Unit 4: Writing the Review of Related Literature

Lesson 2
Citing Literature Sources

Practical Research 1
MARLOU NOYA, LPT
Senior High School Applied - Academic
Why is it
important to
cite sources in
research?

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Learning
● Distinguish different forms of
Objectives citation.
● Apply a specific style guide in
At the end of the
lesson, you should research writing.
be able to do the
following:

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1. Poverty in the Philippines had significantly
escalated in the year 2020 compared to that of
the year 2019.
2. My favorite food is truffle pasta.
3. It is better to give than to receive.
4. The tourism industry in Asia continues to grow for
the past five years.
5. The air pollution in Metro Manila is drastically
worse than in Beijing.
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Purpose of Citing Literature Sources

● To give credit to other writers and

researchers
● To support evidence in the researcher’s
argument
● To easily locate sources about a certain
topic

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 What is a literature review?

A literature review is a survey of scholarly

sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview
of current knowledge, allowing you to identify
relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the
existing research that you can later apply to your
paper, thesis, or dissertation topic.

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 What is a literature review?
Five key steps to writing a literature review:

1. Search for relevant literature

2. Evaluate sources
3. Identify themes, debates, and gaps
4. Outline the structure
5. Write your literature review
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What is the purpose of a literature review?
•Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly
context
•Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your
research
•Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
•Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a
debate
•Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your
knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.

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 EVALUAT
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 Step 1 – Search for relevant literature
Before you begin searching for literature, you need
a clearly defined topic.
If you are writing the literature review section of a
dissertation or research paper, you will search for
literature related to your research
problem and questions.

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 Step 1 – Search for relevant literature
Make a list of keywords
Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research
question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re
interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add
to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your
literature search.
•Keywords example
•Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat,
TikTok
•Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
•Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth
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 Step 1 – Search for relevant literature
•Your university’s library catalogue
•Google Scholar
•JSTOR
•EBSCO
•Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
•Medline(life sciences and biomedicine)
•EconLit (economics)
•Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

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Step 2 – Evaluate and select sources
•What question or problem is the author addressing?
•What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
•What are the key theories, models, and methods?
•Does the research use established frameworks or take an
innovative approach?
•What are the results and conclusions of the study?
•How does the publication relate to other literature in the field?
Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
•What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

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Step 3 – Identify themes, debates, and gaps
•Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain
approaches become more or less popular over time?
•Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
•Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
•Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies
that changed the direction of the field?
•Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses
that need to be addressed?

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Step 4 – Outline your literature review’s
structure
Step 5 – Write your RRL

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What is the significance of
using the appropriate style
guide?

16
 Types of Citations
In-text citation Reference list

appears in-between is usually found at the

the researcher’s writing last part of a research
paper

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Example of in-text citation

Parents are considered as one of the primary

sources of social support of adolescents. They
influence the development of adolescents’
career interests, goals, intentions, career-
related self-efficacy, and outcome expectations
(Kenny & Medvide, 2013).

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Example of reference list citation

Bibliography
Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road From the Late Teens Through
The Twenties. New York: Oxford University Press. 2004.
“Proportion of Poor Filipinos was Estimated at 16.6 Percent in 2018.” Philippine Statistics
Authority. December 6, 2019. https://psa.gov.ph/poverty-press-releases/nid/144752.
Smith, Rebecca Lee, Ann Marie Carroll, and Kathryn T. Callaghan. “Emerging Adulthood: A
College Student, Middle Class Perk?" Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 20, no. 2
(2015): 80-85.

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Remember

The two parts of citations are the

in-text citation and reference
list. Citations vary according to
the style guide (i.e., APA, MLA, or
CMOS) used.

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 Citation Style Guides
Style Guide Discipline
APA Psychology, Education, Social Sciences
American Psychological Association (parenthetical Citation)

MLA Humanities
Member of the Legislative Assembly (numerical citation- ACS)- Modern
Language Association

CMOS Business, History, Fine Arts

Chicago Manual of Style (Note citation- Tuberian)

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APA 7th It follows the author and year of
Edition Basic publishing format of in-text
Rules citation.

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Examples

A work by one author

1. APA style is commonly used by psychology
majors (Dela Cruz, 2020).
2. According to Dela Cruz (2020), APA style is
commonly used by psychology majors.

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Examples

A work by two authors

1. APA style is commonly used by psychology
majors (Dela Cruz & Garcia, 2020).
2. According to Dela Cruz and Garcia (2020),
APA style is commonly used by psychology
majors.
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Examples

A work by three or more authors

1. APA style is commonly used by psychology
majors (Dela Cruz et al., 2020).
2. According to Dela Cruz et al. (2020), APA style
is commonly used by psychology majors.

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MLA Style MLA follows the author-page
Manual Basic
Rules format of in-text citation.

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Examples

A work by one author

1. MLA style is frequently used by linguistics

majors (Dela Cruz 9).
2. Dela Cruz suggests that MLA style is
frequently used by linguistics majors (9).
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Examples

A work by two authors

1. MLA style is frequently used by linguistics

majors (Dela Cruz and Garcia 9).
2. Dela Cruz and Garcia suggest that MLA style
is frequently used by linguistics majors (9).
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Examples

A work by three or more authors

1. MLA style is frequently used by linguistics

majors (Dela Cruz et al. 9).
2. Dela Cruz et al. suggest that MLA style is
frequently used by linguistics majors (9).
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Chicago
Manual of The Chicago style comes in two
Style 17th formats: notes and
Edition Basic bibliography, and author-date.
Rules

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Example of notes and bibliography format

In writing literature reviews, Plano Clark and Creswell

suggest that “a good, rigorous literature review
therefore conveys that the researcher completed a
comprehensive review of the literature, organized, and
synthesized this literature”1.

1. Vicki L. Plano Clark and John W. Creswell, Understanding Research: A

Consumer’s Guide (New Jersey: Pearson, 2015), 143.
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 Learn about It

When to Cite Sources

● Sources were the inspirations of an article.
● Sources were used in presenting a theory, argument, or
point of view in an article.
● Statistics, examples, or case studies of sources were
used.
● Sources’ exact words (direct quotation) in an article were
used.
● Sources’ works were paraphrased or summarized.
 Learn about It

How to Treat Sources

● It is best to identify sources whenever possible to keep

the public informed and for them to determine whether
or not the source is reliable.

● Keep promises you made in return for the source’s

cooperation.
 Learn about It

How to Treat Sources

● Guarantee the source’s anonymity when he/she

requests for it, when he/she provides vital information,
and when there is no other way to get that information.
● Always quote sources accurately and in proper context.
 Learn about It

Associated Press Style Citation

● a standardized way of referencing people and resource

materials in journalistic writing
● used by all news organizations
 Learn about It

a. Citing Persons
● Mention the person’s full name, his/her title and agency
or affiliated company in the first reference.

● Use only the last name of the person when referring to

the article again. Do not put titles like Ms., Dr., and Atty.
 Learn about It

First reference: Senator Raymond Dorgon said he was not

insulted by the comments against him made by President
Roderick Duche.

Second reference: Dorgon announced that he does not

feel offended since everyone is entitled to his or her own
opinions.
 Learn about It

First reference: President Duche told

reporters he will not allow drug trafficking.

Second reference: Duche said he wants a

drug-free Philippines.
 Learn about It

b. Citing Articles
● Mention the author or writer, the title of the article, and
publication date and location in the first reference.

● Use only the last name of the author or writer when

referring to the article again.
 Learn about It

Katherine Verano, “Group of volleyball players brings honor to

country, wins an international award,” December 10, 2019, The
Manila Press

First Reference: In the article “Group of volleyball players brings

honor to country, wins an international award,” published on
December 10, 2019, writer Katherine Verano stated that . . .

Second reference: To add, Verano said that they brought great

honor to the country.
 Learn about It

Regina Fami, “Terrorists Attack provinces,” October 2, 2019,

The Torchbearer

First reference: Regina Fami, in her article “Terrorists Attack

province” published on October 2, 2019, said that . . .

Second reference: Fami added that media coverage of acts

of terrorism may result in more terrorism acts being
committed.
 Learn about It

c. Citing Books
● Mention the author, title, and year of publication of the
book used in the first reference.

● Use only the last name of the author when referring to

the book again.
 Learn about It

Zharina Beltran, “Literature from the Dark Ages,”

1987

First reference: In the book “Literature from the

Dark Ages” published in 1987, a prominent writer
and reporter Zharina Beltran said that . . .

Second reference: In her book, Beltran wrote that

“Literature is an art.”
 Learn about It

d. Citing Websites
Use this when you have accessed information from a
website to mention a study or statistics.

● Identify the actual name of the website.

● Give a brief description.

 Learn about It

www.sil.org → Summer Institute of Linguistics

Based on the official website of SIL, language

documentation is still ongoing, and people can
still help with translation and materials
development.
 Learn about It

www.quipper.com.ph → Quipper Philippines

According to the official website of Quipper

Philippines, an online learning platform, you
could start accessing DepEd-related content
starting next month.
 Learn about It

Bibliography

● an alphabetical list of the reference materials that the

writers have consulted for their essay
● There are two main bibliography styles used in the
Philippines:
○ American Psychological Association (APA)
○ Modern Language Association (MLA)
 Learn about It

Components of a Bibliography

● Name(s) of author(s)
● Title of the reference material
● Name of publishing house
● Address of publishing house (city)
● Year of publication
● Date accessed (for online materials)
 Learn about It

Guidelines in Writing a Bibliography

● Be consistent with your format. If you start with an APA format

of citing references, stick with it.
● Information fed in the bibliography must be sufficient such that
retrieval of sources through such would not be a hassle.
● List sources by the same author chronologically. Start with the
sources first published, followed by the rest of the sources.
● The format for citing sources gets updated. Hence, it is
important that you look at the latest format and follow this.
 Learn about It
General Rules in APA Biography List

● Biography is placed at the end of your essay.

● The biography list should be alphabetized according to authors’
surnames.
● Surname is followed by initials of the given and middle names
(Dela Cruz, J. M.)
● Use an ampersand if there is more than one author.
● Use et al. if there are more than six authors.
● Italicize titles of books or journals.
● For dates of publication, use year-month-day.
 Learn about It

General Rules in APA Biography List

● Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and
subtitle except for proper names.
● Write n.d. if there is no date available.
● Use “revised edition” or “nth edition” in the reference list after
the title of the source if a certain publication revised an earlier
publication.
● Be consistent in referencing.
 Learn about It

Books

Author’s last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title.

Additional information. City of publication. Publishing company.

Examples:
● Garcia, M. (1994). The Mango tree. Manila: Liwanag.
● Marquez, A. (2004). The English language. New York, NY: Bright
Star.
 Learn about It

Magazines

Author’s last name, first initial. (Publication date). Article title.

Periodical title, volume number (issue number if available), inclusive
pages.

Examples:
● Cometa, S. (2007, January). Studying Chinese. Education
Weekly, 8, 12-13.
● Gutierrez, A. (2005, June). The island of Camiguin. Travel, 19,
20-21.
 Learn about It

Newspaper

Examples:
● Cortez, A. (2005, July 7). Dealing with Insomnia. Manila Star,
pp. A2.
● Marquez, S. (2003, June 21). Visiting Korea. Business Inquirer,
pp. B2.
 Learn about It

Website
Author’s last name, first initial. (Date of Publication). Article title.
Retrieved from URL

Examples:
● Antonio, R. (2007, February). Managing your business. Insider.
Retrieved from
http://www.insiderweb.org/pages/managingyourbu siness.html.
● Millena, G. (2004, June). Migration: A third world issue.
Starhouse. Retrieved from
http://www.starhouseweb.org/pages/migration.html.
 Learn about It

Websites with No Authors

Article title. (Date of Publication). Retrieved from URL

Examples:
● Small owners. (2005). Management: A Tool for Success.
Retrieved from http://www.sho.org/management/success/
● The writers. (2008). Macroeconomics: Knowing Deeper.
Retrieved from
http://www.lho.org/macroeconomics/knowingdee per/
 Learn about It

MLA (Modern Language Association)

● provides a method for source documentation that is used in

most courses in humanities

● places emphasis on authorship

 Learn about It

Books

This requires the name of the author, title of the work, publication
city, publisher, year published, publication medium, e.g. print.

Examples:
● Garcia, Martin. The Mango Tree. Manila: Liwanag, 1994. Print.
● Marquez, Anika. The English Language. New York: Bright Star,
2004). Print.
 Learn about It

Magazine
● Cometa, Simeon. “Studying Chinese.” Education Weekly 20
January 2007: 12–13. Print.
● Gutierrez, Antonio. “The island of Camiguin.” Travel 25 June
2005: 20–21. Print.
 Learn about It

Daily Newspaper
● Cortez, Antonio. “Dealing with Insomnia” Manila Star 7 July
2007. A2. Print.
● Marquez, Simeon. “Visiting Korea.” Business Inquirer 21 June
2003. B2. Print.
 Learn about It
Website
A. With known author from a website page
● Antonio, Ricardo. “Managing Your Business.” Insider. Insider,
n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2007.
● Millena, Guillermo. “Migration: A Third World Issue.”
Starhouse. Starhouse, n.d. Web. 25 June 2004.

A. With unknown author from a website page

● “Small Owners.” Management: A Tool for Success. Starhouse
Online, 2005. Web. 15 Dec. 2008.
● “The Writers.” Macroeconomics: Knowing Deeper. Starhouse
Online, 2008. Web. 25 June 2010.
 Drills

Look for five different kinds of sources indicated in

each number. Write the correct citations in MLA and
APA formats for each source based on the following
sets of information.
 Drills

1. Book

Author’s Name:
Title of the Book:
Place of Publication:
Year of Publication:
Publisher:

MLA:
APA:
 Drills

2. Magazine

Writer’s Name:
Pages:
Title of Article:
Volume Number:
Name of the Magazine:
Date of Publication:

MLA:
APA:
 Drills

3. Newspaper

Writer’s Name:
Title of Article:
Name of the Newspaper:
Date of Publication:
Page:

MLA:
APA:
 Drills

4. Online Article

Name of the Writer:

Title of Article:
Name of the Website:
URL:
Date of Publication:

MLA:
APA:
 Drills

5. Website

Title:
Name of Section:
Name of Website:
Date of Publication:
Accessed/Retrieval Date:
URL:

MLA:
APA:
 Drills

Answer the following questions below. Write your

answers in two to three sentences.
1. Why do we need to cite our sources?
2. What may happen to someone who claims the work of
another person?
3. What is the relationship between citing sources and
academic integrity?
4. How can someone avoid plagiarism?
5. In what ways can you respect a person’s works?
Tip

Always make sure that the

sources found on the in-text
citation are also found on the
references list, and vice-versa.

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 Activity
APA MLA CMOS
1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

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 Quick Check

1. Why is it important to cite sources?

1. What different information needs proper

citation?

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 Quick Check

A linguistics instructor doing their thesis used

an author-page format on the in-text citation
and labeled the references citation as “Works
Cited.” What particular style guide was used?

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 Wrap Up

The purpose of citing literature is to

give credit to other researchers,
make the research work credible,
and track relevant sources of
information.

73
 Wrap Up

The most commonly used citation

style guides are APA, MLA, and
CMOS.

The two parts of citations are the in-

text citation and reference list.

74
Wrap Up

75
 Bibliography

“Citation Styles: APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, IEEE.” University Library System.
University of Pittsburgh. Last modified January 28, 2020.
https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp

“Choosing & Using Sources: A Guide to Academic Research.” Pressbooks.

Accessed April 17, 2020. https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/choosingsources/
chapter/why-cite/.

“General CMOS Guidelines.” Purdue Online Writing Lab. Accessed April 17, 2020.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edi
tion/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html

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 Bibliography
“General Format.” Purdue Online Writing Lab. Accessed April 17, 2020.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting
_and_style_guide/general_format.html

“MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” Purdue Online Writing Lab. Accessed April 17,
2020. https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_
formatting_and_style_guide/mla_formatting_and_style_guide.html.

Swaen, Bas. “Citation Styles Guide: Choosing a Style and Citing Correctly.” Scribbr.
Last modified April 23, 2020. https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/
citation-styles/.

“Why is Reference Important?” UNSW Sydney. Last modified October 28, 2019.
https://student.unsw.edu.au/why-referencing-important.
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