Theory

(1) Magnets
(2) Soft and Hard Magnets
(3) Attraction Theory
(4) Magnetic Domains
(5) Magnetic Field And Flux
(6) Magnetic Declination

Practice
Magnets – are (metals) with arranged electrons spinning direction causing an amplification in
the magnetic field making the normal metal turns into a magnetic bar or piece.
Soft and hard Magnets – (soft) magnets are the metals easily magnetized and easily de-
magnetized such as Iron, (hard) magnets are the metals hardly magnetized and hardly de-
magnetized such as nickel and cobalt.
Attraction Theory – is based mostly on similarities and differences for example different
charges signs (positive and negative) are attracting each other and the same charges signs are
repelling. Magnets have the same mechanism they repel when the same magnetic poles are put
near and attract when the different magnetic poles are set near.
Magnetic Domains – are the reason in the first place why metals get magnetized. Domains are
the region, space or area in which electrons are individually spinning in some direction. If those
domains (electrons territory) were set mostly in one direction they produce an amplified
magnetic field.
Magnetic field and flux - the magnetic field is mainly produced from the north magnetic pole
towards the south magnetic pole its strength can be related to the magnetic flux which is the
number of magnetic field lines passing through a certain area.
Magnetic Declination – is the phenomenon in which the magnetic north pole is correlated to the
earth’s South Pole, and the magnetic South Pole is correlated to the earth’s North Pole. It is like
the magnetic field coming from the core of the earth is deviating.

Calculations
Ex: A magnetic field of 1 T is being produced passing through a 0.4 m2 area. If the field lines
are perpendicular to the surface area. Calculate the magnetic flux.
Given:
The field lines are perpendicular to the surface – the angle with the normal is 0.
Magnetic field = 1 T
Area = 0.4 m2
Rule:

Substitution:
Magnetic flux = 1 * 0.4 * cos (0) = 0.4 T.m2
Theory
(1) Magnetism from electricity
(2) Solenoid
(3) Right hand rule
(4) INTGR (Electric charge/field/Force) + INTGR (Electric current/potential/resistance)

Practice
Magnetism from electricity – electricity as previously mentioned is the main reason why
magnetic field is being produced due to the magnetic field amplified from the electron’s
spinning. (Ex: a long wire carrying current will have a cylindrical magnetic field all around it.)
Solenoid - If a long, straight wire is bent into a coil of several closely spaced loops it will result
in a device called solenoid that is used to control a valve electrically, mainly a switch for power.
Right hand rule – (RHR) is the method in which we use the right hand to determine the
direction of the electric current, the magnetic field and the magnetic force later on.
Electric charges (q) – are +ve protons and –ve electrons which are located in atoms.
Electric Forces (F) – are the forces that appears between electric charges in order to attract them
or repel them.
Electric Field (E) – is the region in order to the electric force to apply.
Electric current (I) – electrons flow per second measured in Amperes.
Electric potential (V) – the energy possessed by the charge to travel measured in volts.
Electric Resistance (R) – responsible for slowing down the electric current measured in ohms.
Calculations
Ex: Calculate the electric force on two charges 2 micro coulombs and 3 milli coulombs are
separated by 3 cm.
Given:
Force =?
Q1 = 2 micro coulombs
Q2 = 3 milli coulombs
R = 3 cm
Substitution:
F = k q1 q2 / r212
F = 9 * 109 * (2*10-6) (3*10-3)/ (3*10-2)2
F= N

Ex: Calculate the electric field on q2 from the previous question.

Given:
Q1 = 2 micro coulombs
Q2 = 3 milli coulombs
R = 3 cm
Substitution:
E = k q/r2
E = 9 *109 * (2 * 10-3)/ (3 * 10-2)
E= N/C

All INTGR PARTS AND PROBLEMS ARE SOLVED INSIDE THE CLASSROOM –
RESEARCH BASED.