Elite

plajal
Shamen a
 => GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
-

Berzelins->
Vital Force theory
synthesisedcompound
·

·
FWohler (1828)
from
inorganic
.

canate
-
->
ammo mi
<unal
NHyCNO - NHCONH 2

⑪
X
H
I -

-
H
B c H -I
1
-
- -

in
+ X i

a
u

8
u
I bonds -

-bond and
e

always formed
first
I

-Bond
--Bond -

lateral
-

head ⑪ formed by
by
on
orbitals
① formed overlaps of
a betdar
the
overlap of perpendicular
to

molecules .

along
axis
plane of
about
M
Rotation
-

about ② restricted
Rotation bond
.

is

②
bond is possible .
③ Stronger than R
⑤ I bonds are

weaken
venally
as

bonds
bonds
.

to
compared - .

located ④ e-density is
④ e-density is

located above and

the inter-nuclear
along
axis
below the plane of
atoms
bonding
.
.

O
5 Molecules containing ⑤ Molecules having
bonds are M bonds are

only
-

generally
move
less
generally reactive .

reactive .

I bond
s are
① . How
and
many
present in

a) HCECCH =

CHCH3
b) CH CH3
CH = c =

H H bonds
a)
necr
~
10

-. th 34 bonds .

i
-
 1
H
b) Hx bonds
k1 H9-
-

I
c +C
-

C I
bonds
+

2M
HY is
.

H H
iP
(Mesitye oxide)
I I
126
⑮ C C
CH3
=
. -
I I c I
- C +

di S -C
bonds
5 ->
&
.

carbon bridisation
they
- of
lone pairs
of bonds
+

No
Stearic number
.

since, C has no lone pair ,

No bonds
stearic number =
.

of
C?
① .
hybridisation of
a) H2C
=
0

b) CHEF

c) HEN
d) CH -

CH3

e)
Sel
 a) it S N 3 ↳
=

O
, ,

v
zV
* CX Sp2
H H
- v
Sp-

H
b) I
- F S N = 4
+
- .

H
.

I Sp

C
-
In CEN
+
N .
= 2

O
Sp

H H
d) I
nicHc
-

⑦ I -
H

S Flsp
sp
I
0

It H
e) n n
-
Cl -
1
IH
C
Sp

St S i
Sp Sp

hydrogen
Eeof
carbon and
 (1) C and PH bonded
① Primary C to
:

other C called
either 1 or no is
primary
attached to iC are
carbon .
Hs

called primary hydrogens

.

eO Po
iC 1 H

⑭
dO
& I
③ H

a
- C - -

C
O H
=

H
-

its
-

, Hs ⑪
.

⑪
(2) C and 2" He :

② Secondary two other Ce

>C - a bonded to

2°C
bonded to
.

2'He He

⑪
A

a()Yo
I Al
Y
- C
-
-
> >
·
C
2 -
-
---
⑧
C

0
2°C

~its .

③
tertiary(34Cand e e
 3 is is Hs bonded to 3°C .

P e
CHy
⑧ I
3C
& ⑭③C- O
CH3
⑧

↑3
C
⑳
-
-
-
-

%
It
carbon
(4 )
%

④ Quanternary
- other ce
↳°C
: four
<bonded to

O 4°C
%
e - I

. -O
I

C - - C CH3

↳
=>
representation of organic
mal
compounds
element
-

Carbon is a
tetralent .

&

and Bond line rep.

-condensed
 COMPLETE CONDENSED
-

of
-

all BIn an e
Arrangement
some or

bonds are are not shown

atoms and .

omitted and
between bonds
bonds number
of Only c-C

shown shown in
them are identical
groups are
.

to manner
attached zig zag
,

atom are
an

indicated by
a subscript .

H H
(D) 1=
-
-

I
H-C ! - c
-

H CHCH3
H
I
i
0
11

C ~on

-f
code

H -
I
C
~
-
Z

(3)

"
I

ECON
HH
-
C don e)
H
-

j Nc on
-
-
H
n
is ↳

&
⑭ann- c H

Cyc
D
C-an-
1 -

i
↳ i br is is

(S) HH
s
,
HcHz cH-c
=

c
- -
-

Y
⑥ N
a! ~
*
&

H
⑨ -
CH2
-
-

M
-

n in
molecules
-> of organic
resentation the above
Solid wedge > a
bond
lying and
1 paper
plane of towards the
projecting
observer -

below
bond lying
Dashed wedge- a

111) the plane of paper

-

J ,

Progedung away
&
-

and
the observer
from
.
 in
of Dashed wedge
Bonds the
lane
Apapor - r "
I
Ibond
observer
away from

n
C

⑱
I
->
solid wedge
I bond
towards the

observer)

compounds
-> of organic
d

anicnds Close
Cyclic
or
en

Acyclic
-

a Ring
- chain or
es -
chain
-
compounds] compounds
[Aliphatic
-

branched

-
straight
or

CH3
eg CH5-CH3 >
CHy-CH-CH3
.

the
mocyclic X Heterocyclic
compounds
Compounds Heteroatoms (0 , N, S)
Cand
contain only the in
ring
present
.

H atoms in
-- ring
 or
Hol
eg es
it
.

-G
Furan
-

Phenol

L
e -

Aromatic -

Alicyclic compounds .

compounds
-
contain a ringate a
-O
Benzenoid
Non-

compounds
benzenoid
.
e
g .
cyclopropane compounds
.

F
T
eg
.

* Cyclopentere OH
Bergene

t Meet > Tropolone

- -

in
-
--
Anthracene
Naphthalene atoms
up Atom or
groups of
Functional chemi a
·

characteristic

compounds eg hydroxyl
organic
.

properties of gro
·

1 - OH) >
 aldehyde
group
etc
(- CHP)
.

Homologous
senis A group of organic
characteristic
·

compounds containing a
sines
homologous
functional group form
a

series are
the
and the members of
called homologues
.

generalOnformula
-

3
I&
CHOH CH same

Cs ->
untant .

↳ +
" COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC
NATURE
OF

System
-

Common
--
Trivial or

Name

In-butane
Common
Compound
-
-

~- ~

CHI
HCCH2CH 2
 CH3
Isobutane
I

CH3
.

H -

c -

! 13

CH3 Neopentane
MyC
-
C- CH3
Cas
0
Il
formaldehyde .

H c H
HCHO
-
-

CHU, Chloroform
Acetic acid
CHCOOH H
H I
2
-
H
Benzene
CHs -
n

Anisole
CHsOCH3 pary
1
-

N2 Aniline
CoNsNHz
I
 Colts COCH3
t
es
Acetophenone .

Ethyl methyl other

x

OCRCH3

=> Nomenclature

of organic compound
-
Name
-

Primary I Word I
Primary
Secondary I
root suffix
prefix .

profit t ↓
L indicates
indicates
no
of
side chains C degree
for cyclic or
atoms of
substituent saturation
acyclic
or
in

group nature
parent
chain
I
Secondary
suffix
↓
main

functional
group
 ·
y suffix
Type of C chain Primary suffix
(all C-C are
Saturated
-

bonds
- ene

one C = C

C=C diene
-

two

C=
one C
you
-

two CEC -

diyne
one c
=
C
enyne
-

and one CEC

=> of
-promenclature Word root
alkanes
↑

chain alkanes
->
+
primary
->
straight suffix
c atoms Word
No
-
.

o -
200I

I meth

2 Eth

3 Prof
4 But
 5
Pent

6 Hex

7 teept .

8 Oct

9 Non

10
Dec

11 under
12 Dode

methane
CHy-
Ethane
C2H6 -

CH8- Propane
.

chain alkanes
=>Branched
-
is
branch
Alkyl group
Naming of
:
·e

substituting ye for
named
by alkane
-and in
the corresponding
(Me)
-

CHs-Methyl
 3
-

CHICH3 Ethyl (Et)-

straight
Propyl (Pr) chain
H_CHCHs -
-

branches
(Bu)
CHICHz- Butyl
.

-
.

branched
alkyl group
-
·
When is

H
H
I V
- I -

I R
CHz-CHz-cI
-

C
- -

13
-

C -CH3
Iso propyl sea-Butyl
-
-

CH3
H H
I

-
13 C R 1.
- C-
X
'ts
8t
dis
I
fert-Butyl
sobutyl
.

I
branched chain
->

of
N
alkane

① Identify the longest carbon chain in

the molecule .
 -anc-a-g d d -
c
= 8X

② Numbering is done in such a

that the branched Catoms

way number
the lowest possible
get
X
2 6 "S 6
,
- I 23 189
-c -
c -

c -
c -
c -

c c
48 C
-
-

8 I 4 3

c
S
9
.

I 6

-2
I

O C
-

of alkyl group
are
③ Names
the
alphabetically
to name
prefixed
alkane and position of
of parent
substituents is
indicated by
numbers
appropriate
·

6-Ethyl-yloname
-
↑

- -

identical
When two or more
⑭
sub tituents
are present ->
 2- di

35
tri

45 tetra

C C =>
2, 4-Dimethylpentane
I I -
-

c -c -
c - c -
C

c - C C
1
c C C not
C -c
-

c c
-

are
-
-

di trietc
↓ ,
alphabet
o
in
considered
-

4-dimethysheptanc -a.
3 Ethys-4
-
,

two subtituents found in

are

⑤ If the lower
equivalent positions to the ,
one

number is given
in alphabetical listing .

coming first
(3 , 6)
Y
I 2
0 O
3456 I 8

C - -
- - - - -
C
~

2)
6 S 4 I
k
7
8 -

C I 21

- -
 Ethyl-6-methyloctane
3 -
.

(branched)
⑥ Naming of complex
substituent
~
1 2 3 4 S 6789
a) c -c -
c -
c -
c -
-
-
-

placed
Gene
_
o chain
name
branchedgra is

albye palanthesis
.

&
2-Dimethylpropyl)
in noname
5-(2
.

attaches
,

branch that
the
C tom
of numbered
one .

to root alkane is

c -
c Subst
b)98765
I I

>
-
19
c c c
-
-
x - c -
c)
C-c
-
-
-
-

d 3 4 S
6
y
-Ethylbutyl)
12
.

5 22 -

c-
-

-
C

8 c
3
-
C
-

3 , 3-dimethyldecane
IS
 there are two substituent chain
When
than that chain is

of equal size ,

chain which
considered as parent
side chains
number of
.

contains more
such a that
done in
way
being
is
Num number
minimum
the subtilrent
-
gets
than I identical branched
2) If more

-
substituents are present
bis
25
tris
39

he tetrakis
unsaturated
Nomenclature of
=
hydrocarbons
-

① Parent chain will be the one

having
unsaturated (
manimum
number of
atoms maximum number double
or
of not
it does
or triple bonds even
if
number catoms
maximum of
.

contain

Stay-c-c
Ik 0 -> 6

② Lowest no is
assigned to first
unsaturated C .

*
2 3 "S

c -c -
- -
C -
c -
C

** -
11C
used for
! alkenes
2 -

Ethylhen-the
c -

c = c - -
C

Pent-2-ye
 bonds
->
If both double and triple
present
:
are

↳ alkengnes
·

Numbering
that the
done
in such a ee
ma
is

the lowest possible number .

(2, 6)
> 5 6
> 89
1 2 3
- -
-
-
- -
C
-c
-

c
-

I
-

765332
-

9 8

Non-6-en-zyns
bond are located
If
double and triple
double bond
at equivalent positions ,

bond
triple
given priority
over
.

is

S
4
I 2
C -

C- ->
C- - - ~
-
I V
S
132

pent-1-en-y-yue
->
dicompounds
prefixed
to corresponding
Cyclo
is

chain alkane
straight
.

& cyclopentane
X Cyclopropane

2 Methyl-3-propylcyclohexane
-

2
1
.

3
-

=
413
& 1 3

⑱
1

2
, ,

13
3 I move
branched C
gets a

I2
,

lower number(
2

O
3

0
3
-/
-
3
-

Ethyl- ,
I-
dimethylcydohexane
V
i"
-N
 compounds
=>

Naming of organic having

functional group
.

chains C chain which

① Identify parent
includes functional groups irrespective
c chain
of
longest
or

whether it is the

not

-Stre
C -c -
c -
c -
c -

② C atom attached to the

functional
lowest number
possible
group gets
the

in chain -

6 0

__c
d
indicated
of functional groups
is
③ Presence
suffix after primary
by adding secondary
suffix (anc, ene
, yo).
 omitted
of primary suffix
is
if
with a rowel
secondary suffix begins
i , 0, u)
(a , e
,

acid ( -4-on)
a) Carboxylic
acid
suffix loic

I
-

Methanoic acid
0

0 ->
H
(Formic acid)
-
-

acid
CHy-CH2-COOH
-> Propanoic
acid)
(Propionic

b) sulphonic
acid (-SOH)

suffixes - sulphonic
acid .

(s-on)
c-c-c -
c - 3BH Butanesulphonic acid .

c) Carboxylic anhydride
.

O
~ P

OH Ho-c- CHy
1 -
-

de
-
Ha
 0
Il
- c
1
- -
-

subfix--oic anhydride
.

0
0
Il 11

Chz-c-0
c CH3
anhydride)
-
-

(Acetic
anhydride
.

Ethanxic
0
P Il

CHy-CHz-c
0 c
cHs
-
- -

- u

ethanoic
propanoic
Ethanoic propanoic anhydride
0

0C
=

d) Ees( u -
- -R suffix -
written first - oate
written
second .

D
methanoate
11
0CH3
-> Methyl
H- c -

ethanoate
CB
-kP-0cH >
-> Methyl
P
CH CH3
CHy -12
o
-

-
- -
 -> Ethyl propaneate
~ iP
Chloride) -a)
Agyl
c
e)
-

chloride
-oyl
.

Suffix
-

chloride
0
Ethanoyl
.

c -
CH3
-
-

8) Amide(--NHc)
amide
suffix ->
0

H - -

NH2 I Methanamide
(Formamide)
(-c=N)
9) Cyanide is nitrile
suffix
H

-c
I
c = N - Ethanenitrite
H
-

i
(-CHO)
hi Aldehyde --H
 al
Suffix -> -

0
11 methanal
(formaldehyde)
H -
H -
c -

0
4 H3
Ethanal
1
-

(Actaldehyde)
-

i) Ione(-4 -

Suffix -
-
one

Propanions
kyC-4P-cHy
-> .

--ciy Butan-2-one
4 3
->

CHz-CH2

Alcohol (-OH)
I)
ol
Suffixe
-

↳-R-coH-> Propanol
 c -
c -
c -
c
-

c -
c -
C-
C

bie d
- 6-Methyloctan-s-o
k) Thiol (-SH)
thisl
suffixe

b) Amie C-NI)
-- amine
Suffix
-NHz - Ethanamine
IC-cHz

m) Ether
(-0-
used as a suffix
Never

Prefix - Alkoxy shorter <chain

with
.. the alkoxy group
a
substituent .

parent chain
is
is the
C chain
· the
longer
-
0 -

c - - -

H
Bc
-
 Ethoxybutane
.

Al 2 34 5

CH-0-CH2-CHz-CH2-CH CHy
-

ens
methoxy-4-methylpentanc
.

more
than functional one group
->
are
-
present
higher priority s suffix
functional groups of
lower priority prefix -

functional groups of
-win
functional of deceasing order

priority
-

Class prefix suffix

Formula name name

-
-

, oic acid
Carboxylic carboxy
-

c-0H
.

acid

50 H sulpho
-

sulphonic
sulphonic
-

acid-
acid
0 0

- anhydride
↳ xylic
oic
Carbo
.

0
-
- -
-

anhydride
Ester -
-OR Alkoxy
- oate

carbonyl
oyl
0
chloride
Augt - - d chlorocarbonyl - .

chloride
0
amide
carbamoyl
-

Amide - -

Ng
nitrile
cyano
-

Cyanide
-
=N

al
formyl
-

Aldehyde - CHO

-
one
OXO
-

Ketone
ol
Hydroxy
-

Alcohol - of
thil
mercapto
-

Thioh -
SH
amine
A mino
-

Amine
- NHz
-

Ether
- o- Alkoxy
chloro ,
bromo , jodol
Halo C fluoro ,

( NO)
Nitroso
-

always
(-NOz
Nitro written
Alkoxy C-OR)
as

prefix .
 (-R)
Alkyl
Phenyl (-Cots)
0
I
11
①
nc-ck-cz- CH3
S

↓H
2

S-Hydroxypentan-2-one
.

-'coon
3

-H-cr-cHz
S

②
I
ol
acid
Hydroxypentanoic
.

< -

③ C-
CH Ethane- , 2-diol
H 22

bi bi
67

④ nc= -(n =
an -ch = (n -

CH3

Hepta-3 5-dien-1-yne
.

,
 functional
-th groups and

present

eMelis r or i
bonds are
multiple
-
chain selection :

# 1 Priority
in
parent
C atoms
Main functional
e
bond
group
#2 Priority
in numbering :

F G.>
Multiple
Main .

OH
pent-n-en-s-ol
On
-
S
Y I
2

I I

2-cyclopentyl-cyclopropanol
j

② /
7
-

L H

hydroxyon
- e
⑤
S-aminoRyde
I
s-
ee
Y

Wi
0 mercapN
amino sulphonic
 ⑧ ①
O
↑

=
4 - ->

%
3-L 1-dimethylethyl)
-
-

2 I 3- (I-methylethyl) -

⑪
I
⑰ pent-y-en-2-ol .

Of

↓
terminal
9 If 3 or more
(containing attacked
grenps directly
functionalunbranched
are

then
an
alkane ,
to

alkane is considered as the parent

are

chain and
following suffixes
used ->

acid
-
cool - carboxylic
- CHO I carbaldehyde
-
coome - carboxylate
-
carbonitrile .

- CN

①
·

eno no

Propane-1 ,
2, 3-tricarbaldehyde -

·
② - , S
6

CN
N dir
·

Hexane - 2, 3 , 5-tricarbonitrile

C terminal F G is
If containing
- .

attached to then also

directly ring ,

used
above suffixes are .

cooH
M E Cyclohexane carboxylic
- acid

FI ⑤ 2-bromocyclopentanc
carbaldehyde .

derivatives
benzene
=>

Nature
of
· Monosubstituted
-
acid
pool
I I N -> Bergene carboxylic
"I
. .

acid
Benzoic
.

C N -
. .

Benzene carbaldehyde
CHO .

Y
> IN 3
- .

C .
N - -
Benzaldehyde
CH3
Methyl benzene
3
I -
I N . .

C N - Toluene
,
-
.

-)
OCH3
I I N . .
->
Methoxybenzene .

, C .
N . - Anisole .
 NH2
5) I N 5
Aminobenzene
H
. .

c N .
.
+ Aviline
-

Benzenol
OH

M
6 I N -

carbolic acid
-
.

C N
.
. - Phenol ,

·
Disubstituted
-
Br
IO 2
0 2-Dibromobenzene
-Bu
=> 1
,

Lo-Dibromobenzene)
↓
Br ortho

3-Dibromobenzene
Da
.

=> 1
,

IT
-3-Be (m
- Dibrombergene)
↓
BE meta

Dibromoe
I

, In e
=>

Br d
para
substituted
higher
I

=>
 d
I-chloro-2 -dinitrobenzene
i
.

T S
2 -

Nat 4 3 NOz
alphabetically
acid
Con
10 -> 3-Brom-4-hydroxybenzoic
MO
T
Br
-
- ⑬
④br
formula of
-
0 .
Write structural

a) 0-Ethylanisde
b) p-Nitroamline
c) 3-Dibromo-1-phenylpentance
Ethyl-1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene
2
,

d) 7-

10 q CHC

b) t I 0
-
I

NOL
 -
Eye
I
it
Ph
F

11
d) NOz

A
I
_

3
-
dis
-> ISOMERISM
-

->
same molecular formula
different properties
Isomers
·

↳ but

Have different
IUPAC names .

I
somers

-
Stereoisomers
structural or

(same
Constitutional sequence of
(same
molecular formula bonded atoms but
structures) relative
but
different different
atoms
↳ Chain arrangement of
↳& or
groups
in space)
(Regioisomere
.

Positional
1
↳ ↳①
Functional Configurational
↳⑦
↳ a) Optical
Tantomers Y

↳ isomers bigeometrical
Ring-chain
↳8 Metamers ② Conformational .

structural
- Chain isomers - Pair
of chain
different parent
-

isomers
having
length ↑

·
i -
·

i is is
-
Pair of
Regioisomere
->

-Roisomers) position of
in which
structural isomers
M-
group
or

subsllment ,
--
functional
bond is
different .

must be same

·
Parent chain length
o OH or
1 to
·

OH
 -

E -

Pair structural
functional isomers
->
of
different functional
-

isomers having
groups .

and others
· Alcohols
CHO
-
-or
and ketone
·

Aldehyde
O
CH , 0

-H - -

Ib
and esters
acids
C2Hy0z
P
1-cool
0
1 H
- -

-
 Cyanides
and
isoaanides
*

-
⑦ &

CHINC - NEC

l
CHy -C = N
IC -
N= c

Ethanenitrile Methylcarbylamine
cmethyl aganide)
(methyl isocyanide)
- Parent chain
chain isomere
-Ring and open
in one compound is
cydic
chain in other .

· Is
0
S

-
11
[
* Metamers -> Differentsidealkyl groups
the

↳functional
on either of
great
Bridging functional groups
are needed for showing
 metamerism .

iP NH-3 Bridging
-O - -

-,
- -
-

, >
F G
- .
S

No in -or

· -Note
N-methylpropanamine .

N-ethyethanamine bond equivalent

E
naturation /Double
Index
of H-deficiency
·

(DBE) 1 occus
Is which
·

It indicates
deficiency ofbond (which
I may
due to presence of etc
ring
or
0 N
and C ,
.

between C ,
be
structure prediction .

Used for contributes to DBE

Each bond and ring

value
value

I meformula
structure
-
 I
-
C
,
H12 0

I
En CsHo
or

As
2
CH8
=
or

A
or
2

/ I -
3
-> n
of
DBE
from molecular
formula
-

((+ 1) (*Y))
-

C- no .

of texavalent atis
H -
tro
of atoms
trivalent
.

N
no .

of
not 16
CaMNOC
~
·

xB = - 10
-

(-) 2 double

=> 2 -> 27
bonds
↳ I
bonds

triple
bond

↳ IT bond and I
ring
↳ 2 rings
 total structural
->
of isomers

·
Cutl8
(n 1)
(2)
+

DBE
=
-

=1-
Ibond
or
ring
-

N - Q

-
②
x
5 structural isomers.

1 -

④
D
-

⑪ -
⑤

8 Carbonyl
0
11 -
42) CHO -
--
grou .

DBE
=
( 1) (- )
+ -

0
Il
=
I -> 1
c -
c -
c -
-
-
-
⑪

d
C
I
-
0
c c
- -
-
-

c
-
③
c -c - -
x -

Ib

-
c -
c
-

c
-
-
-

C
I
c
-
⑤
P
-

C
- -

d d

c -
-
- - -
- Tantomerism
-
- Two isomeric
forms
the suitable
interconvert in
presence of
catalyst
due to oscillation of
polyvalent
-

(1) between
·

atom -

monovalent
atoms
must
.

<-H
-

Alleast one
-

Condition
-

↓
- C
be present .

Il
0
-
O
c
i H

S
-

O c H H

of
-

H I
di
-
2
=
↳8 I7
z
-

pe
11
O0 -/ X

T~
-

⑤
-
L
* -

-
H
H -
H
Ace NO a
-

~
X
Fantomerism
① ↳w

⑪3H-migration
-

--
R2 Rs
-

R2 R3

↓
I I >
-
1
=0
--
01
C- C C-
-

R ③ ①
-

① Ri
I
~

n Al
0
Keto
tautomerism
-> add
mo catalysed X X

-⑰I
↳
IS

Il
⑧
HA 0
I
Y
X
I
-

-
cng =
-

CH2
- -

G C
⑧&
-

&
I
3
0 O
-

Ket A
 ↓
-
⑰~ n
0⑳
⑰
!
I

CH3
-

CHR

>Mechanism
- of
base
Y
-
tautomerism Catalysednol

S
So H
jOX "
~

.
3
O
&I II L
S⑦
C CHR
⑧
HR CH3
=> =
>

-
-

&
&
i
O 11
CH-ECHR
enolate
phenol tautomerism
② D
mar ~
I
-

O
Eit
H ↓-C
B
=
- I
- - ~

I7
v

~
~
⑧ -

- x
1
e c /
~ ① I

I
/ in
S

X
aromatic
-

~
(stable)
non-aromatic Major
 tautomerism
③ oxime

R - En
E
a

e - N

-
O
-

N- -

R⑪-
-

i
x
↳
O
e oxime
witroso

asi tautmerism
⑭ ⑭

=
⑦

⑰O
a 0 =
1
=
N
8
3
C
As
--
I
-O

n
g Aci
c
x H 0
=

automerism
⑤ menamine
I
nu

R RI
Rx Ri
↑

m
⑧I
⑪ & ③
C-
-

-- -
C-
= =

12 A
i ~
N 0

I
m
=
c

⑭ ->
I

enamine

imine
 Keto
form form form us Endl
Major
:

->
-
H in
Acidic
favoured by
50
Eno is
Kett form
Aromaticity
in

↳ Intramolecular
O
enol
H-

enol

↳
in
bonding
in
④
Conjugation
↳⑥ end
Lesser repulsions
strain in enol .

dominates over end

Mono keto
form
strong
c = 0

of
.

because
form
O

any--c
I8
- E C
E H

-
(majar)

-diketones
 O
Cacts
So H Stx5 -5

-
-

.
I

I -
> a A
⑧⑪ - CI # -
Mc ~
CH &

L
W

1 ~

=
* Intramolecular
Keto . conjugation Enol H-bonding .

(Major)
/

Anis-diketones S H-bonding
-EP
.

⑧
H Fo
⑧
0 g
-

o
o

↳
I Il
11 CH C- c
-
-

cHs
cre
is not
H-bonding
Y

Major dominate
exists in
anti- able to

2
conformation
-
over repulsions .

reduced
repulsions
: more stable)

·
diketones
 Hintramolecular
-
③
↳ o

O
↑
0 O I- 1

"S
-

<]
-

11-bonding
ac
⑧
- - -

H (100
)
%

not
Major
anti-form
of
because
possible
ring formation
Bord (a)
↑
-
angle Catoms present
of
- -ano
.

I cycle
360 in

180
360 60

S
C
2
/I
-

I
=
= -

3
C
C
90
180
3
-
=

2
Is
=

< = 108-
K
L
1 120 -

M
=
 order
*
Preference RTF MCP-Position
:

Tantomers) Metamers
L
Le
I
-

Ring
chain
Functional chair

Stereoisomerism
=>

⑳
X

Fr
-
-

&
- ~
I
0 O
O &
->
Y Br
F I X
A /
&
- 2 I
-
-
~ - C
e
I
⑧
-

C
-
~ -> C
=
Br
0
-

I
⑭
Isomers differing
-metrical
isomey->
in spacial

↳ arrangement of
groups
restricted

Type of
isomers (cannot
because

rotation
of

configurational
be

interconverted by
rotation
around single
bond] .

-> drull
 af 0
ic

O
-
a b
~
-0C= C
-
b
-
du
cFd

O
baO -

11
⑦
-

Id
-

⑲⑮-Br
- /
⑧ -
0
8
↑
-
C⑧
6
-

⑧
-Et
-

-
afb
v
-
showe
G I
.
.

O
CHS &00
⑧ O
↓ v
~

↳ re
O
CF d

② Et

g
-
~
- afb
⑧-
·
·L
G I
not show
- - .
.

-
~
=
Ph Does

c
=
d

about double bond-

Restricted rotation
D
similar
is
-

substituents on same
I similar
ituents
 bond

I
side double across the double
of
.

bond .

&
a) c
=

c
O CH3
13 -
C =
C
-n
n -
-

in n

HS 4

I
C -
cle
b) - - c
I C
- C -
-C
- is
⑪
cis .

·
OE- or
Z configuration
Trans
-

identified
priority groupsreles
are

-> Higher Atomic

-
↑

CIP
the
basis
of

↳
on number=
↑

priority
② In case
of

I
isotopes >

one
heavier
has
higher
priority
 ↳ If differently
connected atoms
are identical
the
then compare
next three directly
atoms
attached
.

E
I

priorlythegroups
-

priority groups Higher

-

Higher the same are across

are on
dauble bond
bond
.

double
.

side of F
&
I

=Br
F &-
① -

d
Br

a -
⑧
O
-

&
-

&
In
-

O
H 1
H

⑭
i 1 -
C
-
CFCB
② und =
-
-
H /
,I /
-r ic
H

d
is
n
H
↓
-

⑱=

·
 because
a e rotation
of ring
:

trans
cis -

me
a) I
I nI
/
meyme me
I I H

d)
My e
Be
geometrical
isomers
total
-> of
When structure is unsymmetrical
Case-1 equal halves)
:

cut into
be
I cannot
molecular plane
.

except across

N
2
geometrical
isomers
Total
=

-
tems

of ,
sys
n no .

howing
S

isomerism
geometrical
.
a) ⑰ TGI =

2n
0
F
22 4
⑳
=

C
=

trans i
O
as

a H
F
is/ ↑

a
-- ↑
- -

- -

I
⑪ "O
- I
i
⑪
C
H

trans
C H
H
is

H
↑ -

- - trans H
-

-M as F
n
- - -

-
-F
>

/ / -
·
H C
H
i

H
-
I c
b) -
22
R
- 4
In
- =

/- F

chain
Cas2 -
Symmetrical open
systems
having
a

molecules
G-I-
showing
-2n-1
P-1
Al I 2
 where ( even
=1 if n is

is odd)
( if
n

p nt
=

-
H
C- O
n
n =
2 (even)
1
p 1
=

1
TGI =

gn - + qp-
0
=

2 +
2

= 3

isomers are diastercomers .

- ais-trans
Y

I
Br Br BY E
H
* # ↑ u
= 0

C- C
-
I C =
C #
-
Br

H
/
- n
 point < M
Boiling
B P.:
. s > trans

depends on packing
Melting point
t
-> is Higher
better packing M P
symmetry
-> .
.

More

H
C13
n
H -
2
W c =
C
-
C =
C / CHy
/ H3 H

trans .

CH3
is

as
M P
:
trans)
Isomers
.

->
isomere
=>
Conformationalrotation around -C

aisingbondby
single
.

ethane (CH5cHs)
Conformations of
projection
·

↳ Sawhorse

Y
↳

-
I
YF H

-3 C-cbond
*

n) -
H
H
 Eclipsed form staggered
↳ Newman
projection
C atom
Rear
H
pihedral angle
H

I
C
front Got

, k· ↓
HC0
=

atom 1/ ->

H / -
0
-
in H H
in H
Eclipsed staggered
-
hi
e

Resistance in
twisting = Preional
torsional strain

depends on

dihedral angle)
Energy required
in

overcoming resistance
=torsional
Edipsed
staggered>
.

stability
:

staggeredwaals
due
alle than
Edipsed is less et
van der

types of repulsion repulsion

↳
two

I
to
(Stearic

repulsions
 I
Occurs due to
btwe
repulsions
-

clouds
ofIt interacting
directly
is
groups .

proportional to
size .

⑧ Torsional strain
Occurs due to bp-bp
repulsions .

butane (Rotation around

formations
of (3)
(2
-

CH3

Set
60
ch
I
H
- -
-
-
O H
↓ H
CH3

I0
in
H

edipsed Gauche
i
/

Fully H

partially
CH3 eclipsed
i 160°
-
CH3
0 60
I
H
- -
H IH
↳
0
--
H
13 H
 Partially
sed
Anti
<Staggered)
eclif

160
CH3
HC
Iq-
↳
H H
H

Gauche Partially
Gauche
L

order
Anti eclipsed
stability
:

Fullysed
eclif
~Fully eclipsed *

7T crapery
- -

- - - -
-----

eclipsed
↑ --------------k5nd
Partially
PE
.
.

. . . . . . . . . .
-

Gauche
- -
2

Gauche
...........
- -

Anti

· boo 180 300 3'60° S

oo use
 stable than
* sometimes
gauche intramolecular
is more

anti because
of H-bonding
eqDno-H, -cra-OH Lethylene glycol)
intramolecular H-bonding
a
↑

S-
stable than

↓
H
10 more

"I Gauche
-

is
-
-

i acti
H
H -

a)
(40-1-cH
-Chloroethanol
,

② a

intramolecular H-bonding
H stalle than
-

o
more
auche is

-c q
/
H 2
⑧
- anti
H in H

of cydalkanes
:

-Alty
⑰so < < Got t it
exists
chair form
↳ Bond angle
= 10928
 of cyclohexane
Cons
=>

cyclone
ame

in plana tetrahed e
1 deviation (109 28))
from
:
-
leading
to

& angle strain)

strain (Bayer'
angle
exists in forms
many stable
Cyclohexane
·

is the most
but chair form

I because
it is
staggered) .

H H

~
H
I
--1⑧
0
I -H
n
i
-

-
axial
11 H
I ↑
-

equitorial
o
**
-

in
-
H
it 0
i
--
i
H

-
i
·

A substituent is
generally
positi
more

because
equatorial
e
stable at

lesser repulsions
of
.

CH3

I' <
* ang

<Stability)
-
cis-trans in chair form
trans
F - d :

↳is

1
O
' Br
!

⑧
F
: trans
-
Br Br-c

:
trans
01-c

I
↑
of ↳ is
OH-Br :

I Br trans
Br-C
:

-
 "
W
*
T ↳

Tr
-

⑳
Bu
- up
= - downward
.

the bulkier
choice put
of
,
In case

at equatorial position
.

group
Other conformations of cyclohexamet

-
/ I Twista
chair I
walfapaso
O O
H 0-
O- M e
⑪

1
"3
-
IBat-
 C-1 and C-4 are

carbons
flagpole
=1
are
them
↳ Is on

Hs
flagpole
.

Twist Boat boat

stable than
more
boat repulsion
flagpole
is
Twist
lesser
because of
order :
Overall stability Boat Half chair

boat
Twist
Chair

chair chair
A Half Half

I
------------
~10 kcal/mol

i
8

I
Boat
.

-----------
↑
---------
P E --

Twist
-

--------
---
-

Boat chair .

chair

>
Rotation ->
 axial bonds
Observation
:
Length of is more

of equatorial
bonds
than that
in do hexane ,

cy
↑

I-ic-H(Parallelof
& m o
to

other
bonding
i
.
.

c-H anial bond)

I to the
- (not
C-H
-n extent that
bond breaks)

B L ↑
es in 4- B .
0 .

+ .
.

When e
transfer occus
for
because
be
axial
order decreases
bond

length
increases
bond
.

Reaction
Concepts Organic in

Fundamental
=-
Mechanism
-
 Attacking
Organic molecule [Intermediates]
Reagent d
[substrate)
Products

By products
.

each step
A sequential account
of movement ,
details electron
describing of and
bond deavage
energetics during the rates of
and
bond formation
reactants into products
transformation of Mechanism
Reaction
.

is alled
covalent bond
->
of a

Cl Heterolytic fission
(ii) Homolytic fission Bond breaks in

Heterolytic fission
:

a)
that the shard pain
such a
way the
electrons remains
with one
of
of
fragments
-
(i) Carbocation formation
O
B
I
Se
CH3
+

>
-
eg -Br
CH
.

a
carbocation
a C
(species having
sextet
atom possessing
and a
electrons
of chargel :

positive
sp2 hybridisation
p-orbital
.

- empty
---l ⑰
H
---
-

planar
C - H
Trigonal
H
⑤W geometry
.

(ii) Carbanis formation

⑦ ④
a -> :
CHS t z

eq CH,-2
↓

a
carbation
(C species carrying
a

C
change
negative
on

atom) .
 sp hybridisation
"
shape
Pyramidal
⑦
C
11
H -H
↳
b) Homolytic fissionh
-
- N
⑨

X
RIY R +

eg .

↓ radical
Alkyl free
↳ neutral species
↳ contain an odd or

↳
election
unpaired
C- paramagnetic
presence of
formed
in
UV
temperature ,

high and peroxides

radiations
0 0 R)
(R
-
-
-

Effects
in

=>
Displacement
Elute
covalent Bonds
-
(Distance dependent)
(I) Inductive ffect
· Permanent effected I not
affected by
reaction conditions)
are
involved
·
- es
saturated and
both
Operates
in
·

unsaturated systems
.

difference
Electronegativitybonds)
Origin
:

<Polarity of

C Si
= -N
-
C
Electron
Electron Donating
Releasing /
With
drawing
(EWG) Group (EDC/ERG)
Group
=] 1 + II
( -

EWG ( -
I)
- -
-

-CF --On
-
NO2 < -GEN ,
,
,

Sp

Ic PH
- Br ,
-
-

,
-
F -Us -U
, , ,
 -

NH2c -
Ph

EG( +

I)
- -

~
CH3 CH3
0
⑦
-" -:.!
0·
--

-
-

cns -
-
n
- 0 -

! As
>
- As

order
-

CH3-D,
·

sality ~
-

- I

⑰
/Carbocation)
1
⑦
7
- - ②

I
3
X
28

⑦ & (Carbanions)
1
L
- -
radicals)
(Free
d <

⑦
⑦

CH3
X
>
CHI n
=
n HC
=
C
Le

sp sp2 sp
 - 4
% os-character4= dectronegativity atome
more
stable on
is

Negative change
with higher electronegativity
order ?
·
-
I
effect R H
-
⑦ -RR ⑦
nPS H

--
-
-

<
-

P
-

-H
-
-

-Ru
-
H ↳
X

⑲ Da - Rar
N
-I -
H
⑧
-

0 R
- R -
-
H

↳
-

X
-
-
H
-H
R
L

Expected
C
L
7
Actual 7 7 und

period
applicable only for
2

This is

elements
.

Bond (I 7
7

7
S-character btw
N-> increase
in repulsions
bonds ->
small size of C-N and N-R

bonds 4
L btw
.
 Bond
S-character a
angle
L
Electronegativity
R ⑦
-
H ( - I
effect)
& - 7 -
0 -
H
·

-
R

- basicity
racidly
-
and

↑ ↑
X

①
iP (Acids)
Il 0H
07 c
-

c C

cacidity" In
-

c
-
- -

&
I

O O
X
H D

- (Conjugate
- Il
iP
8 -
I ,
⑪
C
c
-

↑N
c H
c
base)
- - -

i ↓
I X
-
effect +I
effect
density
I

density
on
e- e-
deceases incases
atom making
a
single base
,

the conjugate
the
more
and stable
compound more

acidic .
Increasing stability of conjugate
base increases

acids
the
acidity of
CH3

② 0C H -
⑦
CH -0<nyc ch C
-
-
-

Cis (Basicity)
,
dr
,

ERG +I more
- ve change
More + more
more
on 0-
basicity
acidity effect
4

Generally I effect 4 basiaty

- I
,
*
+

(Resonance effect
->
M effect independent ↳ Distance
34
,
1
↳ Permanent effect
.

a
- #
22
"T
S4
-> I
- Resonance
.

·
·

-
/ 23 -
is concept
n
Theoretical
↓ explain
M

to
used
=
C .

!
v
as
such
I -
properties and
Resonance bond length
hybrid densely be
-
-

electron
C Real which cannot
structure)
explained uctives
conventional
 delocalisation Mes Structures
It
of
.

·
is

are known as
drawn in the process
structures / camonical
structures
resonating structures
contributing
.

Canonical

stability
:

Resonance hybrid forms

.

incases
resonance hybrid
stability of no
of equivalent
increasing
.

will
-

structuwes
~

contributing
.

Differenceits
-
in
energy
Resonance energy and
most
hybrid
·

resonance

stable canonical structure .

resonance
-> conditions of
The overlapping of
Conjugation of
->
↳(i) atom with
-

p-orbitals
Iche-on
one

p-orbital in a neighbouring
another
bond
d
.- - ·
For ,

④
, &
 with vacant
① M-bond in
conjugation
al
p-orbit
st)
②
[
③ -
0
Or &
----

8 O =

- O
a) O- 0 > st

ne

S
2
Ax
I
-
3 S
->
b) -Xx -

- -
⑰ ⑦ ⑰

(ssst]
=>

⑰ CH2 CH2
ach 11 11
d) 12 #

+ -
I 1
[ ->
All
4 - -
/
-- -
①

I
R

In!"I
I
↳E
El
①
I
I
-
IE -3
d) No resonance
-
-
⑪ Es -NHS cannot
↳
NH3 CN
s
form
bonds)
with free
& H-bond
in
conjugation
radical .

*
-
with vacant
③ Lone pair
in
conjugation
p-orbital .

=①
2 CH
& R-OH
3

(c 8) =

M
with

④
X-bond in
conjugation
bond

-08
.

3 L
-> L
-
0
X
- Ea ⑰ ⑦

⑦10 -
 =( - I St

with lone
⑤T-bond in
conjugation
pair
· H
↳n
12 <
-
170 2 -
2 &
IIT
# I
-
&⑦
/

OH
autor
ja E
Es - R I
-/
-

it
in

·
Resonance structures differ not in
the

position of atoms

position of
.

relative contribution of
stability Greater structure
-

greater resonatingresonance hybrid .

towards
 R S
Comparison of stability of
.
.. -
·

rules the
in
sequencel
I apply
covalent
with more
no
of
#
:

structure stable .

more
bonds is

NTN
-
⑭
⑰ C =
0
< R
-

c 0
=

R
-

stable than
R S more
Neutral .
. is

R :

changed

KonX8 ve change
change
-

R3
:

Check position of more electronegative

more
stable on
less
stable on

charge
is more
the
atom ,
atom
electronegative
 O ⑳O
L I
II
- W
-

⑦
b closer
should
Unlike charges be distant
R-> should
:

charges
-

and like
⑧H
· II

n
7
↳
I1
-
⑰
c
-
R -N
-

R-N
-
-
=
C
=
0
b
I
·

R - N =
! -
0
C

a <b >
stability
:

-> t
effect effect
+ M

EDG increase e-density of conjugated

system
.

H -R -OR -NHz ,
-XChalogen)
eg
.
- , ,
-
-
etc .
 0
& I..

⑦ ⑰
12 CH 0 CH3 Es
CH3
CH2 -CH
0
- -
= = -

- ra
①

Since
N o
eTl-o
I/
-
2

I
I
↑2

- M effect !
->
ENG decease e-density of system
etc
NOz
COORDIN
.
-

eg-CHO -cook,
-

No
, I
Ox
8
·

0xN k

*
Il Il
14 -
iI
⑰
<
M
,
-

-/
-
Gi 0
I
=
0
FN

#
effect (E-effect
Electromeric
of reagent)
-

III
-
in presence
·
Temporary effect
(only
shared pair of 4
transfer of
a
Complete
 electrons to one
of
the atoms
joined by
demand
a multiple bond on
of an

attacking reagent
.

-
E
effect
-
-

- Effect
+O
ap
X
⑰ &
12
- I
I

c
O
= -

Ya H
= =-
+

- X - -
X -

L
k⑦ 1
1-
-
X - - C

di
-
C -

I the multiple
multiple 1 es
of
i es
of
the
to bond one
transferred
bond are transferred
which that atom which
to

reagent
to
N
attached
attacking attached
atom the
that
reagent gets does not

(Baker-Nathan
L effect
- Hyperconjugation No-bond resonance /
o
- M
conjugation)
Involves delocalisation of
- elections of
alkyl groups directly
·

c-H bond
of an

allrated
-

atom
attached of
to an
uns
 system or to an atom with empty p-orbital
.

·
Permanent effect carbocations ,

alkenes benzene ,
·
Possible in ,

radicals
free hyperconjugative
.

C-Hs No of
of billy
.
=
-
-
· No
Sta
.

&
structure
-
-
↳

->
bocations

⑰
CH32
⑦=
HA
3

~
&⑰ Y
= ~

⑧
L
CHa
->

CCH2
-
1 -I
H
↓
in
⑧ = HA

-g
2 I
D
& P
!
=

⑦
⑯
'-cHg
c
-
->

T
- c =

CH2
HB ⑰

H
F

Unst Ha

carbocations
Shity
-
of
-
 0
-Ms
CH3 H
⑰ ⑰
⑰
CH3
c H 7
O
H3c C 7 C
--

7
-

Hy
-

n 13
O
Ins
X
-
*

Oc-Hs
3 < He
-

62 Hs
9 2 -
HS
with of hyperconjugative
a
4

Stability
no .

C
structures)

· ⑰
-

62 - HS .. 6 hypercorjogative
structures
M
-

(Stability)
- =

CH3 CDs

o
W

I -
7 ⑰ ~ -
⑭ ~ C - ~
-

↳ ↳ -D
- ~

CH3 c =
=

(A) (B)
*
X D

I-
is
C-H bord
-
weaker than
-

c - D So

myperconjugation
 easier in A
-> Eradicals
(stability)
y
CH3 H

I I
7 7
H c H
O C C
-

Hy
-

CH3
-

Hy C
-
-
-

32 HS - -

6 H
9 <- Hs
-

-> In alkenes
-

H
n
⑦
12a
1 -

c -

cHEHa n -
c = CH-CH
,

in in
H
I
④
H
I
c =
cn
- ch
I
I
H
⑦
I
-
-
CH-CH2
H
-
C

↑
 O
13 C
-
⑧
13 C
I , &
CH3
H2C
=

CH L C =
CHz < c =
C

ne n n in
I

He I C113
- ↳
c
=

c
-
n, CH3
A

Da
B ↳
c c
=

CH3

I Stability)
of hydrogenation
ability of
Heat a
- alkenes

effect enjugation
once
*
Priority :

Inductive
-

effect
.

?
O . Order
of stability
 .
-
⑰

- I
④
-x
-

(a) (b) (c)

I =

v
-

⑦X
-

O
ToY
..

CHO --
I
c
c)
-

(d) (e)
Ins
c3
+ R
b- R
+R
O
+

a -
6x 11
Hs
-

-
0 -H 3 x
-> -
-

d - +R absent O
e -
+
R
X
02 - HA
-
-

b < e7 >d
Stability
:
a
a

=>

Aromaticity
-

anomatic compounds :

-> characteristics of
① Planarity
② Cyclic (e- delocalisation in

③ Complete conjugation
the entire system)
④ Follow Huckel's rule of aromaticity
1 2 3
where 0
2)
.

n
. .
.

4 es
4n
, , ,
=

-
... 24 es , 67 es ....

~
- bonds - Aromatic
Odd ot
3
-

no
->
echargee1
.

-
->

* ⑮E bonds

es
↑
-

bond 3M bonds
IM

- *
* Y
, i bond
34 bonds

substitutionreadine e
⑧
not
dutrophilic comparison
Give to their

stable in

⑥ Highly counterpart
acyclic
XXX (stability)
# > -

X
⑦ Stability2 Aromaticity
Resonance
energy
&

·
and
be aromaticity
n

I
Furan e

Pyridine Pyrrole ge
&
= Ip not
a
gat of
I
I
N
-

T
"

ep
I part of
· Ny *] system
-

apart I
- · I
·

-
-

II
System
-

- system
d

8 ide
This IP

88
/ S part

E
is

-
- A. a

of M
-N-H : -
-
88
a

8IIN
system
-

part
of
~

S M system
Ip is

e
↳ mate
-

0
to pA . .
1

: not a 67 es

part of aromatic
I
...
67 es
system aromatic
:
61 e s

aromatic
anti-aromatic systems
...

-
chit of
(i) Cyclic
(ii) Plan Conjugation
it

Lete
Follow an rule
(4
 an Mes n
=
1 2, 3
,
...

bonds
of
.

Even no .

) Less stable than corresponding acyelic

counterpart

Al Ej
I
A A

Cyclobutadienc
A A
A A
. .

.
.

.
.

4M es

..
A
.
A .

compounds
-> momatic
(i) Cyclic
conjugation so no

(ii) Non-planar

Cycooctatetraene E Anti-aromaticX unstable

highly L-strain
KET,
v
In planar form due to

so it acquires
tub shape

[8)-anneulene
I general
name
for magnaddicsystems)
e

Fpan e
=>

210-armulene)
X
Aromatic exist
do not
Fi
--I
⑧
·
i
~
-> Due
in
to repulsions
same plane
e ..
,
non-aromatic
W

-
aromatic compounds

E E - / **
Anthracene Phenanthrone
Naphthalene
aromatic compound
em benzenoid
·

Azulene
 ↑FX :
I ,
- =
a
W

- - v ⑦
Mycopentading
·
· Polan
Blue colour Cycloatrierge
cation
anion

Laromatic)
(anomatic)
ability
:

--
Donov

s<sp<sp<sp<p
-> ostability :
⑰ ⑲ CH2
(stability)
CH S
Iit
L
I
- X
⑰ (C)
(B]
methylagelopropyl
carbocation

%
IY
I
-
O- >
-
&
G Less

Less
Bond
↓
angle
s-character
L
character
More p-
↓
 Better donation of es

I
Stabilisation of
the change

*
4
↑I ⑰
I I' 2
-
4
L 2
3

resonance)
(Dancing
"Do 3
carbocation is more

methylcyclopropylbenzylic
than
carbocation
because

stable more

cyclopropane
are

inner
bonds of I
system
than
the
phenge .

necleophilic
Oct T
I
fin fa A
S

S
-

X ⑰

<Stability) .

H
H

-ce
-

->
- NO + - c -

-
H H

n i
 Molecular Orbitals
-> Frontier
I
L LUMO

<Lowest Unoccupied
HOMO
Occupied
C Highest Orbital) Molecular Orbital)
molecular Homo to LUMo .

es are transferred from

c -
I
Lumo

-
C -
H

->
1s
/ u mo
di
↑

↳
H
-

·
in
HOMO

Homo I Size o C
btw CdH less sige of
size diff ovula
overlap ... Inefficient
..
efficient weak
*
bond
stront bond
H in
↓
decease
in energy less decrease
More B M 0
of
. .

B M O energy
of H
.

↓
in energy of case
in energy
More increase Less in

A M O A B M O
B
of
.
.
.
. .
. .
 will into the
prefer go
N to
Lone pair of
C-I its less
A B M 0 of
since
energy is .

.
.
;
.

C- I now becomes 0 and

order
Bond of
bond
breaks
C-I
order M
Energy -

I
·

EK -

-
I p-orbital
- H

- -

H
Y -

- =
⑰
0 -
H

(np> +136)

ROMO
:
:
Highenergy for
Low
dona ene
Lumo
⑦ ·H
·

R
=
CH -

CH S
-

(e- transfer)
(D -> p-orbital
=>
reagents
A being
C NEC
II Nucleophile
↳ e-rich donated
↳ up es
tes ~
es-
get
① Nucleophiles with non-bonding
elections
nucleophiles
(i) Neutral -

etc
R Ot
.

eg He .
, Nty >

nucleophiles
(ii) Amonic
8H R-08 ,
O

Nes D-08
2
ctC .

eg
,

with I electrons
② Nucleophiles
cHa IX .

eg 1 :
=

with -electrons .

③ Nucleophiles NaHn ,
RCuLi RMgX ,

eg -Si
,
,
LiACH4-
l

Tendency of nucleophile
Nucleophilicity
a
-
·

e-1
to donate

-> factors :
 ① Electronegativity
:

itephilicity
<
X

RSe8> RSO
> RO

② Size
Nucleophilicity
-

&
size
-
-

Br < =
-
(Nucleophilicity)
<
F <c

③ Charge
ROM <RO

-I · is : uO

leophile
--

Not a nucleophile nudof

e

a
does not electrons
element
it has lone pair
even if octet
incomplete
.

because of
-> Electrophile (E)
↳
↳ e-deficient
acceptors
-

e
 ↳ , empty por d orbital involved
electrons
in
acceptance of
① Electrophiles
with the
charge
metal rations (Nat My
Agt all ,
Ht > ,

d
ss
S
empty
② Neutral electrophiles
orbital) Tica (empty
eg Bl (empty p ,

acids),
d-orbital) , InCz , Felly (Lewis

-
(4 vacant)

tonation (Ht attachment)

site
->
- of pro
-
(a) n >H > -

C Ntz
,

asp sp
-
-
I S

hybridisation
-

-N
61 Wi - sp Find

TID
.

->

(b)
~ ↳/I
=
d
, where
&
N
-
(C)↓ Delocalise es

L ↓e
·I

Sp ↳p possible
L
hybridised
3

Compare sp
localised
atoms having
atoms
up with those
 which are
carrying
- Ve

change
because
of
delocalisation .

L
X
Atom with lesser
will get protonated
.

sp
& Y
?
for protonation
S

-
O
11 & esp Best site
C-0H Sp
.112
-
-

-
..

-
of
NH - sp
T
IT
- ↳>

-
L
↳in
spet ↓spe sp II
- /

orders
dy
i
-
H
H H
I I
H
C "H C c
① I
1 T
H
-

El e
B [ S
I
(1)
, 1

in
,

L L -I
↳ xY

Lacidity]
 H , -H
sc
↳ C
H2 -
4I
17 E by
<i) 17 - 1/ -
,
1,
↳ ↳

i
OH
② on pH

F T - in
i
I

F i
(A) (B) (C) (D)
dominates
Inductive effect of halogens
over their mesomeric effect
.

A>C>D> B ( Acidity)
③ -
Ortho effect EDG ,
be EWG or

⑦ can

the
group
cool
that
regardless of
M
,

will increase acidity of

acid
benzoic
Reason- Stearic Inhibition
of Resonance
 4 -

- ↳y -

c
Back supply of e-

from benzene ring

some
decreases
acidic character .

- jo
e n

<>
I =>
L .

or esI
<-
-

, -
H
g
. => -

in
No back supply
is
when ⑰ group
present ,
cool
group
the plane
goes
out
of
due to
stearic hinderance
increases
Acidity
.

...

in
COOH
COOH 100l1
I

i ,
T-NOz
- it -

NOL
-
Nos
⑰ (B) (C)
(D)
 B>DL> A v

Acidity
-
coo
:

wo
wo
I
NO2 it it
it
-

-
NO
das
/ -
-

R stab I Stab
stab
-
-

R
.

-
-

I stab. stab
I
-

- .

-
-

Bredt's Rule at
not stable
M-bond
=>
-
is

↳ Carbocation or

bridged position
Norborname system
↑I↳bridging
->

B
positions
.

- Notstable 12 is not alt

attain

order
->
adity
I -CHs inta
-

(Basicity)
1 ⑰
-

3 7 ,

d
stearic hinderance ,
distortion of
To avoid available
Up of N
readily
planarity
occus ,

donation :
Basicity
4 (SIR effect
for
carbocations
->
gement of more
stable
formation of
a

Reason
->

carbocation
·

Hydride
-
shift (HO]

-n I
Y
- -n
He ⑰ di in
i
Laboration 3 carbocationa a

>

Alkyl shift
-
 CH3 CH CHS
I

c- -
n - ⑦C -c -
H

is
s d dis
carbocation 3 carbocation
2
(more
stable)

my shift

⑭Y
C↳
I
-
-
-
!
I

+R
Stabilised by
·

pansion
⑰
2942
I
S ↑

Is ->
S*
-3
Carbocation
2"
1 carbocation
more
stable carbocation

formed .
 3
I

I7 -
· M I
2
I
2
->

4- /6
-

S 6

i carbocation 2 carbocation
Reactions
-of-
Types
-
- Substitution
Addition
Elimination reactions
Reaction Reaction
Nucleophilic ↳ Nucleophilic
↳
substitution
↳ Electrophilic
tion
↳addiElectrophilia
a

↳
substitutio e

Free radical
↓
addition xn

Free radical substitution

addition rxn

Reaction
(I) A the substrate
added on

Reagent is

H-bond
containi
ng
Y
.

X
X -

Y 11
1 cHc -
IC CH2
= -
 R =

CH2 # C
-
CH
,

addition reactions -

a) Nucleophilic
Addition reactions involving
attack of
nucleophiles addition of
HCN
to

aldehyde
.

Base catalysed
HCN
ot
-> CN-
R-
c
A
0 cro ->
R -
-
00

i
=

-I
F

↓ H CN
-

CN
I
R -
c
-
0H

addition i reactions
b) Electrophilic
Add rxxs
involving
attack
of
* Bro
electrophiles -
+

HBr
.

-cH -CH
=

CH +
H +
,
↳
- -

c3

↓ Br
-
Myc
-
 Free radical addition reactions
a) radicals
involving free
.

Addh xu

to alkenes in
Addition of HB
eg
.

peroxides
=

presence of
RO
R-0-R + 2

ROH
+
Br
HBr -s
Ri +

& e
CH
Br -

CH
ch
+

Hz CHBr
- =

S
-

H
-

-N

↓H - Br

Br
cHz CHz
-

H
-
-

+ Br
Reactions
I) Eln
two atoms or
which
Reaction in

atoms are
removed .

groups of Br
alcoholic koH
H
I
e I
cHg 1
->
HgC
+

c - H
H
C-
-

in i
1) Substitution Reaction (Replacement /
-
vime)
Displacement
another
replaced by
Leaving groups
is

atoms
group of
.

atom or

Wir s A

-a ->
Nor

-> XcN
=> Methods
of purification of organic compounds
sublimable
↳ Sublimation .
Purification of from

I
non-sublimable
compounds
Pure volatile compound ones .

8
it
~

I -
Impre compound
/

I
& -

fitt
->systallisation volatile
Simple
-
Separation of non-volatile

↳
Distill ation liquids from
impunities
than
Liquids having
more

their
difference
2SC in
/

B P
. .

/
- I
-
-

C
E
X

X
↳ Fractional Distillation
b is
between .

p .

Used when difference

than 25 "
less

Y
-

88 -

- I

↳ Distillation under reduced pressure

Used
for liquids having very high
and those which decompose at
B P
. .

or below B P
.
.
 X

~
-

X
8 &

- -

T
- -
I
-
-
I
X

3
e
↳ Steam Distillation
substances which are

Used to
separate immissible
-
with
steam volatile and are

water .

Extraction
↳ Differential
compound t present
When

in an
an

organic
aqueous
is

it with an

separated by shakingwhich it is
solvent in

organicsoluble than water .

more

--
-

-
↳ solvents
Chromatography Mixture
of
:
or

gas
allowed
is to move
slowly
phase
stationary
the
.

over

↳ I Adsorption chromatography
:

Based the
fact
on
that different
adsorbed on an

compounds are

adsorbent to
different degrees .

↳ Column chromatography

·
↳ thin
layer chromatography
Retardation factor
value)
(Ry
by
=>

Distance moved subt.

line (n)
from
-
base

Distance moved
by line
base
solvent
from
(y)

↳ Partition chromatography
paper
chromatography it
has water traffled in

acts 1 the
which as

stationary phase
=>
dAnalysis
i
↳ which elements are present -

on of Can
a) ith
a e

-
~
Cu

&
2(u0 -> CO2 2
+

C +

&H + Go - H20+(
-
~ ↓ drows
Passed over
anhy
CusOn (white)
CuSOp(s) + SHIP
↓
sHcO
a so
4

(Blue)
↓
lime water
Passed through
[CaCOn)a]
HaP
- Call +

CaCON,+CO,
other elements
b) A f
extract
:

small piece of dry

·
Lassaigne'sextract metal taken in a

(Sodium O Na
tube
①reactive fusion
② forms ↓Gr
ionic compounds
which water
Smallamountene
-

are
 soluble added
is

till red hat

It
Tube is
plunged
into distilled M20
taken in china dish

↓
Boiled
↓
cooled & filtered
↓
Filtrate liquid
C Sodium extract)
N
-> for
NacN (from
Lassaigne's
C N -
Na extract)
+
+

-
-
-
-
->

&
~

FesOn zNaOH

ray -r
FesOnt

j
↑
NazSOn
-
+

Fe
-

FeCOH2
6
-
NNt
↓
- -
-
-

2 NaOH

Nan 2 FecNs)
↓

Pressin ener Sodium ferrocyanide)

1250n ,
I
conc .

↓
N
presence of Fe , [Fe <CN613
Ferric fenocyanide (11)
Iron (IID hexacyanoferate
 blue both
(Prussian If
->
-
↓
Test
for , mpresent
di
Lead Sodium Lassaigne's
-

nitroprusside
-
-
test

artate
-

test Na+
I

copy (FeCCNsNo]
I
-
Naz
Ch, Nas N + S
~
+
+

Nas
+

(Sodium ↓
-

(from nitropressidel
-

get ↓
-
NASCN

3
NASCN

PbS 2 CHCOONa Nan (FeCCNsNos] + Fest

(Black (Violet) (from

Sodium
nitropresides
-

ppt)
-
↓
FeCSCN3
Ferric Sulfhocyanide
(Blood red colour)
H
both
presence of
N + S

->
Test for halogens -> addeele
(i)
-
NO boiling ,
NacNa
Sodium extract
ing
S
Nas
+

AgNOs
formed
in
,
test
Lassaigne's
if organic
compound
contains NAS
 alongwith halogen)
also
as
they with
form ppt
AgNOy I

Agivewport I
Br
C
IX
name
&

e
at
be
cannot
L
detected i

by Lassaigne's (white
e ppt) AgI
+ NaNO

test as
AgF ↓ NHu0H yellow
is soluble soluble

P
-> Test with sodium

Organic compound
fused
(Naza
peroxide 2 NazO
SNazOz
+20 =s
<NazPOy +

L
-
-

with water
of fused
mass
Extraction
↓ HNOs
conc
with
.

Boil solution
ag
NaNOs
3HNOz As
HyPOnt
No
,
POn +

L solution
Add ammonium molybdate
HzPOn+
12 (NH4 gMoPy+21HNOs
+21 NuNO, +12 10
MoOs
->
(NHL Pey 12

Phospho molybdatel
-

C Ammonium

yellow
 Quantitative analysis Used
find % composition
:

=> to
- -

elements present in an
organic compound
of Method ]
E) C H
<diebig's

-
-
-

Zo
-
! -

I
-
W
-

-
-

Organic compound presence of 02

strongly
in

I
&
GO
(combustion)
%
,

uc02 +
( z)02
+

[CnHy
+

Kol
absorbed by
C +

2Co-co
O it
absorbed
-
CH +
GO-H2Ot - W
calls

Chygroscopic
nature)
Mase of organic compound ->
wg
of Cally-mass of H20 g
↑ = a
in mass

b
KOH
=

mass
of CO2 =

g
mass
of
↑
in

a) A

log no 28x )
e
 % of H MH x 100
=

Mass
of org comp
· .

=x
x100

C
b)
C
12g
->
COs
Shy of
gco2 (**)8
-
b

ot =
xb x100

- 44x

Method
I) Nitrogen- ① Dumals
↳ ②
Method
Kjeldahl's
Method
① (N)
compound
Organic
by ↓ Cuostrongly atmosphere
absorbed
kott
, CO2
collected
C
over

H20 O
&
conc CO N2 2
+ +

conc .
KOH
L
vol NI
of
↓
is
% of N

calculated
*
CuHyNz +(x + GO - ncOs + H

Imp
X + =N2
+

(n E
+

~IIII Don E

Calculation
- I
Hg Na)
(P of dry
so mm
&PN P, V, P,
tension
=

~
-
F Patm-ag
-

P,
To temp)
=

TI
(at

Gat
-
n
un me

STR Experimental v
,
vol
of N2 collected
conditions
=

213K
+ = room temperature .

N2 ,

Cdry
vo
Y *
=
 V
vo =

(Patm -ag tension) x x 213

= x mL
- -
-
-

7
60 x +
-

2400mof Ne at
Seea
-x100/
I
28x
-

w
- 22400x
e

127 ·

Ag .
tension =
1
mmHg
Hg
-
-

=<44 mm
<58-14
Na
of dry
P
=

$ 213=27 94 mL
vgN2 7
.

at STP .
760x287

22700m2 Ng
at STP weighs 28g

2 94 .
mc
of
Nat ( 8
-

)I
=

09g
% N = 0 , 0349 x100 =>
19 %
- -

0 . 1840
 -method
② Keldahl's
cannot
be used for compounds containing
-
and group
ring
N in -
No z ago

1 -
W =
N-
as N in these
compounds
does not change
to
(NHn)2 Son
method H2SO4
compound
Organic
+

LOccuson (digestion)
(NHu) SO4
=

NaOH ,
↓&
Na SOy +2NM3
+2120
O
L
absorbed in an excess

standard solution
of
of H2SO4
Nt+ H2SO4 => Solution I
2 --
(NHu)sOn
Titration solution I
of against standard

alkali gives
the amount
of NMs produced
tells about
which further % N in the
organic
compound .

~
is

3
I
E

-
= -

Calculation
-
Let mass
of organic compound =

wg
Titration
-
-

Acid

I
Base

-
250
of
molarity
--

NaOH M
of
molarityNaOH
=

vol used standard HeSO V mL

of
=

titrating against
~

in

V mL
H2SO4 =
,

of
molarity M I
mL
Naot of
=

v, mL
of
HgSOn of
M
molarity
 (V -)
unused me
Vol .

of HasOy =

( 1) Hason
2(V ) m of
-

of
=
- mc

NH3

=1 mol of NHy gN
-> 14
1000mL I M Ny
of
M
) m) of Nis of molarity
2(V
-

ah e r
...

ohI
-

mass
W

d
of organic compound
w

molarity

method Nts
evolved
by
D
Kjeldahl's
:

neutralised
.

0 . s
g of
the compound
To N ?
M H2SO4
of
10 m) 1
.

will need
10 mL Huso,
=11 Mo
2omL NHS
im of -

1000m of MNts I get

56 %
% 120
=

N = x 10
0 .
S
1000

(11) Halogens [Carius method]

, HNO3
compound -
AgX
Organic AgNO3
filtered ,

washeds
dried ↓

weighed .
Mass
of organic compound ''g
=

AgX formed
m
Mass
of g
=

mol X
I mol
AgX->I of
XXm
m ,
g of AgX
->

C
-
atomic
mass

Molecular mass
of
of AgX
I
ggX
of halogen
%
=

atomic
of xx
mass m x 100
,
-

Molecular
of AgX
mass In
x

L
estimation of
method
of
mass
& .
In Carius
org
·

g of
15 an
compound
halogen
0 .

of
, -
-

12
compound gave
0
g
.

organic Find % Br in the

of Ar
.

compound .

mass 108
+
80 =
1889
molar
=

Se AgBr molt
·

AgBr
- Br
188
y gog
Br
g
AgBr +0
. 12
12
0 .

- 12x100
% Br =
=

34 04 . %

her
=)
IV
compound (s)
Organic
/ HNOs
↓Naz02
H2 SO y
Bads
↓
BasOn (ppt]
d
washed a weighed
filtered
,

% S calculated from
of is

Bason
mass of
Mass of organic
compound
=

ing
Bason=
g
m,
Mass of
64
233g
=

32 +

BasOn 131 +

mol of
=

1
 233
g
BasO
, -> 329S
m ,
g
Bason- xm ,
gys

I
x100
% of S =
32 x m,
- -
m
233x

I phorus
(P)
compound
Organic
↓HNO3
acid)
(Phosphoric
MPOz
(ammonium
(NM)gMoOy molybdenum)

S-
N

Magnesia
mixture
(mixture of MgCa( (H) PO4 . 12 Mos
NHyC , NH3) ,

Cammonium
My NHyPOy
phosphomolybdate)
Lignite
Magnesium pyrophosphate
(Mg-P20x)

tion weighed)
compound
=

wg
Mass of organic
mass of MyzP2 +
* =

Y g
P
of My2P207
62
g of
-
mor
I

(222g)
M928207
-
**
g9P
by of
x10
+
% gP =

CIt) Oxygen
-
all other
% o
% 0
100
- sum
of
of
=

elements
- ar
Weight Determination

Method
A) Meyer's
Volatile compound
is vaporised
d
obtained displaces an

vapours
air
equal volume of
to d
air is
collected
displaced
is measured
volume
substance = Abst
moles of Molar mass

subst
Molar m a ss - Nt o (u)
vol ardiplaced
-

- of
22400

Molar mass
-

Arbstance x 22400

vol of
air displaced
(cm)

Method
Bric g
.
ut of
ad e

bases
acid is dissolved in
known mass
of standard
water and titrated against
base
solution of
.

(Basel
N, normality
Let
Van of -
=
acid
- -
wg of
=
W x1000x
base -

1000cm of IN V, xNi
-
-
-
acid
of
.

Wt
Eg .

acid
Molecular acid Eq
ut
of
of
= .

mass

x basicity
method
(2) Silver salt
-- molecular mas

Used for determining

acids
carboxylic
of acid
Carboxylic
↓ AgNOs
 acid
silver salt of
14
weigh
Ag