UTILIZATION OF PLASTIC WASTE AND SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH AS AN

ALTERNATIVE COMPONENT IN ECO-BRICKS PRODUCTION

VINCENT F. LICAYAN

SHEILA MAE F. DE OCAMPO

MAY LYN M. COCHING

LESLIE JOYCE L. COCHING

R.M. CANDIDO

JOHN KING L. GADAONI

A Quantitative Study

Submitted by Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)

Students in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Subject

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

(Quantitative Research)

S. Y. 2022-2023
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The Researcher, Vincent F. Licayan, was born on September 02, 2006 at the

City of Pasig. He is the second son of Mrs. Daisy G. Flores, a cook. He spent his

elementary days at Limon Sur Elementary School and proudly graduated with honors in

the year 2018.

After graduating, he decided to take his high school life at Looc National High

School and enter the Science Technology and Engineering Program (STEP) as his

chosen curriculum. He then graduated junior high school and ascended the stage with

honors in the year 2022.

Currently, he is now studying as a grade 12 student under Science Technology

Engineering Mathematics strand at Looc National High School, Senior High School. He

envisages himself not just a flourishing but also a responsible and respectful Civil

Engineer in the future.

V. F. L.
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The Researcher, John King L. Gadaoni, was born on Born on October 12, 2005

at Poblacion, Looc, Romblon. He is the last son of Mr. June S. Gadaoni and Mrs. Alyen

L. Gadaoni. He spent his primary years at Looc Central Elementary School and proudly

graduated with honors and earned many awards in the year 2018.

After graduating, he decided to take his high school life at Looc National High

School and enter the Special Program in the Arts (SPA) as his chosen curriculum. He

then graduated junior high school and ascended the stage with honors and titled as

Best Visual Artist in the year 2022.

Currently, he is now studying as a grade 12 student under Science Technology

Engineering Mathematics strand at Looc National High School, Senior High School. He

envisions a future where he is not only successful but also a conscientious Architectural

Engineer.

J.K.L.G
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The Researcher, R.M Candido, was born on on August 29, 2005 at Payatas, City

of Quezon. He is the fourth son of his late father Mr. Edgar G. Candido. He spent his

elementary days at Limon Sur Elementary School and proudly graduated with honors in

the year 2018.

After graduating, he decided to take his high school life at Looc National High

School and enter the Special Program in Sports (SPS) as his chosen curriculum. He

then graduated junior high school and ascended the stage with honors in the year 2022.

Currently, he is now studying as a grade 12 student under Science Technology

Engineering Mathematics strand at Looc National High School, Senior High School. He

envisages himself as a successful Electrical Engineer in the future.

R.M.C
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The Researcher, Sheila Mae F. De Ocampo, was born on November March 09,

2006 at Mat-I Sta. Fe, Romblon. She is the eldest daughter of Mr. Sanny E. De Ocampo

Sr., a simple boatman and Mrs. Melody B. Fernando, a business woman.

She spent her primary years at Mat-I Elementary School and graduated in 2017

as valedictorian. She continued her secondary education in Agripino Armedilla National

High School until grade 11 and transferred in Looc National High School. She

completed junior high in 2022 with honor.

Currently, she is now studying as a grade 12 student under Science Technology

Engineering Mathematics strand at Looc National High School, Senior High School.

S.M.F.D.O
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The Researcher, May Lyn M. Coching, was born on May 22, 2006 at Limon

Norte, Looc, Romblon. She is the third daughter of Mr. Alvin G. Coching and Mrs.

Merelyn M. Coching.

She spent her primary years at Limon Norte Elementary School and graduated in

2018 as salutatorian. She continued her secondary education in Looc National High

School and completed junior high in 2022 with honor.

Currently, she is now studying at Looc National High School, Senior High School

under Science Technology Engineering Mathematics strand.

M.L.M.C
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The Researcher, Leslie Joyce L. Coching, was born on December 05, 2005 at

Limon Norte, Looc, Romblon. She is the eldest daughter of Mr. George G. Coching, a

security guard at Globe Telecom at Visman Security Agency and Mrs. Rosalie L.

Coching, a house wife.

She spent her primary years at Limon Norte Elementary School and graduated in

2018with honor. She continued her secondary education in Looc National High School

and completed junior high in 2022 with honor.

Currently, she is now studying at Looc National High School, Senior High School

under Science Technology Engineering Mathematics strand.

L.J.L.C
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, the statement of the problem,

significance of the study and the scope and limitation of the study.

Background of the Study

The growing concerns over environmental sustainability have ignited a global

quest for innovative solutions to mitigate the adverse impacts of human activities on the

planet. One pressing challenge is the excessive generation of non-biodegradable

waste, particularly plastics, which pose a significant threat to ecosystems and human

health. In this study, the exploration of eco-friendly building materials has gained

prominence, and one promising avenue is the utilization of agricultural waste, such as

sugarcane bagasse ash, in the development of eco-bricks.

Eco-bricks are becoming increasingly important in the engineering and

construction industry for several reasons like, for environmental sustainability, to

reduced carbon footprint, to increase energy efficiency, for waste reduction, innovation

and research and for regulatory support. Eco- bricks can be produced using various

natural materials, such as agricultural waste, plant fibers, or other biomass resources.

But, in this study we will going to use sugar cane mixed with an amount of plastics to

create eco-bricks.
 Sugar cane contains several components that can be important in the production

of eco-bricks bricks such as CELLULOSE, HEMICELLULOSE, and LIGNIN which is a

major component of sugar cane bagasse ash and is a key ingredient for bio bricks.

Sugar cane bagasse ash (SBA) in recent years, SBA research has mainly been focused

on utilization in construction materials due to the abundance and pozzolanic

characteristics of SBA. It provides strength and structure to the bricks that helps bind

cellulose fibers together and contributes to the overall strength and cohesion of the

bricks.

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of employing sugarcane bagasse

ash as a primary ingredient in the formulation of eco-bricks. By doing so, it seeks to

address two critical issues simultaneously: reducing agricultural waste and offering an

eco-conscious alternative to conventional bricks, typically made from energy-intensive

processes involving clay or cement.

This study will also encompass material characterization, mechanical testing, and

environmental assessments to evaluate their suitability for construction applications.

Ultimately, the findings of this research endeavor may contribute to a more sustainable

and eco-friendly future for the construction industry while addressing the pressing issue

of agricultural waste management.

 Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of utilizing plastic

wastes and sugarcane bagasse ash waste in producing efficient Eco-Bricks. This study

will be conducted in Looc National High School Looc, Romblon. The result of the study

will give engineers as well as personnel in the construction field a durable, efficient and

eco-friendly bricks that can support their construction.

Specifically, this study aims to answers the following questions;

1. What will be the best amount of plastic waste and sugarcane bagasse ash ash

(SBA) to be used in producing efficient Eco-Bricks?

2. What will be the efficiency of the Eco-Bricks based on

2A. Compressive Strength

3. Will there be a significant relationship between the amount of plastic waste and

Sugarcane bagasse ash ash , and the durability of the produced Eco-Bricks?

4. Will there be a significant difference between the standard eco-brick and the eco-

brick with sugarcane bagasse ash ash and plastic waste?

Hypotheses

Null

1. There will be no significant relationship between the amount of plastic waste and

Sugarcane bagasse ash ash, and the durability of the produced Eco-Bricks.

2. There will be no significant difference between the standard eco-brick and the

eco-brick with sugarcane bagasse ash and plastic waste.

 Alternative

1. There will be a significant relationship between the amount of plastic waste and

Sugarcane bagasse ash, and the durability of the produced Eco-Bricks.

2. There will be a significant difference between the standard eco-brick and the eco-

brick with sugarcane bagasse ash and plastic waste.

Significance of the Study

After conducting this study, the results will engender many beneficial answers to

many people such as;

Engineers. This study will help them to gain knowledge that by using Plastic and

sugarcane bagasse ash Waste as a Sustainable Material for Eco-bricks production.

This will expand environmental friendly building techniques, potentially lowering prices,

boosting innovation, increasing resource efficiency, and meeting local demands.

Future Researchers. This research will be a useful reference for the researchers who

would plan to make any related study.

Students. This research will help to provide students with a hands-on learning in the

field of sustainable materials and construction using Plastic and sugarcane Fiber Waste

as a Sustainable Material for Eco-Bricks production.

Consumers. This research will promote to consumers the sustainability, reduce waste,

and offer cost-effective and environmental friendly construction options like using

Plastic and sugarcane bagasse ash as a Sustainable Material for Eco-Brick Production.

Environment: This research will bring a very significant impact to the ecosystem. It will

reduce environmental impact by utilizing agricultural residues and plastic waste,

effectively recycling and reducing the use of traditional construction materials. It will also

contribute to environmental sustainability by repurposing waste materials, reducing

landfill disposal, and conserving natural resources in construction.

Scopes and Delimitations

This study will focus on effectiveness of Plastic Waste and Sugarcane bagasse

ash as a Sustainable Materials for Bio - Brick Production. The study will test the best

amount of Sugarcane bagasse ash and Plastic Waste in 3 different trials with 5 sets

each trial. Furthermore the product will be tested in its compressive strength. Lastly this

study will be conducted in Looc National High School, Looc, Romblon.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter deals with various literature and studies related to this study. The

researchers see to it that the materials used have direct bearing to enlighten this study.

Plastic Wastes

The concept of transforming plastic waste into eco-bricks has emerged as

a noteworthy innovation in sustainable construction practices. This study delves into the

existing body of knowledge surrounding the utilization of plastic waste as a primary

ingredient in eco-bricks, shedding light on its environmental implications, structural

efficacy, and broader implications for waste management and sustainable building

solutions. The evolution of plastic waste into eco-bricks represents a significant step

towards mitigating plastic pollution while contributing to eco-conscious construction and

this study will explore the multifaceted dimensions of this intriguing approach.

Arena Recycling Industry collects plastic waste from beaches in Dares Salaam

and produces building materials such as Eco-Bricks, paving blocks, and tiles for the

construction of affordable houses, toilets, and other buildings. These eco-bricks are

waterproof and two times harder and more durable compared to normal bricks. They

are anti-fungal and anti-corrosive. A study of Edike et al. (2020) have investigated the

use of waste plastic in the production of eco-bricks. This study examined the effect of

moisture content and soil types on the characterization of eco-bricks under compressive
load. The study found a positive relationship between soil moisture content and

compressive strength of eco-bricks produced with sharp sand and stone dust while the

compressive strength of laterite bottle bricks had a negative relationship with the

moisture content. Also, the specific strength, Poisson’s ratio and bulk density of the eco-

bricks were satisfactory at varying soil moisture contents. The study concludes that soil

moisture content affects the performance of bottle bricks and adequate consideration for

soil types in the production of eco-bricks is paramount. Current proportions of shredded

plastic presented to make eco-friendly bricks. The compressive strength of brick is

however analysed and improved by adding superplasticizers. Their study shows that

plastic bricks are found to be cost-effective, eco-friendly, gives excellent water

absorption, efflorescence, dampness result during experimentation compared to clay

bricks.

The study of Adiyanto (2022) have presented an overview of the published

articles which recycled plastic waste as an eco-friendly aggregate material for different

construction-based applications before COVID 19 and during COVID 19. Furthermore,

the processing methods which were suggested in the published articles for recycling

plastic waste have been discussed. A few construction materials could be developed by

utilizing the plastic wastes, including the polymer-modified asphalt mixes, eco-bricks,

and construction and demolition materials. These products could be used as novel

products for other sustainable applications and benefits of circular economy. According

to several reports, polymeric based plastic wastes can be effectively used as a recycled

material, decrease the demand for traditional materials and also tremendously reduce

the construction costs. Also, the study of Hameed et al. (2023) bitumen was mixed with
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or depolymerized polyethylene terephthalate to

make modified bitumen. The modified bitumen was combined with 10–20% sand, 30%

gravel, and 50–60% modified bitumen. The most prominent results are that the highest

percentage for compression was 20% for the modified bitumen with PET, which was 7

MPa. In contrast, the compression of the modified bitumen with DPET was 6.9 MPa.

The awareness is relatively lower than that of PET because the DPET contains

impurities that appeared during the FESEM test, which caused an increase in porosity

and reduced the compressibility. As for sound insulation, it is inversely proportional to

the density of the material. Since plastic is a low-density material, the higher the

percentage of plastic, the greater the sound insulation.

The research of Yen et al. (2020) states that plastic bottles being the

second leading plastic waste generated in abundance, can be used as a sustainable

building material in the construction industry to potentially reduce the number of plastic

waste generated each year. In the past recent years, studies have invented the ‘bottle

brick’ as a waste reduction strategy due to its non-biodegradable nature. Among a

variety of plastic bottle grades, polyethylene terephthalate (PETE) plastic bottles is

mainly discussed in this paper as an implementation in the Malaysian construction

industry. This research also provides a comparison between PETE plastic bottles with

the conventional materials. With the comparison between different building materials, a

cost analysis on constructing a house using plastic bottle have been proved.

Additionally, based on the research of Patil et al. (2019) these plastic mixed in the soil, it

directly effects on fertility of the soil. Nowadays, the large amount of plastic is deposited

into sea. This plastic wastes gives hazardous effect on the aquatic life and quality of
seawater also polluted by this plastic. So, they try finding efficient way to solve this

problem of plastic waste. They added this plastic wastes into the bricks and create the

bricks by using plastic wastes. It is most economical solution present in the construction

industry and it is also economical and environment friendly solution of the plastic

wastes.

Sugarcane bagasse ash

Sugarcane fiber waste, often referred to as bagasse, is a byproduct of the

sugarcane industry that has gained increasing attention due to its unique properties and

environmental relevance. As a residue left after sugar extraction from sugarcane,

bagasse is abundant and poses both challenges and opportunities. Its fibrous nature

and biodegradability make it a compelling resource for various applications, particularly

in sustainable industries seeking alternatives to traditional materials. This will delve into

the background and multifaceted potential of sugarcane fiber waste, shedding light on

its role in sustainable practices and innovative product development.

A study made by Madurwar et al. (2015) explored the use of sugarcane bagasse

ash ash (SBA) in making bricks. It used quarry dust and lime as additional materials.

SBA was found to have cement-like properties, and the resulting bricks were

compared to conventional clay and fly-ash bricks. The SBA-based bricks were lighter,

energy-efficient, and met strength standards. They could be a sustainable construction

material, suitable for non-load-bearing walls, and contribute to solid waste management.

The research conducted by Mochena et al. discussed that the ash contained inorganic

components which are valuable for reinforcement in polymeric materials. Their research
reports on the use of sugarcane bagasse ash, sugarcane bagasse ash ash (SBA) and

its cellulose as reinforcing fillers for polymers. Sugarcane bagasse ash is a fibrous

material obtained as a residue from the sugarcane after crushing to extract the juice.

Chemically, sugarcane bagasse ash composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and

lignin. A similar study made by Fernando et al. (2023) presents the research conducted

to date in the field of cement-based composites reinforced with waste paper-based

cellulose fibres, focusing on their composition, mechanical properties, and durability

characteristics. The literature demonstrates that the properties of raw material

(depending on their own chemical composition) significantly influence the formation of

the cement composite binders. When considering fresh properties, the presence of

silica and magnesium compounds generally lead to favorable effects on the setting of

the cement composite when combined with waste paper cellulose fiber. The study of

Torgbo et al. (2021) indicates that cellulose component of SCB (Sugarcane bagasse

ash) at 40–50% serves as a precursor for producing value-added products such

as cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibers and microcrystalline cellulose.

Some applications of cellulosic materials from SCB, emerging markets and future

prospects in the nanocellulose industry are discussed. Most studies on cellulose from

SCB focused only on the extraction and isolation of micro and nanomaterials. This

presents opportunity for researchers and industry players to invest efforts and capital

into further applications of cellulosic materials from SCB, as a renewable and

sustainable product source.

Also, a study performed by Olivares et al. (2020) conducted experiments on

composites made from sugarcane bagasse ash fibres, Ordinary Portland Cement,
Plaster, and rice husk ash. These materials were intended for rural construction. The

bagasse fibres were collected from small rural sugar industries, processed, and tested

for various properties. The composites were aged in a CO2-rich environment to see

how they changed. The results of their study showed that the aged composites became

denser, stronger, and less porous, making them suitable for sustainable and eco-

efficient building construction in rural areas. A comprehensive review of Maraveas, C.

(2020), showed that the integration of natural organic waste from agricultural processes

such as sugarcane bagasse ash, rice husks, and groundnut shells among others in the

manufacture of different construction materials improved their overall

physicomechanical and thermal qualities and also enhanced their sustainability

properties by reducing costs and boosting environmental conservation. The study

conducted by Kumar et al. (2021) shows that sugarcane bagasse ash can be used to

produce enzymes, sugars, prebiotics, organic acids, and biofuels, as well as generate

electricity and help in bioremediation. Additionally, the ash from bagasse can be used to

make strong, lightweight bricks and tiles. Their study highlights how sugarcane bagasse

ash can be a sustainable and renewable resource for various valuable products. The

study conducted by Andreao et al. (2020) stated that, upon controlled burning and

grinding, electrical conductivity and Chapelle tests indicated that SCBA had significant

pozzolanic activity, with the top separated ash yielding best results.

A study made by Verma and Sharma (2021) deals with this waste material to be

utilized in the compressed earth blocks. To study the mechanical properties of

compressed soil blocks prepared by a combination of various ratios of Marble powder,

paddy Straw Fiber and Sugarcane bagasse ash ash, the compression test, and water
absorption test was performed. This various test shows that the Marble powder Waste

increase dry density which helps in increasing the compression Capacity of the brick.

Whereas Paddy Straw fiber and bagasse ash decrease the dry density of brick which

results in decreasing the optimum water content of the mix of the brick. Bagasse ash

and paddy straw fiber increase the water absorption capacity of the brick.

Eco-Bricks

Eco-bricks represent a sustainable approach to construction, rooted in

ancient building techniques and modern eco-consciousness. These earthen bricks offer

a range of environmental and practical benefits, from reduced carbon emissions to

energy efficiency. In this study, we'll delve into the significance of eco-bricks in shaping

environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and resilient structures for a more sustainable

future.

Based on the the research of Taaffe et al. (2014), the Eco-bricks are formed by

packing plastic within Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles. Guidelines were

provided for the construction of Eco-bricks. Experiments were carried out to

characterise some of the properties of these bricks. Compression test, sound insulation

assessment and light transmission were considered in this regard and compared with

traditional construction materials and conditions.

Madurwar et al. (2014) stated in their study that they applied bio-fuel by-product

sugarcane bagasse ash ash (SBA) as a principal raw material for the manufacturing of

bricks was studied. The bricks were developed using the quarry dust (QD) as a
replacement to natural river sand and lime (L) as a binder. According to the same study

of Edike et al. (2020), there are alternatives to raw materials that can contribute to the

depletion of natural resources. They perform many laboratory tests on eco-brick which

is made from clay, lime, boiler ash, sludge, with Alkali Activation Technology. The tests

performed on brick are compressive strength, soundness test, hardness test and water

absorption test. Eco- brick is more effective than traditional brick; it reduces the soil

erosion reuse industrial waste sludge (i.e., waste water sludge). Boiler ash occurred

from thermal power plant, paper mills, etc. Boiler ash is commonly available.

Additionally, in an alternative study performed by Edike et al. (2014), From the different

compositions of SBA–QD–L bricks, trial no. 7 (SBA: QD : L :: 50 : 30 : 20) shows

compressive strength of 6.59 MPa, which is 1.4% and 88.3% more than that of

commercially available fly ash–cement bricks and burnt clay bricks. Considering the

energy aspect, trial no. 7 of SBA–QD–L bricks consumes equivalent energy of 2.282

GJ, which is maximum among SBA–QD–L brick trials, but 6% and 50% less than the

energy consumption of fly ash–cement and conventional burnt clay bricks respectively.

The study of Xinhua (2023), shows that their ecobrick is composed of 100 plastic

laminates, shredded and then mixed with wet cement. This mixture is poured into a

brick-pressing machine that the group also invented. The finished product can be used

to build various infrastructures, from houses to schools, and buildings. Ecobricks look

different from ordinary building blocks and resemble lego blocks. The plastic laminates

also act as an insulator that locks out the heat passing through normal hollow blocks,

making ecobricks cooler and more durable.

 As for the study of Zhang & Biswas (2021), they present the results of techno-

economic and environmental performance of interlocking and conventional bricks used

for building wall production. Techno eco-efficiency framework consisting of compressive

strength test and tensile strength derivation for structural performance assessment and

life cycle assessment for determining eco-efficiency performance was applied to

determine the Eco-efficient bricks. The replacement of conventional plain bricks with

interlocking blocks improved the structural mechanical performance. This construction

strategy could substantially reduce construction time, minimize labor cost, and increase

mechanical performance. Also, in the related study conducted by Edike et al. (2022),

they investigated the features, benefits, drivers and barriers to eco-bricks masonry from

the expert’s perception. Yelwa village, where the first bottle bricks masonry building was

constructed in Africa, was selected for the study. Empirical survey, interview and

questionnaire design approach were used to gather data for the research. The study

found that eco-bricks are used in the construction of masonry walls and columns,

septic tanks, and water reservoirs, and in the construction of multi-storey buildings.

Door and window openings are created with wooden or metallic frames, and wall plate

clits are secured with mortar. Principal drivers of eco-bricks masonry include job

creation, high durability, cleaner environment promotion and high cost of conventional

building materials. Their study is of valii89ue in that it can assist in the reduction of

plastic waste and the housing deficit, and is also expected to inform policy

deliberations and directions towards the creation of innovation-friendly environments in

the housing sector.

 Definition of terms

Cellulose- Cellulose can be used in eco bricks as a natural binding agent and

reinforcement material. It improves the brick's structural integrity, enhances its insulation

properties, and aligns with eco-friendly goals. Cellulose can be sourced from waste

materials, reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainability in construction.

Hemicellulose- Hemicellulose in eco bricks can also improve the bricks' thermal

insulation properties due to its natural insulating characteristics. It helps reduce heat

transfer through the bricks, enhancing energy efficiency in buildings while contributing to

sustainability by utilizing plant-derived materials.

Lignin- Lignin can also be used in eco bricks as a natural adhesive and binder. It helps

hold the brick components together, improving their structural integrity. Lignin, obtained

from plant materials, promotes sustainability by reducing the need for synthetic binders

and chemicals in brick production..

Bagasse - the dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugar cane, used

as fuel for electricity generators, etc.

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)- strong, stiff synthetic fibre and resin and a member

of the polyester family of polymers.

Pozzolanic Activity- When pozzolanic materials are mixed with lime and water in the

production of eco bricks, a chemical reaction occurs, leading to the formation of

compounds like calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) and calcium aluminate hydrates. These

compounds contribute to the binding and hardening of the brick, resulting in improved

strength and durability.

 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

-Proportion- DATA GATHERING Produced Eco-

Plastic Waste: Sugarcane  Proportions of
Brick with
Bagasse Sugarcane bagasse, Sugarcane
Plastic Waste, Bagasse and
 10:9
Riversand and cement Plastic Waste
 9:8
 Grinding, Mixture, and
 8:7
Compression
 7:6
 Measurement of
 5:5
Durability
River Sand : Cement  Data Analysis
 Interpretation of Results
 5:5
 5:5
 5:5
 5:5
 5:5

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

The research conceptual framework represented in the figure above, follows the

IPO model, which identifies the input, process, and output. The input consists of

different ratios of Sugarcane bagasse ash to Plastic Wastes which shows 10:0, 9.5 :

0.5, 9: 1, 8.5 : 1.5, and 8 : 2. It also includes the constant ratio of River sand to Cement

which shows 5 : 5 all along the 5 different trials. The process begins with data gathering,

which involves collecting information on the ratios and proportions o Sugarcane

bagasse ash, Plastic Waste, River sand and cement. Then the experiment including the
grinding, mixture, and compression follows. Next will be the test for measurement of

durability. And it will be followed by the Data analysis and Interpretation of results. And

lastly, the expected output will be produced eco-brick with sugarcane bagasse ash and

plastic waste.
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