Traditional belief about organisms:

Organisms were unchangingX

I
...
phenotype
:
evolution of
changing

rigin Jann wit e

Is God create all
organisms.

Discovery if fossils suggest that some organisms

Natural Selection
in the last were different from existing ones
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Change in
environment Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is based on the result of observations from
cause the a round-the-world expedition, years of experimentation and his knowledge of geology and fossils.
animals? To
change?

England Asia
North Europe
Darwin’s explanation of the findings America
Atlantic

I
Ocean

f
Finches with slightly different beaks 1835
Galapagos
↓ Africa
.
Island
~ Eat other food in the islands South Indian Ocean
↓ America
Australia
Survived, grow, reproduced
and passed on the
characteristics of their beaks to
their offspring Key:
journey out

I
journey home

He observed:
• finches on different Galapagos Islands share some _____________________
similarities with those on
birds
the mainland of South America, g.
.

e .

-diff colur

diff benks not elly-d

•
.

the ________________ and ________________

size
shape of the finches’ beaks varied depending on ~

(
________________________________ on the different islands.
I
their
food resources small ground first .
-
warbler finch
-
->
~

Vegetarian tree finch

↑
• organisms tend to produce ________________
offspring than needed to replace themselves.
more

• however, number of individuals in a population remains ________________

approximately
________________.
constant

• There are ________________among

variations individuals of same species.

11 I
Over a long overuse of time :

I
1858 Darwin and Alfred Wallace put

I
forward the idea

I
Ancestral finches from China
Finches with beaks that were less weak adapted ↓

↓ Evolved into different species The theory of natural selection

* Could not find sufficient food Adapted to different food
=
↓ resources on various islands

!
* Could not grow and reproduce as

Po
well as those better adapted finches fird
A :

Large Beaks
↓ survive

in
Gradually died out Ancestors B :
smaller

sharper

i
2
Linger
:

D
printed
:

Pie-siny
O
C

E
m o re
t ,
I "'Dr
 mutation
↳ some
beneficial
↳ must cause narm
organism
?
rabbit :

even though gene is

homozygous

i
M 176d i re

↳ it limited fold !

Ob if ~ benefits
prevent crossing with close relative fluctuation around
y L sure
no

over time
↳ similar genes also homozygous
>
-

Some die (4)

haly recessive -

↳ high chany
heterozygous x heterozygous
1
↳
offspring higher chance
many
diseases -A so mate more
(4)

↳ less variation
bith recessive .
signer , hance get

How did they deduce the theory?

Organisms tend to produce more offspring Number of individuals in a population

than needed to replace themselves remains approximately constant

-
Struggle for existence:
Individuals compete for limited
resources (e.g. food, water and shelter)

Struggle for existence Variations among individuals for the same species

m
↓
Survival of the fittest:
if no
tovourable ...

Individuals with variations favourable

sequence
i

E
to their environment have a greater e
T

less likely survive

chance to survive and reproduce
survive before reproduce

and duss
repoodace
T
Survival of the fittest Some variations are heritable
-
↓

• favourable variations are passed on to the offspring and accumulate

• Individuals with the favourable characters become more frequent in
the population

hu
↓
↳4 all
s
same"
The organism has evolved and become different from its ancestor I all from
?
lancestor
 Darwin’s deductions from his observation:
• there is a ‘________________________________’ as many offspring are produced, with the
increasing in population, individuals compete for ________________________________;

• some offspring survive whilst others die, individuals with variations ________________ to
their environment have a greater chance to survive and reproduce. Those less suited will
die. This gave rise to the phrase ‘________________________________’;

• favourable variations are ________________ to the offspring and accumulate. Individuals

with the favourable characters become ___________________________ in the population.
Neo-Darwinism

Evolution: the change in the ________________ of a ________________ in a population over many

________________.

Natural Selection
Species with
selective advantage
1. There is ________________ 2. A _______________ occur in an survive and
reproduce more
among individuals of same species. individual of the species. successfully

3. The individual contain a favourable condition 4. ________________

________________ and ________________. ________________ to offspring.

4. This process ________________ over time

and many generations.
Source of genetic variations
Source Consequence

mutation in gametes
• introduces changes in the genotype of offspring

independent • mixes paternal and maternal chromosomes in different combinations

assortment during
• produces various combinations of chromosomes in each of the gametes formed
meiosis

crossing over during • creates new combinations of alleles on the chromosomes of the gametes
meiosis

random fertilization • further increases genetic variations among offspring

of gametes
03 Observations…

Examples of natural selection

• peppered moths
• sickle-cell anaemia
• antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Before industrialization
-tree trunks were covered by light-colored lichens and mosses
well camouflaged from their predators (e.g. birds)

Industrialization
-tree trunks and rocks have become blackened by pollutants released from factories
-many

greyish-white moth is easily seen and eaten by birds

-black moths have a greater chance to survive and reproduce in polluted area
 Sickle-cell anaemia

• individuals are homozygous for the sickle-cell allele

• abnormal harmoglobin molecules are produced
• red blood cells become:
-sickle-shaped
-fragile and break easily

Malaria
• infectious disease caused by a parasite, plasmodium
• transmitted by mosquito bites

an infected mosquito bites a person

parasites invade and reproduce in liver cells
red blood cells are infected and burst, releasing mature parasite
mature parasites infect other cells

Malaria and sickle-cell anaemia

individuals who are heterozygous for the sickle-cell anaemia:
• fragile red blood cells often burst before the parasites develop
-kill the parasites
More resistant to malaria
 • selective advantage over people with normal red
blood cells in areas where malaria is common

selected to survive and reproduce

• heterozygous individuals have a higher change to produce heterozygous children

• proportion of heterozygous individuals in malaria-prevalent areas increases over generations

(Rt) due to natural selection, the favorable allele becomes more frequent in the population

• sickle-cell anaemia is less common in areas with a low incidence of malaria

-no selective advantage
 Antibiotic

• chemicals used to kill or inhibit the growth and

reproduction of microorganisms
• used to treat
-bacterial infections
-fungal pathogens

Natural Antibiotics
• produced by bacteria and fungi with
selective advantages.
• Example: Penicillin
- made by the mould Penicillium
- used to treat bacterial infections in 1940s

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria

• means antibiotics are no longer effective in preventing bacterial infection
• example: MRSA (methicillin-resistant Straphylococcus aureus)