(VECTORS AND TRANSFORMATION GEOMETRY) Page 1 of 13

Vectors
Quantity that needs magnitude (number and unit) and direction is called vector quantity.

To represent a vector graphically we draw straight lines having Arrowhead at one end. The Arrowhead shows the
direction of the vector.

Tail Head/Nose

Head/Nose to tail rule of vector addition

By joining tail of the second vector with the head/Nose of the first vector and tail of the third vector with the
head/nose of the second vector and so on at the end by joining the tail of the first with the head of the last we can
get the resultant vector.

A C R
B

R=A+B+C

Column vectors
𝑥
Writing a vector as horizontal and vertical component gives a column vector. e.g. (𝑦)

Complete a right angle triangle starting from tail of vector approaching to nose/head, than count units in 𝑥 and 𝑦
direction

𝑥 (showing left right direction) 𝑥 (+ive) right 𝑥 (-ive) left

𝑦 (showing up down direction) 𝑦 (+ive) up 𝑦 (-ive) down

3
𝑎=( )
2

1
𝑏=( )
−3

1
𝐶=( )
0

−2
𝑑=( )
−2

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MULTIPLICATION BY SCALAR
When vector 𝑥⃗ is multiplied by 2, the result is 2𝑥⃗.

When vector 𝑥⃗ is multiplied by -3, the result is −3𝑥⃗.

Note:

1. The negative sign reverses the direction of the vector.

2. The result of 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ is 𝑎⃗ + −𝑏⃗⃗
i.e. Subtracting 𝑏⃗⃗ is equivalent to adding the negative of 𝑏⃗⃗
3 3 6
If 𝑎⃗ = ( ) then 2𝑎⃗ = 2 ( ) = ( )
−4 −2 −8
Each component of column vector is multiplied by the number 2.

Position vector
Position of a point in terms of a vector in coordinate plane starting from origin is called position vector.
𝑥
If 𝐴(𝑥, 𝑦) is any point in coordinate plane than ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 is called position vector. in column vector form ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = (𝑦)

Negative of a vector

RESULTANT USING TWO OR MORE VECTORS

If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑏⃗⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 3𝑎⃗ , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑐⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
Then, 𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑎⃗ + 2𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗

⇒ 𝑂𝐶

And ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐶𝐵
𝐶𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⇒ 𝐶𝐴⃗ = −𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑐⃗ − 2𝑏⃗⃗

⇒ 𝐶𝐴
Parallel vectors

Like parallel: when vectors are exactly in the same direction.

Unlike parallel: when vectors are exactly in opposite direction.

The components of parallel vectors are always in the same ratio.

𝑎 𝑎
In general, the vector 𝑘 ( ) is parallel to ( ).
𝑏 𝑏

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1. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 =
2. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝐺 =
3. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝐾 =
4. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝐻 =
5. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑇 =
6. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊𝐽 =
7. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝐻 =
8. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹𝑇 =
9. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝑉 =
10. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁𝑄 =
11. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑀 =
12. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑆𝐷 =
13. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝐼 =
14. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑌𝐺 =
15. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐼 =
16. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝐸 =
17. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑋𝑀 =
18. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑍𝐻 =

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19. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀𝑅 =
20. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝐴 =
21. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝑍 =
22. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝐶𝑅
23. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁𝑉 =
24. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑉 =
25. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐽𝑆 =
26. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐿𝐸 =

27. 2𝑐⃗ =
28. 4𝑑⃗ =
29. 2𝑐⃗ + 𝑑⃗ =
30. 2𝑑⃗ + 𝑐⃗ =
31. 3𝑑⃗ + 2𝑐⃗ =
32. 2𝑐⃗ − 𝑑⃗ =
33. −𝑐⃗ + 2𝑑⃗ =
34. 𝑐⃗ − 2𝑑⃗ =
35. 2𝑐⃗ + 4𝑑⃗ =
36. −𝑐⃗ =
37. −𝑐⃗ − 𝑑⃗ =
38. 2𝑐⃗ − 2𝑑⃗ =

a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝑀𝐾
b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁𝐿 =
c) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁𝐾 =
d) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐾𝑁 =

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b) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 =

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐴 =

1. |𝑎⃗| =
2. |𝑏⃗⃗| =
3. |𝑐⃗| =
4. |𝑑⃗| =
5. |𝑒⃗| =
6. |𝑓⃗| =

7. |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| =

8. |𝑐⃗ − 𝑑⃗| =
9. |2𝑒⃗| =
10. |𝑓⃗ + 2𝑏⃗⃗| =

11. |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| =

12. |𝑐⃗ + 𝑑⃗| =

13. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | =
|𝐴𝐶

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TRANSFORMATIONS
➢ Change in shape, size, orientation and place of objects to form new objects is called transformation.
➢ There are four kind of transformations in our course.
(1) Reflection (2) Rotation (3) Translation (4) Enlargement

IMPORTANT FACTS
NAME OF THINGS
RELATED TO EXAMPLES
TRANSFORMATION REQUIRED
TRANSFORMATION

➢ Reflected object will

be same in size as
original object
➢ At a same distance
REFLECTION from mirror line as Mirror line
object does
➢ Laterally inverted
(right appear as left)

➢ Tracing paper
➢ Angle of
rotation
➢ Size of object remains 900 , 1800
same ➢ Direction of
ROTATION
➢ Orientation may rotation
change (clockwise,
anticlockwise)
➢ Centre of
rotation

Column vector
Size of object remains 𝑥
(𝑦) is required
same
TRANSLATION Orientation remains 𝑥 +ive → right
same 𝑥 -ive → left
Place changes 𝑦 +ive → up
𝑦 -ive → down

Factor of
enlargement is
required
+ive factor means
object and image
Size of transformed
are on the same
object changes by the
ENLARGEMENT side of center
given factor from the
-ive factor means
given center
object and image
are on the
opposite side of
center
1
Scale factor 2 center O, ABC as object.

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