Intermolecular Forces Notes Ap Chemistry

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between molecules. They are weaker than
intramolecular forces (bonds within molecules).

Types of Intermolecular Forces:

Van der Waals Forces: Weaker forces that include London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole
interactions.

Hydrogen Bonding: A special type of dipole-dipole interaction involving hydrogen atoms

bonded to highly electronegative atoms (O, N, F).

London Dispersion Forces: Also known as dispersion or induced dipole forces.

Temporary fluctuations in electron distribution create temporary dipoles, inducing dipoles in

neighboring molecules.

Dipole-Dipole Interactions: It occurs between polar molecules. The positive end of one molecule
attracts the negative end of another.

Hydrogen Bonding:

Strongest type of intermolecular force. Occurs between a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly
electronegative atom and another electronegative atom in a different molecule.

Factors Affecting Intermolecular Forces:

Molecular Size: Larger molecules generally have stronger London dispersion forces.

Molecular Shape: Long and slender molecules may experience stronger forces.

Polarity: Polar molecules exhibit stronger dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding.

Effect on Physical Properties:

Higher intermolecular forces lead to higher boiling and melting points.

Substances with stronger forces typically have higher viscosities and surface tensions.

Phase Changes:

Intermolecular forces must be overcome for a substance to change phases.

Energy is absorbed during phase changes (endothermic).