Chapter 4 Geometry and Trigonometry

1. The angle on a straight line adds up to 180°.

𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 180°
2. Angle about a point add up to 360°.

3. Sum of interior angles of any triangle is 180°.

4. A triangle which has two equal sides is called isosceles triangle.

In isosceles triangles angles opposite to equal sides are equal.

5. A triangle which has all the equal sides is called equilateral triangle.

In equilateral triangle all angles are equal, and each angle is 60°.
 6. Quadrilateral means any four-sided shape.

Sum of interior angles in any quadrilateral is 360°.

Polygon:
Any closed shape with straight lines as its sides, is called polygon.
3 sides triangle | 7 sides heptagon
4 sides quadrilateral | 8 sides octagon
5 sides pentagon | 9 sides nonagon
6 sides hexagon | 10 sides decagon
❖ 𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒈𝒐𝒏 = (𝒏 − 𝟐) 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

A regular polygon means all sides are equal, all interior angles are equal, all exterior angles
are equal.
Exterior angle
At any corner of polygon extend one side then angle outside with the other side is exterior
angle.
Sum of exterior angles of any polygon is always 360°.

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 + 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 180°

360°
Exterior angle in regular polygon = (where n is number of sides)
𝑛
360
𝑛=
𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛

Parallel lines
Two lines are parallel if we extend, the lines will never meet.
Or
Distance between the parallel lines remains same throughout.
Corresponding angles: Corresponding angles are equal. ( F angles)

z
Alternate angles: Alternate interior angles are equal. ( angles)

Allied angles: Allied angles add up to 180°.

Vertical angles: vertical angles are equal.

Circle theorems
Arc of the circle: A part of circumference of a circle
is called arc.
Minor arc: if length of arc is less than half of
circumference.
Major arc: if length of arc is more than half of
circumference.
1. Angle at centre of circle by an arc is double than angle at circumference by the same
arc.

2. Angles at different points of circumference by same arc are same.

3.
Cyclic quadrilateral: A four-sided shape inside a circle whose corners are at
circumference of a circle.
“Sum of opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is always 180°”.
4. TANGENT LINE: A line which touches only one point of a circle externally is called
tangent to the circle.
“Tangent is perpendicular to radius at the point of contact of tangent.”

5. Angle inscribed in a semicircle is right angle.

 Intersecting chords

When two chords intersect inside a circle, then the measures of the segments of each
chord multiplied with each other is equal to the product from the other chord:

AB⋅EB=CD⋅ED
AE⋅EB=CE⋅ED

If two secants are drawn to a circle from one exterior point, then the product of the external
segment and the total length of each secant are equal:

AB⋅AD=AC⋅AE
If one secant and one tangent are drawn to a circle from one exterior point, then the square of the
length of the tangent is equal to the product of the external secant segment and the total length of
the secant:

𝐴𝐵2 =AC⋅AD
 Congruent triangles:
If a triangle exactly fits on the other triangle the triangles are called congruent
triangles.
In congruent triangles all corresponding sides are equal, and all corresponding angles
are also equal.
We can prove congruency of triangles by following three ways
1. (SSS). All corresponding sides equal, triangles are congruent.
2. (SAS). Two corresponding sides and included angle equal, triangles are congruent.
3. (ASA). Two corresponding angles and included side equal, triangles are congruent.

Pythagoras theorem
This theorem is only for right angle triangles.
The triangle in which one angle is 90° is called right angle
triangle.
Hypotenuse: In right angle triangle the side opposite to 90°
angle is hypotenuse.
(ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 )2 = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Right angle triangle
Any triangle having one angle 90°.
Hypotenuse
Side opposite to right angle.
Reference angle
Any angle other than 90° can be taken as reference angle.
Opposite side
Side opposite to the reference angle.
For 𝐴̂ as reference angle BC is opposite side.
For 𝐶̂ as reference angle AB is opposite side.
Adjacent side
Side adjacent to reference angle.
For 𝐴̂ as reference angle AB is adjacent side.
For 𝐶̂ as reference angle BC is adjacent side.
Trigonometric ratio
Ratio (comparison) between any two sides of a right-angle triangle is
called trigonometric ratio.
𝑂𝑝𝑝 𝐴 ⅆ𝑗 𝑂𝑝𝑝
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝐻𝑦𝑝 𝐻𝑦𝑝 𝐴 ⅆ𝑗

SOH CAH TOA

𝑩𝑪 𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑪
̂=
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 ̂=
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 ̂=
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑨
𝑨𝑪 𝑨𝑪 𝑨𝑩
𝑨𝑩 𝑩𝑪 𝑨𝑩
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒄̂ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄̂ = 𝑨𝑪 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒄̂ = 𝑩𝑪
𝑨𝑪

➢ For the triangles other than right angle triangles we use sine rule
and cosine rule to find angles and sides of triangle.
Sine rule or sine law
Usually, we use sine rule to find third side when two angles and their
included side is given.
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴̂ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵̂ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶̂
̂
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑩̂ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑪̂ or = =
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

Cosine rule or cosine law

When two sides and included angle is gives and we want to find third side

𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴̂
𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵̂
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶̂
When all the three sides are given than to find any angle, we also use
cosine rule
𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴̂ =
2𝑏𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑏2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵̂ =
2𝑎𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶̂ =
2𝑎𝑏
Bearings
Clockwise angle starting from north is called bearings. It is written in
three digits form.
e.g.
If bearing of B from A is 060°. Than find bearing of A from B.
bearing of A from B is
360°-120°=240°
Area: Total number of squares in any shape is its area. (units 𝑐𝑚2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑘𝑚2 )
Perimeter: Total length of boundary of any shape is its perimeter. (units 𝑐𝑚, 𝑚, 𝑘𝑚 )
Volume: Total number of cubes in any 3D object is its volume. (units c𝑚3 , 𝑚3 , 𝑘𝑚3 )
Surface Area: Total area of all the faces of any 3D object is its surface area. (units 𝑐𝑚2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑘𝑚2)
NAME OF SHAPE DIAGRAM AREA PERIMETER

RECTANGLE AREA= Length x width Perimeter=2(length+width)

a 1
× (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠)
2
hh ×
TRAPEZIUM Add all the sides
h (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠)
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ
b 2

1
× (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠)
2
KITE Add all the sides
1
𝐴 = × (𝑎 × 𝑏)
2

SQUARE AREA= side x side Perimeter=4(side)

AREA= Base x height

PARALLELOGRAM b or Perimeter=2(a+b)
AREA= absin 𝜃
a
A 1
AREA= 2(base)(height)
1
AREA= 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶̂
2
TRIANGLE 1 Perimeter =a+b+c
c b AREA= 𝑏𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴̂
2
1
AREA=2 𝑎𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵̂
B a C

CIRCLE AREA=𝜋𝑟 2 Circumference =2𝜋𝑟

𝜃 𝜃
SECTOR OF CIRCLE AREA OF SECTOR=360 𝜋𝑟 2 ARC LENGTH(L)=360 2𝜋𝑟
VOLUME OF OBJECTS
NAME OF OBJECT SHAPE OF OBJECT VOLUME FORMULA

CUBE V=Length x width x height V=l x l x l=𝑙 3

CUBOID V=Length x width x height V=l x w x h

4 4
SPHERE V=3 𝜋(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)3 V=3 𝜋(𝑟)3

1 4 1 4
HEMISPHERE 𝑉 = ( 𝜋(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)3 ) 𝑉 = ( 𝜋(𝑟)3 )
2 3 2 3

CYLINDER 𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2 (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ

1 1
CONE 𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2 (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
3 3

1 1
PYRAMID 𝑉 = (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎) × (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑉 = (𝑙 × 𝑤) × ℎ
3 3
Prism: Any object which has two equal and parallel faces is called prism.
Equal and parallel faces in prism are called cross-sections.

Volume of prism= (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) × ( 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)

SURFACE AREA
CIRCULAR CURVED TOTAL
SHAPE SHAPE
SURFACE SURFACE SURFACE AREA

CUBOID 2(LW+WH+HL)

6 FACES

CYLINDER 2𝜋𝑟 2 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ

2 CIRCULAR SURFACES
1 CURVED SURFACE

𝜋𝑟𝑙
CONE 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋𝑟 2 + 𝜋𝑟𝑙
( 𝑙 = slant height
and
𝑙 2 = ℎ2 + 𝑟 2 )

SPHERE 4𝜋𝑟 2 4𝜋𝑟 2

 SIMILAR TRIANGLES:
If all angles of one triangle are equal to all angles of other triangle then triangles are
similar.
In similar triangles ratios of corresponding sides are always equal.

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐴
= =
𝑋𝑌 𝑌𝑍 𝑍𝑋

AREAS IN SIMILAR TRIANGLES

𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂 𝑂𝐹 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴𝑆 = (𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑆 𝑂𝐹 𝐶𝑂𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑃𝑂𝑁𝐷𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝐸𝑆)2

𝑨𝟏 𝒍 𝟐
= ( 𝟏)
𝑨𝟐 𝒍𝟐

VOLUMES OF SIMILAR OBJECTS:

𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂 𝑂𝐹 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑀𝐸𝑆 = (𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑆 𝑂𝐹 𝐶𝑂𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑆𝑃𝑂𝑁𝐷𝐼𝑁𝐺 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝐸𝑆)3

𝑉1 𝑙1 3
=( )
𝑉2 𝑙2

Relation between area and volume of similar triangles

𝐴1 3 𝑉1
√ =√
𝐴2 𝑉2