DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project report Title “Bacteriological Examination of Fish Pond Effluent

from Selected Fish Pond in Calabar Metropolis” is an authentic work written by Odey, Peter

Abua with Reg No. 17/MCB/163, under the supervision of Mr. Ibiang A. Oka This project

meets the requirement governing the award of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree in

Microbiology from the Department of Biological sciences from the University of Cross River,

Calabar and information derived from various sources has been duly acknowledged in the text and

a list of references provided. This research project has not been previously presented anywhere for

the award of any degree or certificate.

_______________________________ ______________________

ODEY PETER ABUA Date

(Student)

_______________________________ ______________________

MR. IBIANG A. OKA Date

(Supervisor)
 DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to God almighty for his love, wisdom, grace and protection upon my life

and to my lovely mother Mrs. Angela Odey.

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I express my profound gratitude to the Almighty God for making my project work a successful

one and for the wisdom to complete it. My heartwarming appreciation also goes to my able

supervisor, Mr. Oka, Ibiang A. whose encouragement and supervision led to the successful

completion of this project work, for the time he spent making useful contribution and correction

without which this work would not have been possible.

I also appreciate my wonderful family for their prayers, encouragement and financial support that

led to the successful completion of my project. May God bless them continuously Amen. I also

appreciate Mr. Upula who serve as my motivator in my academic pursuit and all my bosom

friends for their concern and support throughout the period of my project. May God never cease to

bless you all Amen.

 ABSTRACT
The bacteriological examination of fish pond effluent is important as this creates tentative pond
management services which could be harmful to fishes and humans. This study aimed to
determine the bacteriological quality of fish pond effluents from selected ponds in Calabar
Metropolis. A total of thirteen (13) samples were collected and analyzed using spread plate
method. The results shows that, the total heterotrophic bacterial count result ranges from 1.5x10 4
cfu/100 ml to 7.0x104 cfu/100ml, and total coliform from 1.6x104 cfu/100ml to 5.2x104
cfu/100ml. UNA had the highest value of the bacterial count of 7.0 x10 4 and TFAD have the
lowest coliform count of 1.6 x104 which is the lowest. The organism with the lowest occurrence in
the studied samples was Enterococcus spp 7.6%, Klebsiella spp 7.6%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
11.5%, Proteus spp 19.5%, Staphylococcus epidermidis 11.5%, Staphylococcus aureus 7.6%, and
Salmonella spp 23.0%, have the highest occurrence. The presence of some pathogenic organisms
show a lack of tentative pond management services which could be harmful to fishes and humans.
There is therefore a need to monitor water quality and detect the actual source of contamination
and subject the water through a form of treatment to prevent an epidemic outbreak.
TABLE OF CONTENT
 TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Justification
1.3 Aim and objective
1.4 Operational definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview of aquaculture practice
2.2 Economic importance of fish
2.3 Type of aquaculture practice
2.4 Wastewater from fish cultivation system
2.4.1 Sources of fish pond effluent
2.4.2 Characteristics of fish pond effluent
2.4.3 Microbiological characteristics
2.5 Component of wastewater from aquaculture system
2.6 Impacts of wastewater effluents
2.6.1 Public health risks
2.6.2 Impact in water body
2.7 Fish pond wastewater treatment methods
2.8 Empirical review
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study area
3.2 Collection of samples
3.3 Preparation of media
3.4 Preparation of samples
3.5 Purification of bacterial isolates
3.6 Characterization and identification of isolates
 CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY
4.1 Total heterotrophic bacterial count and total coliform count
4.2 Morphological and Biochemical characterization of Bacteria Isolated from
Fish Pond Effluent
4.3 Percentage occurrence of bacterial isolates from fish farm effluents
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Discussion
5.3 Recommendation
Reference
Appendix
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1. Total heterotrophic bacterial count and total coliform count

Table 4.2. Morphological and biochemical characterization of Bacteria Isolated from

Table 4.3 Percentage occurrence of bacterial isolates from fish farm effluents
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 APPENDIX

Enterococcus spp
Staphylococcus aureus