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Functional Coatings: Innovations and Challenges
Functional Coatings: Innovations
Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Chemical Engineering
and Challenges
Thessaloniki, Greece
George D. Verros
University of Aveiro
J. Paulo Davim
Aveiro, Portugal
Jalandhar, India
Public Sector
Raj K. Arya
Edited by
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Arya, Raj K., editor. | Verros, George D., editor. | Davim, J.
Paulo, editor.
Title: Functional coatings : innovations and challenges / edited by Raj K.
Arya, George D. Verros, J. Paulo Davim.
Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2024] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023048464 (print) | LCCN 2023048465 (ebook) | ISBN
9781394207275 (cloth) | ISBN 9781394207282 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781394207299 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Coatings.
Classification: LCC TA418.9.C57 F86 2024 (print) | LCC TA418.9.C57
(ebook) | DDC 667/.9–dc23/eng/20231122
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023048464
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023048465
Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © Tuomas A. Lehtinen/Getty Images
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India

v
Contents
List of Contributors xxiv

Preface xxx
Part I Introduction and Fundamentals 1
1 Introduction to Functional Coatings 3

Devyani Thapliyal, Sarojini Verma, Kshitij Tewari,
Chitresh Kumar Bhargava, Pramita Sen, Simmi Goel, Gargi Ghoshal,
George D. Verros, and Raj K. Arya
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Various Types of Coatings 5
1.2.1 Anticorrosive Coatings 5
1.2.2 Fire-Resistant Coatings 6
1.2.2.1 Spray-applied Fire-Resistive Material (SFRM) 6
1.2.2.2 Intumescent Coating 7
1.2.3 Antimicrobial Coatings 8
1.2.4 Other Functional Coatings 9
1.3 Manufacturing of Coatings 12
1.3.1 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 12
1.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 12
1.3.3 Sol–Gel Coating 13
1.3.4 Electroplating/Electrodeposition 13
1.3.5 Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) 13
1.3.6 Spray Coating 13
1.3.7 Dip Coating 13
1.3.8 Spin Coating 14
1.4 Characterization of Coatings 15
1.4.1 Surface Roughness and Coating Thickness Measurement 15
1.4.2 Hardness and Microhardness Analysis 15
1.4.3 Adhesivity Testing 15
1.4.4 Microstructural Evaluation 16
1.4.5 Chemical Analysis and Characterization Techniques 16
vi Contents
1.4.6 Residual Stress Analysis 16

1.4.7 Depth Profiling 16
1.4.8 Special Techniques for Dynamic Testing Conditions 17
1.4.9 Analysis of Service Characteristics 17
1.4.10 Aging of Materials 17
1.4.11 Mechanical Tests 17
1.4.12 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 17
1.4.13 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) 18
1.5 Applications of Coatings 18
1.6 Conclusion 18
References 19
2 Innovative Coating Methods for the Industrial Applications 23

Kshitij Tewari, Devyani Thapliyal, Chitresh Kumar Bhargava,
Sarojini Verma, Anshi Mehra, Snehil Rana, Arvind K. Gautam,
George D. Verros, and Raj K. Arya
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Spray Coating 25
2.2.1 Thermal Spraying 26
2.2.2 Plasma Spraying 27
2.2.3 Cold Spraying 27
2.2.4 Warm Spraying 28
2.3 Various Types of Chemical Conversion Coatings 28
2.3.1 Chromate Conversion Coating 28
2.3.2 Anodizing 30
2.3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 30
2.3.4 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 31
2.4 Spin Coating 33
2.5 Drop Casting Coatings 34
2.5.1 Conventional-Drop Casting 35
2.5.2 Controlled Dispensing Drop 35
2.5.3 Electrowetting Drop 36
2.5.4 Micro-contact Printing 36
2.5.5 Drop-on-Demand (DOD) Printing Coating 36
2.6 Sol–Gel Coatings 37
2.7 Dip Coating 37
2.8 Blade/Doctor Blade Coating 39
2.9 Self-cleaning Coatings 39
2.10 Composite Coatings 40
2.11 Powder Coatings 41
2.12 Ultraviolet Curing 41
2.13 Electron Beam (EB) Curing Method 43
Contents vii
2.14 Hot Melt Coating (HMC) 44

2.15 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) 44
2.16 Electrochemical Plating 45
2.17 Slot/Die Coating 45
2.18 Conclusion 46
References 47
3 Coatings Research Institutes, Organizations, Associations, Societies,

Academic Departments, and Centers 51
Sarojini Verma, Devyani Thapliyal, Arvind K. Gautam, Chitresh Kumar
Bhargava, Kshitij Tewari, Avinash Chandra, Pramita Sen, George D. Verros,
and Raj K. Arya
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Coatings Organizations 52
3.3 Coating Industries 60
3.4 List of Academic Institutions Dealing with Coatings 60
3.5 Conclusion 82
Part II Functional Protective Coatings 83
4 Anticorrosion Coating: Protective Mechanism and Classifications 85

Kamleshwar Kumar, Shailendra Singh Bhadauria, Amanpreet Kaur,
and Raj K. Arya
4.1 Background of Corrosion 85
4.1.1 Crevice Corrosion 85
4.1.2 Galvanic Corrosion 87
4.1.3 Pitting Corrosion 88
4.1.4 Stress Corrosion Cracking 89
4.2 Importance of Anticorrosion Coatings 90
4.3 Classification of Anticorrosion Coating 91
4.3.1 Based on Functionality/Mechanism 91
4.3.1.1 Barrier Coating 91
4.3.1.2 Inhibitive Coating 91
4.3.1.3 Sacrificial Coating 91
4.3.2 Based on Compositions 91
4.3.2.1 Metallic Coatings 91
4.3.2.2 Organic Coating 92
4.3.2.3 Inorganic Coating 92
4.3.2.4 Hybrid Coating 92
4.3.2.5 Functional Coating 92
4.4 Discussion on Protective Mechanisms and Applications
of Anticorrosion Coatings 93
viii Contents
4.4.1 Protective Mechanism of Barrier Coatings and Their Applications 93

4.4.1.1 Acrylic Coatings 93
4.4.1.2 Epoxy Coatings 94
4.4.1.3 Polyurethane Coatings 94
4.4.1.4 Ceramic Coatings 95
4.4.1.5 Metallic Coatings 97
4.4.2 Protective Mechanism of Inhibitive Coating and Their Applications 98
4.4.2.1 Chromate Conversion Coatings 99
4.4.2.2 Phosphate Conversion Coating 99
4.4.2.3 Silicate Coating 100
4.4.2.4 Nitrite Coating 100
4.4.3 Protective Mechanism of Sacrificial Coating and Their
Applications 101
4.4.3.1 Zinc-based Coating 101
4.4.3.2 Aluminum-based Coating 102
4.4.3.3 Magnesium-based Coating 102
4.4.4 Protective Mechanism of Hybrid Coatings and Their Application 103
4.4.4.1 Epoxy-polyurethane Hybrid Coatings 103
4.4.4.2 Sol–gel Hybrid Coatings 103
4.4.4.3 Silane-modified Coatings 103
4.4.4.4 Polysiloxane-epoxy Hybrid Coatings 103
4.4.4.5 Nano-composite Coatings 104
4.4.5 Protective Mechanism of Functional Coatings and Their
Application 104
4.4.5.1 Self-healing Coating 104
4.4.5.2 Anti-fouling Coating 105
4.4.5.3 Anti-icing Coating 106
4.4.5.4 Antimicrobial Coating 107
References 107
5 Advances in Corrosion-Resistant Coatings: Types, Formulating

Principles, Properties, and Applications 110
Ganesh S. Zade and Kiran D. Patil
5.1 Introduction 110
5.1.1 Definition of Corrosion 110
5.1.2 Economic Aspects of Corrosion 110
5.2 Types of Corrosion 111
5.2.1 Uniform Corrosion 111
5.2.2 Galvanic Corrosion 111
5.2.4 Crevice Corrosion 112
Contents ix
5.2.5 Stress Corrosion 112

5.2.6 Erosion Corrosion 112
5.2.7 Intergranular Corrosion (IGC) 112
5.2.8 Microbial Corrosion 112
5.2.9 Mechanisms of Corrosion 113
5.3 Factors Affecting the Corrosion 115
5.3.1 Environment 115
5.3.2 Material Properties 116
5.3.3 Electrochemical Properties 116
5.3.4 Electrolytes 117
5.3.5 Surface Condition 117
5.3.6 Mechanical Stresses 118
5.3.7 Biological Factors 118
5.3.8 Design Factors 118
5.4 Methods of Corrosion Prevention 119
5.4.1 Coatings 119
5.4.2 Cathodic Protection 119
5.4.3 Corrosion Inhibitors 119
5.4.4 Alloying 120
5.4.5 Design Modifications 120
5.4.6 Proper Maintenance 120
5.5 Corrosion-Resistant Coatings 120
5.5.1 Resin/Binder 120
5.5.2 Pigments 120
5.5.3 Solvents 121
5.5.4 Additives 121
5.6 Classifications of Corrosion-Resistant Coatings 122
5.6.1 Organic Coatings 122
5.6.2 Inorganic Coatings 122
5.6.3 Metallic Coatings 122
5.6.4 Conversion Coatings 123
5.6.5 Ceramic Coatings 123
5.7 Formulating Principles of Corrosion-Resistant Coatings 124
5.7.1 Resins 124
5.7.1.1 Epoxy Resins 125
5.7.1.2 Polyurethane Resin 125
5.7.1.3 Fluoropolymer 126
5.7.1.4 Acrylic Resins 127
5.7.1.5 Phenolic Resins 127
5.7.1.6 Polyester Resins 127
x Contents
5.7.1.7 Chemical Resistance 127

5.7.1.8 Adhesion to Substrate 127
5.7.1.9 Light/UV Resistance 127
5.7.1.10 Temperature Resistance 127
5.7.1.11 Mechanical Properties 128
5.7.2 Pigments 128
5.7.2.1 Inhibition 128
5.7.2.2 Barrier Properties 128
5.7.2.3 Durability 129
5.7.2.4 Compatibility 129
5.7.2.5 Color Stability 129
5.7.3 Solvents 129
5.7.3.1 Water 129
5.7.3.2 Alcohols 130
5.7.3.3 Acetone 130
5.7.3.4 Xylene 130
5.7.3.5 Toluene 130
5.7.3.6 MEK (Methyl Ethyl Ketone) 130
5.7.4 Additive 130
5.7.4.1 Corrosion Inhibitors 130
5.7.4.2 Conductive Materials 130
5.7.4.3 UV Stabilizers 131
5.8 Selection of Raw Material for Coating 131
5.8.1 Choose the Correct Resins and Pigments 131
5.8.2 Proper Pigmentation 131
5.8.3 Proper Selection of Additives 131
5.8.4 Film Thickness 131
5.8.5 Curing Agents 131
5.8.6 Testing 132
5.8.7 Application Method 132
5.9 Properties of Corrosion-Resistant Coatings 132
5.9.1 Mechanical Properties 132
5.9.1.1 Adhesion 132
5.9.1.2 Abrasion Resistance 132
5.9.1.3 Flexibility 132
5.9.1.5 Thermal Stability 133
5.9.1.6 Water Resistance 133
5.9.1.7 UV Stability 134
5.9.1.8 Corrosion Resistance 134
Contents xi
5.10 Applications of Corrosion-Resistant Coatings 135

5.10.1 Automotive Industry 135
5.10.2 Marine Industry 135
5.10.3 Aerospace Industry 136
5.10.4 Oil and Gas Industry 136
5.10.5 Construction Industry 136
5.11 Recent Advances in Corrosion-Resistant Coatings 136
5.11.1 Self-healing Coatings 136
5.11.1.1 Intrinsic Self-healing Coatings 137
5.11.1.2 Extrinsic Self-healing Coatings 137
5.11.2 Nano-coatings 137
5.11.3 Smart Coatings 138
5.11.4 Sustainable Coatings 138
5.11.4.1 Bio-based Coatings 139
5.11.4.2 Low-VOC Coatings 139
5.11.4.3 Powder Coatings 139
5.11.4.4 Water-based Coatings 139
5.11.4.5 Plant-based Coatings 139
5.11.5 Bio-inspired Coatings 139
5.12 Emerging Coating Technologies in Corrosion Protection 140
5.12.1 Graphene-based Corrosion-Resistant Coatings 140
5.12.2 Conductive Polymers 140
5.13 Conclusion and Future Aspects of Corrosion-Resistant Coatings 141
5.13.1 Importance of Continued Research and Development in the
Field 141
5.13.2 Economic Impact 141
5.13.3 Safety 141
5.13.4 Environmental Impact 141
5.13.5 Health Impact 142
5.13.6 Innovation 142
5.13.7 Advancements in Materials Science 142
5.14 Future Aspects of Corrosion-Resistant Coatings 142
References 142
6 Anticorrosion Coating Using Natural Biopolymer 153

S.K. Sundar and Jeel Solanki
6.2 Corrosion Environment 155
6.3 Classification of Corrosion 155
6.3.1 Dry Corrosion 156
6.3.2 Wet Corrosion 156
xii Contents
6.3.3 Uniform and Localized Corrosion 156

6.3.4 Crevice Corrosion and Filiform Corrosion 156
6.3.6 Erosion Corrosion 157
6.3.7 Inter-granular Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking 157
6.4 Anticorrosion Techniques 157
6.4.1 Cathodic Protection 157
6.4.2 Anodic Protection 158
6.4.4 Protective Coatings 158
6.5 Biopolymers for Anticorrosion Applications 158
6.5.1 Importance of Biopolymers as Corrosion Inhibitors 159
6.5.2 Chitosan for Anticorrosion Coating 159
6.5.3 Cellulose for Anticorrosion Coating 163
6.5.4 Starch for Anticorrosion Coating 164
6.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 165
References 166
7 Marine Coatings 168

Vishal Chauhan, Nihar Sakhadeo, and T. Umasankar Patro
7.2 Coating Surfaces 171
7.2.1 Steel Surfaces 172
7.2.2 Aluminum Surfaces 172
7.2.3 Concrete Surfaces 172
7.2.4 Wood Surfaces 172
7.2.5 Fiberglass Surfaces 173
7.3 Surface Preparations 173
7.3.1 Surface Cleaning 173
7.3.2 Rust Removal 173
7.3.3 Surface Profiling 174
7.3.3.1 Mechanical Methods 174
7.3.3.2 Chemical Methods 174
7.3.4 Passivation 174
7.4 Coating Methods for Marine Coatings 175
7.4.1 Brush and Roller Application 175
7.4.2 Spray Coating 175
7.4.3 Dip Coating 176
7.4.4 Electrostatic Spray Coating 176
7.5 Performance Analysis of Coating 176
7.6 Coating Defects/Failures 177
Contents xiii
7.6.1 Adhesion Failure/Delamination 177

7.6.2 Blistering 179
7.6.3 Flaking 180
7.6.4 Bubbling 180
7.6.5 Cathodic Disbonding 180
7.6.6 Alligatoring 181
7.6.7 Fading 181
7.7 Chemistry of Coating Materials 181
7.7.1 Epoxy-based Coatings 181
7.7.2 Polyurethane (PU) Coatings 183
7.7.3 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Coatings 183
7.7.4 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Coatings 184
7.8 Classification of Marine Coatings Based on Their Functions 185
7.8.1 Anticorrosive Coatings 185
7.8.2 Antifouling Coating 186
7.8.3 Anti-abrasive Coating 189
7.8.4 Self-healing Coatings 189
7.8.5 Anti-icing Coatings 190
7.8.6 Superhydrophobic Coatings 191
7.8.7 Thermal Barrier Coatings 192
7.8.8 Infrared-Reflective Coatings 192
7.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects 193
Acknowledgments 195
References 195
8 Fire-Retardant Coatings for Modern Lightweight Materials:

Contemporary and Future Perspectives 202
Anupreet Kaur , Karan Kapoor , Aadhar Mandot , Sachin Kumar Godara ,
Ashwini Kumar Sood , and Mandeep Singh
8.2 Fire 204
8.2.1 What Is Fire Made Of? 204
8.2.2 Elements of Fire 205
8.3 Burning Cycle for Different Fiber/Polymers 205
8.4 Methods of Achieving Flame Retardancy in Textiles 207
8.5 Coatings 212
8.5.1 History of Fire-Retardant Coatings 212
8.5.2 Difference Between Conventional Coating and Functional Coating 213
8.5.3 Functional Coatings 213
8.5.3.1 Anti-corrosion Coatings 213
8.5.3.2 Protective Coatings 214
xiv Contents
8.5.3.3 Conductive Coatings 214

8.5.3.4 Optical Coatings 216
8.5.3.5 Bioactive Coatings 217
8.6 Flame Resistant Versus Fire Retardant 217
8.7 Fire-Retardant Coatings and Their Implications on the
Environment 218
8.8 Synthesizing Fire-Retardant Coatings 219
8.8.1 Nanotechnology-based Techniques Used for Synthesis 219
8.8.1.1 Sol–Gel Synthesis 219
8.8.1.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 219
8.8.1.3 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) 221
8.8.1.4 Coating with Carbon Nanotubes 221
8.8.1.5 Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Self-assembly 221
8.9 Contemporary Uses for Fire-Retardant Coatings 225
8.10 Eminence of Fire-Retardants Coatings 226
8.11 Shortcomings 226
8.12 Future Perspectives 227
8.13 Conclusion 227
References 228
Part III Other Type of Functional Coatings 231
9 Antimicrobial Coatings: Current Mechanisms, Challenges,

and Opportunities 233
Sushama Agarwalla, Sunil Kumar Singh, Mohammed Adil Ibrahim,
Hemanth Noothalapati, and Suhanya Duraiswamy
9.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials as Antimicrobial Agents 234
9.2.1 Copper Nanoparticles 235
9.2.2 Silver Nanoparticles 236
9.2.3 Zinc Nanoparticles 237
9.2.4 TiO2 Nanoparticles 238
9.2.5 Others 239
9.3 Polymer Antimicrobial Coatings 240
9.3.1 Mechanism of Antimicrobial Polymers 241
9.3.2 Types of Polymers 241
9.3.2.1 Polymeric Biocides 241
9.3.2.2 Biocidal Polymers 242
9.3.2.3 Biocide-releasing Polymers 243
9.3.3 Polymer Hydrogels 244
Contents xv
9.3.4 Natural Polymer Hydrogels 245

9.3.4.1 Chitosan-based Hydrogel 245
9.3.4.2 Silk-based Hydrogels 246
9.3.5 Synthetic Polymer Hydrogels 247
9.3.5.1 Poly(acrylamide) Hydrogels 248
9.3.5.2 PEG Hydrogels 248
9.4 Organic Antimicrobial Coatings 248
9.4.1 Types of Organic Antimicrobial Materials 250
9.4.1.1 Metal-organic Hybrid Coatings 250
9.4.1.2 Metal–phenolic Networks 251
9.4.1.3 Antimicrobial Peptides 251
9.4.1.4 Graphene-based Coatings 253
9.4.1.5 Biopolymer-based Coatings 254
9.5 Toxicity and Environmental Consideration 255
9.6 Emerging Trends in Antimicrobial Surfaces and Coating 259
9.6.1 High-intensity Ultrasound Techniques 260
9.6.2 Cold Plasma Technology 261
9.7 Summary 262
References 263
10 Synthesis Mechanisms for Antimicrobial Polymeric Coatings 275

Devyani Thapliyal, George D. Verros, and Raj K. Arya
10.2 Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Agents 276
10.3 Synthesis Methods for Antimicrobial Polymeric Coatings 277
10.3.1 Structurally Modified Polymers 277
10.3.2 Antimicrobial Agent Incorporated Polymers 281
10.4 Applications of Antimicrobial Polymeric Coatings 285
10.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 286
References 292
11 Superhydrophobic Coatings: Insights and Real-World

Applications 299
Sonanki Keshri, S. Sudha, Subhajit Roychowdhury, and Kishant Kumar
11.1 Introduction to Functional Coatings 299
11.1.1 What Are Functional Coatings? 300
11.1.2 What Are Superhydrophobic Surfaces: The Wetting Phenomenon
and Its Relation to Contact Angle 300
11.1.3 Contact Angle and Superhydrophobicity 302
11.2 Design of Superhydrophobic Surfaces 304
11.2.1 Fabrication Technique of Superhydrophobic Surfaces 304
xvi Contents
11.2.2 Natural Wax-based Superhydrophobic Coating 304

11.2.3 Nanomaterial-based Superhydrophobic Coatings 308
11.2.4 Protein-based Superhydrophobic Coatings 311
11.2.5 Cellulose and Its Derivatives as the Basis for Superhydrophobic
Coating 313
11.2.6 Biomass and Agricultural By-products as Superhydrophobic
Coating 316
11.3 Superhydrophobic Materials and Coatings: Emerging Applications 318
11.3.1 Food Industry 318
11.3.2 Bio-medicinal Application 320
11.3.3 Anti-icing, Photovoltaics, and Water Storage in Arid Regions 322
11.3.4 Wood Industry 323
11.3.5 Self-cleaning and Stain-resistant (Superhydrophobic)
Fabrics/Clothes 325
11.4 Current Developments and Challenges of Designs
of Superhydrophobic Materials 326
11.5 List of Coating Research Institutes 327
11.6 Summary and Perspectives 327
References 330
12 Nature-Inspired Sustainable Superhydrophobic/Superoleophobic

Coatings for Emulsified Oil/Water Separation 338
Arun K. Singh, Lipika, and Reeta Rani Singhania
12.2 Basic Strategies for Oil/Water Emulsion Separation 340
12.3 Coated Surfaces for Emulsified Oil/Water Separation 341
12.3.1 Coatings on Cotton Surfaces 342
12.3.2 Coatings on Wood-Based Surfaces 345
12.3.3 Mesh-based Surfaces 348
12.3.4 Sponge-based Surfaces 351
12.4 Conclusion 357
Acknowledgments 357
References 357
13 Nano-powder Coatings: Manufacturing, Curing, and Applications 365

Dhiraj Kishor Tatar , Jay Mant Jha, Devendra Rai, Yash Jaiswal,
Jamna Prasad Gujar , Vinay Raj, and Shanmuk Srinivas Ravuru
13.2 Manufacturing of Nano-powder Coatings 367
13.3 Comparisons to Liquid Coatings 368
13.4 Nano-powder Curing Process 369
13.5 Methods to Apply Nano-powder Coatings 370
Contents xvii
13.5.1 Fluidized Bed 370

13.5.2 Electrostatic Fluidized Bed 371
13.5.3 Electrostatic Spray/Corona Charging 371
13.5.4 Tribomatic Static Charging 373
13.6 Applications of Nano-powder Coatings 374
13.7 Advantages of Nano-powder Coatings 374
13.8 Conclusions 375
References 376
14 Icephobic Coatings: Current Trends and Future Perspectives 380

Utkarsha Umesh Gwalwanshi, Jitendra S. Narkhede,
Narayanan Rajagopalan, and Ravindra G. Puri
14.2 Surface Energy, Contact Angle, and Wettability 381
14.2.1 Surface Energy 381
14.2.2 Wetting Theories 382
14.2.3 Contact Angle Hysteresis 383
14.2.4 Role of Surface Morphology and Nanostructures 384
14.3 Icephobicity 384
14.3.1 Ice Nucleation 385
14.3.2 Ice Adhesion Strength 386
14.4 Strategies Involved in Icephobic Coating 387
14.4.1 Low Surface Energy Coatings 387
14.4.2 Bio-Mimetic Coatings 390
14.4.3 NP-GLIDE Coatings 393
14.4.4 Sol–Gel-based Anti-Icing Coatings 394
14.4.5 Smart Icephobic Coating 394
14.5 Evaluation of Icephobic Coatings 395
14.5.1 Current Testing Methods 396
14.5.1.1 Shear Test 397
14.5.1.2 Tensile Test 397
14.5.1.3 Centrifugal Test 397
14.6 Conclusion and Future Scopes 397
References 399
15 Role of Wetting and Dispersing Additives in Coatings 407

Shiv Charan Prajapati and Raj K. Arya
15.2 Wetting and Dispersing Additive 408
15.2.1 Wetting 408
15.2.2 Dispersion 408
15.3 Why Wetting and Dispersing Agents Required? 409
xviii Contents
15.4 Role of Wetting and Dispersing Additives 409

15.4.1 Wetting Additives Enhance the Wetting of
Pigment Agglomerates 409
15.4.2 Dispersing Additives Stabilize the Pigment Dispersion to Avoid
Uncontrolled Flocculation 409
15.4.3 Selective Adsorption 410
15.4.4 Reduces Time and Energy for Dispersion 411
15.4.5 High Pigment Content in the Mill Base 411
15.4.6 Dispersion of Various Pigments 411
15.4.7 Low Viscosity and Free-Flowing Newtonian Behavior and thus Gives
Stable and High-Quality Dispersion 411
15.5 Mechanism of Wetting and Dispersing Additive 411
15.6 Wetting and Dispersing Process of Pigments 413
15.6.1 Wetting Process 413
15.6.2 Dispersing Process 414
15.6.3 Stabilization Process 414
15.6.3.1 Pigment Properties 414
15.6.3.2 Pigment Stabilization 416
15.7 Chemical Classification of Wetting and Dispersing Agents 416
15.7.1 Anionic Wetting Agents 416
15.7.2 Cationic Wetting Agents 416
15.7.3 Electroneutral, Amphoteric Wetting Agents 416
15.7.4 Bifunctional, Not Electrically Neutral Wetting Agents 417
15.7.5 Non-ionic Wetting Agents 417
15.7.6 Another Classification 417
15.7.7 Low Molecular Weight Wetting Agents 418
15.7.8 High Molecular Weight Wetting Agents 419
15.7.9 Controlled Flocculating Wetting and Dispersing Additives 419
15.8 Challenges in the Paint Industry 420
15.9 Living Polymerization 420
15.9.1 Advantages of Living Polymerization 421
15.9.1.1 Disperbyk®-2000/Disperbyk®-2001 421
15.10 Conclusion 421
15.11 Future Recommendations 422
References 423
16 Surface Defects—Causes, Prevention, and Remedies 426

Preetam Satish Bharadiya, Utkarsha U. Gwalwanshi,
Narayanan Rajagopalan, and Ravindra G. Puri
16.1.1 Surface Tension and Its Effects 427
Contents xix
16.2 Surface Coating Defects 428

16.2.1 Crawling 428
16.2.2 Telegraphing 431
16.2.3 Cratering/Fisheyes, Cissing 431
16.2.4 Picture Framing or Fat Edging 433
16.2.5 Flooding and Floating 434
16.2.6 Orange Peel 435
16.2.7 Bubbling and Popping 437
16.2.8 Foaming 438
16.3 Additives to Prevent Surface Defects 439
16.4 Identification of Defects 441
16.5 Future Recommendations 442
References 443
17 Machine Learning in Commercialized Coatings 450

Harshit Mittal and Omkar Singh Kushwaha
17.1.1 Machine Learning 452
17.1.1.1 Design and Prediction Methods 452
17.1.1.2 Estimation Through Machine Learning 453
17.2 Machine Learning Methods 454
17.2.1 Design Methods on Protein-Resistant Surface Coatings 454
17.2.2 Prediction Method 456
17.2.2.1 Free Layer Damping Coatings 456
17.2.2.2 Ferro Alloy Coatings 457
17.2.2.3 TiO2 Coatings 459
17.2.2.4 Hard Coating Alloys 460
17.2.2.5 Epoxy Polymer Resin and Their Composites Coatings 461
17.3 Discovery Using Machine Learning 464
17.3.1 Descriptors: Monolayer Oxide Coatings 464
17.3.2 Novel Li SSE and Anode Coatings 466
17.5 Future Perspectives 468
Acknowledgments 469
References 469
18 Advanced Characterization Techniques for Functional Coatings 475

Kamleshwar Kumar, Shailendra Singh Bhadauria, Amanpreet Kaur,
and Raj K. Arya
18.1 Background of Functional Coatings 475
18.2 Need for Advanced Characterization Techniques 476
xx Contents
18.3 Classifications of Advanced Characterization Techniques 476

18.4 Discussion on Morphological Characterization Techniques 477
18.4.1 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy 477
18.4.1.1 Construction and Working Principle 477
18.4.1.2 Sample Preparation 479
18.4.1.3 Advantages 479
18.4.1.4 Limitations 480
18.4.1.5 Application in Coating-Related Research 480
18.4.2 Atomic Force Microscopy 481
18.4.3 Optical Profilometry 483
18.5 Discussion on Compositional Characterization Techniques 486
18.5.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 486
18.5.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 487
18.5.3 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy 490
18.6 Discussion on Crystallographic Characterization Techniques 492
18.6.1 X-Ray Diffraction 492
Contents xxi

18.6.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy 494
18.7 Discussion on Mechanical and Thermal Characterization
Techniques 498
18.7.1 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 498
18.7.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis 500
18.7.3 Nanoindentation 503
References 505
19 Thermal Characterization of Passive Fire Protection Coatings Using

Bayesian Inference 508
Siva K. Bathina, Dharitri Kahali, Mahesh Kumar Tiwari, Deepak Sahu,
and Dharmit Nakrani
19.2 Inverse Problem 510
19.2.1 Definition 510
19.2.2 Methods to Solve an Inverse Problem 510
xxii Contents
19.2.2.1 Types of Stochastic Methods 511

19.2.3 Bayesian Framework for Inverse Problems 511
19.2.3.1 Bayes’ Theorem 511
19.2.3.2 Likelihood Function 512
19.2.3.3 Prior Density Function 512
19.2.4 Application: Thermal Characterization of Intumescent Coatings 513
19.2.4.1 Experiments Considered 513
19.2.4.2 Forward Problem 514
19.2.4.3 Inverse Problem 515
19.2.4.4 MCMC-MH Algorithm 516
19.2.4.5 Results and Discussions 517
19.2.4.6 Validation of the Results 518
References 520
20 Sophisticated Characterization Techniques for Structure–Property

Evaluation of Functional Coatings 522
Swati Chopra, Jeetendra Kumar Banshiwal, Amit Singh,
and Dibeyndu Sekhar Bag
20.2 Fundamental Characterization of Functional Coatings 524
20.2.1 Morphology/Topography/Surface Roughness/Film Thickness
Measurement 529
20.2.2 Elemental Composition, Chemical State, Structure, Microstructure,
and Phase Analysis 532
20.2.3 Mechanical Properties (Strength/Hardness/Scratch) Evaluation 533
20.2.4 Thermal Properties Measurement 535
20.2.5 UV-Light or Accelerated Weathering Tests 538
20.3 Evaluation of Structure–Property Relationship for Functional
Coatings 538
20.3.1 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Coatings 539
20.3.1.1 Fogging Test 540
20.3.1.2 Antimicrobial Test/Zone of Inhibition Test 540
20.3.2 Evaluation of Thermal Barrier Coatings 541
20.3.2.1 Residual Stresses Measurement 541
20.3.2.2 Thermal Conductivity of TBCs by Non-destructive Technique 543
20.3.3 Evaluation of Tribological Coatings 543
20.3.3.1 Taber Abrasion Test 544
20.3.3.2 Optical Profilometry 545
20.3.4 Evaluation of Anti-corrosive and Anti-fouling Coatings 545
20.3.4.1 Salt-Spray Test 546
Contents xxiii
20.3.4.2 Permeability to Water and Oxygen 546

20.3.5 Evaluation of Energy Storage Coatings 549
20.3.5.1 Impedance Analysis 551
20.3.5.2 Measurement of Dielectric Coatings 551
20.3.5.3 Surface Plasmon Spectroscopy (SPS)/Surface Plasmon Resonance
(SPR) Spectroscopy for Dielectric Coatings 551
20.3.5.4 Laser-induced Damage of Multilayer Dielectric Coatings 553
20.3.6 Evaluation of Super-hydrophobic Coatings 554
20.3.6.1 Drag Measurements Using Rheometer 556
20.3.6.2 Contact-Angle Measurements Using Goniometry 556
20.3.6.3 Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 557
20.3.7 Evaluation of Self-healing (SH) Coatings 557
20.3.7.1 Evaluation of SH Performance via SEM 559
20.3.7.2 Evaluation of SH Performance via True Color Confocal
Microscope (TCCM) 559
20.3.7.3 Morphological and Structural Analysis via SEM and EDX 560
20.3.7.4 Morphological and Structural Analysis of SH Coating via TEM 561
20.3.8 Evaluation of Fluorescent Coatings 561
20.3.8.1 Measurement of Fluorescent Coatings by Fluorescence Emission
Spectroscopy 564
20.3.9 Evaluation of Flame Retardant Coatings 564
20.3.9.1 Measurement of Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) 564
20.3.9.2 UL-94 Vertical Burning Test 564
20.3.9.3 Cone-Calorimetric Test 567
20.3.10 Evaluation of Multifunctional Coatings 568
20.4 Current Status and Future Challenges 568
20.5 Concluding Remarks 568
Author’s Contribution 570
Acknowledgment 570
Conflicts of Interest 570
References 570
Index 585
xxiv
List of Contributors
Sushama Agarwalla Siva K. Bathina

Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Indian Institute of Technology
Hyderabad Gandhinagar
Hyderabad, Telangana Gandhinagar, Gujarat
India India
Shailendra Singh Bhadauria

Raj K. Arya
Department of Industrial and
Production Engineering
Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute
of Technology
of Technology
Jalandhar, Punjab
Jalandhar, Punjab
India
India
Dibeyndu Sekhar Bag Preetam Satish Bharadiya

Polymers and Rubber Division Department of Paint Technology
Defence Materials and Stores Research University Institute of Chemical
and Development Establishment Technology, Kavayitri Bahinabai
(DMSRDE) Chaudhari North Maharashtra
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh University
India Jalgaon, Maharashtra
India
Jeetendra Kumar Banshiwal
Polymers and Rubber Division Chitresh Kumar Bhargava
Defence Materials and Stores Research IITB-Monash Research Academy
and Development Establishment Indian Institute of
(DMSRDE) Technology Bombay
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Mumbai, Maharashtra
India India
List of Contributors xxv
Vishal Chauhan Simmi Goel

Department of Metallurgical and Department of Biotechnology
Materials Engineering Mata Gujri College
Defence Institute of Advanced Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab
Technology India
Pune
India Jamna Prasad Gujar
Swati Chopra Maulana Azad National Institute of
Polymers and Rubber Division Technology
Defence Materials and Stores Research Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
and Development Establishment India
(DMSRDE)
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh Utkarsha U. Gwalwanshi
India Department of Paint Technology
University Institute of Chemical
Suhanya Duraiswamy Technology, Kavayitri Bahinabai
Department of Chemical Engineering Chaudhari North Maharashtra
Indian Institute of Technology University
Hyderabad Jalgaon, Maharashtra
Hyderabad, Telangana India
India
Mohammed Adil Ibrahim
Arvind K. Gautam Department of Chemical Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology
National Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Hyderabad, Telangana
India India
Gargi Ghoshal Yash Jaiswal

Dr. S.S.B. UICET Department of Chemical Engineering
Panjab University Dharmsinh Desai University
Chandigarh Nadiad, Gujarat
India India
Sachin Kumar Godara Jay Mant Jha

Department of Apparel and Textile Department of Chemical Engineering
Technology Maulana Azad National Institute of
Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Technology
Punjab Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
India India
xxvi List of Contributors
Dharitri Kahali Kishant Kumar

Department of Civil Engineering Department of Chemistry
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee, Uttarakhand Ropar
India Rupnagar, Punjab
India
Karan Kapoor
Department of Biotechnology
University Institute of Engineering & Omkar Singh Kushwaha
Technology, Panjab University Department of Chemical
Chandigarh Engineering
India Indian Institute of Technology
Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Amanpreet Kaur India
Department of Industrial and
Production Engineering Lipika
Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute Department of Chemistry
of Technology M. M. Engineering College,
Jalandhar, Punjab Maharishi Markandeshwar
India (Deemed to be University)
Mullana, Ambala, Haryana
Anupreet Kaur
India
Department of Biotechnology
University Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Panjab University Aadhar Mandot
Chandigarh Department of Textile Engineering,
India Faculty of Technology and
Engineering
Sonanki Keshri The Maharaja Sayajirao University
Department of Chemistry of Baroda
Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous Vadodara, Gujarat
Bengaluru, Karnataka India
India
Kamleshwar Kumar Anshi Mehra

Department of Industrial and Department of Chemical
Production Engineering Engineering
Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute
of Technology of Technology
Jalandhar, Punjab Jalandhar, Punjab
India India
List of Contributors xxvii
Harshit Mittal Shiv Charan Prajapati

University School of Chemical Department of Paint Technology
Technology Government Polytechnic Bindki
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh
University India
Dwarka, Delhi
India Ravindra G. Puri
Department of Paint Technology
Dharmit Nakrani University Institute of Chemical
Fire Safety Building Research Technology
Establishment Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North
BRE Science Park, Bucknalls Lane Maharashtra University
Garston, Watford Jalgaon, Maharashtra
United Kingdom India
Jitendra S. Narkhede
Devendra Rai
Department of Plastic Technology
Department of Chemical
University Institute of Chemical
Engineering
Technology, Kavayitri Bahinabai
Indian Institute of Technology
Chaudhari North Maharashtra
Roorkee, Uttarakhand
University
India
Jalgaon, Maharashtra
India
Vinay Raj
Hemanth Noothalapati Department of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Life and Environmental Maulana Azad National Institute of
Sciences Technology
Shimane University Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
Matsue India
Japan
Narayanan Rajagopalan
Kiran D. Patil Department of Chemical
School of Chemical and Engineering
Bioengineering The Hempel Foundation Coatings
Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Science and Technology Centre
Peace University (CoaST), Denmark Technical
Pune, Maharashtra University
India Denmark
xxviii List of Contributors
Snehil Rana Reeta Rani Singhania

Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Marine Environmental
Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute Engineering
of Technology National Kaohsiung University of
Jalandhar, Punjab Science and Technology
India Kaohsiung City
Taiwan
Shanmuk Srinivas Ravuru
Department of Chemical and
Amit Singh
Materials Engineering
Polymers and Rubber Division
University of Alberta
Defence Materials and Stores Research
Edmonton, Alberta
and Development Establishment
Canada
(DMSRDE)
Subhajit Roychowdhury Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh
Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical India
Physics of Solids
Dresden Arun K. Singh
Germany Department of Chemistry
M. M. Engineering College
Deepak Sahu Maharishi Markandeshwar
Department of Chemical Engineering (Deemed to be University)
Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute Mullana, Ambala, Haryana
of Technology India
Jalandhar, Punjab
India
Mandeep Singh
Nihar Sakhadeo Department of Physics
Department of Bioproducts and Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar
Biosystems Engineering Punjab
University of Minnesota India
St. Paul, MN
USA Sunil Kumar Singh
Department of Chemical
Pramita Sen Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology
Heritage Institute of Technology Hyderabad
Kolkata, West Bengal Hyderabad, Telangana
India India
List of Contributors xxix
Jeel Solanki Mahesh Kumar Tiwari

Department of Chemical Engineering Sustainability Cluster
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute University of Petroleum and
of Technology Energy Studies
Surat, Gujarat Dehradun, Uttarakhand
India India
Ashwini Kumar Sood Devyani Thapliyal

Department of Chemistry Department of Chemical Engineering
Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute
Punjab of Technology
India Jalandhar, Punjab
India
S. Sudha
Sarojini Verma
Department of Chemistry
Jyoti Nivas College Autonomous
Bengaluru, Karnataka
of Technology
India
Jalandhar, Punjab
India
S.K. Sundar
Department of Chemical T. Umasankar Patro
Engineering Department of Metallurgical and
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute Materials Engineering
of Technology Defence Institute of Advanced
Surat, Gujarat Technology
India Pune
India
Dhiraj Kishor Tatar
Department of Chemical Engineering George D. Verros
Maulana Azad National Institute of Department of Chemistry
Technology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Thessaloniki
India Greece
Kshitij Tewari Ganesh S. Zade

Department of Chemical and Deccan Education Society’s Technical
Biomedical Engineering Institute
West Virginia University Deccan Gymkhana
Morgantown, WV Pune, Maharashtra
USA India
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
hermosa Diana según ha ydo
contra ellas, y aun contra todas
las que el buen amor manda
guardar. Feliçia dixo: no te
congoxes, pastor, que antes de
muchos dias te espantarás de
auerte congoxado tanto por essa
causa. Y trauados de las manos,
se entraron en el aposento de la
sábia Feliçia que muy ricamente
estaua adereçado de paños de
oro y seda de grandissimo ualor.
Y luego que fueron entradas, la
çena se aparejó, las mesas
fueron puestas, y cada uno por su
orden se sentaron junto a la gran
sábia pastora. Felismena y las
Nimphas tomaron entre sí a los
pastores y pastoras: cuya
conuersaçion les era en extremo
agradable. Alli las ricas mesas
eran de fino çedro, y los assientos
de marfil, con paños de brocado;
muchas taças y copas hechas de
diuersas formas y todas de
grandissimo preçio, las unas de
uidrio artifiçiosamente labrado,
otras de fino cristal, con los pies y
asas de oro: otras de plata, y
entre ellas engastadas piedras
preçiosas de grandissimo ualor.
Fueron seruidos de tanta
diuersidad y abundançia de
manjares, que es impossible
podello dezir. Despues de alçadas
las mesas entraron tres Nhimphas
por la sala, una de las quales
tañia un laud, otra una harpa, y la
otra un salterio. Venian todas
tocando sus instrumentos, con tan
grande conçierto y melodia, que
los presentes estauan como fuera
de sí. Pusieronse a una parte de
la sala, y los pastores y pastoras,
importunados de las tres
Nimphas, y rogados de la sábia
Feliçia, se pusieron a la otra parte
con sus rabeles y una çampoña,
que Seluagia muy dulçemente
tañia, y las Nimphas comenzaron
a cantar esta cançion, y los
pastores a respondelles de la
manera que oyreys.
Nimphas.
Amor y fortuna,
autores de trabajo y sin
razones,
más altas que la luna,
pornan las affiçiones,
y en esse mismo extremo la
passiones.
Pastores.
No es menos desdichado
aquel que jamas tuuo mal de
amores,
que el más enamorado,
faltandole favores,
pues los que sufren más, son
los mejores.
Nimphas.
Si el mal de amor no fuera,
contrario a la razon, como lo
uemos,
quiça que os lo creyera;
mas uiendo sus extremos
dichosa las que dél huyr
podemos.
Pastores.
Lo más dificultoso
cometen las personas
animosas,
y lo que está dudoso,
las fuerças generosas,
que no es honra acabar
pequeñas cosas.
Nimphas.
Bien uee el enamorado,
que el crudo amor no está en
cometimientos,
no en animo esforçado;
está en unos tormentos,
do los que penan más son
más contentos.
Pastores.
Si algun contentamiento
del graue mal de amor se nos
recresçe,
no es malo el pensamiento
que a su passion se ofresce,
mas antes es mejor quien más
padesce.
Nimphas.
El más feliçe estado,
en que pone el amor al que
bien ama,
en fin trae vn cuydado,
que al seruidor, o dama
ençiende allá en secreto uiua
llama.
Y el más fauoreçido,
en un momento no es el que
solia;
que el disfauor, y oluido,
el qual ya no temia
silençio ponen luego en su
alegria.
Pastores.
Caer de un buen estado,
es una graue pena y
importuna,
mas no es amor culpado,
la culpa es de fortuna,
que no sabe exçeptar persona
alguna.
Si amor promete uida,
injusta es esta muerte en que
nos mete:
si muerte conosçida,
ningun yerro comete,
que en fin nos uiene a dar lo
que promete.
Nimphas.
Al fiero amor disculpan
los que se hallan dél más
sojuzgados,
y a los esentos culpan,
mas destos dos estados
qualquiera escogera al de los
culpados.
Pastores.
El libre y el captiuo
hablar solo un lenguaje es
escusado,
uereys que el muerto, el biuo,
amado, o desamado,
cada uno habla (en fin) segun
su estado.
La sábia Feliçia, y la pastora

Felismena, estuuieron muy
atentas a la musica de las
Nimphas y pastores, y ansi mismo
a las opiniones que cada uno
mostraua tener, y riendose Feliçia
contra Felismena, le dixo al oydo.
¿Quién creera, hermosa pastora,
que las más destas palabras no
os an tocado en el alma? Y ella
con mucha le respondió: han sido
las palabras tales, que al alma a
quien no tocaren, no deue estar
tan tocada de amor, como la mia.
Feliçia entonçes (alçando un poco
la boz) le dixo: En estos cassos
de amor tengo yo una regla, que
siempre la he hallado muy
uerdadera, y es, que el animo
generoso, el entendimiento
delicado, en esto del querer bien
lleua grandissima uentaja, al que
no lo es. Porque como el amor
sea uirtud, y la uirtud siempre
haga assiento en el mejor lugar,
está claro, que las personas de
suerte serán muy mejor
enamoradas, que aquellas a
quien esta falte. Los pastores y
pastoras, se sintieron de lo que
Feliçia dixo, y a Syluano le
paresçio no dexalla sin respuesta
y assi le dixo: ¿En qué consiste,
señora, ser el animo generosa y
el entendimiento delicado? Feliçia
(que entendio a donde tiraua la
pregunta del pastor) por no
descontentarle respondio: no está
en otra cosa sino en la propria
uirtud del hombre, como es en
tener el juyzio viuo, el
pensamiento inclinado a cosas
altas, y otras uirtudes que nasçen
con ellos mismos. Satisfecho
estoy (dixo Syluano) y tambien lo
deuen estar estos pastores,
porque imaginauamos que
tomauas (o discreta Feliçia) el
ualor y uirtud de más atras de la
persona misma, digolo porque
asaz desfauorescido de los
bienes de naturaleza está el que
los va a buscar en sus passados.
Todas las pastoras y pastores
mostraron gran contentamiento
de lo que Syluano auia
respondido: y las Nymphas se
rieron mucho, de cómo los
pastores se yuan corriendo de la
proposiçion de la sábia Feliçia, la
qual tomando a Felismena por la
mano, la metio en vna camara
sola, adonde era su aposento. Y
despues de hauer passado con
ella muchas cosas, le dio
grandissima esperança de
conseguir su desseo, y el virtuoso
fin de sus amores, con alcançar
por marido a don Felis. Aunque
tambien le dixo, que esto no podia
ser sin primero passar por
algunos trabajos, los quales la
dama tenia muy en poco, viendo
el galardon que dellos esperaua.
Feliçia le dixo que los vestidos de
pastora se quitasse por entonçes,
hasta que fuesse tiempo deboluer
a ellos; y llamando a las tres
Nimphas que en su compañia
auian venido, hizo que la
vistiessen en su trage natural. No
fueron las Nimphas perezosas en
hazello, ni Felismena
desobediente a lo que Feliçia le
mandó. Y tomandose de las
manos, se entraron en vna
recamara, a vna parte de la qual
estaua vna puerta, y abriendo la
hermosa Dorida, baxaron por vna
escalera de alabastro, a vna
hermosa sala, que en medio della
auia vn estanque de vna
clarissima agua, adonde todas
aquellas Nimphas se bañauan. Y
desnudandose assi ellas como
Felismena se bañaron; y peinaron
despues sus hermosos cabellos,
y se subieron a la recamara de la
sábia Feliçia, adonde despues de
auerse vestido las Nimphas,
vistieron ellas mismas a
Felismena, vna ropa, y basquiña
de fina grana: recamada de oro
de cañutillo y aljofar, y vna cuera,
y mangas de tela de plata
emprensada: en la basquiña y
ropa, auia sembrados a trechos
vnos plumages de oro, en las
puntas de los quales auia muy
gruessas perlas. Y tomandole los
cabellos con vna çinta encarnada,
se los reboluieron a la cabeça,
poniendole un escofion de
redezilla de oro muy subtil y en
cada lazo de la red assentado con
gran artifiçio vn finissimo rubí, en
dos guedellas de cabellos, que
los lados de la cristalina frente
adornauan, le fueron puestos dos
joyeles, engastados en ellos muy
hermosas esmeraldas y zafires de
grandissimo preçio. Y de cada
vno colgauan tres perlas
orientales, hechas a manera de
vellotas. Las arracadas eran dos
nauezillas de esmeraldas, con
todas las xarçias de cristal. Al
cuello le pusieron un collar de oro
fino, hecho a manera de culebra
enroscada, que de la boca tenía
colgada una aguila, que entre las
vñas tenía un rubí grande de
infinito preçio. Quando las tres
Nimphas de aquella suerte la
uieron, quedaron admiradas de su
hermosura, luego salieron con
ella a la sala, donde las otras
Nimphas y pastores estauan, y
como hasta entonçes fuesse
tenida por pastora, quedaron tan
admirados, que no sabian qué
dezir. La sábia Feliçia mandó
luego a sus Nimphas, que
lleuasen a la hermosa Felismena
y a su compañia, a uer la casa y
templo adonde estauan, lo qual
fue luego puesto por obra, y la
sábia Feliçia se quedó en su
aposento. Pues tomando Polidora
y Cinthia, en medio a Felismena,
y las otras Nimphas a los
pastores y pastoras, que por su
discreçion eran dellas muy
estimados se salieron en un gran
patio: cuyos arcos y columnas
eran de marmol jaspeado, y las
basas y chapiteles de alabastro,
con muchos follages a la romana
dorados en algunas partes, todas
las paredes eran labradas de obra
mosayca: las columnas estaban
assentadas sobre Leones, Orças,
Tigres de arambre, y tan al biuo,
que parescia, que querian
arremeter a los que alli entrauan:
En medio del patio auia un padron
ochauado de bronzo, tan alto
como diez codos, ençima del qual
estaua armado de todas armas a
la manera antigua, el fiero Marte,
a quien los gentiles llamauan el
dios de las batallas. En este
padron con gran artifiçio estauan
figurados los superbos
esquadrones romanos a una
parte y a otra los Cartagineses,
delante el vno estaua el brauo
Hanibal, y del otro el valeroso
Sçipion Africano, que primero que
la edad y los años le
acompañassen, naturaleza
mostró en él gran exemplo de
uirtud, y esfuerço. A la otra parte,
estaua el gran Marco Furio
Camillo conbatiendo en el alto
Capitolio por poner en libertad a
la patria, de donde él hauia sido
desterrado. Alli estaua Horaçio,
Muçio Sceuola, el venturoso
Consul Marco Varron, César,
Pompeyo, con el magno
Alexandro, y todos aquellos que
por las armas acabaron grandes
hechos, con letreros en que se
declarauan sus nombres, y las
cosas en que cada vno más se
auia señalado. Un poco más
arriba destos estaua vn cauallero
armado de todas armas, con vna
espada desnuda en la mano,
muchas cabeças de moros
debaxo de sus pies, con vn letrero
que dezia:
Soy el Cid honra de España,

si alguno pudo ser más,
en mis obras lo veras.
Al otra parte, estaua otro

cauallero Español, armado de la
misma manera, alçada la sobre
vista y con este letrero:
El conde fuy primero de

Castilla,
Fernan Gonzalez, alto y
señalado,
soy honra y prez de la
española silla
pues con mis hechos tanto la
he ensalçado.
Mi gran virtud sabra muy bien
dezilla
la fama que la vio, pues ha
juzgado
mis altos hechos, dignos de
memoria,
como os dira la Castellana
historia.
Junto á este estaua otro cauallero

de gran disposiçion y esfuerços,
segun en su aspecto lo mostraua,
armado en blanco, y por las
armas sembrados muchos
Leones y Castillos, en el rostro
mostraua una çierta braueza, que
casi ponia pauor en los que lo
mirauan, y el letrero dezia ansi:
Bernardo del Carpio soy,

espanto de los paganos,
honra y prez de los
christianos,
pues que de mi esfuerço doy
tal exemplo con mis manos:
fama, no es bien que las calles
mis hazañas singulares,
y si acaso las callares,
pregunten a Ronçesualles,
qué fue de los doze pares.
A la otra parte estava vn valeroso

capitan, armado de vnas armas
doradas, con seys vandas
sangrientas por en medio del
escudo, y por otra parte muchas
vanderas, y vn rey preso con vna
cadena, cuyo letrero dezia desta
manera:
Mis grandes hechos veran

los que no los han sabido
en que solo he meresçido,
nombre de gran capitan,
y tuue tan gran renombre
en nuestras tierras y extrañas,
que se tienen mis hazañas
por mayores que mi nombre.
Iunto a este valeroso capitan,

estaua vn cauallero armado en
blanco, y por las armas
sembradas muchas estrellas, y de
la otra parte vn Rey con tres
flordelises en su escudo, delante
del qual él rasgaua ciertos
papeles y vn letrero que dezia:
Soy Fonseca cuya historia

en Europa es tan sabida,
que aunque se acabó la uida,
no se acaba la memoria.
Fuy seruidor de my Rey,
a mi patria tuue amor,
jamas dexé por temor
de guardar aquella ley,
que el sieruo deue al señor.
En otro quadro del padron, estaua

vn cauallero armado, y por las
armas sembrados mucho
escudos pequeños de oro, el qual
en el ualor de su persona daua
bien a entender el alta sangre de
a do proçedia: los ojos puestos en
otros muchos caualleros de su
antiguo linaje, el letrero que a sus
pies tenía dezia desta manera:
Don Luys de Vilanoua soy

llamado
del gran marques de Trans he
proçedido,
mi antiguedad, valor muy
señalado,
en Françia, Italia, España es
conosçido,
Bicorbe antigua casa es el
estado,
que la fortuna aora ha
conçedido
a un corazon tan alto, y sin
segundo,
que poco es para él mandar el
mundo.
Despues de auer particularmente

mirado el padron, estos y otros
muchos caualleros, que en él
estauan esculpidos, entraron en
vna rica sala, lo alto de la qual era
todo de marfil, marauillosamente
labrado: las paredes de alabastro,
y en ellas esculpidas muchas
historias antiguas, tan al natural,
que verdaderamente paresçia que
Lucreçia acabaua alli de darse la
muerte, y que la cautelosa Medea
deshazia su tela en la isla de
Ithaca, y que la ilustre Romana se
entregaua a la parca, por no
ofender su honestidad, con la
vista del horrible monstruo, y que
la muger de Mauseolo estaua con
grandissima agonia, entendiendo
en que el sepulchro de su marido
fuesse contado por vna de las
siete marauillas del mundo. Y
otras muchas historias y
exemplos de mugeres
castissimas, y dignas de ser su
fama por todo el mundo
esparzida, porque no tan
solamente a alguna dellas
paresçia auer con su uida dado
muy claro exemplo de castidad,
mas otras que con la muerte
dieron muy grande testimonio de
su limpieza: entre las quales
estaua la grande española
Coronel, que quiso mas
entregarse al fuego, que dexarse
vençer de un deshonesto apetito.
Después de auer visto cada vna
las figuras, y uarias historias, que
por las paredes de la sala
estauan, entraron en otra quadra
más adentro, que segun su
riqueza les paresçio que todo lo
que auian visto era ayre en su
comparaçion: porque todas las
paredes eran cubiertas de oro
fino, y el pauimiento de piedras
preçiosas, entorno de la rica
quadra estauan muchas figuras
de damas españolas, y de otras
naçiones, y en lo muy alto la
diosa Diana, de la misma estatura
que ella era, hecha de metal
Corinthio, con ropas de caçadora,
engastadas por ellas muchas
piedras y perlas de grandissimo
valor, con su arco en la mano, e
su aljaua al cuello, rodeada de
Nimphas más hermosas que el
sol. En tan grande admiraçion
puso a los pastores y pastoras,
las cosas que alli veyan, que no
sabian qué dezir: porque la
riqueza de la casa era tan grande,
las figuras que alli estauan tan
naturales, el artifiçio de la quadra,
y la orden que las damas que alli
auia retratadas tenian, que no les
paresçia poderse imaginar en el
mundo cosa más perfecta. A una
parte de la quadra estauan quatro
laureles de oro esmaltados de
uerde, tan naturales que los del
campo no lo eran mas: y junto a
ellos una pequeña fuente toda de
fina plata: en medio de la qual
estaua una Nimpha de oro, que
por los hermosos pechos, vna
agua muy clara echaua, y junto a
la fuente sentado el çelebrado
Orpheo, encantado de la edad
que era al tiempo que su Euridiçe
fué del importuno Aristeo
requerida: tenía vestida vna cuera
de tela de plata guarnesçida de
perlas, las mangas le llegauan a
medio braço solamente, y de alli
adelante desnudos; tenia vnas
calças hechas a la antigua,
cortadas en la rodilla de tela de
plata, sembradas en ellas vnas
çitharas de oro, los cabellos eran
largos y muy dorados sobre los
quales tenía una muy hermosa
guirnalda de laurel. En llegando a
él las hermosas Nimphas,
comenzó a tañer en una harpa
que en las manos tenía, muy
dulçemente, de manera que los
que lo oyan, estauan tan agenos
de si, que a nadie se le acordaua
de cosa que por el uuiesse
passado. Felismena se sento en
un estrado, que en la hermosa
quadra estaua todo cubierto de
paños de brocado, y las Nimphas
y pastoras entorno della, los
pastores se arrimaron a la clara
fuente. De la misma manera
estauan todos oyendo al
çelebrado Orpheo, que al tiempo
que en la tierra de los Ciconios
cantaua, quando Cipariso fue
conuertido en Cipres y Atis en
Pino. Luego començo el
enamorado Orpheo al son de su
harpa a cantar dulçemente, que
no hay sabello dezir. Y boluiendo
el rostro a la hermosa Felismena,
dio prinçipio a los uersos
siguientes:
CANTO DE ORPHEO
Escucha, o Felismena, el
dulçe canto
de Orpheo, cuyo amor tan alto
ha sido:
suspende tu dolor, Seluagia,
en tanto
que canta tu amador de amor
vençido;
oluida ya, Belisa, el triste
llanto,
oyd a un triste (o Nimphas)
que ha perdido
sus ojos por mirar, y vos
pastores
dexad un poco estar el mal de
amores.
No quiero yo cantar, ni Dios lo
quiera,
aquel proçesso largo de mis
males,
ni quando yo cantaua de
manera,
que a mi traya las plantas y
animales:
ni quando a Pluton ui, que no
deuiera,
y suspendi las penas
infernales,
ni como bolui el rostro á mi
señora,
cuyo tormento aun biue hasta
agora.
Mas cantaré con boz suaue
y pura,
la grande perfeçion, la graçia
estraña,
el ser, valor, beldad sobre
natura,
de las que oy dan valor illustre
a España:
mirad pues, Nimphas, ya la
hermosura
de nuestra gran Diana y su
compaña;
que alli está el fin, alli vereys
la suma
de lo que contar puede lengua
y pluma.
Los ojos leuantad, mirando
aquella
que en la suprema silla está
sentada,
el sçeptro, y la corona junto a
ella,
y de otra parte la fortuna
ayrada:
esta es la luz de España, y
clara estrella,
con cuya absençia está tan
eclipsada:
su nombre (o Nimphas) es
doña Maria
gran Reyna, de Bohemia, de
Austria Vngria.
La otra junta a ella es doña
Ioana,
de Portugal Prinçesa, y de
Castilla
infanta, a quien quitó fortuna
insana,
el seçptro, la corona, y alta
silla,
y a quien la muerte fue tan
inhumana,
que aun ella assi se espanta y
marauilla,
de ver quan presto ensagrento
sus manos
en quien fue espejo y luz de
Lusitanos.
Mirad, Nimphas, la gran
doña Maria,
de Portugal infanta soberana,
cuya hermosura y graçia sube
oy dia
a do llegar no puede vista
humana:
mirad que aunque fortuna alli
porfia
la vence el gran valor que
della mana,
y no son parte el hado, tiempo,
y muerte,
para vençer su grand bondad
y suerte.
Aquellas dos que tiene alli a
su lado,
y el resplandor del sol han
suspendido,
las mangas de oro, sayas de
brocado,
de perlas y esmeraldas
guarnesçido:
cabellos de oro fino, crespo
ondado,
sobre los hombros suelto y
esparzido,
son hijas del infante Lusitano,
Duarte valeroso y gran
Christiano.
Aquellas dos Duquesas
señaladas
por luz de hermosura en
nuestra España,
que alli veys tan al biuo
debuxadas
con vna perfeçion, y graçia
estraña,
de Najara y de Sessa son
llamadas,
de quien la gran Diana se
acompaña,
por su bondad, valor y
hermosura,
saber, y discreçion sobre
natura.
¿Ueys vn valor, no vista en

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Functional Coatings: Innovations and

Challenges 1st Edition Raj K. Arya

Nutrigenomics and Nutraceuticals 1st Edition Raj K.

Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems Two Volume Set

Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems Volume 1 Novel

Emerging Challenges and Innovations in Microfinance and

Polymers Coatings: Technology and Applications 1st

English for Specific Purposes Instruction and Research:

Functional Variations in English Theoretical

Medical Coatings and Deposition Technologies 1st

Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Library of Congress Cataloging-­in-­Publication Data

Cover Design: Wiley

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India

List of Contributors xxiv

Part I Introduction and Fundamentals 1

1 Introduction to Functional Coatings 3

1.4.6 Residual Stress Analysis 16

2 Innovative Coating Methods for the Industrial Applications 23

2.14 Hot Melt Coating (HMC) 44

3 Coatings Research Institutes, Organizations, Associations, Societies,

Part II Functional Protective Coatings 83

4 Anticorrosion Coating: Protective Mechanism and Classifications 85

4.4.1 Protective Mechanism of Barrier Coatings and Their Applications 93

5 Advances in Corrosion-Resistant Coatings: Types, Formulating

5.2.5 Stress Corrosion 112

5.7.1.7 Chemical Resistance 127

5.10 Applications of Corrosion-Resistant Coatings 135

6 Anticorrosion Coating Using Natural Biopolymer 153

6.3.3 Uniform and Localized Corrosion 156

7 Marine Coatings 168

7.6.1 Adhesion Failure/Delamination 177

8 Fire-Retardant Coatings for Modern Lightweight Materials:

8.5.3.3 Conductive Coatings 214

Part III Other Type of Functional Coatings 231

9 Antimicrobial Coatings: Current Mechanisms, Challenges,

9.3.4 Natural Polymer Hydrogels 245

10 Synthesis Mechanisms for Antimicrobial Polymeric Coatings 275

11 Superhydrophobic Coatings: Insights and Real-World

11.2.2 Natural Wax-­based Superhydrophobic Coating 304

12 Nature-Inspired Sustainable Superhydrophobic/Superoleophobic

13 Nano-powder Coatings: Manufacturing, Curing, and Applications 365

13.5.1 Fluidized Bed 370

14 Icephobic Coatings: Current Trends and Future Perspectives 380

15 Role of Wetting and Dispersing Additives in Coatings 407

15.4 Role of Wetting and Dispersing Additives 409

16 Surface Defects—Causes, Prevention, and Remedies 426

16.2 Surface Coating Defects 428

17 Machine Learning in Commercialized Coatings 450

18 Advanced Characterization Techniques for Functional Coatings 475

18.3 Classifications of Advanced Characterization Techniques 476

18.6.1.1 Construction and Working Principle 493

19 Thermal Characterization of Passive Fire Protection Coatings Using

19.2.2.1 Types of Stochastic Methods 511

20 Sophisticated Characterization Techniques for Structure–Property

20.3.4.2 Permeability to Water and Oxygen 546

Sushama Agarwalla Siva K. Bathina

Shailendra Singh Bhadauria

Dibeyndu Sekhar Bag Preetam Satish Bharadiya

Vishal Chauhan Simmi Goel

Gargi Ghoshal Yash Jaiswal

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

11.2.2 Natural Wax-based Superhydrophobic Coating 304