Biotechnology November 2023

Heredity and
Epigenetics
G r o u p 3
Heredity
the passing on of physical or mental characteristics
genetically from one generation to another.
Heredity is also referred to as "Ancestry"
Genetics is the scientific study of genes and
heredity
There are five basic modes of
inheritance for single-gene diseases:
autosomal dominant, autosomal
recessive, X-linked dominant, X-
linked recessive, and mitochondrial.
Autosomal Dominant

-is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some

genetic disorders. “Autosomal” means that the gene
in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-
sex, chromosomes. “Dominant” means that a single
copy of the mutated gene (from one parent) is enough
to cause the disorder.
Autosomal Recessive

-is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some

genetic disorders. “Autosomal” means that the gene
in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-
sex, chromosomes. “Recessive” means that two
copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent)
are required to cause the disorder.
X-Linked Dominant

-Families with an X-linked dominant disorder often

have both affected males and affected females in
each generation. A striking characteristic of X-linked
inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits
to their sons; fathers only pass X chromosomes to
their daughters and Y chromosomes to their sons.
X-Linked Recessive

-Generally, it manifests only in males. A male with an

affected allele on his single X chromosome is
hemizygous and can not transmit the disorder to their
male offsprings, but all his daughters would be
obligate carriers.
Mitochondrial

-Unlike nuclear genes, which are inherited from both

parents, mitochondrial genes are inherited only from
the mother. If there is a mutation in a mitochondrial
gene, it is passed from a mother to all of her children;
sons will not pass it on, but daughters will pass it on to
all of their children, and so on.
Epigenetics

-the study of how your behaviors and

environment can cause changes that
affect the way your genes work.
-technically means "above the gene".
Types of epigenetic changes include:
DNA Methylation
Histone Modification
Histone Acetylation
DNA Methylation

Works by adding chemical group to the

DNA. Methylation turns the genes off, and
demethylation turns the genes on
 Histone Modification
The DNA that wraps around the protein called
histones. The DNA wrapped tightly around the histones
are inaccessible by proteins that reads the gene.
Chemical groups can be added or removed from the
histones and can change whether a gene is wrapped or
unwrapped.
Histone Acetylation

when acetyl groups are attached, this

causes a change to how tightly
histones grip the DNA. The packing is
more loose, and it allows transcription
factors to access the DNA.
Deacetylation - removes acetyl groups
and this will cause the DNA to be more
tightly wrapped around the histones.
Example of Epigenetics:

Identical twins are the perfect example of

epigenetics. Although they share exactly the
same DNA, their unique experiences in life will
cause some genes (and not others) to express
themselves. This is why, over time, identical twins
come to look and behave differently.
Thank you!
ayramog pangutana pls :p

Have a
g r e a t d a y
ahead.
Members:
Warren Dale S. Acson
Venice Athenna G. Radoc
Job Q. Noche
Mikaella Christi M. Arsulo
Jerald K. Quiñoso
Lyndsey J. Patay