CHEMISTRY CLASS-XI a PART 1 & Il TRCTLY ACCORDING To THE NEW SYLLABUS @ Nitra INDIA'S FIRST SMART BOOK ONytra Dr. S.P. JauharDigital Revolution - An MBD Initiative The first augmented reality app for K-12 Education ‘Available on~ MODERNS. Modern's abc+ of Physics IX to XII Modern's abc+ of Chemistry IX to XII, Mathematics IX to XII, Biology IX to XII How to use NYTRA I 77) wesc books tote aN I . - P _— ee OL i i - ai [ fer er rr v Benefits ; © User-friendly app. © Makes concepts easier to understand © Extensive use of animation, | your device pointed graphics and vaiee over i} (eae @ Nytra app enables you to engage with the textbooks a ee CM eee Pee een 5) | isaac Ny © Available free of cost @ Study at your own pace™ and time BO OR ta aaa a La‘According to new syllabus prescribed by Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), New Delhi and State Boards of Uttarakhand, Kamataka (Ist Year PUC}, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal, Kerala, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Assam, Manipur and other States following CBSE & ISC curriculum. MODERNS abc CHEMISTRY INDIA'S FIRST SMART BOOK sui For Class XI in accoraance nea a PART-I and cuiselin sued Yok ncEwT CBS By Dr. S.P. JAUHAR Formerly Professor of Chemistry Department of Chemistry Panjab University, Chandigarh eee) MODERN PUBLISHERS (Producers of Quality Textbooks)eA SSS Ser ‘Now Dali: MBD House, Gulab Bhawan, 6, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg ‘Ph. 23817051, 23318901 ‘Mumbal: A-683, .C. Indust Area, ML.D.C. Of. 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Toll Froo No. : 1800 200 2283Preface & Acknowledgement | feel pleasure in presenting the revised and updated edition of our book "Modemn’s abe + of Chemistry" for Class XL students. The book has been prepared strictly according to the new syllabus proposed by CBSE. New Delhi and Education Board of other Indian Statesand N.C ERT. Text Book. Salient Features of the Book © Text matter has been planned givingemphasison fundamental conceptsina simple, clear and systematicmethod. © The text has been presented in an interesting style with a large number of Illustrative examples and Numerical peahloma © Additional information about the topicis given in Key Note, Key Facts, Facts ile, Learning Plus, Infocus to provide stimulus to find more aboutthe subject. © AlltheN.C.E.RT. Text Book exerciesesare covered with hints and ensuresin different Section ofthe chapter. ‘Anumber of problems and Short answer questions have been given under the heading Practice Problems promoting problem solving sills in students. Alargenumber of Conceptual Questions (Solved) are given in each chapter. ‘Advanced Level Problems with solutions are added to accelerate the potential of the students for SOLVING NUMERICAL PROBLEMS for JEE (Advanced). All the numerical problems of Practice Problems are completely solved in solution file at the end of each chapter. Large number of Numerical Problems from LLT, Roorkee, M.LN.R. and other Competitive Examinations have been given in Competition File. Objective questions of various types from previous years’ AIPMT/NEET, AIEEE/JEE-Main (online and offline), IITJEE/JEE Advanced have been incorporated in Competition fil. Avariety of Multiple Choice Questions from different competitive examinations have been added to make the book ‘useful for the preparation of competitive examinationsin Competition Fie. ‘MCQs with more than one correct answers and MCQs based on given comprehension passage according to latest ITpattern arealsogiven. Objective Questions in the form of assertion-reason type are also given. At the end of each chapter, Quick Revision through Obpetive Questions "Quick Memory Test" have been added to check the retention power ofthe students. Annumber of Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and Advanced Level with answers are included atthe end of each chapter. ‘The definition of Key Terms Laws and QUICK CHAPTER ROUND UP are given at the end under the heading Chapter Summary. UNIT PRACTICE TESTS with Hints & Solutions are given atthe end of each chapter to help the students to check their ‘performance after covering the chapter. A Mock Test with solutions according to CBSE pattem is given atthe end of the book. Tamextremely thankful tomany teachers and students whohave been sending their valuable suggestionsand comments, forthe improvement ofthe book. lam greatly indebted to them. I wish to acknowledge my sincere thanks to Dr. (Mrs.) Sheenu Jauhar for her untiring efforts and valuable contribution in critical revision of the book and updating Objective ‘Questions. 1 also feel pleasure to express my thanks to Mr. Arun Kamboj (G.SS. School, Tohana), Dr. G. J.P. Singh (Chemistry Deptt. PU.- Chandigarh), Dr. Sajeev Soni (8.D. College, Chandigarh), Dr. A.N. Sharma (Govt. College, Hamirpur), Ms. Parveen (Faridkot) Mrs, Anju Goel (Govt. 8.5, School Sec. 16, Chandigarh), Dr.O.P. Sood, Dr.GS. Arora, ‘Mrs, Sunita Saroha (D.A.V. 8S. School, Se. 15, Chandigarh, Mr. Gaurav Chakraborty, Mrs, Amita Sharma Saraswati Institute, Chandigarh), Mrs. Seema (Seema Chemistry lasses) Mr. Sudhanshu Jaitley (Chandigarh), Mr. Deepak Mishra (H.OD. Shri Gauri Shankar Inter College, Ferozabad), Mr. Praveen Kumar (S.V.M. Senior Sec. School, Kosi Kalan, Matar) Me Vis Chander Sin Mary 65. School Gardapur Sh Rates owt Leste Govt. CHESS. Nagati PAROLE, Katlusa) aud Mu. Vaibhav i (G5S5. AkbarpurBaroto, Sonepat) and Dr Anjl Repu (Dhampar) for thoroughly checking ofthe Bok and providing valuable suggestions. [am also thankful to Ms. Arshdeep forher sincere and dedicated editorial work. Finally, lam happy toexpressmy sincerest thanksand indebtness to our dynamicand versatile publisher and hisefficent stafffor making the ject successful. I am also thankful to Mr. Manik Juneja, Director — Content and Production, Mr. B.S. Rawat, Mr SK-Sikka, Mr. Ravinder Pathania and LB. Mishra who have taken great painsin bringing up the book. would also like to gratefully appreciate the tremendous and valuable efforts of Mr. Manu Jauhar for excellent thoughtful editing of the book. Thope that the present book will be warmly received by the students and the teachers. Suggestions for the further improvement of the book will be gratefully acknowledged. O -Dr. S.P. Jauhar * Memory based JEE-Main 2019 online questions are also included.PERIODIC TA 9 Moder gop 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 gow [1A WA mB) WB vB vB vis. vil Period i | S-BLOGK (ns**) 7 tom ‘oH rarogen Relative omeMass |_| Alkali metas [Oo Atcatine cart 2 Name || Transition me Electronic Lanthanides He Configuration o 3 BLOCK [(n-1) dns”) fis TRANSITION ELEMENTS 4 Ar s s Rb Rubiann Kr 6 xe 7 Rn +N EMENTS C Solid LANTHANIDES, (at"5a"'6s") Br Liquid H_ Gas * Most stable isotope (discovery claimed) ACTINIDES To Synthetic (8 "*ed""7s")BLE OF THE ELEMENTS 10 11 12 43 14 15 16 47 18 1B 1B 1B WA WA VA VIA VILA VIIA Actnides _—, ‘ermal tals [Oy] non-motais e [El note gases co “ - a —_— _Al i r 38%3pt i, se ag oo - Ni Cu Zn |Ga Ge (As |Se |Br Kr | 2 | ee b yas?| ad?4s2| ac'94s'| ga'%4s?| ac!4s2apt| ad!O4s2ap? joaar 8) a7 egg Teelgg lg EN 5) BIE 46 Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb {Te e ae a ee ee waa] 7q waa 7 IT] 9g TOP gy TL BD Aa gg A Bg Pt WAu Wig Wl Beeb SBI BPo t n sada ssciadllie' ssc Soils xe ail ileas on Aol 10 a2 ns es eS ic =a; te = Ds_|Rg |Cn_ | Nh |FI Mc |Lv_ | Ts | Og m | Darmsiatiom |ponigastm | CoPemcion | num | Flerov Moscovium | Lvermorum | Tennessina | _OganeSion 17752 5t'*6d°7s? | St'4ed'°7s" | S{'46d'°7s? 5t'*6d'°7s"7p\st"*ea'°7s27¢? 5t'*6d"°7s"7p|=t"*6a'°7527p* | Sf'46d"°7s"7p"| St'*6d"°7s*7p° BLOCK [(n-2 "(nt ns} | <—_— REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS» - INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS 15035] @g 15195/ gq 19725/g5 19803 gq 16240 67 69 1 |Eu |Gd |Tb |Dy |Ho |Er |Im /¥b jLu » | Eoepam | Gaeta Dypdaiun | Homiom | Emm “Then vyooman | Laeoom fes?| af’es®| af’sd'es?| ates? atlas?) at"es?| —ar'2es?| —atl96s%) ates?) atl4sd'es® 80695 2806/9 2707/97 A707! gg 108 | gq 5208 499 2718 | 494 HF10| 49D PIO 49g BENT Am |Cm |Bk |Cf |Es |Fm jMd_ |No /|Lr 1 | Amerim | Caran Beraiom | Calera | stoma | Fermium | Mendolevum | Nobo | Lawrencam S78? sf'7s?| sf’6d'7s* Shs? 57s? St" 75? sf'?7s? Sts? st'47s?) st'4ed'7s? 209.98 tess] gg 19726) 6095/79 tract) 74 17497Actinium ‘Aluminium Americium_ ‘Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Ravinim Berkelium Beryllium, Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium, Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium. Cobalt Copernicium Copper Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium: Exbium Europium Fermium Flerovium, Fluorine Francium, Gadolinium Gallium Lanthanum Livermorium Lutetium ‘Magnesium BREESE SPER STOP EEE REP OSE PUSS E ERS OSS PASE CAPR EUR PR PEER OR EE 2.00) and Electronic Configurations of Elements Atomic Number Atomic Electronic Configuration Mass: 227 [Rn] 6a! 792 26.9 [Ne}? 352 gp! 243, [Rn] 57757 121.75 [Kr] 4a 552 5p® 39.94 [Ne}® 3s? 3p® 7492 [Ar}#8 3° 452 4p? 210 [xe]5* 4/4 5c” Gs? 6p? taza [xe] ae? 247 [Bn] 5/76? 9.01 [He]? 25? 208.98 [Xe] 4714 5al° 6s? 6p? 10.81 [He] 2s2 2p! 79.90 [Ar]}® 3d! 42 4p> 112.40 [r]8® 4a? 52 40.02 [Ar}'§ 4s? 251 [Rin] 5972 2 [He]? 2s? 2p? 140.12 [Xe] 47 5d 632 132.90 Pxe}** 6st 35.45 [Ne}}9 3s? p> 51.99 [Ar}#8 38 det 58.93 Ar}! 3d? 4s? 285 [Rn]* 54 6d" 75% 63.54 [Ar}#8 342? dot 245 [Rn]®°5/? 6a! 792 162.50 xe] 4/19 6s? 254 [Ra] 5p 752 167.26 Xe) 2 662 151.96 [Xe] 4/7 6s? 257 [Rn] 52762 289 [Rl*546d2°7=°Tp2 18.99 [He]? 252 2p 228 [Rn] 73! 157.25 [Xo] 471 Be 6s? 69.72 [Ar}#8Sd°® 492 4p! 72.59 [Ar]#83ed2® 452 4p? 196.99 [Xe]** 4/4 5d"? 6s" 178.48 Pxe}** 47% 5a? 652 260 [Rn]** 5f'* 6d? 75? 4 dst 164.93 xe} 47" 6s? 1 iat 114.82 Uir]?* 4a 5s? 5p! 126.90, [Kr] 4a 532 5p 192.2 [Xe}®* 47% 5a 6s? 55.84 [Ar]'$ 3d° 45% 83.80 [Ar}# 32° 452 4p 138.91 [Xe]** 5" 6s? 251 [Rn}® 5/4 6a" 752 207.19 Xe] 4/4 5d! 63? 6p? 6.93 [Bte)? 1s? 293 Ral*5/46d°7527p¢ 17497 [Xe] 47°4 5a” 6s? 2431 [Ne}!° 352 54.93 [Arp * 344sSilver Sodium Strontium Sulphur ‘Tantalum ‘Technetium ‘Tellurium, ‘Tennessine ‘Terbium ‘Thallium ‘Thorium ‘Thulium, Tin ‘Titanium ‘Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium, Zine Zireonium a SBOP ZEA CORP AREER SP PAS PRU LOPL Zz NeMse eucunious.. B .. cowpermonewus woisur Mai comtenes are ven nthe ‘more about the topiefor competitive ‘examinations wih reference atthe appropriate place inthe text and detail in competition file, cusrrersummary beginning to make the book Target (Oviemted For Boards Examinations o— Provides definitions of new terms, laws, name reactions in organic students cam eaisly search the relevent chemistry important facts material without wasingtime remember and mathematical lations, D sowen rans PRACTICE PROBLEMS ‘Avery lage number of solved nara INADDITION:EAcHUNTT HAS ee ae + AISB Qs. and State Boards’ Qs. a highlighted in Revision Exerciees + Quick Memory Test | HOTS & Brain Twisting Questions + AIPMT, JE (ai). TFE (advance) given separately. solving silsin students D> Touch ataicky Roses Beer plendateroeciore Unit Practice Tetwth Hines & Solutions for solving numerical problems D> ssoveatt:anewrearune ee 1s visualize the concepes more easily andenhancelndersranding ~ adigal eval ‘Watch chemistry come alive A NOTE TO THE STUDENTS r ‘The present book has been prepared to provide a single book for students preparing for different Boards’ Examinations and Competitive ‘Examinations for Entrance to Medical, Engineeting, ‘and other Professional Colleges. Fach chapteris divided into two parts. The first part of each chapter provides complete discussion Gf all the basic principles, definitions, terms earns hematial zelations, The aim of the book isto make the Practice Problems and Conceptual Questions, \ basic concepts strong with "The second part of each chapter under the heading Competition File is planned witha target of Competit Examinations. This provides additional useful formation (not covered in the chaptet). ‘This also includes ‘matching type, matrix-mateh. Ihe form of multiple choice type, comprehension tyPe» Objective Questions in <& Anewets to almost all MCQs have been given. type, integer answer type and assertion reason ‘YP. ‘Hints v SEE THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE BOOKIN THE MARGID PLEASE WHICH MAKE IT PN LOU eoA Note to The Students The present book has been prepared to provide a single book for \. students preparing for different Boards’ Examinations and Competitive Examinations for Entrance to Medical, Engineering and other Professional Colleges. Each chapter is divided into two parts. The first part of each chapter provides complete discussion of all the basic principles, definitions, terms and mathematical relations. The aim is to make the basic concepts strong with Practice Problems and Conceptual Questions. The second part of each chapter under the heading Competition File is planned with a target of Competitive Examinations. This provides additional useful information (not covered in the chapter). This part also includes Objective Questions in the form of Multiple Choice Questions, Comprehension type, Matching type, Matric Match type, Integrer answer type and Assertion Reason type. Hints & Answers to almost all MCQs have been given. The previous years’ MCQs from AIPMT, JEE(Main), JEE Advance and other Competitive Examinations of different State Education Boards have been included. The Study of the book will induce confidence among the students to face the challenges in the examination and achieve their target. ‘Nytra: a first augmented reality app for K-12 Education in India. To help the students to visualize the concepts more easily and enhance understanding — a digital revolution: Watch chemistry come alive.SYLLABUS CHEMISTRY sf heres aoe CLASS XI (THEORY) _ “aan Unit No. Title No. of Periods Marks Unit Unit IT Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry. 08 Structure of Atom 10 Unit IIT 2) 8 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties 06 Unit IV Unit V Unit VI Unit VE Equilibrium 14 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 14 States of Matter : Gases, Liquids and Solids 18 Chemical Thermodynamics 16 Unit IX Unit xX Unit XI s-Block Elements p-Block Elements 18 Unit XI Organic Chemistry : Some Basic Principles and Techniques “4 Unit XII Hydrocarbons 2 Unit XIV Environmental Chemistry 06 Unit VII Redox Reactions 06 Hydrogen 08, 10 » 18 Total 160 70 Unit I: Unit I: Unit I: Unit IV: ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry (8 Periods) ‘General Introduction :Importanceand scope of chemistry. Nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory : concept of elements, atoms and molecules. Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and ‘molecular formula, chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry. Structure of Atom (10 Periods) Bohr’s model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals. ‘Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties (06 Periods) Modem periodic law and the present form of periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements ~ atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valency. Nomenclature of elements with atomicnumber greater than 100. ‘Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure (14 Periods) Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond,Unit V: Unit VI: Unit VI: Unit VII: Unit 1X: ‘UnitX: States of Matter : Gases, Liquids and Solids (18 Periods) Three states of matter, intermolecularinteractions, types of bonding, meltingand boiling points, role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle's law, Charles law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro's law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro's number, ideal gas. equation. Deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature, kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea). Liquid state: Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations). Solid state : Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and ‘metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea). Unit cell in two dimensional and. three dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cll, packing in volido, packing efficiency, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties. Chemical Thermodynamics (6 Periods) Concepts of systems and types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions. First law of thermodynamics —internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of AU and AH, Hess’ law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution and dilution. Second law of thermodynamics (brief introduction). Introduction of entropy as a state function, Gibb’s energy change for spontaneous and non- spontaneous processes, criteria for equilibrium. Third law of thermodynamics (briefintroducction). Equilibrium (14 Periods) Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equiltbrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium — Le Chatelter’s principle; fontc equilibrium — ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH. Henderson equation, hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solutions, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples). Redox Reactions (06 Periods) Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation number, applications of redox reactions. Hydrogen (08 Periods) Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen, hydrides-ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactionsand structure and use; hydrogen asa fuel. =-Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals) (G0 Periods) Group 1 andGroup2elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, trends in chemical reactivity with oxy gen, water, hydrogen and halogens, uses. Preparation and properties of some important compounds : Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium. Calcium oxide and calcium carbonate and their industrial uses, biological importance of magnesium. and calcium.Unit XI: p-Block Elements (18 Periods) General Introduction top-Block Elements Group 13 Elements / General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group, Boron ~ physical and chemical properties, some important compounds, borax, boric acids, boron hydrides, Aluminium : Reactions with acidsand alkalies, uses. Group 14 Elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first elements. Carbon-catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important compounds: oxides. Important compounds of silicon and a few uses: Silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites their uses. Group 15 Elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; Nitrogen-preparation, properties and uses; compounds of. nitrogen, preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); phosphorus-allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorus: Preparation and properties of phosphine, halides and oxoacids (elementary idea only). Unit XII: Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques (14 Periods) General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond : inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyper-conjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond : free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions. Unit XIII: Hydrocarbons (12 Periods) Classification of Hydrocarbons AliphaticHydrocarbons: Alkanes ~ Nomenclature, isomerism, conformation (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism ofhalogenation, combustion and pyrolysis. Alkenes - Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions : addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilicaddition. Alkynes ~ Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halidesand water. Aromatic hydrocarbons ~ Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature, benzene : resonance, aromaticity, chemical properties, mechanism of electrophilic substitution. Nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of a functional group in mono-substituted benzene, Carcinogenicity and toxicity. Unit XIV : Environmental Chemistry (06 Periods) Environmental pollution air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smog, major atmospheric pollutants, acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming ~ pollution due to industrial wastes, green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategies for control of environmental pollution.PART-I 4 s I Sume Basic Concepts uf Chemistry Structure of Atom Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure States of Matter : Gases and Liquids Solid States Thermodynamics Equilibrium MOCK TEST - 1 @ Solution File (Unit Practice Tests and Mock Test) ¢ Appendices ¢ Logarithm & Antilogarithm Tables CONTENTS/ v= 140 2/1 — 2/120 3/1—3/70 4/1 — 4/114 5/1 — 5/106 BA/1—5A/102 6/1 — 6/132 WA-W173. 1-8 4-9 11-16 (i) -(w)VY 1.) 25 CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY Eto SOME BASIC Bi 1g oF Assessing. Prepating for/Competition.. 4 Understanding Text 1 © Quick Memory Nest with 4 Additional Useful Information 108 + Concoptual Quostione 92, 45,78 Aneware 98 + Topiowieo MCG: uz + Advanced Level Problems 47,77 ¢ HOTS & Advance Level Competitive Examination Qs SOLUTION FILE Questions with Answers 99 > AIPM & Other State Boards! ‘* Hints & Solutions for Practice REVISION EXERCISES 103 Medical Entrance us a Pom exCHES 79» Hints & Answers for » JEE (Main) & Other State Boards’ HAPTER SUMMARY, Revision Exereisos 105 ince CHA ETSE UMMA oo Engineering Entrance nie NCERT FILE UNIT PRACTICE TEST yo,” JEE (Advance) for UW Entrance 19 + Instost Qs & Exercises with ‘¢ NCERT Exemplar Problems Solutions 92 (Objective Questions) 128 ‘¢ NCERT Exemplar Problems with ‘¢ Hints & Explanations for Difficult Answors & Solutions (Subjective) 96 Questions 128 Crremisty isthe study of the materials that make up the universe and the changes which these materials undergo. The study deals with the composition, structure and properties of matter These aspects can be best understood in terhs of the constituents of matter: atoms and molecules. Infact, chemisty is called the science of toms and molecules. Can we see, weigh and perceive the atoms and molecules ? Can we count the number of atoms and molecules in a given mass of matter ? ‘These are some curious questions which come to our mind, In the present unit, we will lean the answers of some of these questions. IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY ‘The material world around us consists of an enormous variety of substances. Man has been curious to know about his surroundings ever since he came into existence. Science has been helping the man to systematize his knowledge for describing and understanding the nature. For the sake of ~~ cenuvenieuce, scien is sulalivided inte vaaious disciplines, "The msia disciplines of science are : chemistry, physics, biology, geology, ete. Chemistry is the branch of seience which deals with the study of composition, properties and structures of matter and the changes which the matter undergoes under different conditions and the laws which govern these changes. Chemistry plays a central role in science and is often interlinked with other branches of science. It also plays an important role in our daily life. moMODERN'S abe + OF CHEMISTRY-XI 112 auvayyM umajonad “any NOLLWLUOdSNVUL soamearosond ¢ aoos ‘Spey TAIAYTP ut AstuaYp Jo suoHwayddy 1 Bry sqoytoa ‘spenuassa iy gal AVGAUSAa ‘sopronoasut ‘ssozHRu3y aunLInoSV 4aL7aHs sup Hiova sary uooms ‘a” aTu0M 4aLNdWwoo )KS.IN WWW.JEEBCSOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY Scope of Chemistry In chemistry, we study the composition of materials to find out what they are made of. The ‘marvellous thing about chemistry is that all the matter in the universe is made up of tiny smallest particles called atoms or molecules. Itis very interesting that only about 118 types of atoms make up whole of the matter in the universe. We also learn how their ‘composition affects their characteristics and behaviour so that we can plan to make new materials with properties of onr interests. Far this, we have ta learn how substances undergo changes in composition and properties. These changes in the language of chemistry are called chemical reactions. Thus, studying chemistry is essential for us to understand better the world in which we live. Since there is a large variety of substances in the universe, the scope of chemistry is immense. Whether we are concerned with living systems in biology and ‘medicine, with materials such as iron, steel and concrete as in engineering or with manufacture of computer chips, we deal with chemistry. Progress in modern. society is completely based on advances in chemistry. In today’s technological age, the importance of chemistry is increasing. Chemical principles are playing, kkey role in diverse areas such as weather patterns, functioning of brain and operation of computers. It is difficult today to imagine our life without chemistry. Main Applications of Chemistry Chemistry has helped in agriculture, food, ‘medicine, warfare, transportation, computers and in our everyday life. The important applications of chemistry in different fields are shown in Fig. 1. and are discussed below: Chemistry for meeting our basic needs and necessities of life. Chemistry has helped significantly in meeting human needs for food, health care products and other necessities of life. © Chemistry has provided chemical fertilizers, improved varieties of insecticides, fangivides inl pesticides to increase the yield of erops and fruits. © The use of preservatives has helped to keep food materials for longer periods. ‘® Chemistry has also helped for better health and sanitation. The epidemies such as cholera, small ox, plague have now become things of the past. ‘© The discovery of anaesthetics has made surgical operations more and more successful © Chemistry has also given us a variety of drugs, such as antipyreties (to lower body temperature in high fever), analgesies (to relieve pain), tranquilizers (for treatment of stress and mental diseases), antimicrobials (to cure infections), antimalarials (to treat malaria) etc. Antibioties such as penicillin, amoxycillin, streptomycin and broad spectrum antibiotics such as tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ete. have cured a variety of diseases due to harmful micro-organisms, Antifertility drugs have been world-wide used for birth eontrol methods. Chemistry has given us a lange number of life saving drugs. fe saving drugs like eieptadire wid taxol for cancer therapy and AZT (azidothymidine) used for helping |AIDS victims are latest contributions of chemistry in medicines, Chemistry for our comforts, pleasure and luxuries Chemistry has also pioneer contribution towards ‘our comforts, pleasure and luxuries, © It has given as building materials, synthetic fibres and variety of articles of domestic use. © Chemical industries manufacturing fertilizers, acids, alkalies, salts, dyes, polymers, drugs, soaps, detergents, metals, alloys and other organic and inorganic chemicals including new materials have ‘improved our national economy. Chemistry for giving us new materials In recent years, chemistry has given us new materials such as super-conducting ceramics, conducting polymers, optical fibres, microalloys, carbon fibres, ete. Chemistry in war Chemistry has also increased the striking power of a country in war times. It is responsible for the discovery of highly explosive substances such as dynamite, TNT (trinitrotoluene), nitroglycerine, poisonous gases such as mustard gas, phosgene, lewisite and many deadly weapons such as atom bomb and hydrogen bomb. Future Goals and Challenges for Chemistry In recent years, chemistry has solved with a fair degree of success some of the challenging aspects of ‘environmental degradation. So far alternatives to environmentally hazardous refrigerants like CFCs (chlorofluoro carbons), responsible for ozone depletion in the stratosphere has been successfully developed. Still many goals are there for the chemists to achieve successfully. Environmental problems, management. of Green house gases (like methane, carbon dioxide, ete.) understanding bio-chemical processes, use of enzymes for large scale production of chemicals, synthesis of exotic materials are some main challenges {for the future chemists. A developing country like India looks forward towards intelligent, talented and ‘creative chemists for accepting these challenges.