lecture13 Electromagnetic Waves Upload

Lecture
• Electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic waves
Energy transport and the Poynting vector
Radiation pressure
Polarization
Reflection and refraction
Polarization by reflection
Chap. 33
Hyunyong Choi
Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.
http://choigroup.snu.ac.kr
• Maxwell’s rainbow
James Clerk Maxwell: electromagnetic waves, visible, infrared, UV
Heinrich Hertz: radio waves

• The traveling electromagnetic wave, qualitatively
x rays, gamma rays, visible: radiated from sources of atomic or nuclear size
𝜆~1𝜇𝑚 source of radiation is both macroscopic and manageable dimensions (large enough)
vary sinusoidally at this frequency
Transformer and transmission line to antenna

- Sinusoidal current in oscillator à charge oscillation
in antenna at
-Antenna: electric dipole, it varies sinusoidally in

magnitude and direction along the antenna
-Dipole variesà E-field is produced.

-Current varies àB-field is produced
à EM wave travels with c.

Electromagnetic wave
Direction: out of page
1.𝐸 anfd 𝐵 are transverse wave

2. 𝐸 ⊥ 𝐵
3. 𝐸×𝐵
4. sinusoidally and in phase
electric wave component
magnetic wave component

Speed
notation: 𝑣 → 𝑐 (c.f. chap. 16) 3.0×10! 𝑚/𝑠
Rays and wavefront

ray
wavefronts

Drawing the wave
Fig. 33-5 (b) electric and magnetic fields each have a certain magnitude and direction
(but always perpendicular to the x axis)
the arrows: field values

• The traveling electromagnetic wave, quantitatively
Feedback
B-field sinusoidally varies à

Also, E-field sinusoidally varies à
And so on… “dual induction”
Two fields continuously create each other à
EM wave require no medium for travel.

Einstein special relativity

Equation 33-4 and the induced electric field
As EM wave moves rightward past the rectangle,

The magnetic flux Φ" changes à
𝐸 and 𝐸 + 𝑑𝐸: induced E-field along the two side of the rectangle.
When B-field is max à

Faraday’s law à
à Produces B-field in
Lenz’s law à current in the loop

à induced 𝐸 and 𝐸 + 𝑑𝐸 are oriented as Fig. 33-6 with 𝐸 + 𝑑𝐸 > 𝐸

Faraday’s law

Equation 33-3 and the induced magnetic field
As EM wave moves rightward past the rectangle,

The electric flux Φ# changes à
𝐵 and 𝐵 + 𝑑𝐵: induced B-field along the two side of the rectangle.
When E-field is max à

à Maxwell’s law à
à induced 𝐵 and 𝐵 + 𝑑𝐵 are oriented as Fig. 33-6 with 𝐵 + 𝑑𝐵 > 𝐵

Maxwell’s law
Maxwell’s law of induction

Energy transport and Poynting vector
• Energy transport and Poynting vector
Poynting vector (after John Henry Poynting)
the rate of energy transport per unit area
Magnitude S is related to the rate at which energy

is transported by a wave across a unit area
at any instant
Magnitude:
E and B are so closely coupled à usually only E à B=E/c:

intensity
Average energy transported over timeà time-averaged S à 𝑆$%& : intensity
Over a full cycle, à 1/2
Define
Electric and magnetic energy density: =

Variation of intensity with distance
Assume that the energy of the waves spreads from the point source.

Radiation pressure
• Radiation pressure
EM wave has linear momentum à thus exert a pressure, but small…
Total absorption
During ∆𝑡, gain energy ∆𝑈
à momentum change
Direction of momentum change = direction of the incident beam
Total reflection
Send off in a new direction as if bounce off à entirely reflected back along its original path

Radiation pressure
• Radiation pressure
Force and pressure
Newton’s second law
For total absorption:
Pressure: the force per unit area
For total reflection:
Pressure: the force per unit area

Polarization
• Polarization
Polarization à represented by the direction of E-field oscillation

Polarization
• Polarization
Polarized light Polarized randomly, unpolarized
not a single double arrow
Instead a mess of double arrows
resolve the unpolarized into y- and z-component as (b)
Effectively change the unpolarized into superposition of two polarized waves
Partially polarized
Field oscillations are not completely random
Not parallel to a single axis
Double arrow in one pair is much longer than the other
Polarized direction
Polarizing sheet ~ polarizing direction along which E-field is transmitted

Polarization
• Polarization
Intensity of transmitted polarized light
For unpolarized light

Unpolarized light: resolve into y- and z-component,
y-axis is parallel to the pol direction of sheet; z-component is absorbed
à half of intensity is lost.
For light already polarized

transmitted component

Polarization
• Polarization
Intensity of transmitted polarized light
Two polarizing sheets

polarizer-analyzer

Polarization
• Polarization
Sample problem 33.02 Polarization and intensity with three polarization sheets

• Reflection and refraction
Geometrical optics: chap 33-34, straight line
Place of incidence
-a plane containing the incident ray and the normal
Two laws:
1.Law of reflection
2.Law of refraction


Chromatic dispersion
Except vacuum, n depends on the wavelength

Chromatic dispersion: Light with many different 𝜆
Monochromatic: single 𝜆
Shorter (blue) exhibits larger n than the longer (red)

à blue bends more
à 𝑛(𝜆) = 𝑐/𝑣(𝜆): the red is faster than the blue

Chromatic dispersion
Air-glass (𝑛' < 𝑛( )

Shorter (blue) exhibits larger n than the longer (red)
à blue bends more
à 𝜃() < 𝜃(*
Glass-air (𝑛' > 𝑛( )

à 𝜃() > 𝜃(*

Rainbow
First refraction: separate the colors

Second refraction: enhances the separation
Rainbow: 42 degree from the antisolar point
(red: n of 1.33, blue: n of 1.34)
The arc shape of rainbow (Fig. 33-21 b,c)

Rainbow
Primary rainbow
-One reflection
Secondary rainbow:
-Two reflection, 52 degree from A, wider and dimmer, Color is reversed

Total internal reflection
• Total internal reflection
Total internal reflection From glass to air (index: nglass > nair)
incidence angle 𝜃' > 𝜃+ critical angle
All rays are reflected, no reflection
n1 should be larger than n2
Applications:
-Optical fiber, endoscope

Polarization by reflection
• Polarization by reflection
Brewster angle 𝜃"

-A particular incident angle: only perpendicular component is reflected
Brewster’s law
If the incident and reflected rays travel in air


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Lecture

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

vary sinusoidally at this frequency

Transformer and transmission line to antenna

-Antenna: electric dipole, it varies sinusoidally in

-Dipole variesà E-field is produced.

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Direction: out of page

1.𝐸 anfd 𝐵 are transverse wave

electric wave component

magnetic wave component

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

notation: 𝑣 → 𝑐 (c.f. chap. 16) 3.0×10! 𝑚/𝑠

Rays and wavefront

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

the arrows: field values

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

B-field sinusoidally varies à

EM wave require no medium for travel.

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

As EM wave moves rightward past the rectangle,

When B-field is max à

Lenz’s law à current in the loop

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

As EM wave moves rightward past the rectangle,

When E-field is max à

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Magnitude S is related to the rate at which energy

E and B are so closely coupled à usually only E à B=E/c:

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Average energy transported over timeà time-averaged S à 𝑆$%& : intensity

Over a full cycle, à 1/2

Electric and magnetic energy density: =

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Direction of momentum change = direction of the incident beam

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

For total absorption:

Pressure: the force per unit area

For total reflection:

Pressure: the force per unit area

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

For unpolarized light

For light already polarized

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Two polarizing sheets

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Except vacuum, n depends on the wavelength

Shorter (blue) exhibits larger n than the longer (red)

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Air-glass (𝑛' < 𝑛( )

Glass-air (𝑛' > 𝑛( )

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

First refraction: separate the colors

The arc shape of rainbow (Fig. 33-21 b,c)

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.

Ultrafast Quantum Photonics Lab.