WW e Tech Q Bank 4-mks

MEO CLASS III FUNCTION 2
WISE WISH MARINE ENGINEERING TRAINING CENTRE
WISE WISH Marine Engineering Training Centre

Marine Engineer Officer Class III
Subject . E-TECH Question bank

SECTION (A) (4 MARKS EACH )
1. Explain the function of an automatic voltage regulator?

2. Explain why root mean square ( r.m.s ) values are used in alternating circuit?
3. Describe how a generator / an alternator is cooled and draw a relevant sketch?
4. What is the definition of intrinsically safe?
5. What is the basic reason for provision of motor protection?
6. What are the purpose of reverse power protection?
7. What are the reasons of why high voltage installations are used on board?
8. What is meant by transducer and name the principle features of electro – pneumatic transducer?
9. What is sequential control, explain?
10. Sketch a schematic arrangement of a three phase alternator with star connection?
11. Define the thyristors and describes how thyristors are utilized?
12. Explain what is meant by single phasing and its effect on a motor?
13. Explain how excitation of the rotor is produced and supplied in an alternator?
14.With respect to a lead acid battery, explain how cells or batteries are connected to increase their
capacity and explains how capacity is stated and what does it mean?
15. With respect to discharge lamps, what is the danger of stroboscopic effect?
16. What is ON – OFF control and lists the components comprising ON – OFF control system?
17. What is primary cells?
18. List the principle maintenance equipment for electric motor?
19. With respect to safety of an alternator, what is the function of reverse power relay?
20. State the operation principles of an insulation tester?
21. What is synchroscope?
22. What are the routine maintenance and testing of a generator?
23. What is megger insulation test?
24. Write down the equation for chemical reaction occurred in a lead acid battery during charging
and discharging.
25. Explain why heaters are fitted to a generator
26. How do you monitor the correct instant for synchronizing without the aid of synchroscope or
synchronizing lamps?
27. What are the causes of electric shock and state the level of current which could be fatal?
28. What is the causes of motor overheat?
29. What is Residual magnetism?
30. Describe why protection equipment are essential in an electrical distribution system?
31. Explain potential difference and electro motive force?
C III E-Tech Bank 90+13+50 Updated 13rd June 2016 WISE WISH METC 1
32. Describe what is meant by Static electricity?
33. How Emergency generator Starting when black out?
34. Explain what is meant by impedance?
35. Explain the effect of internal resistance in the supply source?
36. Sketch a circuit used in a thermocouple and enumerate the principle features?
37. What is bad commutation? Give ten reasons for it?
38. List the ways in which a circuit breaker can be tripped?
39. Explain the purpose of an emergency power supply?
40. Explain why under voltage trips are necessary?
41. Explain what is meant by an atom?
42. Explain what is meant by an element?
43. Explain what is meant by power factor?
44. What is a semiconductors?
45. What are the four characteristics of semiconductors and explain each of them?
46. What are the actual components of three phase inductor?
47. What is P – N junction?
48. State Kirchhoff’s voltage law and current law?
49. What is a transducer?
50. What is a transmitter?
51. What are the differences between fuse and circuit breaker?
52. Explain what is meant by open circuit with sketch?
53. Explain how earth fault occur and the potential danger?
54. Explain the battery maintenance?
55. Why are carbon brushes used in a D.C machine?
56. What are the different types of armature winding commonly used in D.C machines into witch
employed?
57. Describe how a self excited A.C generator would work?
58. Explain about pilot excitation?
59. What are the possible cause of cell short circuit?
60. Describe the applications of the multi-meter in electronic circuit testing and measurements?
61. With reference to a motor name plate, explain the meaning of all of the information displayed?
62. What is meant by voltage regulation?
63. Describe the principle of electromagnetic induction and its main application?
64. With reference to AC, what are advantages of three phase circuit?
65. Why AC is popular onboard ship?
66. What is the treatment for acid burns?
67. What is likely to happen if one of the rotating diodes fail and becomes:
(a) an open circuit? And
(b) a close circuit?
68. What is secondary cell?
69. What is Delay Trips [Dash pot]?
70. What is an earth lamp? How will you know when earth fault occur and how to trace it?
71. What is essential load?
72. What is non-essential load?
73. Explain what is the purpose of insulation?
74. Define the conductor and insulator with example.
75. What is the difference between an insulated system and an earth system?
76. What is a PLC ( Programmable Logic Controller )?
77. Explain the Working Principle of the Nozzle Flapper?
78. What is the purpose of a cable gland?
79. What is the purpose of the sheath on a cable?
80. Describe three methods to alleviate a stroboscopic problems?
81. Sketch the impedance triangle, indicating R, X, Z and phase angle ( Ф )?
82. Explain the principle of discharge lamps?
83. How should be connected Volt meter, Ampere meter and Watt meter in a circuit with sketch?
84. What is a synchronous motor?
85. How to determine a lead acid battery is fully charge condition?
86. State the location of explosive proof type lighting used?
87. What is a diode? What is a zener diode? Where is applied?
88. What is the purpose of the earth fault indication on the switch board?
89. Explain in simple terms, how the driving torque is produced in an induction motor?
90. List the routine and emergency services normally supplied by battery?
SECTION (A) KEY ANSWER
1. Explain the function of an automatic voltage regulator
The AVR supplies the whole of the required excitation current under normal operating
conditions. The generator is compounded to produce an excessive excitation current at all times.
The function of the AVR is to trim down the current to the correct value.
2. Explain why root mean square ( r.m.s ) values are used in alternating circuit
This effective power in an alternating current system is therefore equal to: ( I 2.R.Average ). As
power is proportional to current squared, the effective current, it will be equal to √ I 2 Ave.
Therefore, the effective current in an AC system is called the Root Mean Squared or R.M.S.
value and RMS values are the DC equivalent values that provide the same power to the load.
The effective or RMS value of an alternating current is measured in terms of the direct current
value that produces the same heating effect in the same value resistance. The RMS value for any
AC waveform can be found from the following modified average value formula.
3. Describe how a generator / an alternator is cooled and draw a relevant sketch.

Forced air circulation in a closed circuit ( to prevent ingress of dirt) via an air cooler is
pressurized by a fan on the rotor shaft. Cooling air is forced through ventilation ducts in the store
core, between rotors poles and through the air gap( a few millimeters) between stator and rotor.
Water cooling of the circulating air may also be used for generators with a large power rating.
Temperature detectors are used to monitor the temperature of stator windings, bearings and the
cooling air / water of the generator
Air to air closed circuit cooling
Air to water closed circuit cooling
4. What is the definition of intrinsically safe ?
A circuit or part of a circuit intrinsically safe when any spark or any thermal effect produced in
the test conditions prescribed in the recognized standard is incapable of causing ignition of the
prescribed explosive gas atmosphere.
5. What is the basic reason for provision of motor protection?

The basic reason for provision of motor protection is preventing the motor from getting too hot
and possibly fire too. Excess heat is also damaging to electrical components and conductor
insulation.
6. What are the purpose of reverse power protection?

The purpose of reverse power protection is to trip the generator circuit breaker. If a prime mover
failure occurred the generator would act as a motor. The reverse power relay detects this fault
and acts to trip the generator circuit breaker.
7. What are the reasons of why high voltage installations are used on board?
The reason of high voltage installations are used on board is for ships with a large electrical
power demand it is necessary to utilize the benefits of a high voltage installation. Working at
high voltage significantly reduces the relative overall size and weight of electrical power
equipment.
8. What is meant by transducer and name the principle features of electro – pneumatic
transducer?
Electro-pneumatic transducers convert current or voltage input signals to proportional output
pressures. They are used as process control elements in valves, pneumatic relays, and flow
regulators for applications such as spray and damper control. There are three basic types of
electro-pneumatic transducers: voltage-to-pressure (E/P), current-to-pressure (I/P), and digital-to-
pressure (D/P).
9. What is sequential control,explain.

Warming-up operation is extremely important for starting the main engine. Initially, in the
warming-up operation, primary air compressor and fuel filter are operated, and then the heat
circulation of the fuel oil system is started by heating the lubricating oil and fresh water and
circulating them in the main engine. Most of these warming-up operations are automated. The
mechanism in which machine is operated step by step in sequence according to the prescribed
procedure like warming up operation is known as sequential control.
10. Sketch a schematic arrangement of a three phase alternator with star connection.
11. Define the thyristors and describes how thyristors are utilized.
Thyristor is a semiconductor device with three leads. A small current at one lead will allow a
much larger current to flow through the other two leads. The controlled current is either on or off.
Therefore thyristors do not amplify fluctuating signals like transistor s do instead they are solid –
state switches. There are two families of thyristors, silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs ) and
TRIACs. SCRs switch is for direct current and TRIACs switch is for alternating current.
Thyristors are utilized for motor speed control devices( variable speed devices) and in AVR cards.
12. Explain what is meant by single phasing and its effect on a motor.
While a 3 phase motor is running one of the three supply or contact becomes disconnected this is
called “ single-phasing “ and can result in motor burn – out. Single-phasing is usually caused
when one of the three power fuses blows or if one of the contactor contacts is open-circuit. The
effect of single-phasing is to increase the current in the two remaining lines and cause the motor
to become very noisy due to the uneven torque produced in the rotor.
13. Explain how excitation of the rotor is produced and supplied in an alternator?
The excitation methods are either rotary or static. A rotary method utilizes an a.c. or d.c. exciter
which is shaft mounted and rotates with the main generator rotor. Now the most common
arrangement is to use a shaft mounted a.c.exciter. It produced a.c. and fed to rotating diodes.
Diodes produced d.c and supplied to field windings.
14. With respect to a lead acid battery, explain how cells or batteries are connected to increase
their capacity and explains how capacity is stated and what does it mean?
Twelve lead – acid cells or twenty alkaline cells must be connected in series to produce a
nominal 24V. More cells may be connected in parallel to increase the battery capacity which is
rated in Ampere – hour ( Ah ). The battery capacity is usually rated in terms of its discharge at
the 10 hour rate. A 350 Ah battery would be expected to provide 35 A for 10 hours.
15. With respect to discharge lamps, what is the danger of stroboscopic effect?
The normal sinusoidal a.c. voltage wave form causes discharge lamps to extinguish at the end of
every half cycle, i.e. every 10 ms at 50 Hz or every 6.7 ms at 60 Hz. Although this rapid light
fluctuation is not detectable by the human eye, it can cause a stroboscopic effect whereby
rotating shafts in the vicinity of discharge lamps may appear stationary or rotating slowly which
could be a dangerous illusion to operators.
16. What is ON – OFF control and lists the components comprising ON – OFF control system?
Occasionally known as two-step or two-position control, this is the most basic control mode. The
final controlled element e.g., a valve is either fully open or fully closed, with no intermediate
state. It is called ON – OFF control. The components comprising ON – OFF control system are
valve, pump, compressor, pressure switch and temperature sensor.
17. What is primary cells?

It is a chemical cell in which it is possible to transform chemical energy into electrical energy. It
cannot recharge. The internal resistance of a primary cell is usually high capacity of cell low and
voltage per cell is also low. Simple cell consists of cu plate (positive plate) and zinc plate
(negative electrode) and dilute H2 SO4 acid contained in.
18. List the principle maintenance equipment for electric motor.

 Keep insulation resistance high and contact resistance low
 Lubricate correctly and maintain a uniform air gap
 Ensure both the interior and exterior are always clean and dry
19. With respect to safety of an alternator, what is the function of reverse power relay?
A reverse power relay monitors the direction of power flowing between the generator and the
load. If a prime mover failure occurred the generator would act as a motor. The reverse power
relay detects this fault and acts to trip the generator circuit breaker.
20. State the operation principles of an insulation tester.
The megger is essentially a portable ohmmeter with a built-in high-voltage source. The built-in
high-voltage source may be derived from a magnet-type DC generator or battery.
In a DC generator-type megger, a hand crank is used to turn the armature to produce voltages up
to 500, 1000, and 2500 (depending on the model used).
An electronic battery-operated type of instrument is popular because it is light, compact, and can
be held and operated in one hand, i.e., there is no generator to turn.
21. What is synchroscope ?

An instrument fitted at the main switchboard which indicates when two electrical supplies are in
synchronism and can be parallel. Synchroscope should not be left in circuit for more than 20
minutes as it cannot continuously rotate.
Synchroscope is a small motor with coils on the two poles connected across red and yellow
phase of the incoming machine and the armature winding supplied from the red and yellow
switchboard bus bars.
22. What are the routine maintenance and testing of a generator?

Before starting any maintenance work on the alternator, all safety precaution should be taken and
the alternator should be shut and locked down. Also, post notice and ply cards on relevant places
and alternator heater to be isolated.
 Clean the alternator ventilation passage and air filter.
 Check the Insulation resistance of stator and rotor winding.
 Air gap between stator and rotor to be checked and maintained between 1.5 to 2 mm.
 Automatic Voltage Regulator to be checked and cleaned off oil and dust.
 The lube oil level of pedestal bearing to be maintained and renewed as per planned
maintenance.
 A vacuum cleaner can be used to remove dust accumulated in the inner parts of alternator.
 The terminal box cover gasket to be checked for proper oil and water tightness.
 All the connection in the terminal box to be tightened properly.
 Cable gland to be checked for integrity.
 Forced Ventilation around alternator must be maintained all the time.
 Check heater for proper operation.
 The foundation bolts of the alternator to be checked for tightness.
23. What is megger insulation test?

A measurement of the insulation resistance gives one of the best guides to the state of health
of electrical equipment. The resistance should be measured between insulated conductors
and earth, and between conductors.
24. Write down the equation for chemical reaction occurred in a lead acid battery during
charging and discharging.
charging
PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 ← 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
discharging
PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 → 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
25. Explain why heaters are fitted to a generator
While the generator is stopped during standby or maintenance periods, low power electric heaters
within the machine prevent internal condensation forming on the winding insulation. These
heaters may be switched on manually or automatically from auxiliary contacts on the generator
circuit-breaker. Heater power supplies are normally 220 V a.c. single-phase supplied from a
distribution box local to the generator
26. How do you monitor the correct instant for synchronizing without the aid of synchroscope
or synchronizing lamps?
It can be synchronized with 500V voltmeter as follow. Connect a pair of 500V volt meter probes
across the one phase of the incoming machine circuit breaker. Adjust the generator speed until the
voltmeter slowly fluctuates from zero to maximum. Close the breaker when the voltmeter passes
through zero.
27. What are the causes of electric shock and state the level of current which could be fatal?
Electric shock is due to the flow of current through the body. This is often from hand to hand or
from hand to foot. Human tissues, such as the skin and the muscles, as well as blood and other
body fluids are turned as electrolytes. Consequently, they are electrical conductors that may be
characterized based upon their conductivity. Electric potential differences applied across human
tissues, or at two locations on the external skin surface generate response currents. A shock
current as low as 15 mA a.c. or d.c. may be fatal.
28. What is the causes of motor overheat?

Motor running at overload
One phase failure (single phasing) Defective cooling fan blades Bearing failure Poor ventilation
Misalignment.
29. What is Residual magnetism?

Magnetism remaining in the fields of a generator, after exciting current is cut off
1) Residual magnetism is essential for initial generation of current, necessary for further
2) Build up shunt field strength
3) Generator may fail to excite, if there is loss or reversal of residual magnetism of the pole.
30. Describe why protection equipment are essential in an electrical distribution system?
(a) To disconnect and isolate faulty equipment in order to maintain the power supply to the
remaining healthy circuits in the system.
(b) To prevent damage to equipment from the thermal and magnetic forces that occur during
short circuit and over load faults.
(c) To protect personnel from electric shock.
31. Explain potential difference and electro motive force

Potential difference
There is a difference in electric pressure to cause an electric current to flow between two points
in an electric circuit. This difference in electric pressure is called potential difference, and it is
measured in volts.
Electromotive force
A device that has the ability to maintain a potential difference or a difference in charge between
two points, even though a current is flowing between those points, is said to develop an
electromotive force. It is measured in volts.
32. Describe what is meant by Static electricity.

Electricity produced on dissimilar materials through physical contact & separation.
Out going material negative, remaining material positive. After having high potential spark
occur.
This is occurs in thin oil. Explosion occurs when tank cleaning operation and gas freeing
operation.
Energy in the form of a stationary electric charge, such as that stored in capacitor or produced by
friction or induction. It is generated within tanks in several ways such as:
When filling with clean oil products
When washing with water jets
When steaming a tank
33. How emergency generator Starting when black out

- Normally cut in automatically when main power fails
- Starting is initiated by startup relay equipment
- If this system fails, after switching the MODE selector to Manual (Local) position, generator
can be started manually by means of Back up starting equipment within 30 minutes of
transitional emergency power battery lighting.
34. Explain what is meant by impedance.

Impedance is the total opposition offered by a circuit to the flow of current. It is the combined
effect of the resistance and the reactance of a circuit. Impedance, symbol Z, is measured in
ohms. The impedance of an ac circuit is equal to the effective applied voltage divided by the
effective current that flows. Impedance is defined as the total opposition to current flow in a
circuit.
Z = impedance (Ω)
R = resistance (Ω)
X = net reactance (Ω)
35. Explain the effect of internal resistance in the supply source
Any electrical circuit is found to offer opposition to the flow of current. This opposition is called
the internal resistance of the circuit. The effect of internal resistance in the supply source is
against the electrical flow of current.
36. Sketch a circuit used in a thermocouple and enumerate the principle features.
A thermocouple consisting of two wires, one iron, one constantan (i.e. a copper nickel alloy),
with a voltmeter coupled to the copper wire. If the junctions A and B are maintained at the same
temperature no current will flow around the circuit since the emfs in the circuit will be equal and
opposite.
If however A is heated to a higher temperature than B then current will flow since the emf at one
junction will be greater than the opposing emf at the other junction
In a practical thermocouple system the cold junction B and C may be at a relatively high
temperature due to the environment. This would mean that the temperature difference between
the hot and cold junctions would he small and mV similarly. The indicator itself could then
become the cold junction if the wires from terminals B and C to the indicator are of the same
material, or material with similar characteristics, to the couple wires.
37. What is bad commutation? Give ten reasons for it.

This means that the brushes are not set at the proper point. It is noted by sparkling at the brushes.
Reasons are brushes set too far ahead, brushes set too far behind, rough commutator, hard
brushes, high mica, short in a coil, open in a coil, bearing low, causing commutator to be off
center, overload and loose brush holders.
38. List the ways in which a circuit breaker can be tripped

1. over current
2. under voltage / under frequency
3. reverse power trip
4. cable earth fault
39. Explain the purpose of an emergency power supply

An emergency electrical power service must be provided on board in the event of a main power
failure. Such a supply is required for emergency lighting, alarms, communications, watertight
doors and other services necessary to maintain safety and to permit safe evacuation of the ship.
Regulations require that the emergency power source be a generator, or batteries, or both. The
emergency power source must be self-contained and not dependent upon any other engine room
power supply. A battery when fully charged is obviously self-contained. An emergency generator
must have an internal combustion engine as prime mover and have its own fuel supply tank,
starting equipment and switchboard in the near vicinity.
40. Explain why under voltage trips are necessary
To prevent closing of the circuit breaker when the generator is to be paralleled with other
generators and the terminal voltage is between 35% and 70%.
To ensure that loads, particularly motors are disconnected during a temporary loss of supplied.
To provide a back up to short circuit protection. If a short circuit fault occurs, the generator
voltage will reduce and may cause the undervoltage tripping device ( UVT ) to operate.
41. Explain what is meant by an atom?

The atom is the smallest particle that can enter into chemical action, but is itself a complex
structure consisting of charges of electricity. As an example, a molecule of water, written H2 O,
consists of 2 atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen.
42. Explain what is meant by an element?

A substance that consists entirely of atoms of the same atomic number. Elements are the basic
substances from which compounds are built up by chemical combination.
43. Explain what is meant by power factor.

Power factor (pf) is the ratio between true power and apparent power. True power is the power
consumed by an AC circuit, and reactive power is the power that is stored in an AC circuit.
Cos is called the power factor (pf) of an AC circuit.
44. What is a semiconductors?

A material having a conductivity of the order of somewhere between that of conductors and
insulators is called a semiconductor.
45. What are the four characteristics of semiconductors and explain each of them?
( a ) photoelectric effect.
( b ) thermoelectric effect
( c ) communicating action
( d ) hall effect
( a ) photoelectric effect.
The phenomenon whereby temporary changes occur in the atoms of certain substances tinder the
influence of infrared.visible or ultraviolet radiation. Some of these materials undergo a change in
their electrical resistance, whereas others generate electric current.
( b ) thermoelectric effect
The production of thermoelectricity by certain materials.
( c ) communicating action
The developing electronic equipment and processes for the transmission and reception of
information, radio communication and telemetric transmitting.
( d ) hall effect
A phenomenon observed in thin strips of metal and in some semiconductors. When a strip
carrying current longitudinally is placed in a magnetic field that is perpendicular to the strip’s
plane a voltage appears between opposite edges of the strip that, although feeble, will force a
current through an external circuit. The voltage is positive in some metals (such as zinc) and
negative in others (such as gold).
46. What are the actual components of three phase inductor?
Terminal Box, End shield, Ball bearings, Driving shaft, Driving shaft key, Fan cover, Cover, Fan
Stator frame, Bearing cover, Cage rotor
47. What is P – N junction?

A two terminal, solid state junction made from a semiconductor that has been treated to conduct
current more readily in one direction than in the other. This treatment results in a p – type
semiconductor at one end and an n – type semiconductor at the other end. The PN junction forms
the basic of most solid state devices, such as diodes, transistors, and silicon controlled rectifiers.
48. State Kirchhoff’s voltage law and current law.

Voltage Law
The sum of the potential or voltage drops taken round a circuit must be equal to the applied
potential difference
V1 + V2 + V3 = V
Current Law
The current flowing away from a junction point in a circuit must equal the current flowing into
the point.
I 1 + I2 + I3 = I
49. What is a transducer?

A transducer is a device which is capable to convert one form of energy into another form or
which is capable to produce equivalent variations in one form of energy by energy variations in
the other form e.g. microphone, loudspeaker, pickup, fuel gauge etc.
50. What is a transmitter?

A transmitter is a device that converts a reading from a sensor or transducer into a standard signal
and transmits that signal to a monitor or controller. Transmitter types include:
Pressure transmitters
Flow transmitters
Temperature transmitters
Level transmitters
Analytic ( O2 [oxygen], CO [carbon monoxide], and (pH) transmitters
51. What are the differences between fuse and circuit breaker?
Circuit breaker
1) Has switching actions to close the circuit or to open the circuit, and has a trip circuit if load
current exceeds the set value
2) After tripping, circuit breaker can be reused without replacing any part
Fuse
Have only breaking function, and fitted in the circuit to protect the circuit from damaging effect
of high current flow
It breaks the circuit by melting the fuse metal itself
After breaking, the blown fuse must be renewed.
52. Explain what is meant by open circuit with sketch.

An open-circuit fault is due to a break in the conductor, as at A, so that current cannot flow.
53. Explain how earth fault occur and the potential danger.
The majority of earth faults occur within electrical equipment due to an insulation failure or a
loose wire, which allows a live conductor to come into contact with its earthed metal enclosure.
If earth fault occurs on the live line of an earthed distribution system it would be equivalent to a
short-circuit fault across the generator through the ship’s hull. The resulting large earth fault
current would immediately cause the line protective device ( fuse or circuit breaker ) to trip out
the faulty circuit.
54. Explain the battery maintenance.

Battery maintenance includes keeping the cell tops cleans and dry, checking the tightness of
terminal nuts and applying a smear of petroleum jelly to such connections to prevent corrosion.
Be most careful when handling the battery electrolyte (e.g. when using a hydrometer to check its
specific gravity). Use protective rubber gloves and eye goggles when handling electrolyte.
Insulated spanners should be available for use on cell connections to prevent accidental short-
circuiting of battery terminals. Such a short-circuit across the terminals of just one cell of a
battery will cause a blinding flash with the probability of the cell being seriously damaged.
55. Why are carbon brushes used in a D.C machine ?

The brushes are employed to collect current from commutator and supply it to the external
circuit. The rate of wear caused to carbon brushes is the same as that of commutator segment and
therefore contact made is always smoother and sparkless. Carbon brushes also have self
lubricating property.
56. What are the different types of armature winding commonly used in D.C machines into
witch employed?
Lap and wave windings.
(a) Wave winding is employed for low current and high voltage rating machine.
(b) Lap winding is employed for high current and low voltage rating machines.
57. Describe how a self excited A.C generator would work ?

The self excited A.C generator basically consists of a generator, where the three phase supply is
generate, an A.C exciter and a rotary rectifier and a static excitation device.
The rotating diodes change A.C into D.C for the D.C excitation current, which is supplied
through brushes. The exciter in conjunction with the A.V.R is used to monitor the correct voltage
under load changes.
58. Explain about pilot excitation.

A small rotary pilot exciter may be used to supply current to the main exciter field. A pilot
exciter is a small permanent magnet a.c. generator which is driven from the generator shaft. Its
output voltage is generally at a high frequency (e.g. 1000Hz) but this rectified to d.c. before
being fed into the main exciter field.
59. What are the possible cause of cell short circuit?

The possible cause of cell short-circuit is such a short-circuit across the terminals of just one cell
of a battery will cause a blinding flash with the probability of the cell being seriously damaged.
60. Describe the applications of the multi-meter in electronic circuit testing and measurements
Routine electrical test work involves measuring current, voltage and resistance i.e Amps, Volts
and Ohms. This is most conveniently done using a multimeter with all the necessary function s
and ranges. Electronic diodes, and other semiconductor devices with p – n junctions ( e.g. the
base emitter of a transistor) can be tested using a multimeter.
61. With reference to a motor name plate, explain the meaning of all of the information displayed?
The motor rating details are shown on the motor nameplate.
Rated Full Load Current (FLC)
This is the maximum value of current that the motor can continuously take from the supply
without exceeding the temperature limit for the insulating materials used.
Rated Voltage
The motor has been designed to operate successfully when connected to this value of supply
voltage. If the rated voltage is not applied, overheating, stalling and burn-out can result.
Rated Frequency
The motor speed is directly affected by the supply frequency; so are the motor losses. If the
motor is operated at other than rated frequency overheating can occur.
Power Rating
This is the shaft power output of the motor when it is connected to rated voltage and frequency
when drawing its rated current from the supply.
Rated Speed
This is the full load speed of the motor when connected to rated voltage and frequency.
IP Number
Indicates the degree of protection given by the motor enclosure.
62. What is meant by voltage regulation.
An AVR will control the generator's voltage to ±2.5% (or better) of its set value over the full load
range. This is its steady-state voltage regulation. Transient voltage dip is usually limited to 15%
for a specified sudden load change with recovery back to rated voltage within 1.5 seconds. In
special cases where unusually large surges are expected (e.g. from heavy-duty cargo cranes) the
generator/AVR performance limits may be extended.
63. Describe the principle of electromagnetic induction and its main application.
The process by which an e.m.f. and hence current is generated or induced in a conductor when
there is a change in the magnetic flux, linking the conductor, is called electromagnetic induction.
Its main application is for motor, generator, transformer, and magnetic contactor.
64. With reference to AC, what are advantages of three phase circuit?
( 1 ) AC offers a higher power to weight ratio
( 2 ) Simple a.c transformers can step up or step down a.c. voltages wherever required.
( 3 ) A ship’s electrical distribution scheme generally follows shore practice which is a.c.
65. Why AC is popular onboard ship ?

1) Smaller, lighter and compact machine size, for a given kW
2) High power and high voltage AC generator can be easily manufactured
3) Voltage can be raised or lowered by transformer
4) AC can be easily converted to DC.
or
An a.c. network is cheaper to install and operate than a d.c. system. In particular, a.c. offers a
higher power/ weight ratio for the generation, distribution and utilisation of electricity. Simple
transformers efficiently step-up or step-down a.c. voltages where required. Three-phase a.c. is
effectively converted into rotary mechanical power in simple and efficient induction motors.
66. What is the treatment for acid burns?

In these cases rapidly wash eyes and skin with plenty of fresh water. The electrolyte of alkaline
cells causes skin burns which should be treated with boracic powder and the eyes washed out
with a solution of boracic powder — one teaspoonful to a pint of water.
Sulphuric acid splashes can be washed with a saline solution — two teaspoonful of household
salt to one pint of water.
For both types of battery first aid equipment should be in the battery compartment.
67. What is likely to happen if one of the rotating diodes fail and becomes:
( a ) an open circuit? And
( b ) a close circuit?
( a ) the remaining healthy diodes would continue to supply the main field. In manual (hand)
control the total field current, and hence generator voltage, will be slightly reduced. Under AVR
control, the exciter field current would be automatically boosted to maintain the correct generator
voltage while the diode failure would probably be undetected. The exciter will gradually
overheat.
( b ) a short-circuited diode is more serious as it leads to a short-circuited exciter. Rapid
overheating of the exciter will occur.
68. What is secondary cell?
It is a chemical cell (accumulator) which store up electric energy converting chemical
substance into another form while charging. The store electric charge in chemical form
transforms back electrical energy.
It has two types [lead acid and alkaline (Nickel Cadmium battery) type]. It has low internal
resistance. Capacity and voltage per cell is high.
69. What is Delay Trips [Dash pot]

The above arrangement has an instantaneous trip characteristic in that it will cause the circuit
breaker to trip immediately the current exceeds the operating value of the trip setting. This is not
always desirable as it may result in unnecessary tripping of the circuit breaker by an
instantaneous overload current which would not have persisted long enough to cause any
damage. Because of this advantage marine circuit breakers are seldom installed with
instantaneous trip characteristic. A time delay feature is fitted. One type in common usage
employs an oil filled dashpot into which a closely fitted piston, arranged with an oil bypass valve
is placed. This piston is connected to the plunger in the overload coil delays its upward
movement.
70. What is an earth lamp? How will you know when earth fault occur and how to trace it?
Earth indication lamps in a 3-phase a.c. system are arranged as shown in figure. When the system
is healthy (no earth faults) then the lamps glow with equal half brilliance. If an earth fault occurs
on one line, the lamp connected to that line goes dim or extinguished. The other lamps
experience an increased voltage so will glow brighter than before. Earth indication lamps have
been the most common method used for many years, being an inexpensive installation which is
easy to understand.
71. What is essential load?

Essential services those are required for the safety of personal and for the safe navigation and
propulsion of the ship. They include certain supplies to navigation aids, machinery spaces,
control stations and steering gear.
72. What is non-essential load?

It is a load that has no effects on the safe navigation and main propulsion unit when they are cut
off. They are
Air condition, some fan except E/R blowers, galley (1st trip 5 sec)
Refrigerated cargo plant or reefer container sources (2nd trip 10 sec)
Deck equipment, purifier, air compressor, cabin power source except lighting (3rd trip 15 sec)
73. Explain what is the purpose of insulation?
All electrical equipment has insulation. The purpose of the insulation is to keep electric currents
in the conductors and to prevent contact with live wires. The electrical resistance of insulation
must be very high (MΩ) to prevent current leaking away from conductors. Insulation resistance is
measured between:
 Conductors and Earth
 Conductors.
74. Define the conductor and insulator with example.

A material that offers a low resistance to the passage of electric current: when a potential
difference is applied across it a relatively large current flows. Metal, water and wet material are
good conductors.
A material, such as glass or ceramic, that has a very high resistance to electric current so that the
current flow through it is usually negligible. An insulator is used to prevent the loss of electric
charge or current from a conductor. Insulation materials are generally organic plastic compounds.
75. What is the difference between an insulated system and an earth system?
An insulated system is one that is totally electrically insulated from earth ( ship’s hull ).
An earth system has the supply neutral point connected to earth.
76. What is a PLC ( Programmable Logic Controller )?

A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a special form of microprocessor-based controller that
uses a programmable memory to store instructions and to implement functions such as logic,
sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic in order to control machines and processes. Input
devices, e.g. sensors such as switches, and output devices in the system being controlled, e.g.
motors, valves, etc., are connected to the PLC. The operator then enters a sequence of
instructions, i.e. a program, into the memory of the PLC. The controller then monitors the inputs
and outputs according to this program and carries out the control rules for which it has been
programmed.
77. Explain the Working Principle of the Nozzle Flapper

One aspect of pneumatic control is based on the use of a nozzle and flapper which together
convert displacement into a pneumatic output. In operating this device, the flapper is positioned
against the nozzle's opening pressure (Pb) which depends upon the flapper's distance from it.
Flapper Nozzle arrangement in controller
Air at constant pressure (Ps) is fed to a nozzle that has a diameter of 0.75 mm via a restrictor
(orifice) with a diameter of 0.25 mm. The flapper moves to close or open the restriction, varying
the airflow through the nozzle; thus displacement is converted into a proportional pneumatic
signal as shown in the Figure.
78. What is the purpose of a cable gland?

Cables are insulated, mechanically protected and watertight. They may be armoured and suitable
for installation in a hazardous explosive area. A cable gland maintains these properties where the
cable is terminated at an appliance, e.g. at a motor terminal box.
79. What is the purpose of the sheath on a cable?

The sheath of a cable protects the insulation from damage and injury — it is not classed as an
insulant. Sheath materials are required to be heat, oil and chemical resistant and flame retardant
(HOFR). The sheath must also be tough and flexible.
80. Describe three methods to alleviate a stroboscopic problems?

(a) Use a combination of incandescent and discharge lighting in the same area.
(b) Use twin discharge lamp fittings with each lamp wired as a lead-lag circuit, i.e. the lamp
currents are phase displaced so that they go through zero at different times, hence the overall
light output is never fully extinguished.
(c) Where a 3-phase supply is available, connect adjacent discharge luminaires to different
phases (Red, Yellow, Blue) so the light in a given area is never extinguished.
81. Sketch the impedance triangle, indicating R, X, Z and phase angle.( Ф )
=√ +
82. Explain the principle of discharge lamps ?

The light output from a discharge lamp is generated by the flow of current in an electric arc
between two electrodes through a gas and metal vapour inside a sealed glass bulb or tube.
The most common metal vapours employed in discharge lamps are:
 Mercury (as used as fluorescent tube )
 Sodium
83. How should be connected Volt meter, Ampere meter and Watt meter in a circuit with sketch?
84. What is a synchronous motor?
The synchronous motor, consisting of an a.c. winding and a d.c. field system, runs only at
synchronous speed. It is used for a.c. electric propulsion schemes but is not generally used for
auxiliary purposes. The commutator motor is essentially a variable speed machine, speed
variation being obtained by altering the commutator brush positions. It also is not in general use
for auxiliary purposes. The induction motor which is the type generally used in ships. It may be
of the cage type or of the wound rotor or slip ring type.
85. How to determine a lead acid battery is fully charge condition?

The specific gravity of the electrolyte is one of the indication of a fully charged cell condition. A
lead-acid battery is best indicate by a test on the electrolyte specific gravity (SG) by using a
hydrometer. A fully charged lead-acid cell has an SG of about 1.27-1.285 ( often written as
1270-1285) which fall to about 1.1 (or 1100) when fully discharged. The cell voltage also falls
during discharge and its value can also be used as an indication of the state of the charge.
86. State the location of explosive proof type lighting used.

Paint locker
Battery room
Dangerous cargo hold
Dangerous cargo hold passage
87. What is a diode ?What is a zener diode? Where is applied?

Both P — type and N — type silicon conduct electricity. The resistance of both types is
determined by the proportion of holes or surplus electrons. Therefore both types can function as
resistors and they will conduct electricity in any direction.
By forming some P — type silicon in a chip of N — type silicon, electrons will flow through the
silicon in only one direction. This is the principle of the diode.
A silicon diode having a lower value of inverse voltage ( break down voltage) is referred as
zener diode. The diode has a property that its leakage a current increases suddenly by
increasing the reverse bias. They are used from a.c to d.c power changing and in voltage
regulator circuits.
88. What is the purpose of the earth fault indication on the switch board?
The earth fault monitor on the switch board shows the presence of an earth fault on the
distribution system. It is up to the maintenance staff to trace the exact location of the fault and
then to clear it as quickly as possible. In practice, circuits cannot be disconnected at random in
this way. Some vital service may be interrupted causing the main engines to stop.
89. Explain in simple terms, how the driving torque is produced in an induction motor.
The stator rotating magnetic flux cuts through the rotor conductors to induce an alternating e.m.f
into them. Since the rotor conductors are connected together at the ends, the induced emf’s set up
rotor current. The rotor currents also produce a magnetic flux which interacts with the stator
rotating flux which produced a torque on the rotor conductor bars.
90. List the routine and emergency services normally supplied by battery.
Routine power supplies;
Radio equipment
Telephone exchange
Fire detection
General alarm circuits
AE / ME alarm control circuits
Emergency battery supplies;
Emergency generator startup
Emergency lighting
Life boat engine startup
Navigation aids

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MEO CLASS III FUNCTION 2

WISE WISH MARINE ENGINEERING TRAINING CENTRE

WISE WISH Marine Engineering Training Centre

Subject . E-TECH Question bank

1. Explain the function of an automatic voltage regulator?

3. Describe how a generator / an alternator is cooled and draw a relevant sketch.

Air to air closed circuit cooling

Air to water closed circuit cooling

5. What is the basic reason for provision of motor protection?

6. What are the purpose of reverse power protection?

9. What is sequential control,explain.

17. What is primary cells?

18. List the principle maintenance equipment for electric motor.

21. What is synchroscope ?

22. What are the routine maintenance and testing of a generator?

23. What is megger insulation test?

28. What is the causes of motor overheat?

29. What is Residual magnetism?

31. Explain potential difference and electro motive force

32. Describe what is meant by Static electricity.

33. How emergency generator Starting when black out

34. Explain what is meant by impedance.

37. What is bad commutation? Give ten reasons for it.

38. List the ways in which a circuit breaker can be tripped

39. Explain the purpose of an emergency power supply

41. Explain what is meant by an atom?

42. Explain what is meant by an element?

43. Explain what is meant by power factor.

44. What is a semiconductors?

47. What is P – N junction?

48. State Kirchhoff’s voltage law and current law.

49. What is a transducer?

50. What is a transmitter?

52. Explain what is meant by open circuit with sketch.

54. Explain the battery maintenance.

55. Why are carbon brushes used in a D.C machine ?

57. Describe how a self excited A.C generator would work ?

58. Explain about pilot excitation.

59. What are the possible cause of cell short circuit?

65. Why AC is popular onboard ship ?

66. What is the treatment for acid burns?

69. What is Delay Trips [Dash pot]

71. What is essential load?

72. What is non-essential load?

74. Define the conductor and insulator with example.

76. What is a PLC ( Programmable Logic Controller )?

77. Explain the Working Principle of the Nozzle Flapper

78. What is the purpose of a cable gland?

79. What is the purpose of the sheath on a cable?

80. Describe three methods to alleviate a stroboscopic problems?

81. Sketch the impedance triangle, indicating R, X, Z and phase angle.( Ф )

82. Explain the principle of discharge lamps ?

85. How to determine a lead acid battery is fully charge condition?

86. State the location of explosive proof type lighting used.

87. What is a diode ?What is a zener diode? Where is applied?

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