CALCULUS

(Differentiation)
Predict How Things Are
Going To Change ?
Calculus
“Mathematical study of change”
It is the study of “how things or quantities changes”.

In this we study the relationship between continuously

varying functions.

Calculus is derived from latin word “calculi” which means

“small pebbles”.
Quantity

Anything that can be measured.

Constants

A quantity whose value remains constant throughout the

mathematical operation.

Example

integers , π, e , etc.
Variables

Variables are terms which can change or vary its value

depending on the equation. Its value does not remain
constant, unlike constants.

Example

u, w, x, y, z etc.
Dependent Variables

The dependent variable is characterized as the variable

whose quality depends on the estimation of another variable
in its condition.

Independent Variables

An independent variable describes a variable whose values

are independent of changes.
If x and y are two variables in an algebraic equation and every
value of x is linked with any other value of y, then ‘y’ value is
said to be a function of x value known as an independent
variable, and ‘y’ value is known as a dependent variable.

In the expression y = x2, x is an independent variable and y is a

dependent variable.
Function

Function is a rule of relationship between two variable in

which one is assumed to be a dependent variable and the
other independent variable.

x
All possible values of independent variable (x) are called
domain of function.

All possible value of dependent variable (y) are called range

of function.

X = input (Domain)
f(x) = output (Range)
Function Notation

X f(x) Y

Y = f(x)
Output Input
Name of Function
 Example

A function f(x) is defined as f(x) = x𝟐 + 3. Find f(0), f(1),

f(x+1) ?

Solution

Ans : 3, 4, x𝟐 + 2x + 4
Differential Calculus
The purpose of differential calculus to study the nature
(i.e., increase or decrease) and the amount of variation in a
quantity when another quantity (on which first quantity
depends) varies independently.
Average Rate of Change
Let a function y = f(x)

Average rate of change in y w.r.t. x in interval [x1, x2] is

change in y Δy y2− y1
Average rate of change = = =
change in 𝐗 Δx x2 − x1

𝑩
(𝐱 𝟐 , 𝐲𝟐 )

Average rate slope of ∆𝒚

= 𝑨
of change chord AB 𝛉
(𝐱 𝟏 , 𝐲𝟏 ) ∆𝒙
x
 Average Rate of Change
The average rate of change describes how much one variable
on average , changes when compared to another variable .

f(b) − f(a)
Average rate of change =
𝐛−𝐚

Here:
f(a) represents the value of function f(x) at point a.
f(b) represents the value of function f(x) at point b.
Example
Calculate the average rate of change of function:
f(x) = 2x + 10 as, x changes from 3 to 7 .

Solution

Ans : 2
Instantaneous Rate of Change

It is measured graphically by the slope of the tangent drawn

to the y-x graph at the point (x,y) .

Function y = f(x). y

dy
Instantaneous rate of change =
d𝐗

Instantaneous (x,y)
slope of 𝛉
=
rate of change tangent

dy x
= tan θ
d𝐗
Home - Work
Example
Calculate the average rate of change of function:

1. f(x) = x2 - 5x as, x changes from 4 to 8

2. f(x) = 25x + 18 as, x changes from 5 to 8

Solution

Answer
1. 7
2. 25