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PRONAP 4a
PRONAP 4a
The adoption of healthful lifestyles by individuals and families can result in abstract
a reduction in many chronic diseases and conditions of which obesity is the
most prevalent. Obesity prevention, in addition to treatment, is an important
public health priority. This clinical report describes the rationale for
pediatricians to be an integral part of the obesity-prevention effort. In addition,
The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition used
the 2012 Institute of Medicine report “Accelerating Progress in Obesity review of the literature, including reports from other groups, but did
Prevention” includes health care providers as a crucial component of not conduct a formal systematic review of the literature. Comments
also were solicited from committees, sections, and councils of the
successful weight control. Research on obesity prevention in the pediatric care American Academy of Pediatrics; 18 entities responded. Additional
comments were sought from the Centers for Disease Control and
setting as well as evidence-informed practical approaches and targets for Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, the US Department of
prevention are reviewed. Pediatricians should use a longitudinal, Agriculture, and the US Food and Drug Administration, because these
governmental agencies have official liaisons to the Committee on
developmentally appropriate life-course approach to help identify children Nutrition who served the on the committee during the development of
the statement. Comments also were solicited from various
early on the path to obesity and base prevention efforts on family dynamics professional societies and other entities interested in childhood
and reduction in high-risk dietary and activity behaviors. They should promote obesity; 4 entities responded. For recommendations for which high
levels of evidence are absent, the expert opinions and suggestions of
a diet free of sugar-sweetened beverages, of fewer foods with high caloric the members of the Committee on Nutrition and other groups and
density, and of increased intake of fruits and vegetables. It is also important to authorities consulted were taken into consideration in developing this
clinical report.
promote a lifestyle with reduced sedentary behavior and with 60 minutes of
This document is copyrighted and is property of the American
daily moderate to vigorous physical activity. This report also identifies Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors have filed
important gaps in evidence that need to be filled by future research. conflict of interest statements with the American Academy of
Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved through a process
approved by the Board of Directors. The American Academy of
Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any commercial
involvement in the development of the content of this publication.
INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE FOR OBESITY PREVENTION Clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics benefit from
expertise and resources of liaisons and internal (American Academy
This clinical report updates and replaces the 2003 American Academy of of Pediatrics) and external reviewers. However, clinical reports from
the American Academy of Pediatrics may not reflect the views of the
Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement “Prevention of Pediatric Overweight and liaisons or the organizations or government agencies that they
Obesity”1 and complements the AAP-endorsed 2007 expert committee represent.
“Recommendations for Prevention of Childhood Obesity”2 and the chapter The guidance in this report does not indicate an exclusive course of
“Promoting Healthy Weight” in the 2008 third edition of Bright Futures: treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking
into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate.
Prevention and Health Promotion for Infants, Children, Adolescents, and
All clinical reports from the American Academy of Pediatrics
Their Families.3 Since 2003, much has been written in the scientific automatically expire 5 years after publication unless reaffirmed,
literature and the lay press regarding childhood obesity. The prevalence of revised, or retired at or before that time.
pediatric obesity has increased significantly (two- to threefold, depending www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2015-1558
on the age group) in the past few decades in the United States and in other
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-1558
countries.4–6 Because of the numerous medical and psychosocial
complications of childhood obesity and the burden of pediatric obesity on PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275).
current and future health care costs, this condition is now recognized as Copyright © 2015 by the American Academy of Pediatrics
PEDIATRICS Volume 136, number 1, July 2015 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS
Downloaded from http://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/136/1/e275/1601675/peds_2015-1558.pdf
by guest
a public health priority by many approaches to prevention. This pediatric clinical setting can be
groups and experts.7–13 Although clinical report reviews the role of the informed by findings about obesity
treatment of obesity in the pediatric pediatrician in practice and in the treatment, obesity prevention in
age group, as well as secondary and community as a behavior-change other settings, and obesity prevention
tertiary prevention, will remain a key agent and advocate for healthful among adults.
component of a comprehensive lifestyles for the prevention of
Several studies have examined the
strategy to address this public health childhood obesity. It is not
efficacy of obesity prevention in
problem, the results of treatment a systematic review of evidence but
pediatric primary care settings.
remain modest, and primary rather an assessment of the best-
Patrick et al26 used a randomized
prevention is recognized as a critical available evidence that weighs the
controlled design to compare
part of a sustainable solution.8,9,12 It potential benefits of possible
a control intervention unrelated to
is also increasingly recognized that interventions. This report also
obesity to a 12-month, theory-based
both clinical interventions and focuses on clinical practice. However,
intervention aimed at reducing
supportive institutional and the role that a pediatrician can play in
sedentary behavior, promoting
community environments are the community is also critical.
physical activity, and promoting
required to adopt more healthful Although the role of pediatricians as
healthier nutrition. The intervention
lifestyles for the prevention of obesity advocates for community and policy
was initiated in primary care but,
and other noncommunicable changes is not reviewed in detail
after the initial primary care visit,
diseases.9,14–19 For example, here, resources to assist pediatricians
was delivered by research staff by
a comprehensive review of strategies in this role can be found on the AAP
phone and mail. The intervention
for obesity prevention in the United Institute for Healthy Childhood
Kingdom concluded that “the Weight Web site (http://ihcw.aap. improved self-reported sedentary
deceptively simple issue of org).20 behavior, improved fruit and
encouraging physical activity and vegetable intake, and increased
modifying dietary habits, in reality, objectively measured physical activity
raises complex social and economic among boys only. In a pilot study that
INDIVIDUAL/CLINICAL APPROACHES TO
questions about the need to reshape OBESITY PREVENTION used a natural experiment design,
public policy in food production, food Kubik et al27 showed that another
The prevention of childhood obesity practice-based intervention
manufacturing, healthcare, retail, has been the subject of many research
education, culture and trade.”14 successfully increased parental intent
studies, reviews, and guidelines, to give their children 5 or more
Pediatricians can and should play an primarily in the school or community servings of fruits and vegetables per
important role in obesity prevention setting, and these studies were taken day. In a 6-month nonrandomized
because they are in a unique position into consideration for this feasibility study, Schwartz et al28 used
to partner with families and patients report.2,9,21–25 However, little is primary care–based motivational
and to influence key components of known about the feasibility,
interviewing to improve eating and
the broader strategy of developing effectiveness, and cost of childhood
sedentary behaviors. The
community support. Prevention of obesity prevention in the primary
intervention was found to be feasible;
obesity is clearly not only the care setting. Because research on
parents reported that it helped them
responsibility of pediatricians but of pediatric obesity treatment began
change family eating habits, but no
all elements of society, including the earlier than the research on pediatric
significant effect on BMI was
public and the private sectors. Unlike obesity prevention, and because more
observed. Furthermore, the drop-out
most schools, community-based data are available on treatment, many
rate was much higher in the more
organizations, or governmental of the tools and behavior targets used
intensive intervention than in the
programs, pediatricians often follow for prevention derive from our
minimal intervention or the control
children over a long period of time, knowledge of treatment. Because the
group. Ford et al29 showed in
sometimes from fetal life through motivation for prevention differs
a randomized controlled pilot and
college, giving them a unique long- from that for treatment, and because
feasibility trial that a primary
term perspective in preventing an individual with obesity frequently
care–based behavioral intervention
chronic conditions such as obesity. differs metabolically from a person of
was successful not only at decreasing
Furthermore, pediatricians, in the healthy weight, this approach may
television watching but also at
context of the medical home, have have limitations that further increase
a family-centered perspective and are increasing organized physical activity.
the challenges of obesity prevention
seen by families as a reliable source in a clinical setting designed for A brief review of obesity treatment in
of health advice and as experts in treatment. Despite these limitations, the pediatric primary care literature
developmentally appropriate obesity-prevention strategies in the showed mixed but promising results.
Portion Size Daily Amounts Portion Size Daily Amounts Portion Size Daily Amounts
Low-fat milk and dairy 1/2 cup (4 oz) 2-1/2 cups 1/2–3/4 cup (4–6 oz) 2-1/2–3 cups 1/2–1 cup (4–8 oz) 2-1/2–3 cups The following may be substituted for
1/2 cup fluid milk: 1/2 oz natural
cheese, 1 oz processed cheese, 1/2
cup low-fat yogurt, 2-1/2 T nonfat dry
milk.
Meat, fish, poultry, or equivalent 1–2 oz (2–3 T) 2–4 oz 1–2 oz (4–6 T) 3–5 oz 2 oz 4–5-1/2 oz The following may be substituted for 1
oz meat, fish, or poultry: 1 egg, 1 T
peanut butter, 1/4 cup cooked beans
or peas.
Vegetables and fruits
Vegetables
Cooked 2–3 T 1-1/2 cups 4–6 T 1-1/2–2-1/2 cups 1/4–1/2 cup 1-1/2–2-1/2 cups Include dark-green (1 cup/week) and
Rawa Few pieces Few pieces Several pieces orange vegetables (3 cups/week) for
vitamin A, such as carrots, spinach,