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M. Muruganant
Ali Chirazi
Baldev Raj Editors
Frontiers in
Materials Processing,
Applications,
Research and
Technology
Frontiers in Materials Processing, Applications,
Research and Technology
M. Muruganant ⋅ Ali Chirazi
Baldev Raj
Editors
Frontiers in Materials
Processing, Applications,
Research and Technology
123
Editors
M. Muruganant Baldev Raj
PSG College of Technology National Institute of Advanced Studies
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu Indian Institute of Science Campus
India Bangalore, Karnataka
India
Ali Chirazi
FEI SAS
Bordeaux, Gironde
France
ISBN 978-981-10-4818-0 ISBN 978-981-10-4819-7 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4819-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017939604
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or
for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to
jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Preface
Current generation is ruled by a variety of materials. Materials are fundamental to

our civilization. We have come a long way into innovating new materials for all
kind of applications. One cannot single out a specific material for an application. It
is always a combination of materials with diverse properties that come together to
address the need. Further, rapid growth in any sector may it be structural, energy,
electronic, aerospace materials is limited by the available materials. It is hence
important for material scientists to develop a holistic understanding of the materials
domain, even if not in depth. Awareness of the properties of materials under various
conditions is a must. Material properties limit material performance. FiMPART is
an initiative to promote such awareness on the whole gamut of materials, their
properties, ways of testing, and their performance and mitigation methods in case of
issues.
FiMPART is first of its kind to cover all major areas of materials research under
one common platform. The meeting and discussions in this conference are targeted
at enabling innovation. FiMPART will cover all aspects of materials research,
processing, fabrication, structure/property evaluation, applications of ferrous, non-
ferrous, ceramic, polymeric materials, and composites including biomaterials,
materials for energy, fuel cells/hydrogen storage technologies, batteries,
super-capacitors, nanomaterials for energy and structural applications, aerospace
structural metallic materials, bulk metallic glasses, and other advanced materials.
This materials conference series Frontiers in Materials Processing, Applications,
Research and Technology has attracted research contributions from 47 countries
across 19 thematic symposia.
Several conferences hold focused meetings which are very essential to further
the in-depth knowledge into the area concerned. However, every sector demands
use of multiple materials put together after thorough understanding of the
cross-functional capabilities. FiMPART is an initiative to allow in-depth delibera-
tions under focused symposia as also to enable interdisciplinary knowledge sharing.
The presenting authors are not in obligation to submit their manuscripts for
publications. However, from the 200 manuscripts received and peer reviewed, the
select few that emerged through the screening process are published here as a book.
v
vi Preface
The editors encourage readers to consider this publication for cross-breeding

knowledge across materials domains.
The editors and the organizers of FiMPART are extremely grateful to all the
sponsors of FiMPART 2015, especially Carl Zeiss, without whom the conference
that led to this book would not have been possible.
Coimbatore, India Prof. M. Muruganant

Bordeaux, France Dr. Ali Chirazi
Bangalore, India Dr. Baldev Raj
Committees
General Chairs
• Prof. Baldev Raj, Director, NIAS, India (FiMPART 2015 Chair)
• Prof. Changhee Lee, President (KIMM, KWJS, KSLP, KISA), South Korea
(FiMPART 2015 International Chair)
• Prof. M. Muruganant, MoS Chair Professor, PSG Technology, India (FiMPART
Series Chair)
General Vice-Chairs
• Prof. Dominique Bernard, Research Director, ICMCB-CNRS, France
• Dr. V.S. Arunachalam, Chairman, CSTEP, India
• Prof. B.V.R. Chowdari, NUS, Singapore
Program Chairs
• Dr. Ali Chirazi, University of Manchester, UK
• Prof. Bhanu Sankara Rao, MoS Chair Professor, MGIT, India
• Dr. Carlos Capdevila Montes, CENIM, Spain
Publication Chairs
• Prof. Noriyoshi Matsumi, JAIST, Japan
• Prof. Apparao M Rao, Clemson University, USA
vii
viii Committees
International Scientific Committee
Prof. Peter Angelo, PSG College of Technology, India

Dr. V.S. Arunachalam, CSTEP, India
Dr. Kantesh Balani, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
Prof. V. Balusamy, PSG College of Technology, India
Prof. Amit Bandyopadhyay, Washington State University, USA
Prof. Rajarshi Banerjee, University of North Texas, USA
Prof. H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Cambridge University, U.K.
Prof. Leandru Gheorghes Bujoreanu, TUIASI, Romania
Dr. Francisca Garcia Caballero, CENIM-CSIC, Spain
Dr. Y.Y. Chen, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Dr. Rim Cherif, Tunisia
Dr. Ali Chirazi, ICMCB Bordeaux, France
Prof. B.V.R. Chowdari, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Prof. Narendra Dahotre, University of North Texas, USA
Dr. Stan David, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
Prof. Amitava De, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India
Prof. Mickael Dolle, ICMCB Bordeaux, France
Prof. Catherine ELISSALDE, ICMCB Bordeaux, France
Prof. Ashish Garg, IIT Kanpur, India
Dr. Daniel Gaude-Fugarolas, Consultant, Spain
Dr. R. Gopalan, ARCI, India
Prof. Dongdong Gu, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China
Prof. Peter Hodgson, Deakin University, Australia
Prof. Chennupati Jagadish, Australian National University, Australia
Prof. Mohammad Jahazi, ETS, Canada
Prof. Vikram Jayaram, Indian Institute of Science, India
Prof. Prasad Rao Kalvala, University of Utah, USA
Dr. Enda Keehan, Creganna, Sweden
Dr. Eng Alain LARGETEAU, ICMCB Bordeaux, France
Dr. Chang Hoon Lee, Korean Institute of Materials Sceince, South Korea
Dr. Ken Lewtas, Lewtas Science & Technologies, U.K.
Dr. Bing Li, East China University of Science and Technology, China
Prof. Wenhang Li, Jiangsu University of Science And Technology, China
Prof. Wenya Li, Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
Prof. Ananth M., Australia
Dr. Shantanu Madge, National Metallurgical Laboratory, India
Dr. Jerome MAJIMEL, ICMCB Bordeaux, France
Dr. Samuel MARRE, ICMCB Bordeaux, France
Dr. Carlos Garcia Mateo, CENIM-CSIC, Spain
Dr. M.D. Mathew, Saintgits College of Engineering, India
Prof. Noriyoshi Matsumi, JAIST, Japan
Prof. GOUNE Mohamed, ICMCB Bordeaux, France
Committees ix
Dr. Carlos Capdevila Montes, CENIM-CSIC, Spain

Prof. Kamachi Mudali, IGCAR, India
Mr. Devarajan Muralidhar, PSG II, India
Dr. Sai Muthukumar, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, India
Prof. Roger Narayan, University of North Carolina, USA
Dr. S. Neeleswar, GGSIPU, India
Prof. Jitai Nu, Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Dr. Thierry PALIN-LUC, ENSAM, France
Prof. B.K. Panigrahi, IGCAR, India
Dr. Ramakrishna Poddilla, Clemson University, USA
Dr. Angeline POULON, ICMCB Bordeaux, France
Dr. Baldev Raj, PSG Institutions, India
Prof. V. Ramaswamy, PSG College of Technology, India
Prof. S. Ranganathan, Indian Institute of Science, India
Prof. Apparao M. Rao, Clemson University, USA
Prof. K. Bhanu Sankara Rao, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, India
Prof. C. Ravindran, Ryreson University, Canada
Dr. Nicolas Saintier, ENSAM, France
Prof. V. Sampath, IIT Chennai, India
Prof. Virginie Serin, CEMES-CNRS, France
Prof. Mohammad Sheikh, University of Manchester, U.K.
Dr. Alok Singh, NIMS, Japan
Prof. Raman Singh, Monash University, Australia
Dr. Palla Sivaprasad, Sandvik, India
Dr. Thomas Sourmail, Ascometal CREAS, France
Dr. Dheepa Srinivasan, GE Energy, India
Prof. S. Subramanium, PSG College of Technology, India
Prof. T.S. Sudarshan, Materials Modifications Inc., USA
Prof. Dong Woo Suh, GIFT, POSTECH, Korea, South
Dr. G. Sundararajan, ARCI, India
Prof. K.B.R. Varma, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, India
Dr. Krishna Chaitanya Vishnubhatla, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning,
India
Prof. Yanhong Wei, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China
Prof. Kaiming Wu, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
Dr. Victoria Yardley, Ruhr University, Germany
Prof. Rachid Yazami, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Dr. Yanchun Zhou, Aerospace Research Institute of Materials and Processing
Technology, China
Dr. Henning Zoz, Zoz Company, Germany
x Committees
International Symposium Coordinators
(Alphabetical order of last name)

Prof. Kantesh Balani, India
Prof. Krishnan Balasubramanian, India
Prof. V. Balusamy, India
Prof. Ravi Bollina, India
Dr. Dazhao Chi, China
Dr. Ali Chirazi, France
Prof. Mikael Dolle, Canada
Prof. Ashish Garg, India
Dr. Daniel Gaude-Fugarolas, Spain
Prof. Stephane Godet, Belgium
Dr. R. Gopalan, India
Prof. Dongdong Gu, China
Prof. Pingan Hu, China
Dr. Komal Kapoor, India
Prof. Smagul Karazhanov, Norway
Dr. Eng Alain LARGETEAU, France
Prof. Wenhang Li, China
Prof. Wenya Li, China
Dr. Shantanu Madge, India
Dr. Jerome Majimel, France
Dr. Samuel MARRE, France
Prof. T. Lazar Mathew, India
Prof. M.D. Mathew, India
Prof. Noriyoshi Matsumi, Japan
Prof. GOUNE Mohamed, France
Dr. Kamachi Mudali, India
Prof. M. Muruganant, India
Prof. Jitai Niu, China
Dr. Kalpataru Panda, Japan
Dr. B.K. Panigrahi, India
Prof. Dayakar Penumadu, USA
Dr. Ramakrishna Podila, USA
Dr. Angeline Poulon, France
Prof. V. Ramaswamy, India
Dr. Rahul K. Rao, USA
Prof. V. Sampath, India
Prof. Raman Singh, Australia
Dr. Alok Singh, Japan
Prof. S. Subramanium, India
Dr. Prasanna Venkataraman, USA
Dr. Krishna Chaitanya Vishnubhatla, India
Committees xi
Prof. Jingwen Wang, China

Prof. Yanhong Wei, China
Prof. Kaiming Wu, China
Dr. Xiaohong Zhan, China
Contents
1 String-Like Fiber Dust Occurrence in Crush Cutting

of Stacked Liner Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Shigeru Nagasawa, Takuya Oyake and Takashi Kajizuka
2 Phase Transformation of Amorphous Rice Husk Silica . . . . . . . . . . 17
A.L. Rivas, Grace Vera, Víctor Palacios, Mauricio Cornejo,
Andrés Rigail and Guillermo Solórzano
3 Analysis of Nano/Micro Bimodal SUS316L Powder Behavior . . . . . 27
Joo Won Oh, Ravi Bollina, Won Sik Lee and Seong Jin Park
4 Tensile Deformation Behavior of Al-rich Ferritic Steels for
Advanced Light Water Reactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Ankan Guria, Indrajit Charit and Bojan Petrovic
5 A Study on Precipitation Behavior of A356 Alloy
by Ultrasonic Velocity Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
G.V.S. Murthy
6 Synthesis of Superhard Lightweight Composites
and Improvement of Their Properties via
Chemical Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Lembit Kommel, Toomas Tamm, Raido Metsvahi and Kadri Nokkur
7 Structural and Chemical Variations Induced
by Thermomechanical Cycling in Shape
Memory Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Leandru-Gheorghe Bujoreanu, Bogdan Pricop,
Nicoleta Monica Lohan, Marius-Gabriel Suru and Bogdan Istrate
8 Thermal Conductivity on Ternary Eutectic Fatty Acid
as Phase Change Material (PCM) by Various Treated
Exfoliated Graphite Nanoplatelets (xGnP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
B. Eanest Jebasingh
xiii
xiv Contents
9 Elements Diffusion in Brazing Seam of High Volume Fraction

SiCp/6063Al Matrix Composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Dongfeng Cheng, Jitai Niu, Zeng Gao and Josip Brnic
10 Functionally Graded Cemented Carbides Elaboration
by Imbibition Process—Better Understanding of Liquid
Migration and Homogenization Mechanisms
for an Improved Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
O. Ther, C. Colin and A. Dourfaye
11 Water Analogy Experiment on the Multi-concentration
Pouring Process of a 585 Ton Steel Ingot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Jinwu Kang, Chi Zhang, Chao Dong, Houfa Shen and Baicheng Liu
12 Ferroelectric (Hf, Zr)O2 Thin Films for High-Density
Nonvolatile Memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
F. Ambriz-Vargas, R. Thomas and A. Ruediger
13 Advanced System for Nanofabrication and Nanomanipulation
Based on Shape Memory Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
S. von Gratowski, V. Koledov, V. Shavrov, S. Petrenko, A. Irzhak,
A. Shelyakov and R. Jede
14 Synthesis of Aluminium–Graphene Nanocomposite Sintered
Using Spark Plasma Sintering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Vipin Jain, Anil Kumar, Bathula Sivaiah and Ajay Dhar
15 Time-Lapse Correlative 3D Imaging Applied to the Corrosion
Study of AZ31 Mg Alloy in a Saline Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
H.M. Krebs, Ali Chirazi, L. Lechner, J. Gelb, X. Zhou,
G.E. Thompson and P.J. Withers
16 Welding and Heat Treatment Behaviour of T23
(2.25Cr-1.6W-V-Nb) Steel Tubes in Power
Plant Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
R. Easwaran, G. Vimalan, R. Ravibharath, P. Sundaramoorthy,
N. Raju and G. Ravichandran
17 Solar Performance Analysis of ZrOx/ZrC-ZrN/Zr/SS Spectrally
Selective Coating Under Extreme Thermal Environment . . . . . . . . . 191
B. Usmani, V. Vijay, R. Chhibber and A. Dixit
18 A Comprehensive Study of Hydrogen Redistribution
and Embrittlement Prevention in Ferrous Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Daniel Gaude-Fugarolas
19 Advances in Small Specimen Testing Methods for Characterizing
Tensile, Creep, and Fracture Properties of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
M.D. Mathew
Contents xv
20 An Approach to Develop Hansel–Spittel Constitutive Equation

during Ingot Breakdown Operation of Low Alloy Steels . . . . . . . . . 239
K. Chadha, D. Shahriari and M. Jahazi
21 Development of an Artificial Neural Network Model for CO2
Corrosion Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Jacinta Kelly, Krishnan Kannoorpatti and Wai Kean Yap
22 Study on the Adhesive Joint Strength of 2060-T8 Al–Li Alloy
Single Lap Joint with Different Adhesives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Xiaohong Zhan, Cheng Gu, Hongliang Wu, Hongbing Liu, Jie Chen,
Jicheng Chen and Yanhong Wei
23 Mechanical Properties of Ti2AlNb and Ti2AlZr Intermetallics:
A First Principles Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Ashish Pathak and A.K. Singh
24 Effects of Micro-Ti Addition on Improving Hot Ductility
of Nb-Bearing Ultra High Strength Steels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Mei Zhang, Haiyang Li, Bin Gan, Chaobin Huang, Hongtao Li,
Yong Zhong and Lin Li
25 Effect of Transition Metals on Thermal Stability of Al‒Si
Cast Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
F. Czerwinski, S.K. Shaha, W. Kasprzak, J. Friedman and D.L. Chen
26 Structure and Properties of the Skeleton Microporous
Materials with Coatings Inside the Pores for Medical
and Dental Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
L.A. Dobrzański, A.D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz,
A. Achtelik-Franczak and M. Szindler
27 TWIP Mechanism in High-Mn Austenitic Steels
and Its Effect on Steels Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
L.A. Dobrzański, W. Borek and J. Mazurkiewicz
28 Impact Behaviour of Super Duplex Stainless Steel Weldments
at Sub-Zero Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Raghuveer Gaddam, Guocai Chai and Peter Stenvall
29 Microstructural Evolution and Strengthening of Stainless
Steels During Cold Rolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
A. Belyakov, M. Odnobokova, A. Kipelova, K. Tsuzaki
and R. Kaibyshev
30 Influence of Nickel on the Properties of P91 Flux Cored
Wire Weld Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
S. Baumgartner, A. Holy, M. Schuler, R. Schnitzer and N. Enzinger
xvi Contents
31 Effect of Cross-Linking Agent on the Thermo-Mechanical

Properties of Acrylate Shape Memory Polymer Network . . . . . . . . . 359
G. Jerald Maria Antony, S.T. Aruna, Raja Samikkannu
and Chetan S. Jarali
32 Exchange Bias and Interfacial Magnetic Phenomena
in Mechanically Milled Ferromagnetic/Antiferromagnetic
Nanocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Satya Prakash Pati and Dipankar Das
33 Effect of Alloying Additions on the Properties Affecting Shape
Memory Properties of Cu–12.5Al–5Mn Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Rupa Dasgupta, Ashish Kumar Jain, Shahadat Hussain,
Abhishek Pandey and V. Sampath
34 Characterization of Fine Metal Powders Produced by Hybrid
by Water–Gas Atomization for Metal Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . 391
Zhu Jie, Luo Hao, Weng Ting, Li Zhi, Zong Wei and Zeng Keli
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
About the Editors
M. Muruganant is a Commonwealth fellow and a doctorate from University of

Cambridge, UK. Having worked with some of the most prestigious research
institutes across the globe, his contributions in the field of structure–property cor-
relation, understanding of the components of high-temperature creep strength of
ferritic steels, have benefitted the scientific community. His contributions have
benefitted corporate giants such as ABB, Sweden; Siemens Westinghouse Corpo-
ration, USA; and ESAB, Sweden. Prof. Muruganant has a great passion for
research, academia, and technology. His contributions have been recognized
through various publications in peer-reviewed journals, invitation for keynote
lectures in premier conferences across the globe. His models for structure–property
correlation were the first to world to predict properties of steel as required by
commercial standards. He has implemented modules through computational
methods that have saved several million dollars in steel plants. He is the founder
Chairman of the major International Conferences series in materials like FiMPART
(Frontiers in Materials Processing, Applications, Research and Technology) and
FiNSTA (Frontiers in Nanoscience, Technology and Applications). He is currently
serving as the Ministry of Steel Chair Professor having selected by the Ministry of
Steel and Mines, Govt. of India, as one of the Chair Professors and contributes from
PSG College of Technology, a 100-year-old institute, whose Design Data Book is
used by all engineering fabricators in India and elsewhere. It is worthy to note that
he is the youngest Chair Professors in the history of this Chair position—a befitting
reward for his sustained and positive contribution to education, research, and
industries alike. He is also the director of the Steel Academics, Research and
Consultancy Center (SARCC). He is an expert consultant selected by Intota experts,
USA. He is the editor in chief of Steel Communications.
Ali Chirazi obtained an MEng in applied physics with specialization in nuclear
and atomic physics from University of Brussels in Belgium in 1995, followed by a
year-long course in ergology, at Ergology business school in Brussels, Belgium. He
obtained his PhD in multiscale computational materials science applied to light
alloy in the year 2000 from University of Greenwich in London, UK. Conducted a
xvii
xviii About the Editors
Post doc from 2000 to 2002, at Imperial College materials department in

London UK, combining image-based characterization techniques with
multi-physics materials simulation for property predictions, applied to aluminum
alloys. He served as research scientist at “Institute for Condensed Matter Chemistry
of Bordeaux” (ICMCB-CNRS), from 2002 to 2014, where he was responsible for
3D image-based characterization techniques. He was the manager of the “Henry
Moseley X-Ray Imaging Facility” (HMXIF) in Manchester, UK, from 2014 to
2016, heading research in 4D Image-based techniques combined with computa-
tional physics in materials science. He is currently Senior Materials Scientist in the
Materials & Structural Analysis division (Formerly FEI) within “ThermoFisher
Scientific,” Bordeaux, France, working on multimodal and multiscale correlative
workflows in materials science.
Baldev Raj has rendered yeoman service to the Department of Atomic Energy
over a 42-year period until 2011. As Distinguished Scientist and Director, Indira
Gandhi Centre of Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, he galvanized a whole community
of staff, scientists, and engineers for advancing several challenging technologies,
especially those related to the Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) and the Prototype
Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR). He has nurtured and grown excellent schools in
nuclear materials and mechanics, nondestructive evaluation, corrosion, welding,
separation sciences and technology, and robotics and automation. These schools
have delivered science-based technological solutions to strategic sectors and
industries and have created strong groups in leading educational institutions. His
unique accomplishment has been breaking barriers between academia-research and
research-industry in order to realize tangible and significant outcomes in high
technology domains. Dr. Baldev Raj has played a pioneering role in mastering the
technology of complex post-irradiation examination (PIE) to achieve a burn up of
165 GWd/tonne of Pu-rich carbide. Dr. Raj has pioneered application of NDE for
basic research using acoustic and electromagnetic techniques in a variety of
materials and components. He is also responsible for realizing societal applications
of NDE in areas related to cultural heritage and medical diagnosis. His widely
acclaimed contributions relate to understanding deformation using acoustic and
magnetic Barkhausen methods, studies on stability and functional characterization
of ferrofluids, corrosion mechanisms, and specific sensors for high sensitivity and
relevant measurements in a wide spectrum of technologies. His contributions to
sodium science, materials development for fast spectrum and fusion reactors,
structural mechanics and integrity of high-performance components, safety of
sodium-cooled fast reactors, reprocessing of unique Pu-rich carbide fuel, etc., have
earned for India a leadership position in these fields in the world. He has used
knowledge thus gained to address technology-intensive problems in aerospace and
defense. He was elected President of International Committee on NDT in 1992. He
is also Past President of The Indian Institution of Metals, Indian Institution of
Welding, and Indian Society of NDT. He is currently President, International
Institute of Welding; President, Indian National Academy of Engineering; and
President-Research PSG Institutions, Coimbatore. Dr. Baldev Raj is a Fellow of
About the Editors xix
Indian National Science Academy, Indian Academy of Sciences, National

Academy of Sciences, India, and Indian National Academy of Engineering, The
Third World Academy of Sciences, German Academy of Sciences, and Interna-
tional Nuclear Energy Academy and Academia NDT, International. He is Hon.
Fellow, International Medical Sciences Academy. Author of more than 800 pub-
lications in refereed journals and books, 60 books, including special journal vol-
umes, contributions to encyclopedia and handbooks, and owner of 21 patents, he
has been recognized by way of awards, honors, plenary and keynote talks, and
editorial positions and assignments in esteemed national and international fora in
more than 30 countries. He is editor in chief of three series of books. He has been
conferred Distinguished Alumnus Award of Indian Institute of Science, Distin-
guished Materials Scientist Award of Materials Research Society of India, National
Metallurgist Award of Ministry of Steel, Government of India, and Presidential
honor Padma Shri. Above all, he has interacted with thousands of scientists and
mentored hundreds of children, students, scientists, and technologists and has
inspired them to carry out scientific and technical activities with a high degree of
professionalism and, at the same time, following exemplary ethical practices.
Chapter 1
String-Like Fiber Dust Occurrence
in Crush Cutting of Stacked Liner Boards
Shigeru Nagasawa, Takuya Oyake and Takashi Kajizuka
Abstract To convert a corrugated fiberboard (Cfb) into a couple of unfolded

formed-cut sheets for making a container box, since the raw Cfb is cut off by using
a combination of center-bevelled (wedge) blade and its counter faceplate, the cut-
ting edge of blade dynamically and repeatedly collides on the faceplate. Therefore,
the edge profile of blade and the contact zone of faceplate plastically deform and
abrasively removed with respect to the repeated cutting times. When the cutting
times of raw Cfb increase and reach a certain number, the occurrence probability of
string-like dust empirically increases due to the variation of edge profile of blade
and dent of faceplate. When such the string-like dusts become larger and adhere to
the product object, they become foreign matter. Therefore, in order to reduce the
occurrence of string-like dusts, any countermeasures are required. Nagasawa et al.
(J Jpn Soc Technol Plast (SOSEI-TO-KAKOU) 43(498):624–628, 2002, [3]) had
reported about the effects of blade tip thickness on string-like dust occurrence in the
case of white-coated paperboard of basis weight 350 (a thickness of 0.45 mm) and
the correlation between room humidity and dust occurrence probability. However,
any generation mechanism of string-like dusts and its applicability of occurrence
estimation to a Cfb are not sufficiently discussed in the past. When the Cfb is
subjected to a pressure cutting of flatbed die cutter, a stacked collection of three raw
fiber sheets, upper liner, medium, and lower liner sheets, is fasten and cut off by a
wedge indentation. These raw sheets have a thickness of 0.18–0.22 mm, which is
relatively thinner than that of widely known white-coated paper of 0.45 mm, and
these three raw sheets have different mechanical properties for each layer. Syn-
thetically, the occurrence probability of string-like dusts in the Cfb cutting appears
to be partially different from that of the white-coated paperboard. The authors
experimentally investigated the relationship between the blade tip thickness and
S. Nagasawa (✉) ⋅ T. Oyake

Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka,
Niigata 940-2188, Japan
e-mail: snaga@mech.nagaokaut.ac.jp
T. Kajizuka
Rengo Co. Ltd., 4-1-186 Oh-Hiraki, Fukushima, Osaka 553-0007, Japan
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 1

M. Muruganant et al. (eds.), Frontiers in Materials Processing, Applications,
Research and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4819-7_1
2 S. Nagasawa et al.
geometrical features of string-like dusts and the corresponded cutting load

responses, in order to reveal the mechanical condition for causing the string-like
dusts.
Keywords Thread-like dust ⋅ Shear ⋅ Die cutting ⋅ Pressure adhesion

Paperboard
1 Introduction
To convert a corrugated fiberboard (Cfb) into a couple of unfolded formed-cut

sheets for making a container box, since the raw Cfb is cut off by using a com-
bination of center-bevelled (wedge) blade and its counter faceplate, the cutting edge
of blade dynamically and repeatedly collides on the faceplate. Therefore, the edge
profile of blade and the contact zone of faceplate plastically deform and abrasively
removed with respect to the repeated cutting times. Hofer et al. [2] reported a real
blade wear and load response during corrugated board punching.
When the cutting times of raw Cfb increase and reach a certain number, the
occurrence probability of string-like dust empirically increases due to the variation
of edge profile of blade and dent of faceplate. When such the string-like dusts
become larger and adhere to the product object, they become foreign matter. Such
the large string-like dust generation determines the lifetime of cutting tool.
Therefore, in order to reduce the occurrence of string-like dusts, any countermea-
sures are required. Regarding the fine dust generation in a converting plant, there
does not seem to be reported about any fiberboard punching, but there is a report of
woodwork chamber [1].
In the case of height-wise Cfb cutting, it is known that there is stationary the
doubly folded deformation of corrugated medium sheet [4] and it makes a sort of
string-like dust generation while the blade edge crushing causes another string-like
dust generation. Namely, two kinds of string-like dust generation mechanisms exist
in the Cfb cutting process. Nagasawa et al. [3] had also reported about the effects of
blade tip thickness on string-like dust occurrence in a case of white-coated
paperboard of basis weight 350 (a thickness of 0.45 mm) and the correlation
between room humidity and dust occurrence probability. However, any generation
mechanism of string-like dusts and its applicability of occurrence estimation to a
Cfb are not sufficiently discussed in the past. When the Cfb is subjected to a crush
cutting of flatbed die cutter, a stacked collection of three raw fiber sheets, upper
liner, medium, and lower liner sheets, is fasten and cut off by a wedge indentation.
These raw sheets have a thickness of 0.18–0.22 mm, which is relatively thinner
than that of widely known white-coated paper of 0.45 mm, and these three raw
sheets have different mechanical properties for each layer. Synthetically, the
occurrence probability of string-like dusts in the Cfb cutting appears to be partially
similar or different from that of the white-coated paperboard. Hence, in order to
1 String-Like Fiber Dust Occurrence in Crush Cutting … 3
estimate the lifetime of cutting blade for the Cfb, an actual investigation of
string-like dust occurrence on cutting raw fiber sheets is experimentally required.
In this research work, the authors experimentally investigated the relationship
between the blade tip thickness and geometrical features of string-like dusts and the
corresponded cutting load responses in two kinds of worksheet condition: (1) single
raw sheet of liner or medium material, and (2) a stacked structure of
liner/medium/liner, in order to reveal the mechanical condition with respect to the
variance of crushed tip thickness for causing the string-like dusts.
2 Experimental Condition
In order to vary the indentation stroke of cutting blade under the feed velocity of
0.2 mm s−1, a servo press machine was used. All the specimens were kept in and
examined under a specified environment: room temperature of 296 K and humidity
of 50%RH. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of cutting blade, worksheet(s),
counter faceplate, and rubber underlay mounted on the baseplate of the servo press
machine. The counter faceplate had a thickness of 1.5 mm and was made of
SUS630, which had its hardness of 510 VHN. The rubber underlay was considered
for making the blade edge pressure uniform, a thickness of which was 1 mm. The
out-of-plane equivalent stiffness of cutting tool system was k = 0.9 N mm−2.
The indentation depth of blade d is estimated from the expression: d = c − f/k,
using the measured value of k, where c is the specified displacement of blade holder
and f is the applied force per unit length of blade (line force) N mm−1. The specimen
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of

cutting test apparatus: layout Feed velocity V V=±0.2mm/s
of blade, worksheet, and
Upper crosshead
underlay
Apex angle of blade 42° Load cell
Holder
d
t Blade
Tip thickness w Paperboard
Counter plate
Magnet rubber
Base block
Lower crosshead
Cutting line by a blade of 15mm length
40mm
Machine direction (MD)
80mm
Fig. 2 Cutting direction on specimen
Table 1 Mechanical properties by in-plane tensile test

The breaking true stress σ B MPa 67.9 (64.4–70.7) 27.1 (25.4–29.5)
The breaking true strain ε % 1.93 (1.76 = 2.04) 1.15 (1.00–1.32)
Young’s modulus E MPa 7.67 (7.32–8.15) 3.96 (3.37–4.32)
(values: average (min.∼max.) of 5 pieces, feed velocity 0.2 mm s−1)
size of worksheet was chosen as 40 mm width × 80 mm length for the two kinds of
experiment. Here, as shown in Fig. 2, the cutting attitude (angle ϕ) of blade line to
the worksheet was chosen as ϕ = 90° with reference to the machine direction
(MD) of paper making. This direction of cutting line is the same as that of
height-wise Cfb cutting. The specification of cutting blade was as follows: wedge
angle: α = 42°, length of blade line: 15 mm, thickness of blade body: 0.71 mm, and
a high carbon steel which has the hardness: 610 VHN at the tip of blade.
2.1 Single Piece of Liner and Medium Sheet
A raw paper sheet, which had the nominal basis weight of 170 gm−2 and the
micrometer-based thickness of 0.187 mm, was chosen as the liner, while another
paper sheet, which had the nominal basis weight of 120 gm−2 and the thickness of
0.193 mm, was chosen as the medium, respectively. The in-plane tensile testing of
those two raw sheet materials was shown in Table 1. It is obviously that the liner
has the higher strength and the higher stiffness, compared with that of the medium
sheet in the in-plane machine direction.
In order to investigate the effect of crushed tip thickness on the cutting char-
acteristics of single worksheet, the tip thickness of w was chosen as 30, 37, 49, 60,
72, 81, 98, 134 μm. The profile of edge was modified by using a sort of emery
paper from virgin knives. Figure 3 shows an example of top view of blade tip in the
case of w = 37 μm.
The blade which was implemented on the upper holder was moved downward
with the specified feed velocity V = 0.2 mm s−1 until the blade pushing load
reached at 40 N mm−1 when cutting without any worksheet. Namely, the blade
indentation was controlled in a certain stroke, which was chosen as similar to the
crank motion [3].
Fig. 3 SEM photograph of

blade tip profile (w = 37 μm)
Through the cutting experiment, the relationship between the line force
f N mm−1 and the normalized indentation stroke d/t, the occurrence probability of
string-like dust, and the width and/or permanent thickness of string-like dust were
measured. Here, t is the thickness of worksheet, chosen as 0.187 mm (liner),
0.193 mm (medium sheet). The sample numbers of liner and medium sheet cutting
were chosen as 5–10 for each tip thickness w.
2.2 Stacked Three Pieces of Liner/Medium/Liner
In order to investigate the effect of crushed tip thickness on the cutting character-
istics of three-piece stacked worksheet, the tip thickness of w was chosen as 30, 37,
49, 60, 72, 81, 98 μm. A combination of three pieces of MD liner/medium/liner was
used for the worksheet, the total thickness of which was about t = 0.556 mm, while
the width of worksheet was chosen as 40 (or 14) mm. Here, the specimen width of
14 mm was considered for discussing the blade end effect of unseparated zone on
the cutting force characteristic. When there is unseparated zone in a cutting test of
white-coated paperboard of 350 gm−2, it is known that the maximum cutting line
force is varied in a certain extent with respect to the unseparated length [5]. In order
to easily detect the behavior of three stacked sheets, the upper side of upper liner
was painted with a red-colored waterborne coating, while the lower side of the
lower liner was painted with a green-colored waterborne coating. The medium sheet
was not painted. Used ink was FK-Flemio [7].
The pushing process of cutting blade was manually controlled up to the
breaking-down position of cutting force. This limit positioning was considered for
avoiding surplus compressive history of string-like dust. Adding to this experiment,
a sort of surplus compressive state (from 20 up to 80 Nmm−1) was investigated for
discussing the effect of surplus compressive force on the permanent thickness of
string-like dust. Other mechanical conditions were the same as that of previous
experiment (single raw sheet cutting).
3 Results of Experiment and Discussion
3.1 Cutting of Single Liner and Medium Sheet
Figure 4a, b shows the relationship between the indentation depth d/t and the
cutting line force f N mm−1 when one raw sheet is cut off, by varying the tip
thickness w of blade. The downward motion of blade was programmed so that the
loading force reaches to about 40 N mm−1 (determined from the referenced cutting
condition [3] under an idle cutting without any worksheet). Since the programmed
stroke of blade was fixed in this experiment, the finally stopped line force was
increased with w due to the variance of string-like dust height.
Seeing the liner cutting of w = 30 μm, there are two local peaks C1 and C2: the
first peak load of fC1 and the second peak load of fC2. The former appears due to the
surface layer breaking, while the latter is derived from the in-plane final breaking of
lower layer [3]. There were not any string-like dusts in the case of w = 30 μm,
while fairly long string-like dusts occurred when the tip thickness w was larger than
Fig. 4 Cutting line force of

t = 0.187mm
t=0.187mm
single sheet with respect to 60 w=134µm
w = 134μm
Line force f /kNm-1
blade tip thickness. a Liner w = 98μm

w=98µm
sheet (t = 0.187 mm) and
b medium sheet w = 60μm
w=60µm
(t = 0.193 mm)
30 ww=30µm
= 30μm C2
C1
idle
Idle cutting
cutting
0
0.0 0.5 1.0
Indentation depth of blade d/t
(a) Liner sheet (t=0.187 mm)
t = 0.193mm
t=0.193mm ww=134µm
= 134μm
60
Line force f /kNm-1
w=98µm
w=60µm
30 w = 30μm
w=30µm
Idle
idlecutting
cutting
0
0.0 0.5 1.0
Indentation depth of blade d/t
(b) Medium sheet (t=0.193 mm)
Fig. 5 Occurrence 100
Occurrence probability of
probability of string-like dust
Liner
string-like dust pth /%

Medium
White-coated paperboard,
50 Basis weight 350 g/m2
t=0.45mm, 52 RH,
Ref. Nagasawa et al.,
(2002)
0
0 50 100 150
Tip thickness of blade w /µm
Fig. 6 Length of string-like 14

Liner
Length of string-like dust
dust (single sheet)

12 Medium
10
lth /mm
8
6
4
2
0
0 50 100 150
60 μm. In the cases of w > 60 μm, the first peak fC1 was increased, but the second
peak fC2 was disappeared. Comparing (b) medium sheet cutting with (a) liner sheet
cutting, the occurrence position of the first peak fC1 tends to be postponed and the
magnitude of fC1 tends to be smaller than that of liner sheet. This tendency of
cutting load response is related to the stiffness and/or yield strength of worksheet.
Figure 5 shows the relationship between the occurrence probability of string-like
dust pth and the tip thickness of blade w, while Fig. 6 shows the statistical length lth
of string-like dust with respect to w. The average length of string-like dust was
evaluated as a sum of collected-measurable threads for 10 times cutting with tip
thickness w.
In Fig. 6, the error bars were plotted as the maximum/minimum value of
string-like dust in the measured population. Since all the string-like dusts are
fragile, the average value appears to be shorter than that in the on-load process.
Therefore, the maximum value of lth seems to characterize its real length. Namely,
seeing Fig. 6, a long string-like dust tends to be generated for w > 80 μm. It is
found that there is the lower bound limit of string-like dust occurrence at w ≈
30 μm for both the liner and medium sheet. The lower bound limit of occurrence
was similarly 40–50 μm in the case of white-coated paperboard of 0.45 mm, while
its general tendency of occurrence probability was apt to be 20 μm shifted with
Fig. 7 Top view and sectional views of string-like dust (single-sheet cut)
respect to w. In other words, the string-like dust of single liner and/or single
medium sheet appears to easily occur, compared with the white-coated paperboard.
In order to reveal a part of occurrence mechanism of string-like dust, the sec-
tional profile of string-like dust was observed by using a couple of CCD microscope
cameras. Figure 7a shows an example of SEM photograph of string-like dust when
using w = 60 μm, while Fig. 7b, c shows sectional views of string-like dusts for
w = 72, 134 μm. Since the string-like dust was long and stable when w > 72 μm, a
sectional viewing was performed. The edge profile of those specimens (liners)
appeared to be fairly different (simply pulled out and broken in the in-plane),
compared to a white-coated paperboard of thickness 0.45 mm, which had a large
dent beneath the blade edge contacted zone, and there was a large fluffing [3]. Using
two-dimensional profile measurement by a laser microscope, the width of
string-like dust and the height of its central dent zone were analyzed.
Figure 8 shows the relationship between the normalized width of string-like dust
wth/t and tip thickness of blade w, while Fig. 9 shows the normalized height h/t of
string-like dust measured at the central dent zone of the liner and medium sheets.
The width of string-like dust wth tended to be 20–60% larger than the thickness of
worksheet. The normalized width wth/t of linear and medium sheets was linearly
approximated by using Eqs. (1) and (2), respectively. In the case of white-coated
paperboard of 0.45 mm [3], a gradient ∂wth ̸ ∂w was 1.9, while the gradient was
1.41 and 1.55 in Eqs. (1) and (2). Hence, it is found that the sensitivity of w on wth
of linear and medium sheets is relatively smaller than that of white-coated paper-
board of 0.45 mm.
wth ̸ t = 1.55ðw ̸ t Þ + 0.10 ðt = 0.187 mm, for LinerÞ ð1Þ
wth ̸ t = 1.41ðw ̸ t Þ + 0.11 ðt = 0.193 mm, for mediumÞ ð2Þ
Seeing Fig. 9, the aspect ratio of height by tip thickness h/w of string-like dust
scattered in 0.15–0.25. Here, the average pressure on blade edge was estimated as
500–840 MPa at the final stage of loading process. The permanent compressive
ratio h/t of liner and medium sheets was almost same as that of white-coated
paperboard, the height of which was 0.11–0.15, and also, the ratio of h/w of liner
and medium sheets was similar to that (≈0.29) of white-coated paperboard.
Fig. 8 Single-sheet width of

string-like dust Liner t=0.187mm wth=w+0.6t
Width of string-like dust wth/t

1.2
Medium
t=0.193mm
0.8
Eq.(2)
Eq.(1)
0.4 wth=w
0
0 38 76 114 152
Fig. 9 Single-sheet height of

Liner t=0.187mm
Height of string-like dust h/t
string-like dust (dent zone) h/w=0.29

0.2 Medium t=0.193mm
0.1
h/w=0.15~0.25
0
0 38 76 114 152
3.2 Cutting of Stacked Three Pieces of Liner/Medium/Liner
The relationship between the line force f N mm−1 and the indentation depth of
blade d/t was shown in Fig. 10, when the stacked 40-mm-wide sheets of
liner/medium/liner were cut off by choosing the tip thickness w = 30, 37, 47, 63,
72, 81, and 98 μm. When cutting off the lower liner at d/t = 0.9–0.1, the line force
was settled down in a certain small residual level of 5–20 N mm−1. In this
experiment, the blade was quickly released upward when the line force had reached
the small residual level. Namely, the string-like dusts were not pressed under any
surplus indentation. Three local peaks C11, C12, and C13 (denoted as C1j, j = 1, 2,
3) were detected as the first local maximum load point of each layer sheet due to the
three stacked structure of worksheet for all the cases. Here, the second suffix (j = 1,
2, 3) denotes the upper liner, medium, and lower liner sheets, respectively. In the
three-piece stacked condition, since the second local peaks were not clearly
detected, the physical features such as the surface early breaking and/or bottom
layer final breaking could not be verified. Seeing the third peak in case of w = 30,
Fig. 10 Cutting load

response of liner–medium–
liner sheets with respect to
blade tip thickness (in case of
unseparated condition: width
of 40 mm)
First peak line force fC1j /N mm−1
Fig. 11 Relationship
between the first, second, and Suffix j: the j-th layer
60
third maximum points and 1st layer peak fC11, 14mm
blade tip thickness
1st layer peak fC11, 40mm 67%
40 difference
3rd layer peak fC13, 40mm
20
2nd layer peak
2nd layer peak fC12, 40mm fC12, 14mm
3rd layer peak fC13, 14mm
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Tip thickness w/µm
37 μm, the detected peak point seems to be the bottom layer final breaking owing to
its occurrence timing. Therefore, the detected local peak point of each layer is the
local maximum but not always the surface early breaking, in the case of three-piece
stacked structure.
Seeing the local peak load with respect to the tip thickness of blade w, the
variance of fC11 (the first peak of upper liner) was remarkably large, while the
variances of fC12, fC13 were relatively small, when the tip thickness was large:
w > 47 μm. However, in the fine edge condition of w = 30, 37 μm, three peaks of
fC1j (j = 1, 2, 3) were almost equal to each other.
Figure 11 shows the relationship between the local peak loads fC1j (j = 1, 2, 3)
and the tip thickness of blade w. Here, the width of worksheet was chosen as two
kinds of 40 and 14 mm. The difference of local peak loads fC1j between the 40 mm
and 14 mm width sheet was estimated as 67% when w = 98 μm. This difference
appears to be caused by the three-dimensional effect of unseparated zone [5]. The
peak line forces fC1j were approximated by Eq. (3) using the linear least squares
method. The coefficients of Eq. (3) were shown in Table 2. The second-layer
Table 2 Coefficients of Unit Upper Medium Lower

normal Eq. (3) in case of liner liner
worksheet width = 40 mm
(j = 1) (j = 2) (j = 3)
kfC1j1 0.672 0.505 0.490
N mm−1 μm−1
kfC1j0 N mm−1 −3.208 0.347 2.991
Fig. 12 SEM photographs of front view of sheared zone of stacked liner/medium/liner
gradient ∂fC12 ̸ ∂w is almost the same as the third-layer gradient ∂fC13 ̸ ∂w, while the
first-layer gradient ∂fC11 ̸∂w tends to be larger than the second and third layers. This
difference seems to be caused by two reasons: (1) The first-layer (upper) liner is free
to the upper side and (2) there is not any built-in edge beneath the blade tip, while a
sort of built-in edge exists when the second or third peak occurs at.
In the cutting process of the second and third layers, since the built-in edge
contributes to cut off the specified layer sheet under a frictional-compressive
restriction of upper layer, the barrier level of breaking seems to be relatively low.
The approximation form of Eq. (3) is also applicable to the single raw paper cut-
ting. Seeing the coefficients kfC131 and kfC30 in Table 2, it is found that the peak line
force fC1 in Fig. 2a is roughly expressed by Eq. (3) and also the coefficients kfC121
and kfC120 are roughly corresponded to Fig. 2b, respectively.
fC1j = kfC1j1 w + kfC1j0 ð3Þ
Figure 12 shows the sheared zone of stacked three pieces of liner/medium/liner

in two cases of w = 98, 47 μm, and Fig. 13 shows the corresponded string-like dust
for w = 98, 47 μm. In this stacked three-piece cutting, there were not any occur-
rences of string-like dusts, the length of which was longer than 1 mm, when using
w = 30, 37 μm, while a 15-mm-long string-like dust occurred in every time when
w ≥ 60 μm. Figure 14 shows the occurrence probability of string-like dust with
respect to w. The width of string-like dust wth, which was measured by an optical
microscope, was shown in Fig. 15, and the compressed thickness of string-like dust
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8. Resolved, That the separation of the moneys of the government
from banking institutions is indispensable for the safety of the funds
of the government and the rights of the people.
9. Resolved, That the liberal principles embodied by Jefferson in
the Declaration of Independence, and sanctioned in the constitution,
which makes ours the land of liberty and the asylum of the oppressed
of every nation, have ever been cardinal principles in the democratic
faith; and every attempt to abridge the present privilege of becoming
citizens, and the owners of soil among us, ought to be resisted with
the same spirit which swept the alien and sedition laws from our
statute book.
Whereas, Several of the states which have nominated Martin Van
Buren as a candidate for the presidency, have put in nomination
different individuals as candidates for Vice-President, thus
indicating a diversity of opinion as to the person best entitled to the
nomination; and whereas, some of the said states are not
represented in this convention; therefore,
Resolved, That the convention deem it expedient at the present
time not to choose between the individuals in nomination, but to
leave the decision to their republican fellow-citizens in the several
states, trusting that before the election shall take place, their
opinions will become so concentrated as to secure the choice of a
Vice-President by the electoral college.
1843.—Liberty Platform.
Buffalo, August 30.

1. Resolved, That human brotherhood is a cardinal principle of
true democracy, as well as of pure Christianity, which spurns all
inconsistent limitations; and neither the political party which
repudiates it, nor the political system which is not based upon it, can
be truly democratic or permanent.
2. Resolved, That the Liberty party, placing itself upon this broad
principle, will demand the absolute and unqualified divorce of the
general government from slavery, and also the restoration of equality
of rights among men, in every state here the party exists, or may
exist.
3. Resolved, That the Liberty party has not been organized for any
temporary purpose by interested politicians, but has arisen from
among the people in consequence of a conviction, hourly gaining
ground, that no other party in the country represents the true
principles of American liberty, or the true spirit of the constitution of
the United States.
4. Resolved, That the Liberty party has not been organized merely
for the overthrow of slavery; its first decided effort must, indeed, be
directed against slaveholding as the grossest and most revolting
manifestation of despotism, but it will also carry out the principle of
equal rights into all its practical consequences and applications, and
support every just measure conducive to individual and social
freedom.
5. Resolved, That the Liberty party is not a sectional party but a
national party; was not originated in a desire to accomplish a single
object, but in a comprehensive regard to the great interests of the
whole country; is not a new party, nor a third party, but is the party
of 1776, reviving the principles of that memorable era, and striving to
carry them into practical application.
6. Resolved, That it was understood in the times of the declaration
and the constitution, that the existence of slavery in some of the
states was in derogation of the principles of American liberty, and a
deep stain upon the character of the country, and the implied faith of
the states and the nation was pledged that slavery should never be
extended beyond its then existing limits, but should be gradually,
and yet, at no distant day, wholly abolished by state authority.
7. Resolved, That the faith of the states and the nation thus
pledged, was most nobly redeemed by the voluntary abolition of
slavery in several of the states, and by the adoption of the ordinance
of 1787, for the government of the territory northwest of the river
Ohio, then the only territory in the United States, and consequently
the only territory subject in this respect to the control of Congress, by
which ordinance slavery was forever excluded from the vast regions
which now compose the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,
and the territory of Wisconsin, and an incapacity to bear up any
other than freemen was impressed on the soil itself.
8. Resolved, That the faith of the states and the nation thus
pledged, has been shamefully violated by the omission, on the part of
many of the states, to take any measures whatever for the abolition of
slavery within their respective limits; by the continuance of slavery in
the District of Columbia, and in the territories of Louisiana and
Florida; by the legislation of Congress; by the protection afforded by
national legislation and negotiation to slaveholding in American
vessels, on the high seas, employed in the coastwise Slave Traffic;
and by the extension of slavery far beyond its original limits, by acts
of Congress admitting new slave states into the Union.
9. Resolved, That the fundamental truths of the Declaration of
Independence, that all men are endowed by their Creator with
certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness, was made the fundamental law of our national
government, by that amendment of the constitution which declares
that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without
due process of law.
10. Resolved, That we recognize as sound the doctrine maintained
by slaveholding jurists, that slavery is against natural rights, and
strictly local, and that its existence and continuance rests on no other
support than state legislation, and not on any authority of Congress.
11. Resolved, That the general government has, under the
constitution, no power to establish or continue slavery anywhere,
and therefore that all treaties and acts of Congress establishing,
continuing or favoring slavery in the District of Columbia, in the
territory of Florida, or on the high seas, are unconstitutional, and all
attempts to hold men as property within the limits of exclusive
national jurisdiction ought to be prohibited by law.
12. Resolved, That the provisions of the constitution of the United
States which confers extraordinary political powers on the owners of
slaves, and thereby constituting the two hundred and fifty thousand
slaveholders in the slave states a privileged aristocracy; and the
provisions for the reclamation of fugitive slaves from service, are
anti-republican in their character, dangerous to the liberties of the
people, and ought to be abrogated.
13. Resolved, That the practical operation of the second of these
provisions, is seen in the enactment of the act of Congress respecting
persons escaping from their masters, which act, if the construction
given to it by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of
Prigg vs. Pennsylvania be correct, nullifies the habeas corpus acts of
all the states, takes away the whole legal security of personal
freedom, and ought, therefore, to be immediately repealed.
14. Resolved, That the peculiar patronage and support hitherto
extended to slavery and slaveholding, by the general government,
ought to be immediately withdrawn, and the example and influence
of national authority ought to be arrayed on the side of liberty and
free labor.
15. Resolved, That the practice of the general government, which
prevails in the slave states, of employing slaves upon the public
works, instead of free laborers, and paying aristocratic masters, with
a view to secure or reward political services, is utterly indefensible
and ought to be abandoned.
16. Resolved, That freedom of speech and of the press, and the
right of petition, and the right of trial by jury, are sacred and
inviolable; and that all rules, regulations and laws, in derogation of
either, are oppressive, unconstitutional, and not to be endured by a
free people.
17. Resolved, That we regard voting, in an eminent degree, as a
moral and religious duty, which, when exercised, should be by voting
for those who will do all in their power for immediate emancipation.
18. Resolved, That this convention recommend to the friends of
liberty in all those free states where any inequality of rights and
privileges exists on account of color, to employ their utmost energies
to remove all such remnants and effects of the slave system.
Whereas, The constitution of these United States is a series of
agreements, covenants or contracts between the people of the United
States, each with all, and all with each; and,
Whereas, It is a principle of universal morality, that the moral laws
of the Creator are paramount to all human laws; or, in the language
of an Apostle, that “we ought to obey God rather than men;” and,
Whereas, The principle of common law—that any contract,
covenant, or agreement, to do an act derogatory to natural right, is
vitiated and annulled by its inherent immorality—has been
recognized by one of the justices of the Supreme Court of the United
States, who in a recent case expressly holds that “any contract that
rests upon such a basis is void;” and,
Whereas, The third clause of the second section of the fourth
article of the constitution of the United States, when construed as
providing for the surrender of a fugitive slave, does “rest upon such a
basis,” in that it is a contract to rob a man of a natural right—namely,
his natural right to his own liberty—and is therefore absolutely void.
Therefore,
19. Resolved, That we hereby give it to be distinctly understood by
this nation and the world, that, as abolitionists, considering that the
strength of our cause lies in its righteousness, and our hope for it in
our conformity to the laws of God, and our respect for the rights of
man, we owe it to the Sovereign Ruler of the Universe, as a proof of
our allegiance to Him, in all our civil relations and offices, whether as
private citizens, or public functionaries sworn to support the
constitution of the United States, to regard and to treat the third
clause of the fourth article of that instrument, whenever applied to
the case of a fugitive slave, as utterly null and void, and consequently
as forming no part of the constitution of the United States, whenever
we are called upon or sworn to support it.
20. Resolved, That the power given to Congress by the
constitution, to provide for calling out the militia to suppress
insurrection, does not make it the duty of the government to
maintain slavery by military force, much less does it make it the duty
of the citizens to form a part of such military force; when freemen
unsheathe the sword it should be to strike for liberty, not for
despotism.
21. Resolved, That to preserve the peace of the citizens, and secure
the blessings of freedom, the legislature of each of the free states
ought to keep in force suitable statutes rendering it penal for any of
its inhabitants to transport, or aid in transporting from such state,
any person sought to be thus transported, merely because subject to
the slave laws of any other state; this remnant of independence being
accorded to the free states by the decision of the Supreme Court, in
the case of Prigg vs. the state of Pennsylvania.
1844.—Whig Platform.
Baltimore, May 1.
1. Resolved, That these principles may be summed as comprising a
well regulated national currency: a tariff for revenue to defray the
necessary expenses of the government, and discriminating with
special reference to the protection of the domestic labor of the
country; the distribution of the proceeds from the sales of the public
lands; a single term for the presidency; a reform of executive
usurpations; and generally such an administration of the affairs of
the country as shall impart to every branch of the public service the
greatest practical efficiency, controlled by a well regulated and wise
economy.
1844.—Democratic Platform.
Baltimore, May 27.

Resolutions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, of the platform of 1840, were
reaffirmed, to which were added the following:
10. Resolved, That the proceeds of the public lands ought to be
sacredly applied to the national objects specified in the constitution,
and that we are opposed to the laws lately adopted, and to any law
for the distribution of such proceeds among the states, as alike
inexpedient in policy and repugnant to the constitution.
11. Resolved, That we are decidedly opposed to taking from the
President the qualified veto power by which he is enabled, under
restrictions and responsibilities amply sufficient to guard the public
interest, to suspend the passage of a bill whose merits can not secure
the approval of two-thirds of the Senate and House of
Representatives, until the judgment of the people can be obtained
thereon, and which has thrice saved the American people from the
corrupt and tyrannical domination of the bank of the United States.
12. Resolved, That our title to the whole of the territory of Oregon
is clear and unquestionable; that no portion of the same ought to be
ceded to England or any other power, and that the reoccupation of
Oregon and the reannexation of Texas at the earliest practicable
period, are great American measures, which this convention
recommends to the cordial support of the democracy of the Union.
Baltimore, May 22.

1. Resolved, That the American democracy place their trust in the
intelligence, the patriotism, and the discriminating justice of the
American people.
2. Resolved, That we regard this as a distinctive feature of our
political creed, which we are proud to maintain before the world, as
the great moral element in a form of government springing from and
upheld by the popular will; and contrast it with the creed and
practice of federalism, under whatever name or form, which seeks to
palsy the will of the constituent, and which conceives no imposture
too monstrous for the popular credulity.
3. Resolved, Therefore, that entertaining these views, the
Democratic party of this Union, through the delegates assembled in
general convention of the states, coming together in a spirit of
concord, of devotion to the doctrines and faith of a free
representative government, and appealing to their fellow-citizens for
the rectitude of their intentions, renew and reassert before the
American people, the declaration of principles avowed by them on a
former occasion, when, in general convention, they presented their
candidates for the popular suffrage.
Resolutions 1, 2, 3 and 4, of the platform of 1840, were reaffirmed.
8. Resolved, That it is the duty of every branch of the government
to enforce and practice the most rigid economy in conducting our
public affairs, and that no more revenue ought to be raised than is
required to defray the necessary expenses of the government, and for
the gradual but certain extinction of the debt created by the
prosecution of a just and necessary war.
Resolution 5, of the platform of 1840, was enlarged by the
following:
And that the results of democratic legislation, in this and all other
financial measures, upon which issues have been made between the
two political parties of the country, have demonstrated to careful and
practical men of all parties, their soundness, safety and utility in all
business pursuits.
Resolutions 7, 8 and 9, of the platform of 1840, were here inserted.
13. Resolved, That the proceeds of the public lands ought to be
sacredly applied to the national objects specified in the constitution;
and that we are opposed to any law for the distribution of such
proceeds among the states as alike inexpedient in policy and
repugnant to the constitution.
14. Resolved, That we are decidedly opposed to taking from the
President the qualified veto power, by which he is enabled, under
restrictions and responsibilities amply sufficient to guard the public
interests, to suspend the passage of a bill whose merits can not
secure the approval of two-thirds of the Senate and House of
Representatives, until the judgment of the people can be obtained
thereon, and which has saved the American people from the corrupt
and tyrannical domination of the Bank of the United States, and
from a corrupting system of general internal improvements.
15. Resolved, That the war with Mexico, provoked on her part by
years of insult and injury, was commenced by her army crossing the
Rio Grande, attacking the American troops, and invading our sister
state of Texas, and upon all the principles of patriotism and the laws
of nations, it is a just and necessary war on our part, in which every
American citizen should have shown himself on the side of his
country, and neither morally nor physically, by word or by deed,
have given “aid and comfort to the enemy.”
16. Resolved, That we would be rejoiced at the assurance of peace
with Mexico, founded on the just principles of indemnity for the past
and security for the future; but that while the ratification of the
liberal treaty offered to Mexico remains in doubt, it is the duty of the
country to sustain the administration and to sustain the country in
every measure necessary to provide for the vigorous prosecution of
the war, should that treaty be rejected.
17. Resolved, That the officers and soldiers who have carried the
arms of their country into Mexico, have crowned it with imperishable
glory. Their unconquerable courage, their daring enterprise, their
unfaltering perseverance and fortitude when assailed on all sides by
innumerable foes and that more formidable enemy—the diseases of
the climate—exalt their devoted patriotism into the highest heroism,
and give them a right to the profound gratitude of their country, and
the admiration of the world.
18. Resolved, That the Democratic National Convention of thirty
states composing the American Republic, tender their fraternal
congratulations to the National Convention of the Republic of
France, now assembled as the free suffrage representative of the
sovereignty of thirty-five millions of Republicans, to establish
government on those eternal principles of equal rights, for which
their La Fayette and our Washington fought side by side in the
struggle for our national independence; and we would especially
convey to them, and to the whole people of France, our earnest
wishes for the consolidation of their liberties, through the wisdom
that shall guide their councils, on the basis of a democratic
constitution, not derived from the grants or concessions of kings or
dynasties, but originating from the only true source of political
power recognized in the states of this Union—the inherent and
inalienable right of the people, in their sovereign capacity, to make
and to amend their forms of government in such manner as the
welfare of the community may require.
19. Resolved, That in view of the recent development of this grand
political truth, of the sovereignty of the people and their capacity and
power for self-government, which is prostrating thrones and erecting
republics on the ruins of despotism in the old world, we feel that a
high and sacred duty is devolved, with increased responsibility, upon
the Democratic party of this country, as the party of the people, to
sustain and advance among us constitutional liberty, equality, and
fraternity, by continuing to resist all monopolies and exclusive
legislation for the benefit of the few at the expense of the many, and
by a vigilant and constant adherence to those principles and
compromises of the constitution, which are broad enough and strong
enough to embrace and uphold the Union as it was, the Union as it
is, and the Union as it shall be in the full expansion of the energies
and capacity of this great and progressive people.
20. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded,
through the American minister at Paris, to the National Convention
of the Republic of France.
21. Resolved, That the fruits of the great political triumph of 1844,
which elected James K. Polk and George M. Dallas, President and
Vice-President of the United States, have fulfilled the hopes of the
democracy of the Union in defeating the declared purposes of their
opponents in creating a National Bank; in preventing the corrupt and
unconstitutional distribution of the land proceeds from the common
treasury of the Union for local purposes; in protecting the currency
and labor of the country from ruinous fluctuations, and guarding the
money of the country for the use of the people by the establishment
of the constitutional treasury; in the noble impulse given to the cause
of free trade by the repeal of the tariff of ’42, and the creation of the
more equal, honest, and productive tariff of 1846; and that, in our
opinion, it would be a fatal error to weaken the bands of a political
organization by which these great reforms have been achieved, and
risk them in the hands of their known adversaries, with whatever
delusive appeals they may solicit our surrender of that vigilance
which is the only safeguard of liberty.
22. Resolved, That the confidence of the democracy of the Union
in the principles, capacity, firmness, and integrity of James K. Polk,
manifested by his nomination and election in 1844, has been signally
justified by the strictness of his adherence to sound democratic
doctrines, by the purity of purpose, the energy and ability, which
have characterized his administration in all our affairs at home and
abroad; that we tender to him our cordial congratulations upon the
brilliant success which has hitherto crowned his patriotic efforts, and
assure him in advance, that at the expiration of his presidential term
he will carry with him to his retirement, the esteem, respect and
admiration of a grateful country.
23. Resolved, That this convention hereby present to the people of
the United States Lewis Cass, of Michigan, as the candidate of the
Democratic party for the office of President, and William O. Butler,
of Kentucky, for Vice-President of the United States.
1848.—Whig Principles Adopted at a Ratification Meeting,
Philadelphia, June 9.
1. Resolved, That the Whigs of the United States, here assembled
by their representatives, heartily ratify the nominations of General
Zachary Taylor as President, and Millard Fillmore as Vice-President,
of the United States, and pledge themselves to their support.
2. Resolved, That in the choice of General Taylor as the Whig
candidate for President, we are glad to discover sympathy with a
great popular sentiment throughout the nation—a sentiment which
having its origin in admiration of great military success, has been
strengthened by the development, in every action and every word, of
sound conservative opinions, and of true fidelity to the great example
of former days, and to the principles of the constitution as
administered by its founders.
3. Resolved, That General Taylor, in saying that, had he voted in
1844, he would have voted the Whig ticket, gives us the assurance—
and no better is needed from a consistent and truth-speaking man—
that his heart was with us at the crisis of our political destiny, when
Henry Clay was our candidate, and when not only Whig principles
were well defined and clearly asserted, but Whig measures depended
on success. The heart that was with us then is with us now, and, we
have a soldier’s word of honor, and a life of public and private virtue,
as the security.
4. Resolved, That we look on General Taylor’s administration of
the government as one conducive of peace, prosperity and union; of
peace, because no one better knows, or has greater reason to deplore,
what he has seen sadly on the field of victory, the horrors of war, and
especially of a foreign and aggressive war; of prosperity, now more
than ever needed to relieve the nation from a burden of debt, and
restore industry—agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial—to
its accustomed and peaceful functions and influences; of union,
because we have a candidate whose very position as a southwestern
man, reared on the banks of the great stream whose tributaries,
natural and artificial, embrace the whole Union, renders the
protection of the interests of the whole country his first trust, and
whose various duties in past life have been rendered, not on the soil,
or under the flag of any state or section, but over the wide frontier,
and under the broad banner of the nation.
5. Resolved, That standing, as the Whig party does, on the broad
and firm platform of the constitution, braced up by all its inviolable
and sacred guarantees and compromises, and cherished in the
affections, because protective of the interests of the people, we are
proud to have as the exponent of our opinions, one who is pledged to
construe it by the wise and generous rules which Washington applied
to it, and who has said—and no Whig desires any other assurance—
that he will make Washington’s administration his model.
6. Resolved, That as Whigs and Americans, we are proud to
acknowledge our gratitude for the great military services which,
beginning at Palo Alto, and ending at Buena Vista, first awakened the
American people to a just estimate of him who is now our Whig
candidate. In the discharge of a painful duty—for his march into the
enemy’s country was a reluctant one; in the command of regulars at
one time, and volunteers at another, and of both combined; in the
decisive though punctual discipline of his camp, where all respected
and loved him; in the negotiation of terms for a dejected and
desperate enemy; in the exigency of actual conflict when the balance
was perilously doubtful—we have found him the same—brave,
distinguished, and considerate, no heartless spectator of bloodshed,
no trifler with human life or human happiness; and we do not know
which to admire most, his heroism in withstanding the assaults of
the enemy in the most hopeless fields of Buena Vista—mourning in
generous sorrow over the graves of Ringgold, of Clay, of Hardin—or
in giving, in the heat of battle, terms of merciful capitulation to a
vanquished foe at Monterey, and not being ashamed to avow that he
did it to spare women and children, helpless infancy and more
helpless age, against whom no American soldier ever wars. Such a
military man, whose triumphs are neither remote nor doubtful,
whose virtues these trials have tested, we are proud to make our
candidate.
7. Resolved, That in support of this nomination, we ask our Whig
friends throughout the nation to unite, to co-operate zealously,
resolutely, with earnestness, in behalf of our candidate, whom
calumny can not reach, and with respectful demeanor to our
adversaries, whose candidates have yet to prove their claims on the
gratitude of the nation.
1848.—Buffalo Platform.
Utica, June 22.
Whereas, We have assembled in convention as a union of freemen,
for the sake of freedom, forgetting all past political difference, in a
common resolve to maintain the rights of free labor against the
aggression of the slave power, and to secure free soil to a free people;
and,
Whereas, The political conventions recently assembled at
Baltimore and Philadelphia—the one stifling the voice of a great
constituency, entitled to be heard in its deliberations, and the other
abandoning its distinctive principles for mere availability—have
dissolved the national party organization heretofore existing, by
nominating for the chief magistracy of the United States, under the
slaveholding dictation, candidates, neither of whom can be
supported by the opponents of slavery extension, without a sacrifice
of consistency, duty, and self-respect; and,
Whereas, These nominations so made, furnish the occasion, and
demonstrate the necessity of the union of the people under the
banner of free democracy, in a solemn and formal declaration of
their independence of the slave power, and of their fixed
determination to rescue the Federal government from its control,
1. Resolved, therefore, That we, the people here assembled,
remembering the example of our fathers in the days of the first
Declaration of Independence, putting our trust in God for the
triumph of our cause, and invoking His guidance in our endeavors to
advance it, do now plant ourselves upon the national platform of
freedom, in opposition to the sectional platform of slavery.
2. Resolved, That slavery in the several states of this Union which
recognize its existence, depends upon the state laws alone, which can
not be repealed or modified by the Federal government, and for
which laws that government is not responsible. We therefore propose
no interference by Congress with slavery within the limits of any
state.
3. Resolved, That the proviso of Jefferson, to prohibit the existence
of slavery, after 1800, in all the territories of the United States,
southern and northern; the votes of six states and sixteen delegates
in Congress of 1784, for the proviso, to three states and seven
delegates against it; the actual exclusion of slavery from the
Northwestern Territory, by the Ordinance of 1787, unanimously
adopted by the states in Congress; and the entire history of that
period, clearly show that it was the settled policy of the nation not to
extend, nationalize or encourage, but to limit, localize and
discourage, slavery; and to this policy, which should never have been
departed from, the government ought to return.
4. Resolved, That our fathers ordained the constitution of the
United States, in order, among other great national objects, to
establish justice, promote the general welfare, and secure the
blessings of liberty; but expressly denied to the Federal government,
which they created, all constitutional power to deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, without due legal process.
5. Resolved, That in the judgment of this convention, Congress has
no more power to make a slave than to make a king; no more power
to institute or establish slavery than to institute or establish a
monarchy; no such power can be found among those specifically
conferred by the constitution, or derived by just implication from
them.
6. Resolved, That it is the duty of the Federal government to
relieve itself from all responsibility for the existence or continuance
of slavery wherever the government possesses constitutional power
to legislate on that subject, and it is thus responsible for its existence.
7. Resolved, That the true, and, in the judgment of this convention,
the only safe means of preventing the extension of slavery into
territory now free, is to prohibit its extension in all such territory by
an act of Congress.
8. Resolved, That we accept the issue which the slave power has
forced upon us; and to their demand for more slave states, and more
slave territory, our calm but final answer is, no more slave states and
no more slave territory. Let the soil of our extensive domains be kept
free for the hardy pioneers of our own land, and the oppressed and
banished of other lands, seeking homes of comfort and fields of
enterprise in the new world.
9. Resolved, That the bill lately reported by the committee of eight
in the Senate of the United States, was no compromise, but an
absolute surrender of the rights of the non-slaveholders of all the
states; and while we rejoice to know that a measure which, while
opening the door for the introduction of slavery into the territories
now free, would also have opened the door to litigation and strife
among the future inhabitants thereof, to the ruin of their peace and
prosperity, was defeated in the House of Representatives, its
passage, in hot haste, by a majority, embracing several senators who
voted in open violation of the known will of their constituents,
should warn the people to see to it that their representatives be not
suffered to betray them. There must be no more compromises with
slavery; if made, they must be repealed.
10. Resolved, That we demand freedom and established
institutions for our brethren in Oregon, now exposed to hardships,
peril, and massacre, by the reckless hostility of the slave power to the
establishment of free government and free territories; and not only
for them, but for our brethren in California and New Mexico.
11. Resolved, It is due not only to this occasion, but to the whole
people of the United States, that we should also declare ourselves on
certain other questions of national policy; therefore,
12. Resolved, That we demand cheap postage for the people; a
retrenchment of the expenses and patronage of the Federal
government; the abolition of all unnecessary offices and salaries; and
the election by the people of all civil officers in the service of the
government, so far as the same may be practicable.
13. Resolved, that river and harbor improvements, when
demanded by the safety and convenience of commerce with foreign
nations, or among the several states, are objects of national concern,
and that it is the duty of Congress, in the exercise of its constitutional
power, to provide therefor.
14. Resolved, That the free grant to actual settlers, in consideration
of the expenses they incur in making settlements in the wilderness,
which are usually fully equal to their actual cost, and of the public
benefits resulting therefrom, of reasonable portions of the public
lands, under suitable limitations, is a wise and just measure of public
policy, which will promote in various ways the interests of all the
states of this Union; and we, therefore, recommend it to the
favorable consideration of the American People.
15. Resolved, That the obligations of honor and patriotism require
the earliest practical payment of the national debt, and we are,
therefore, in favor of such a tariff of duties as will raise revenue
adequate to defray the expenses of the Federal government, and to
pay annual installments of our debt and the interest thereon.
16. Resolved, That we inscribe on our banner, “Free Soil, Free
Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men,” and under it we will fight on,
and fight ever, until a triumphant victory shall reward our exertions.
Baltimore, June 1.
Resolutions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, of the platform of 1848, were
reaffirmed, to which were added the following:
8. Resolved, That it is the duty of every branch of the government
to enforce and practice the most rigid economy in conducting our
public affairs, and that no more revenue ought to be raised than is
required to defray the necessary expenses of the government, and for
the gradual but certain extinction of the public debt.
9. Resolved, That Congress has no power to charter a National
Bank; that we believe such an institution one of deadly hostility to
the best interests of the country, dangerous to our republican
institutions and the liberties of the people, and calculated to place
the business of the country within the control of a concentrated
money power, and that above the laws and will of the people; and
that the results of Democratic legislation, in this and all other
financial measures, upon which issues have been made between the
two political parties of the country, have demonstrated to candid and
practical men of all parties, their soundness, safety, and utility, in all
business pursuits.
10. Resolved, That the separation of the moneys of the government
from banking institutions is indispensable for the safety of the funds
of the government and the rights of the people.
11. Resolved, That the liberal principles embodied by Jefferson in
the Declaration of Independence, and sanctioned in the constitution,
which makes ours the land of liberty and the asylum of the oppressed
of every nation, have ever been cardinal principles in the Democratic
faith; and every attempt to abridge the privilege of becoming citizens
and the owners of the soil among us, ought to be resisted with the
same spirit that swept the alien and sedition laws from our statute
books.
12. Resolved, That Congress has no power under the constitution
to interfere with, or control, the domestic institutions of the several
states, and that such states are the sole and proper judges of
everything appertaining to their own affairs, not prohibited by the
constitution; that all efforts of the Abolitionists or others, made to
induce Congress to interfere with questions of slavery, or to take
incipient steps in relation thereto, are calculated to lead to the most
alarming and dangerous consequences; and that all such efforts have
an inevitable tendency to diminish the happiness of the people, and
endanger the stability and permanency of the Union, and ought not
to be countenanced by any friend of our political institutions.
13. Resolved, That the foregoing proposition covers, and is
intended to embrace, the whole subject of slavery agitation in
Congress; and therefore the Democratic party of the Union, standing
on this national platform, will abide by, and adhere to, a faithful
execution of the acts known as the Compromise measures settled by
last Congress, “the act for reclaiming fugitives from service labor”
included; which act, being designed to carry out an express provision
of the constitution, can not, with fidelity thereto, be repealed, nor so
changed as to destroy or impair its efficiency.
14. Resolved, That the Democratic party will resist all attempts at
renewing in Congress, or out of it, the agitation of the slavery
question, under whatever shape or color the attempt may be made.
[Here resolutions 13 and 14, of the platform of 1848, were
inserted.]
17. Resolved, That the Democratic party will faithfully abide by
and uphold the principles laid down in the Kentucky and Virginia
resolutions of 1792 and 1798, and in the report of Mr. Madison to the
Virginia Legislature in 1799; that it adopts those principles as
constituting one of the main foundations of its political creed, and is
resolved to carry them out in their obvious meaning and import.
18. Resolved, That the war with Mexico, upon all the principles of
patriotism and the law of nations, was a just and necessary war on
our part, in which no American citizen should have shown himself
opposed to his country, and neither morally nor physically, by word
or deed, given aid and comfort to the enemy.
19. Resolved, That we rejoice at the restoration of friendly
relations with our sister Republic of Mexico, and earnestly desire for
her all the blessings and prosperity which we enjoy under republican
institutions, and we congratulate the American people on the results
of that war which have so manifestly justified the policy and conduct
of the Democratic party, and insured to the United States indemnity
for the past and security for the future.
20. Resolved, That, in view of the condition of popular institutions
in the old world, a high and sacred duty is devolved with increased
responsibility upon the Democracy of this country, as the party of the
people, to uphold and maintain the rights of every state, and thereby
the union of states, and to sustain and advance among them
constitutional liberty, by continuing to resist all monopolies and
exclusive legislation for the benefit of the few at the expense of the
many, and by a vigilant and constant adherence to those principles
and compromises of the constitution which are broad enough and
strong enough to embrace and uphold the Union as it is, and the
Union as it should be, in the full expansion of the energies and
capacity of this great and progressive people.
1852.—Whig Platform.
Baltimore, June 16.

The Whigs of the United States, in convention assembled adhering
to the great conservative principles by which they are controlled and
governed, and now as ever relying upon the intelligence of the
American people, with an abiding confidence in their capacity for
self-government and their devotion to the constitution and the
Union, do proclaim the following as the political sentiments and
determination for the establishment and maintenance of which their
national organization as a party was effected:
First. The government of the United States is of a limited
character, and is confined to the exercise of powers expressly granted
by the constitution, and such as may be necessary and proper for
carrying the granted powers into full execution, and that powers not
granted or necessarily implied are reserved to the states respectively
and to the people.
Second. The state governments should be held secure to their
reserved rights, and the General Government sustained in its
constitutional powers, and that the Union should be revered and
watched over as the palladium of our liberties.
Third. That while struggling freedom everywhere enlists the
warmest sympathy of the Whig party, we still adhere to the doctrines
of the Father of his Country, as announced in his Farewell Address,
of keeping ourselves free from all entangling alliances with foreign
countries, and of never quitting our own to stand upon foreign
ground; that our mission as a republic is not to propagate our
opinions, or impose on other countries our forms of government, by
artifice or force, but to teach by example, and show by our success,
moderation and justice, the blessings of self-government, and the
advantages of free institutions.
Fourth. That, as the people make and control the government, they
should obey its constitution, laws and treaties as they would retain
their self-respect and the respect which they claim and will enforce
from foreign powers.
Fifth. Governments should be conducted on the principles of the
strictest economy; and revenue sufficient for the expenses thereof, in
time of peace, ought to be derived mainly from a duty on imports,
and not from direct taxes; and on laying such duties sound policy
requires a just discrimination, and, when practicable, by specific
duties, whereby suitable encouragement may be afforded to
American industry, equally to all classes and to all portions of the
country.
Sixth. The constitution vests in Congress the power to open and
repair harbors, and remove obstructions from navigable rivers,
whenever such improvements are necessary for the common
defense, and for the protection and facility of commerce with foreign
nations or among the states, said improvements being in every
instance national and general in their character.
Seventh. The Federal and state governments are parts of one
system, alike necessary for the common prosperity, peace and
security, and ought to be regarded alike with a cordial, habitual and
immovable attachment. Respect for the authority of each, and
acquiescence in the just constitutional measures of each, are duties
required by the plainest considerations of national, state and
individual welfare.
Eighth. That the series of acts of the 32d Congress, the act known
as the Fugitive Slave Law included, are received and acquiesced in by
the Whig party of the United States as a settlement in principle and
substance of the dangerous and exciting questions which they
embrace; and, so far as they are concerned, we will maintain them,
and insist upon their strict enforcement, until time and experience
shall demonstrate the necessity of further legislation to guard against
the evasion of the laws on the one hand and the abuse of their
powers on the other—not impairing their present efficiency; and we
deprecate all further agitation of the question thus settled, as
dangerous to our peace, and will discountenance all efforts to
continue or renew such agitation whenever, where-ever or however
the attempt may be made; and we will maintain the system as
essential to the nationality of the Whig party, and the integrity of the
Union.
1852.—Free-soil Platform.
Pittsburg, August 11.

Having assembled in national convention as the free democracy of
the United States, united by a common resolve to maintain right
against wrong, and freedom against slavery; confiding in the
intelligence, patriotism, and discriminating justice of the American
people; putting our trust in God for the triumph of our cause, and
invoking His guidance in our endeavors to advance it, we now submit
to the candid judgment of all men, the following declaration of
principles and measures:
1. That governments, deriving their just powers from the consent
of the governed, are instituted among men to secure to all those
inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, with
which they are endowed by their Creator, and of which none can be
deprived by valid legislation, except for crime.

Frontiers in Materials Processing Applications Research and Technology Select Proceedings of Fimpart 2015 1St Edition M. Muruganant

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Frontiers in Materials Processing Applications Research and Technology Select Proceedings of Fimpart 2015 1St Edition M. Muruganant

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Frontiers in Materials Processing

Applications Research and Technology

Advances in Materials Processing Select Proceedings of

Materials Energy and Environment Engineering Select

Advances in Laser Materials Processing Technology

Materials Energy and Environment Engineering Select

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: Select

Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering:

Advances in VLSI Communication and Signal Processing

Advances in VLSI Communication and Signal Processing

ISBN 978-981-10-4818-0 ISBN 978-981-10-4819-7 (eBook)

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

Current generation is ruled by a variety of materials. Materials are fundamental to

The editors encourage readers to consider this publication for cross-breeding

Coimbatore, India Prof. M. Muruganant

International Scientiﬁc Committee

Prof. Peter Angelo, PSG College of Technology, India

Dr. Carlos Capdevila Montes, CENIM-CSIC, Spain

International Symposium Coordinators

(Alphabetical order of last name)

Prof. Jingwen Wang, China

1 String-Like Fiber Dust Occurrence in Crush Cutting

9 Elements Diffusion in Brazing Seam of High Volume Fraction

20 An Approach to Develop Hansel–Spittel Constitutive Equation

31 Effect of Cross-Linking Agent on the Thermo-Mechanical

M. Muruganant is a Commonwealth fellow and a doctorate from University of

Post doc from 2000 to 2002, at Imperial College materials department in

Indian National Science Academy, Indian Academy of Sciences, National

Shigeru Nagasawa, Takuya Oyake and Takashi Kajizuka

Abstract To convert a corrugated ﬁberboard (Cfb) into a couple of unfolded

S. Nagasawa (✉) ⋅ T. Oyake

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 1

geometrical features of string-like dusts and the corresponded cutting load

Keywords Thread-like dust ⋅ Shear ⋅ Die cutting ⋅ Pressure adhesion

To convert a corrugated ﬁberboard (Cfb) into a couple of unfolded formed-cut

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of

Apex angle of blade 42° Load cell

Tip thickness w Paperboard

Cutting line by a blade of 15mm length

Fig. 2 Cutting direction on specimen

Table 1 Mechanical properties by in-plane tensile test

2.1 Single Piece of Liner and Medium Sheet

Fig. 3 SEM photograph of

2.2 Stacked Three Pieces of Liner/Medium/Liner

3 Results of Experiment and Discussion

3.1 Cutting of Single Liner and Medium Sheet

Fig. 4 Cutting line force of

blade tip thickness. a Liner w = 98μm

Fig. 5 Occurrence 100

string-like dust pth /%

Fig. 6 Length of string-like 14

dust (single sheet)

wth ̸ t = 1.55ðw ̸ t Þ + 0.10 ðt = 0.187 mm, for LinerÞ ð1Þ

wth ̸ t = 1.41ðw ̸ t Þ + 0.11 ðt = 0.193 mm, for mediumÞ ð2Þ

Fig. 8 Single-sheet width of

Width of string-like dust wth/t

Fig. 9 Single-sheet height of

string-like dust (dent zone) h/w=0.29

3.2 Cutting of Stacked Three Pieces of Liner/Medium/Liner

Fig. 10 Cutting load

First peak line force fC1j /N mm−1