LESSON 1: SOLID, LIQUID AND GAS (grade.

3)
Lesson Objective:
Students will be able to classify the pictures as solids, liquids, or gases.
What is Matter?
• Anything that has mass and occupies space and has interia
• A matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
STATES OF MATTER: SOLID, LIQUID, GAS.
All objects on earth can be classified in one of three physical forms or states such as solid, liquid and gas.
Solid is a state of matter that has definite shape and definite volume. It keeps its own size.
• Examples
• Marbles
• Ping-pong
• Rock
• empty bottle
• bag
• Pen
• Book
• Jewelleries
Solids have other special properties. Some solids are hard and others are soft.
Hardness is the ability of solids to resist breaking and scraping.
Solids have distinctive properties like metals (Metallic Sollid)
Examples:
Jewelleries such as rings, bracelets and necklaces are made up of metals, gold, silver, or platinum.
These metals can be designed and formed into beautiful accessories because they are malleable.
The ability of metals to be hammered into different shapes is called malleability.
Ductability -, the ability to be drawn into wire like copper, aluminum and steel. Copper is the
metal used for electrical wiring. It can also be formed into strips or shavings.
Brittleness is the property that makes solids easy to break when a force is applied to it.
Liquid is a state of matter that keeps its size but takes the shape of its container.
A liquid can also flow as it is transferred or poured from one container to another.
• Examples:
• Juice
• Water
• our body's sweat
• Milk
• rubbing alcohol
Gas is a state of matter that can freely change its shape and size.
• It spreads out to fill its container.
• Gasses flow like liquids.
• They are very light and often they cannot be seen.
• Example:
• Air which is a mixture of gases.
• helium inside an inflated birthday balloon
• water vapor
• perfume in the air
• fumes from cars and factories
• oxygen gas that we breathe in
• and carbon dioxide that we expel out.
In other words:
Solids – relatively rigid, definite volume and shape. In a solid, the atoms and molecules are attached to each
other. They vibrate in place but don’t move around.
Liquids – definite volume but able to change shape by flowing. In a liquid, the atoms and molecules are
loosely bonded. They move around but stay close together.
Gases – no definite volume or shape. The atoms and molecules move freely and spread apart from one
another.
Reference

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
1. Buoyancy
- Ability of the material to float in water.
Ex. Putting a plastic bottle cap into the water. We can see that the bottle
cap floats in the water.
Density
- Measure of the amount of the matter in a given volume of liquid.
- If the density of the object is less than the density of the liquid, the object
will float. If the density of the object is more than the density of the liquid,
the object will sink.
Ex. When we put the stone into the water, we can see that the stone sink
into the water which means the density of the stone is more than the
density of the water.
D=M/V
2. Porosity
- Property of material that allows to absorb water and other liquid.

Absorbent materials are materials that absorb water

Ex. cotton, dishwashing sponge, tissue paper
-
Non-absorbent materials are materials that do not absorb water.
Ex. plastic bag, cans, mug
3. Decomposition
- Property of materials to break down into simpler or smaller form of matter.

All materials that decay is also referred to as Biodegradable.

FACTORS AFFECTING DECOMPOSITION

1. Presence of organisms or decomposer that cause decay
- Decomposers can be detritivores, fungi and bacteria. Detritivores like earthworms breakdown plant and
animal materials and feed on these.
Fungi, like mushroom and ear fungi breakdown plant materials and cause
decay at the same time feeding on the decayed materials. Bacteria are microorganisms that we cannot see
but their action can be observed on dead animal bodies when these are undergoing decay. Usually, the
process is accompanied by foul or bad smell.
Spoiled food has a foul odor because of decay that is going on.

2. Temperature
- The warmer the temperature the faster the decay process. So when the days are very warm leaving spaghetti
on the table and other carbohydrate rich food will easily spoil. Placing food in the refrigerator slows down the
growth of decomposers.

3. Moisture
- Have you noticed a pile of leaves during summer in the school yard but during the rainy season, the leaves
disappear fast and blend with the soil?
With water available, the plant parts easily crumble and decompose.
Decomposers are also present in moist places so the decay process is fast. Dry materials like leaves are not
good habitats for decomposers. Drying fish prevents bacteria from feeding on the flesh of the fish.

4. Exposure to elements
- Our mother would remind us to cover the food left after a meal. Air may contain bacteria and will hit the
food. Covering the food prevents bacteria from growing on the food and starts the decay process.

5. Salt content of the material

- A salty food usually decays slowly. This is because decomposers cannot grow well in a salty environment.
Have you noticed that fish, squid and meat do not decay immediately when salted? Salting is a way of delaying
or stopping decomposition, thus preserving food for some time.

EFFECTS OF DECAY ON OUR HEALTH

● Tooth decay
- Food particles left in the mouth and teeth are food for bacteria when you don’t brush your teeth regularly. It
will release acid that can dissolve the enamel of your teeth creating tooth cavities.

● Loose Bowel Movement

- Eating left over food that has started to decay may cause loose bowel movement. It is advisable not to eat
food that has started to emil foul odor.
 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Materials around us have properties that are important for their purpose. These materials undergo changes
through technology for various important applications in our everyday lives, at home, at in school. However,
accompanying these positive transformations are harmful effects as well.

A. Useful or Harmful Materials

Multiple materials products are beneficial to man because of technology. Because of technology, raw
materials transformed to different products that have improved man’s way of life. However, some products
which are useful to man maybe harmful to animals and plants and the environment or the other way around.
Sometimes, it is the incorrect use of the useful materials that make these harmful. Hence, it is imperative to
really identify characteristics of households and consumer materials. Here are the important concept that can
help future teacher understand the topic.

⚫ Household materials and consumer products can be grouped as (1) those used for cleaning; (2) for food
preparation; (3) beautification; (4) building construction: and (5) and household products. Materials
found in products like metal container, ceramic, rubber, glass or plastic have specific properties.
⚫ Humans have learned to manipulate the different properties of matter to create other uses.
⚫ Materials are enhanced or upgraded by technology. Technology has continuously improved the quality of
products such as detergents, household cleaners, food seasoning, medicine, plastic, paints, stainless
metals and many more making human life convenient. In fact technology has enhanced beauty products
and health products which are very popular among consumers today.
⚫ Materials have beneficial effects at home and in the environment. They can make work and life easier like
cooking faster; preserving food, keeping homes and clothes clean, smells good and disinfected.
⚫ However, materials can sometimes do harm. They may contain hazardous substance, an ingredient that
may cause skin irritation, injury, or illness during or after handling or use or if accidentally taken.
⚫ Chemicals can contaminate food and when properly disposed of or even used, they can cause death.
Hence, there is need to exercise care and caution when using them.
⚫ Before buying or using any consumer product-such as food, clothing, medicine, cleaning product, soap
and shampoo, insect repellent or pesticides, always find out if it is the best for the purpose you need.

All matter has physical and chemical properties. Physical properties are characteristics that scientists can
measure without changing the composition of the sample under study, such as mass, color, and volume (the
amount of space occupied by a sample). Chemical properties describe the characteristic ability of a substance
to react to form new substances; they include its flammability and susceptibility to corrosion. All samples of a
pure substance have the same chemical and physical properties. For example, pure copper is always a
reddish-brown solid (a physical property) and always dissolves in dilute nitric acid to produce a blue
solution and a brown gas (a chemical property).

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the
identity of the substance. Silver is a shiny metal that conducts electricity very well. It can be molded into thin
sheets, a property called malleability. Salt is dull and brittle and conducts electricity when it has been
dissolved into water, which it does quite easily. Physical properties of matter include color, hardness,
malleability, solubility, electrical conductivity, density, melting point, and boiling point.

For the elements, color does not vary much from one element to the next. The vast majority of elements are
colorless, silver, or gray. Some elements do have distinctive colors: sulfur and chlorine are yellow, copper is
(of course) copper-colored, and elemental bromine is red. However, density can be a very useful parameter
for identifying an element. Of the materials that exist as solids at room temperature, iodine has a very low
density compared to zinc, chromium, and tin. Gold has a very high density, as does platinum.

1. State of matter
2. Density
3. Volume
4. Boiling point
5. Melting point
6. Mass
7. Color
8. Temperature
9. Solubility
10. Electric charge
11. Malleability
12. Hardness
13. Length
14. Electrical resistivity and conductivity
15. Electricity
16. Thermal conductivity
17. Permeabilty
18. Luminance

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Chemical properties of matter describe its potential to undergo some chemical change or reaction by virtue of
its composition. The elements, electrons, and bonds that are present give the matter potential for chemical
change. It is quite difficult to define a chemical property without using the word "change". Eventually, after
studying chemistry for some time, you should be able to look at the formula of a compound and state some
chemical property. For example, hydrogen has the potential to ignite and explode given the right
conditions—this is a chemical property. Metals in general have the chemical property of reacting with an acid.
Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas—this is a chemical property.

A chemical property of iron is its capability of combining with oxygen to form iron oxide, the chemical name
of rust (Figure 3.5.23.5.2). The more general term for rusting and other similar processes is corrosion. Other
terms that are commonly used in descriptions of chemical changes are burn, rot, explode, decompose, and
ferment. Chemical properties are very useful in identifying substances. However, unlike physical properties,
chemical properties can only be observed as the substance is in the process of being changed into a different
substance.

1. Flammability
2. Boiling point
3. Melting point
4. Reactivity
5. Toxicity
6. Standard enthalpy of formation
7. Chemical stability
8. Extidation state
9. Acidity
10. Heat of combustion

Summary

A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the
identity of the substance. Physical properties include color, density, hardness, and melting and boiling points.
A chemical property describes the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change. To identify a
chemical property, we look for a chemical change. A chemical change always produces one or more types of
matter that differ from the matter present before the change. The formation of rust is a chemical change
because rust is a different kind of matter than the iron, oxygen, and water present before the rust formed.

MIXTURE

• made up of two or more materials or substances that are put together by physical means.
• no new substances are formed since it does not change the physical properties of substances or
materials.

3 Basic characteristics of mixture

1. The composition of the mixture is variable.

• For example, the components of the mixture of marbles, paper clips and buttons in the
experiment can differ or vary.

2. The components retain their original characteristics.

• Marbles. paper clips, buttons, sugar and saw dust do not lose their appearance, texture, color
and shape after they are mixed together.
3. The components are easily separated by physical methods.

• Since no chemical reaction has taken place when mixing marbles, paper clips, and buttons, as
well as mixing with saw dust, it is possible for these materials to be separated.

TWO TYPES PF MIXTURES

1. Homogeneous Mixture
2. Heterogeneous Mixture

Homogeneous Mixture
✓ HOMO means same
✓ well mixed E.g ( Coffee and soft drinks )
- The composition of homogenous when components are combined together it does mix well since it does
blend throughout and becomes uniformly distributed.
✓ it's single phased
- since only one phase is only seen that is either solid, liquid or gas form after mixing the different
components.
✓ components are too small to be seen by the unaided eyes.
✓ it appears to be clear or transparent and has the same color.

Heterogeneous mixture
✓ HETERO means different
✓ unevenly mixed - since the mixture is not uniformly distributed and it differs from one another. E.g ( Salad)
✓ 1 or more components can still be differentiated and identified - the composition of heterogeneous when
combined together it doesn't mix well since it doesn't blend throughout.
✓ two or more phases of matter can be observed.
E.g - Milk and cereal

Mixtures
In chemistry, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different chemical substances which are not
chemically bonded. A mixture is the physical combination of two or more substances in which the identities
are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions and colloids.

There are different ways of separating the components of mixtures:

1. Manual separation is done to mixtures which components differ in size. Pebbles can be separated
manually from sugar with the use of fingers or tweezers. But this is very tiresome and will take a longer time. A
fine screen can also be used to separate sugar from pebbles.
2. Magnetic separation is a process that uses magnet to separate the magnetic component from a
nonmagnetic one. Iron filings are magnetic, thus can be used to separate them from the nonmagnetic sand.
3. Filtration is a process that can separate suspended particles from the liquid. Water can be separated from
starch to some extent using filtration. An ultra filter can totally separate components of colloidal mixture.
4. Decantation is a process of separating a mixture of liquids that differ in density. The less dense liquid
usually stays on top. The denser liquid such as water tiles at the bottom. In this mixture, oil can be gently
poured out of the glass and retain water. A stirring rod can be used to guide the less dense liquid to the other
container.
5. Evaporation process is used to separate a solute that has been dissolved in water. A small amount of
mixture of salt and water can be heated, and when water evaporates, salt remains on the evaporating dish.
6. Freezing or cooling is a process of separating mixture used for mixtures composed of two liquid
components of different freezing points. In the mixture of oil and water, oil has lower freezing point thus
solidifies first. It is then separated easily from the water component that is still in liquid state.

SENSE ORGANS OF THE HUMAN BODY

Humans know of their surrounding because of the sense organs. Each organ has distinct parts and function.
Let us begin studying the five sense organs of the human body that enable us to respond to stimuli making us
more aware of our body and environment.
 1. The Eye
-Sight or Ophthalmoception

The eye is the sense organ that allows

one to see. It has the receptors that
receive light as stimulus from our
surroundings. Light enters the cornea of
the eye. Behind the cornea is a ring of
muscle, the iris which expands or
contracts in response to light. The pupil
changes its size to control the amount
of light that enters the eye.

When would the pupil become

wide? Light passes the pupil into the lens. Here, the muscles of the lens change in shape and
direct light into the retina. There are two kinds of receptor in the retina; the rods that detect
the presence or absence of light and the cones that detect the color of objects that you see.

What receptors are active at night? How do you identify images of objects around you?
The rods and cones are parts of the sensory neuron that is from the optic nerve. The optic
nerve connects to the brain. When light stimulates the retina, the message is sent to the brain
by the optic nerve. The brain interprets and forms an image that you see.

SCLERA -white part of the eye
PUPILS - Black dot at the center Of the eye
IRIS - Colored part in Front of the eye
CORNEA - The transparent Film-like part.
CHOROID -Middle layer of the wall of the
eye.
RETINA - Sensory membrance, lying at the
back of our eye.
OPTIC NERVE -The optic nerve connects to
The brain.
VITREOUS BODY -A clear, jelly-like
substance

How do you take care of your eye? Eyes should be used and taken cares of properly. Here are some ways.
• Eat Vitamin A rich food to make our eyes healthy.
• Limit viewing time to television, cell phones, tablets and other gadgets that strain the eyes.
• Use eye glasses to reduce glare and present dust from entering the eyes.
• Do not rub the eyes.
• Visit a doctor when your vision becomes blurred.
• Have an eye check up when necessary for diagnosing eye defects like nearsightedness and astigmatism.
• When given corrective lenses, use these as directed by an ophthalmologist, or eye specialist.

2. The Ear

The ear makes us identify sounds around us. It is the body organ that makes us hear. We hear because
the outer ear collects sound waves that travel in the ear to the ear canal. The eardrum vibrates and
moves the three small bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) of the middle ear. From there, the sound
receptors in the fluid filled cochlea produce vibration as the sound waves travel into the inner ear. The
nerve transmits the stimulus to the brain and is interpreted. Then we can distinguish what we hear.
The ear also helps us maintain balance.
 What are the ways by which we can take care of our ears?
Being deaf can be inherited but some people become deaf of diseases and poor ways of
taking care of the ear. We can prevent some forms of deafness.
3. The Nose

The nose makes us smell.

There are receptors in the
nose that are stimulated by
perfume, coffee brew,
decaying trash, burning paper or chicken stew. How does odor reach your nose? Odor or smell
produced by perfume, for example, diffuses or moves in the air once it reaches the two opening of the
nose or nostrils, it stimulates the smell receptors along the nasal cavity. The stimulus is carried to the
brain by the olfactory nerve and is interpreted.

Can you recognize sliced garlic from onion with your eyes closed?
Why do you sniff when you want to make sure of the smell of burnt food?
Can we detect poisonous food by its smell?
Why do you need to clean your nostrils regularly?

There are two body sense organs that have special features. These are the tongue and skin. The
tongue is a muscular organ located inside the mouth. It is covered by moist pink tissue called
mucosa. All over the surface of the tongue are tiny bumps called papillae where the taste buds
are located.

4. The Tongue

Taste is usually associated with smell. When you have

stuffy nose, you say that the food is of bad taste. The
taste receptors can detect chemicals in substances just
like the smell receptors. The receptors are located in
the taste buds of the tongue. There are four primary
types of tastes- sweets, bitter, sour and salty. Some are
combination of several primary tastes.

Give examples of food dishes with two or more tastes

combined.
How can we taste food? Food must first be dissolved by
our saliva when we eat. This will be detected by the
taste receptors and interpreted by our brain, then we
can distinguish one taste from another.

How do we take care of our tongue? Enumerate ways to

care and protect our tongue.
 5. The Skin

The skin is all over the human body.

It protects the inner body parts from
exposure to harmful substances and
even germs. The skin enables us to
detect sensation, temperature,
pressure and pain. There are
receptors in the skin that detect
stimuli. For example, when you are
wounded, you fell pain because the
pain receptors react to the injury
and feeling the pain will tell us that
something has to be done with the
wound. Hot and cold air or water can be detected by temperature receptors. Our skin is also sensitive
to touch. A light comforting touch by your mother makes you smile even when you are sick.

HUMAN MAJOR ORGAN

Our body is compose of different parts. These body parts are called organs

• BONES • BRAIN
• STOMACH • KIDNEY
• HEART • LUNGS
• LIVER • SMALL INTESTINE
• MUSCLES

STOMACH
Location:
The stomach is in our tummy, just below the ribcage.
It’s part of the digestive system.

Job of the Stomach: Receives the food we eat. Helps break down the
food into smaller pieces.

How it Works: Acts like a mixing bowl: food gets mixed with special
juices. These juices help turn food into a kind of soupy mixture.

Importance: Prepares food for the next step in the digestive system.
Extracts good stuff (nutrients) from the food.

Feeling Hungry:
When the stomach is empty, it tells us we’re hungry. Eating fills up the
stomach and makes us feel satisfied.

Not Always Empty: Stomach can expand when we eat a lot, but it goes back to its normal size.

Digestive Teamwork: Works with other organs like the intestines to help our body get energy. It’s like a team
inside our body!
Remember, the stomach is like a special kitchen that helps our body get the energy it needs from the food we
eat.

Parts of the Stomach and Their Functions:

• Cardia
• Fundus
• Body
• Pylorus
• Antrum

CARDIA
Location: Near the connection to the esophagus.
Function: Receives food from the esophagus and starts the digestive process.
FUNDUS
Location: Upper part of the stomach.
Function: Stores food temporarily.

BODY
Location: Main central region of the stomach.
Function: Mixes food with digestive juices, turning it into a soupy mixture.

PYLORUS
Location: Lower part of the stomach.
Function: Acts like a gate, controlling the release of the soupy mixture (now called chyme) into the small
intestine.

ANTRUM
Location: Lower part of the stomach, near the pylorus.
Function: Helps grind and mix food with digestive juices.

Remember, these parts work together to mix, store, and prepare food for further digestion in the intestines. It’s
like a team effort inside your stomach to make sure your body gets the energy and nutrients it needs from the
food you eat.

SMALL INTESTINE
Location : The small intestine is in our tummy,
right after the stomach. It's a long, twisty tube
inside our body.

Job of the Small Intestine : Takes the soupy

mixture (chyme) from the stomach. Finishes
breaking down the food into tiny pieces.
How it Works : Uses special juices to help
with digestion. Absorbs the good stuff
(nutrients) from the tiny pieces of food.

Three Parts of Small Intestine

• Duodenum
• Jejunum
• Ileum

DUODENUM
Function: The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, right after the stomach. Its main job
is to receive the soupy mixture (chyme) from the stomach. In the duodenum, digestive juices from
the pancreas and gallbladder mix with the chyme to break down the food into smaller pieces. This
is where a lot of digestion happens.
JEJUNUM
Function: The jejunum is the middle part of the small intestine. After the chyme leaves the
duodenum, the jejunum continues the process of breaking down food into even smaller pieces. It
also plays a crucial role in absorbing nutrients—like a sponge, it soaks up the good stuff from the
tiny pieces of food.
ILEUM
Function: The ileum is the last part of the small intestine, connecting to the large intestine. Here,
the remaining nutrients are absorbed, and any last bits of digestion happen. The ileum works to
make sure our body gets all the important nutrients from the food we eat before whatever is left
moves on to the next part of the digestive system.
LARGE INTESTINE
Absorption:
Like a sponge, the small intestine soaks up the nutrients from the food. Nutrients go into the blood
to give energy to our whole body.
Teamwork with Stomach: Works with the stomach to make sure our body gets what it needs. It's like a relay
race where the baton is the chyme!
Final Stretch :Whatever's left after the small intestine goes to the large intestine. The small intestine is like the
superhero of digestion!
Remember, the small intestine is like a smart tube that helps turn our food into energy and
nutrients for our body.

Kidney
Location: Kidneys are inside our body, near the back,
one on each side. They're like bean-shaped filters.
Job of the Kidneys: Kidneys help keep our body clean
and healthy. They act like special filters for our blood.
Filtration Magic:Kidneys filter our blood to remove
waste and extra stuff our body doesn't need. This waste
turns into pee, and the good stuff stays in our blood.
Pee Power: Pee is the liquid waste that comes out
when we go to the bathroom. It's our body's way of
getting rid of things it doesn't need.
Balancing Act :Kidneys help balance important things
in our body, like water and salt.
They make sure our body has the right
amount of everything.
Like Cleaners: Think of kidneys as super cleaners inside our body, keeping things tidy. They work all the time
to make sure we stay healthy.
Stay Hydrated: Drinking water helps kidneys do their job better. It's like giving them a special fuel to keep our
body in good shape.
Remember, our kidneys are like superheroes inside us, keeping our blood clean and our body in
balance.

Kidney Parts and Their Functions

• Renal Cortex
• Renal Medulla
• Renal Pelvis
• Ureter
• Bladder
• Renal Artery
• Renal Vein

Renal Cortex
Function: The outer layer where blood is filtered. It's like the kidney's "filtering factory."

Renal Medulla
Function: The inner part that helps carry the filtered urine to the renal pelvis. Think of it like the
kidney's "transport system."
Renal Pelvis
Function: Collects urine from the medulla and sends it to the ureter. It's like a funnel that gathers
all the urine.
Ureter
Function: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They're like highways for urine.
Bladder
Function: A storage bag for urine. When it's full, we feel like we need to go to the bathroom. The
bladder holds onto the urine until we're ready to let it out.
Renal Artery
The renal artery is like the "delivery highway" for the kidneys. It brings the blood, which carries all
the things the kidneys need to filter, to the kidneys. It's like a special road that brings the blood to
the kidney so that it can start its cleaning process.
Renal Vein
The renal vein is like the "cleaned blood highway." After the kidney filters the blood and removes
the waste, the clean blood travels back to the rest of the body through the renal vein. It's like a
special road that takes the good, clean blood to where it's needed.
Remember, kidneys work together with these parts to keep our blood clean and make sure our
body stays in balance. They filter out the waste, and the result is the pee that comes out when we
go to the bathroom. It's like our body's way of staying tidy inside!

Bones
What Are Bones?
Bones are hard parts inside our body that make up our
skeleton. They give our body shape and support, like a
frame for a building.
How Many Bones?
Adults have 206 bones, and kids have even
more! Babies are born with around 270 bones,
but some fuse together as we grow.
Types of Bones:
Long Bones: Like our arm and leg bones, they
help us move.
Flat Bones: Like the ones in our skull, they
protect important parts.
Short Bones: Like those in our wrists and
ankles, they provide stability.

Bones in Our Lower Body

Femur
Location: Thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body.
Function: Supports our body weight and helps with walking and running.
Patella
Location: Knee cap, in front of the knee joint.
Function: Protects the knee joint and helps in movement, especially bending the knee.

Tibia
Location: Shinbone, on the inner side of the lower leg.
Function: Supports body weight and works with the fibula for leg movement.

Fibula
Location: Thinner bone next to the tibia in the lower leg.
Function: Provides support and stability to the leg, works with the tibia for movement.
Our lower body bones work together to support our weight, help us move, and maintain balance.
They are essential for activities like walking, running, and even standing still!
Bone Jobs
Support: Bones hold our body up and give it structure.
Protection: They protect important organs, like the skull protects the brain.
Movement: Muscles attach to bones, helping us walk, run, and jump.
Bone Inside
Bones are not just hard, they're also hollow inside. The inside has a special substance
called bone marrow, which makes blood cells.
Growing Bones
Bones grow with us as we get taller. Eating healthy foods, like those rich in calcium, helps
bones stay strong.
Taking Care of Bones
Exercise helps bones stay strong and healthy. Wearing helmets and seat belts protects our bones
from accidents.
Remember, our bones are like the body's building blocks, and they play a crucial role in
helping us move, protecting our organs, and staying healthy overall.

Muscles
What Are Muscles?

Muscles are special parts in our body that help

us move. They're like little helpers that work
together to make our body do things.

How Many Muscles?

We have over 600 muscles in our body.Muscles come in

different sizes and shapes.

Types of Muscles
Skeletal Muscles: Attach to our bones and help us move voluntarily, like when we run or play sports.
Smooth Muscles: Found in organs and work automatically, like in our stomach and intestines.
Cardiac Muscles: Only in our heart, they pump blood automatically.

Muscle Jobs
Movement: Muscles help us walk, jump, and play sports.
Stability: Muscles keep our body strong and balanced.
Breathing: Muscles help us breathe in and out.

Working in Pairs
Muscles usually work in pairs. When one muscle pulls, the other relaxes. It's like a tug-of-war inside our
body, helping us move smoothly.

Exercise and Muscles

Exercise makes our muscles strong and healthy. Running, jumping, and playing sports are great ways to keep
our muscles fit.

Taking Care of Muscles

Eating healthy food gives our muscles energy. Stretching helps keep muscles flexible and less likely to get
hurt.
Remember, muscles are like our body's movers and shakers. They help us do everything from playing games
to simply breathing!

Brain
CEREBRUM -The cerebrum is the largest
part of the brain and is responsible for
thinking memory and CONTROLLING
VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS-are actions
that we consciously control typically
intentional Ex: walking and running,
writing, brushing your teeth.
LONG TERM MEMORY- Cerebral cortex SHORT TERM
MEMORY- hippocampus

LEFT HEMISPHERE - often associated

with language skills, analytical thinking
logic and mathematics. It is also
responsible for controlling the right side
of the body.

RIGHT HEMISPHERE - this hemisphere is linked to creativity, artistic Abilities spatial awareness and
emotional processing. It controls the left side of the body.

CEREBELLUM- part of the brain located at the back of the head. Beneath cerebrum. Its primary functions is
to coordinate and regulate motor movements, balance and posture.

Example: When you actively engage a mountain climbing the cerebellum receives signals that are
transmitted to the cerebrum and direct movements of the arms, hands, legs and other parts of the body.

BRAINSTEM- The brainstem is a vital part of the brain that connects the cerebrum (The largest part of the
brain) to the spinal cord.

-The brainstem plays a crucial role in controlling many basic Functions of the body including breathing, heart
rate and basic reflexes.

Brainstem consist of Three Main regions:

MIDBRAIN - Is part of the brainstem that helps with various sensory and motor functions Like controlling
eye movement and processing visual and auditory information.

VISUAL PROCESSING
For example, when an unexpected visual stimulus appears, this structure can initiate reflexive eye
movement. How your eye moves instinctively.

AUDITORY INFORMATION
-used to determine the direction, intensity and other characteristics of sound.

PONS - is a region in the brainstem that helps relay signals between different parts of the brain. The
Functions like sleep, facial movement and some BASIC SENSORY ROLES example: our eyes detect light and
allow us to see objects.

MEDULLA OBLONGATA- Part of the brain stem that controls essential functions like breathing, heart rate and
blood pressure.

Note: We can keep our brain healthy by EATING BALANCED DIET FOOD to avoid concussion from fall or blow
in the head. concussion is somehow a mild traumatic brain injury such as loss of consciousness, amnesia.
Headache.

Heart
HEART- The heart is located
at the center of the chest
cavity below the bone called
STERNUM or breastbone it is
a flat elongated bone that
provides protection to the
heart and major blood
vessels.

-It is a hollow muscular organ

about the size of our [Fist] yet
a powerful part of our body in
the circulation of blood that
carries nutrients from small
intestine to body parts. As
well as in the transport and
exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide.

-It is an organ covered by a double walled sac called the pericardium.

The heart has 4 chambers or 4 separate section that play or crucial role pumping blood throughout the body;
✔The Ventricles are the LOWER CHAMBER
LEFT VENTRICLE- is the thickest and most powerful chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood to
the body.

RIGHT VENTRICLE- Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

✔The Atrium are the UPPER CHAMBER

LEFT ATRIUM- the one who receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

RIGHT ATRIUM- The one who receives deoxygenated blood from the body. Note:

atrium- singular

atria- plural

Oxygenated- something has oxygen in it or has been exposed to oxygen.

Deoxygenated- something has had oxygen removed from it. Making it less oxygen rich.

Aorta- is like the body's major highway for delivering blood and oxygen to all the organs.

Pulmonary Artery -is a blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs. It’s like the
road that takes used" blood to the lungs for a refill of oxygen.

Pulmonary vein- a blood vessel that brings oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart.

It is a Freshly oxygenated blood.

Mitral valve - is like a door in the heart that opens and close to control the flow of blood between the left
atrium and left ventricle. It is to ensure that blood mover in the right direction within the heart.

Tricuspid valve- is like a door in the heart that controls the flow of blood between the right atrium and right
ventricle. it is to ensure that blood moves in the right direction.

Superior vena cava- is like a large vein that brings oxygen- poor blood from the upper part of the body back
to the heart.

Inferior vena cava is like a major vein that carries oxygen poor blood from the lower part of the body back to
the heart.

Note: We must take care of our heart because one of the major causes of death in modern times is HEART
ATTACK. Avoiding tobacco smoking and Choosing food with good cholesterol can help reduce cases of heart
disorders.

Lungs
LUNGS- are the two organs in your chest
that help you breath they take in oxygen
when you inhale and release carbon
dioxide when you exhale. In short lungs
help you breath.

Trachea(windpipe) -is like a tube in your

throat that carries air from your mouth
and nose to your lungs. Allowing you to
breath.

Bronchitis or bronchioles is like a larger

airway or tube in your lungs that helps
carry air to and from your lungs allow you
to breath and exchange oxygen and
carbon dioxide.

Capillaries are the tiniest blood vessels in our body that connect arteries and veins and allow nutrients and
oxygen to be delivered to cells.

Alveoli are tiny air sacs in our lungs where oxygen from the area breath enters your bloodstream.

Superior lobe the upper part of the lung.

Middle lobe is situated in the middle.

Inferior lobe is in the lower portion of the lungs.

Always remember that the lungs do not have muscles to support in breathing function.

Note: The lungs may be affected by severe smoking and gems such as those that cause tuberculosis and
pneumonia. We must take care in our lungs by limiting exposure to pollutants in the air by using face mask.
Avoiding the area where there is smoking and exercising regularly to allow the lungs to work efficiently.

Liver
LIVER- is a large internal by organ. Its
principal function is to produce bile that
is important in breaking fats into
droplets. Bile is not an enzyme. From
the liver the bile is stored in the
gallbladder before it is released in the
small intestine.
Location
The liver is inside our tummy, on the
right side, just under the ribcage. It's
one of the largest organs in our body.

Job of the Liver

The liver is like a superhero that helps keep our body clean and healthy. It has many important jobs!

Filtering Blood
The liver cleans our blood by removing harmful stuff, like toxins and waste. It's like a bodyguard protecting
us from bad things in our blood.

Making Good Stuff

The liver makes important things our body needs, like proteins and chemicals. It's like a busy factory creating
useful things for our body.

Storing Energy
The liver stores extra energy in the form of glycogen. When our body needs energy, the liver releases it, like a snack
supply.
Helping Digestion
The liver makes a special juice called bile that helps our stomach digest food. It's like a chef adding a special
ingredient to make food easier to digest.
Regrowing Power
If the liver gets hurt, it can regrow and heal itself. It's like a magical organ that can fix itself!
Remember, the liver is like a hardworking superhero in our body, doing many important jobs to keep us
healthy and happy.

Liver Functions and Associated Structures

Hepatocytes (Liver Cells)
Function: Hepatocytes are the main cells in the liver that perform various functions.
Job: They help filter harmful substances from the blood, produce important proteins, and store energy.

Bile Ducts
Function: Bile ducts are like tiny tubes that carry bile, a special juice made by the liver.
Job: Bile helps break down fats in our food during digestion, making it easier for the body to absorb
nutrients.

Blood Vessels (Hepatic Artery and Portal Vein)

Function: These are like blood highways that bring blood to the liver.
Job: The liver cleans the blood, removing toxins and waste, and then sends the cleaned blood back to the
rest of the body.

Gallbladder
Function: The gallbladder is a small sac-like organ that stores bile produced by the liver.
Job: When needed, the gallbladder releases bile into the small intestine to help with digestion.

Remember, these different parts and functions of the liver work together to perform essential tasks that
keep our body healthy and functioning properly.

FEMALE AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Female Reproductive System -

Vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and
ovaries.

Egg Cell
-These are the
Female
Reproductive Cells

FERTILIZATION
-It happens when sperm cell ang egg cell unite

OVARIES
- Produce eggs
FALLOPIAN TUBES OR OVIDUCTS
- Transport eggs to the uterus.
UTERUS
- Where a fertilized egg can develop into a baby.
CERVIX
- Opening of the uterus
VAGINA
- Passage for menstrual blood and where a baby is delivered.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

 Testis: Produce sperm and testosterone.
Epididymis: Stores and matures sperm.
Vas deferens: Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
Urethra: Passage for both urine and semen to exit the body.

Prostate gland: Small, walnut-shaped gland that produces seminal fluid.

Semen: Fluid that contains sperm and other substances from
the male reproductive system.
Sperm: Microscopic reproductive cells produced in the testicles
that carry genetic material.

Scrotum: The external sac holds and protects the testicles.

Seminal Vesicle: Produce the fluids that will turn into semen.
Ejaculatory Duct :Delivers sperm into the urethra

Skeletal System

◦ Cranium-It’s like a hard shell made up of bones, and it

surrounds your brain to keep it safe,helps safeguards your
brain and helps support your face
◦ Mandible – is your jawbone. It’s the bone that moves
when you talk, eat, or chew. It’s like a hinged bone that lets
you open and close your mouth.

◦ Spinal column-is like your body’s

backbone. It’s a long row of bones that
run down your back, helping you stand
up straight and protecting your spinal
cord.
◦ Cervical vertebrae-are the top part
of your spinal column, right in your
neck. They let you turn your head and
nod up and down, so you can look
around and say “yes.” ___ If love baka
niya yes or no
◦ Thoracic Vertebrae——The
“thoracic vertebrae” are in the middle
of your back. They’re attached to your
ribs and help protect your heart and
lungs.
◦ Lumbar Vertebrae—are in your lower back.
They’re the biggest and strongest, helping you
stand, sit, and bend. So, your spinal column and
its vertebrae team up to keep you upright, safe,
and flexible!◦ Clavicle: It’s your collarbone. There
are two of them, one on each side of your chest.
They connect your shoulder to your chest and
help your arms move.
◦ Manubrium: This is the top part of your
breastbone (sternum). It’s shaped like a little handle at the base of your neck and connects to your
collarbones.
◦ Scapula: These are your shoulder blades, one on each side of your upper back. They help you
move your arms and shoulder joints.
◦ Sternum: It’s your breastbone. It’s a long, flat bone in the center of your chest. Your ribs attach to it
and help protect your heart and lungs.
◦ Ribs: You have 12 pairs of ribs that go around your chest. They protect your vital organs like the
heart and lungs and help you breathe by expanding and contracting when you take a breath.
◦ Ulna: The ulna is one of the two bones in your
forearm, the one on the inner side. It’s like the bigger
bone that runs from your elbow to your wrist.
◦ Radius: The radius is the other bone in your
forearm, on the outer side. It’s the shorter one that
connects your elbow to your wrist.
◦ Carpals: These are your wrist bones. You have a
bunch of small bones in your wrist that let you move
your hand in different directions.
◦ Metacarpals: These are the bones in your palm,

right below your fingers. They give your hand its

shape and support your fingers.
◦ Phalanges: These are your finger and thumb
bones. You have them in each finger and thumb,
and they help you grip things and point.
◦ Pelvic Girdle: This is like your hip bone. It’s a
sturdy ring of bones at the base of your spine,
and it supports your body and helps you sit and
stand.
◦ Sacrum: The sacrum is the large, triangular
bone at the base of your spine. It’s like the foundation of
your spine and connects to your pelvis.
◦ Coccyx: This is your tailbone. It’s a small, curved bone
at the very bottom of your spine, and it helps support
your body when you sit.
◦ Femur: The femur is your thigh bone. It’s the longest
bone in your body and helps you walk and run.
◦ Patella: The patella is your kneecap. It’s a small, flat
bone in front of your knee joint that helps protect it and
allows your knee to bend.Tibia: The tibia is the bigger
bone in your lower leg, the one on the inner side. It’s the
main weight-bearing bone of your lower leg.
◦ Fibula: This is the smaller bone in your lower leg, on the outer side. It helps stabilize your ankle and
leg muscles.
◦ Tarsals: Tarsals are your ankle bones. You have several of them, and they provide support and
flexibility to your feet.
◦ Metatarsals: These are the bones in the middle part of your foot, right below your toes. They help
your foot shape and provide support when you walk or run.
 Muscular System
◦ The muscular system helps you move and stay
upright. It includes muscles in your body that let you
walk, run, and do everyday tasks. These muscles also
support your posture, keep you balanced, and help
protect important organs. They generate heat to control
your body temperature and assist in vital
functions like blood circulation and
digestion. Some muscles work when you
want them to (voluntary), like when you
raise your hand, while others work
automatically (involuntary), like your heart
beating or your stomach digesting food. In
your face, muscles let you show emotions
and communicate through expressions. So,
the muscular system is what keeps you
moving and functioning every day.

Nervous System

◦ Brain: The brain is like the boss of your body. It’s the control
center for everything you do, think, and feel. It helps you see,
hear, talk, and learn. It’s super important!
◦ Cerebellum: Think of the cerebellum as your body’s balance
and coordination manager. It helps you walk, dance, and do
activities that need steady movements.
◦ Cerebrum: The cerebrum is like the thinking part of your brain.
It helps you solve problems, remember things, and be creative.
It’s where you do your “smart” stuff.
◦ Brain Stem: The brain stem is like the body’s autopilot. It
controls automatic functions like breathing, your heartbeat, and
even swallowing. It’s a bit like the brain’s bodyguard, making
sure you keep doing these essential things without thinking
about them.
◦ Function – The nervous system is like your body’s control
center. It senses what’s happening, thinks about it, and makes your body react. It helps you move,
feel, and respond to the world around you.

Endocrine System
 ◦ Pituitary gland – The pituitary gland receives
signals from the hypothalamus. This gland has two
lobes, the posterior and anterior lobes. The posterior
lobe secretes hormones that are made by the
hypothalamus. The anterior lobe produces its own
hormones, several of which act on other endocrine
glands.
◦ Thyroid gland – The thyroid gland is critical to the
healthy development and maturation of vertebrates
and regulates metabolism.
◦ Adrenal glands – The adrenal gland is made up of
two glands: the cortex and medulla. These glands
produce hormones in response to stress and regulate blood pressure, glucose metabolism, and the
body’s salt and water balance.
◦ Pancreas – The pancreas is responsible for producing glucagon and insulin. Both hormones help
regulate the concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
◦ Gonads – The male reproductive gonads, or testes, and female reproductive gonads, or ovaries,
produce steroids that affect growth and development and also regulate reproductive cycles and
behaviors. The major categories of gonadal steroids are androgens, estrogens, and progestins, all of
which are found in both males and females but at different levels.
◦ Function: The endocrine system uses hormones to control and balance important functions in your
body, like growth, metabolism, and reproduction. It’s like a manager that ensures everything in your
body works well and adapts to different situations.