CLASS X

UNIT 12 -PLANT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

I. Choose the correct answer.

1.Casparian strips are present in the ______ of the root.
(a) cortex
(b) pith
(c) pericycle
(d) endodermis.

2.The endarch condition is the characteristic feature of:

(a) root
(b) stem
(c) leaves
(d) flower

3.The xylem and phloem arranged side by side on the same radius is called
______.
(a) radial
(b) amphivasal
(c) conjoint
(d) none of these.

4.Which is formed during anaerobic respiration?

(a) Carbohydrate
(b) Ethyl alcohol
(c) Acetyl CoA
(d) Pyruvate.

5.Kreb’s cycle takes place in:

(a) chloroplast
(b) mitochondrial matrix
(c) stomata
(d) inner mitochondrial membrane

6.Oxygen is produced at what point during photosynthesis?

(a) when ATP is converted to ADP
(b) when CO2 is fixed
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(c) when H2O is splitted

(d) All of these.

II. Fill in the blanks

1. The innermost layer of cortex in root is called Endodermis.

2.Xylem and phloem occur on the same radius and constitute a vascular bundle
called Conjoint.

3.Glycolysis takes place in cytoplasm.

4.The source of O2 liberated in photosynthesis is water.

5. Mitochondria is ATP factory of the cells.

III. State whether the statements are true or false. Correct the false statement

1. Phloem tissue is involved in the transport of water in a plant.

FLASE :
Correct Statement: Phloem tissue is involved in the transport of food in plants.

2.The waxy protective covering of a plant is called cuticle.

True.

3.In monocot, stem cambium is present in between xylem and phloem.

False.
Correct Statement: In monocot stem, the cambium is absent in between xylem
and phloem.

4.Palisade parenchyma cells occur below the upper epidermis in dicot root.
False.
Correct Statement: Palisade parenchyma cells occur below the upper epidermis
in dicot leaf.

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5.Mesophyll contains chlorophyll.

True.

6.Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.

True.

IV. Match the following

1. Amphicribal (c) Fern

2. Cambium (d) Secondary growth

3. Amphivasal (a) Dracaena

4. Xylem (e) Conduction of water

5. Phloem (b) Translocation of food

V. Answer in a Sentence
1.What is the collateral vascular bundle?
When xylem lies towards the centre and phloem lies towards the periphery,
it is called the collateral vascular bundle.

2.Where does the carbon that is used in photosynthesis come from?

Carbon Dioxide present in atmosphere.

3.What is the common step in the aerobic and anaerobic pathway?

Glycolysis is the common step in the aerobic and anaerobic pathway.

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4.Name the phenomenon by which carbohydrates are oxidized to release ethyl

alcohol.
Fermentation (Anaerobic respiration) is the phenomenon by which
carbohydrates are oxidized to release ethyl alcohol.

VI. Short Answer Questions

1.Give an account on a vascular bundle of dicot stem.

The vascular bundles of dicot stem are:
● Conjoint: Xylem and phloem lie on the same radius.
● Collateral: Xylem lies towards the centre and phloem lies towards the
periphery.
● Edarch: Protoxylem lies towards the centre and metaxylem lies towards the
periphery.
● Open: The cambium is present in between xylem and phloem.
The vascular bundles are arranged in the form of a ring around the pith.

2.Write a short note on mesophyll.

The tissue present between the upper and lower epidermis in leaf is called
mesophyll. It is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma.

3.Draw and label the structure of oxysomes.

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4.Name the three basic tissues system in flowering plants.

The three basic tissue system in flowering plants are:
● Dermal or Epidermal tissue system
● Ground tissue system
● Vascular tissue system

5.What is photosynthesis and where in a cell does it occur?

Photosynthesis is a process in which the green plants use sunlight and the
green pigment chlorophyll to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide from air
and water. The photosynthesis occurs in green parts of the plant such as leaves,
stems and floral buds.

6.What is the respiratory quotient?

The ratio of volume of carbon dioxide liberated and the volume of oxygen
consumed, during respiration is called Respiratory Quotient (R.Q)

7.Why should the light dependent reaction occur before the light independent
reaction?
During light dependent reaction photosynthesis pigment absorb the light
energy and convert it into chemical energy ATP and NADPH2.
During the light independent CO2 is reduced into carbohydrates with the help of
ATP and NADPH2 produced during light dependent reaction.

8.Write the reaction for photosynthesis.

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VII. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate the following
(a) Monocot root and Dicot root
(b) Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration.

(a) Monocot root and Dicot root

Dicot Root Monocot Root

1. The Xylem is Tetrarch 1. The Xylem is Polyarch.

2. The conjunctive tissue is 2. The conjunctive tissue is made

made up of parenchyma cells. up of sclerenchyma cells.

3. The young root contains a 3. Pith cells are made of

path, but in the old root, pith is parenchyma cells with
absent. intercellular spaces and contain
abundant starch grains.

4. Cambium is present during 4. Cambium is absent.

secondary growth.

5. Secondary growth is present. 5. Secondary growth is absent.

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(b) Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic

1. Occur in the presence of 1. Occurs, when oxygen is

oxygen. absent.

2. Carbon dioxide, water and ATP 2. Lactic acid, Ethanol and ATP
are produced. are produced.

3. It consists of 3 steps: 3. It consists of 2 steps:

● Glycolysis ● Glycolysis
● Kreb’s cycle ● Fermentation
● Electron transport chain (Ethyl alcohol or Lactic
acid are produced)

2.Describe and name three stages of cellular respiration that aerobic organisms
use to obtain energy from glucose.
The three stages of Aerobic respiration are:
(i) Glycolysis (Glucose splitting): It is the breakdown of one molecule of glucose
into two molecules of pyruvic acid. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the
cell. It is the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

(ii) Krebs Cycle: This cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. At the end of
glycolysis, 2 molecules of pyruvic acid enter into mitochondria. The oxidation of
pyruvic acid into CO2 and water takes place through this cycle. It is also called
the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA).

(iii) Electron Transport Chain: This is accomplished through a system of electron

carrier complex called electron transport chain (ETC) located on the inner
membrane of the mitochondria. NADH2 and FADH2 molecules formed during
glycolysis and Krebs cycle are oxidised to NAD+ and FAD+ to release the energy

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via electrons. As they move, the electron releases energy which is trapped by
ADP to synthesize ATP. This is called oxidative phosphorylation. In this O2 gets
reduced to water.

3.How does the light – dependent reaction differ from the light – independent
reaction? What are the end products and reactants in each? Where does each
reaction occur within the chloroplast?

Light – dependent photosynthesis is called Hill reaction or Light reaction. The

Light independent reactions are called Biosynthetic phases.
Light-dependent reaction Light independent reaction

1. It is called Hill reaction or Light 1. It is called Dark reaction or

reaction. Biosynthetic pathway or the
Calvin cycle.

2. The reaction is carried out in 2. This reaction is carried out in

Thylakoid membranes (Grana) of the stroma of the chloroplast.
the chloroplast.

3. Photosynthetic pigments 3. CO2 is reduced into

absorb the light energy and carbohydrates with the help of
convert it into chemical energy light generated ATP and
ATP and NADPH2. NADPH2.

4. It is carried out in the presence 4. It is carried out in the absence

of light. of light.

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In the light – dependent reaction, the chlorophyll absorbs the light energy
and converts it into chemical energy ATP and NADPH2. In the light – independent
reaction, CO2 is reduced into carbohydrates with the help of light generated ATP
and NADPH2.

The light – dependent reaction is carried out in the Grana of the

chloroplast. The Light independent reaction is carried out in the stroma of the
chloroplast

.
VIII. Higher Order Thinking Skills(HOTS) Questions

1.The reactions of photosynthesis make up a biochemical pathway.

(a) What are the reactants and products for both light and dark reactions?
(b) Explain how the biochemical pathway of photosynthesis recycles many of its
own reactions and identify the recycled reactants.

(a) Light reactions are carried out in the Thylakoid membranes (Grana) of the
chloroplast which use water and energy from the Sun to produce NADPH, ATP
and Oxygen. The Dark reaction is carried out in the stroma of the chloroplast. It
uses NADPH, ATP and CO2 and produces NADP + ADP + P and high energy
sugars.

(b) The Light reactions use light to synthesize ATP and NADPH. The dark reaction
or Calvin cycle uses these reactants to produce sugar from additional CO2
molecule. This cycle then produces NAP + ADP + P; (inorganic phosphate) which
is used in the light reactions, with water molecules to produce ATP and NADPH
again.

2.Where do the light-dependent reaction and the Calvin cycle occur in the
chloroplast?
Light-dependent reaction takes place in the presence of light energy in
thylakoid membranes (grana) of the chloroplast Calvin cycle occurs at the
stroma of the chloroplast.

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