Health & Phy Edu Class VIII (BNG)

ßþºyßþiÄ ç Ÿyîû#îû!
ŸÇþy
S!ŸÇþyíÅ#öì”îû ‹˜ÄV
xTþ› ö×!’
þ™!Øþ›îA† ›•Ä!ŸÇþy þ™¡ìÅ”

fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y
xT˛õ ˆ◊!í
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ õïƒ!ü«˛y ˛ô°Ï≈î

≤ÃÌõ ¢ÇflÒÓ˚í ı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2013
!mì˛#Î˚ ¢ÇflÒÓ˚í ı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Óñ˚ 2014
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í ı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Óñ˚ 2015
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ¢Çfl˛ÒÓ˚í ı !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ñ 2016
@˘ÃrÌfl˛∫c É
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ õïƒ !ü«˛y ˛ô°Ï≈î
≤ÃÑ˛yüÑ˛ É
xïƒy!˛ôÑ˛y òÓò#ì˛y â˛ƒy›˛yã≈#
¢!â˛Óñ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ õïƒ !ü«˛y ˛ô°Ï≈î
77/2 ˛ôyÑ≈˛ !fi›˛Δ›˛
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 700 016
õ%oÑ˛ É
¢Ó˚fl˛∫ì˛# ˆ≤Ã¢ !ú!õˆÏ›˛v˛
S˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜV
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ÈÙÈ 700 056
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢Ç!Óïyò
≤Ãhfl˛ÏyÓòy
xyõÓ˚yñ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãòÜíñ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yÓ≈ˆÏ¶˛Ôõ ¢õyãì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛
Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛s˛fÓ˚)ˆÏ˛ô ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ¢ì˛ƒ!ò¤˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ü˛ôÌ@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ ~ÓÇ
ì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ú òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ÎyˆÏì˛ ı ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ òƒyÎ˚!Óâ˛yÓ˚ó !â˛hs˘˛yñ
õì˛≤ÃÑ˛yüñ !ÓŸªy¢ñ ïõ≈ ~ÓÇ v˛z˛ôy¢òyÓ˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yó ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y xã≈ò Á ¢%ˆÎÏ yˆÏÜÓ˚
¢õì˛y ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Óƒ!=˛¢æõ Á ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ
~ÓÇ ¢Ç£!ì˛ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢Ôºyì,˛c ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ó xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Üí˛ô!Ó˚°ÏˆÏîñ xyãñ
1949 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 26 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó˚ñ ~ì˛myÓ˚y ~£z ¢Ç!Óïyò @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈñ !Ó!ïÓÂï Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ
~ÓÇ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ x˛ô≈í Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ–
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

PREAMBLE
WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to con-

stitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens :
JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought,
expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and
of opportunity and to promote among them all-FRATERNITY
assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of
the Nation ; In OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty
sixth day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT
AND GIVE AND TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ òyÜ!Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á Ñ˛ì≈˛ÓƒÈ
ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 14ÈÙÈ35 òÇ ïyÓ˚yV • ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !ü«˛y≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏò ïõ≈#Î˚ !ü«˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy ~ÓÇ
1. ¢yˆÏõƒÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ !ü«˛y≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏò äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚ £zFäÈyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï
• xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ î,!T˛ˆÏì˛ ¢Óy£z ¢õyò ~ÓÇ xy£zò ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ ïõ≈#Î˚ !ü«˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
¢õyò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓó 5. ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ Á !ü«˛yÈÙÈ!Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
• ãy!ì˛ñ ïõ≈ñ Óí≈ñ òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ïñ ãß√fiÌyò ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Ó˚yT˛ΔÈ • ¢Ó ˆ◊!íÓ˚ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ !òãfl˛∫ ¶˛y°Ïyñ !ú!˛ô Á ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy òyÜ!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˜Ó°Ïõƒõ)úÑ˛ xyâ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òyó Á ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓó
• ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ â˛yÑ˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎyÜƒì˛y xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢õyò • Ó˚yT˛ΔÈ˛ ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ Óy ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¢y£yÎƒ≤ÃyÆ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ü«˛y≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏò
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓó !ü«˛yúyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ ïõ≈ñ ãyì˛ Óy ¶˛y°ÏyÓ˚ xã%£yˆÏì˛
• xfl˛ô,üƒì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏúy˛ô¢yïˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ Ó!M˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òyó
xfl˛ô,üƒì˛yÈÙÈxyâ˛Ó˚í !ò!°ÏÂï Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈó ~ÓÇ • ïõ≈ xÌÓy ¶˛y°Ïy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyúá% ¢¡±îyÎ˚Ü%!ú !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚
• v˛z˛ôy!ï @˘Ã£í Á ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ Óyïy!òˆÏ°Ïï xyˆÏÓ˚y˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚y ˛ôäÈ®õˆÏì˛y !ü«˛y≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò fiÌy˛ôò Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– 6. üy¢òì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
2. fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ • ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ ÓúÓÍ Á Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ
• ÓyÑ‰˛fl˛∫yï#òì˛y Á õì˛yõì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó òyÜ!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ¢%!≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛y›≈˛ Á £y£zˆÏÑ˛yˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ xyˆÏÓîò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
• üy!hs˛˛ô)í≈ Á !òÓ˚fl˛f¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õˆÏÓì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
• ¢Çá Á ¢!õ!ì˛ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ Ñ˛ì≈˛Óƒ
• ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢Ó≈e fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ â˛úyˆÏö˛Ó˚y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó S¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ 51~ òÇ ïyÓ˚yV
• ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fiÌyˆÏò fl˛∫yï#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó¢Óy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó 1– ¢Ç!Óïyò õyòƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ¢Ç!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ xyîü≈ Á ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò¢õ)£ñ
• ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ã#!ÓÑ˛yÓ˚ñ ˆ˛ôüyÓ˚ Óy ÓƒyÓ¢yÓy!íˆÏãƒÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ôì˛yÑ˛y Á ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆhfl˛yˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ◊Âïy ≤Ãîü≈òó
2– ˆÎ¢Ó õ£yò xyîü≈ ãyì˛#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÈÙÈ¢Ç@˘ÃyˆÏõ xò%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚íy
• xy£zò xõyòƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí x!¶˛Î%=˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Óú ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛
ã%!ÜˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ ˆ¢Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÎˆÏb ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Á xò%¢Ó˚íó
xy£zò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ üy!hfl˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓó 3– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢yÓ≈ˆÏ¶˛Ôõcñ ˙Ñ˛ƒ Á ¢Ç£!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õÌ≈ò Á
• ~Ñ˛£z x˛ôÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ÓyÓ˚ üy!hfl˛ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛íó
ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òyó 4– ˆîüÓ˚«˛y Á ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆ¢Óyõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ xy£πyˆÏò ¢yv˛¸y
• ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy x!¶˛Î%=˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyîyúˆÏì˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï ¢y«˛ƒ !îˆÏì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yó
Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òyó 5– ïõ≈Üì˛ñ ¶˛y°ÏyÜì˛ Á xyM˛!úÑ˛ Óy ˆ◊!íÜì˛ !¶˛ß¨ì˛yÓ˚ |ˆÏïπ≈
• ã#Óò Á Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ó v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ãòÜˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˙Ñ˛ƒ Á ºyì,˛cˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚
• Î%!=˛¢ÇÜì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í äÈyv˛¸y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ@˘ÃÆyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ !ÓÑ˛yü¢yïò ~ÓÇ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ õÎ≈yîy£y!òÑ˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌy¢õ)£ˆÏÑ˛ Óã≈òó
òyó ~ÓÇ xy›˛Ñ˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyîyúˆÏì˛ xyd˛ô«˛ ¢õÌ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ 6– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ !õ◊ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÜÔÓ˚ÓõÎ˚ ˙!ì˛£ƒˆÏÑ˛ õ)úƒîyò Á
!îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ¢ÇÓ˚«˛íó
3. ˆüy°ÏˆÏíÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ 7– Óò¶)˛!õñ £…îñ òîòî# ~ÓÇ Óòƒ≤Ãyí#¢£ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏüÓ˚
• ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Î˚!ÓÑ˛Î˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy ˆÓÜyÓ˚ Öy›˛yˆÏòy ÎyˆÏÓ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Á v˛zßÎ¨ ò˚ ¢yïò ~ÓÇ ã#Óhs˛ ≤Ãyí#¢õ)ˆÈÏ £Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ õõc
òyó ˆ˛ôy°Ïíó
• ˆâ˛yˆÏjy ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛õÓÎ˚fl˛Ò !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ Ö!òñ Ñ˛yÓ˚Öyòy Óy xòƒ 8– ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yñ õyò!ÓÑ˛ì˛yñ xò% ¢ !rïÍ¢y Á
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã !òÎ%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy– ¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚õ%Ö# î,!T˛¶˛!AÜÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚¢yïòó
4. ïõ≈#Î˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ 9– ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Á !£Ç¢y Óã≈òó
• ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y ~ÓÇ ïõ≈˛ôyúò Á 10– ¢Ó≈≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ Á ˆÎÔÌ Ñ˛õ≈≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛yˆÏÑ˛ v˛zß¨ì˛ì˛Ó˚ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚
≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y xyˆÏäÈó v˛z ß ¨ # ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ y Ó˚ v˛z ˆ Ï j ˆÏ ü ƒ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈ Ñ ˛úyˆÏ ˛ ôÓ˚
• ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ïõ≈#Î˚ ¢¡±îyÎ˚ ïõ≈≤Ãâ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫yˆÏÌ≈ ¢ÇfiÌy fiÌy˛ôò v˛zÍÑ˛°Ï¢≈ yïòó
~ÓÇ ¢¡ô!_ xã≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓó ~ÓÇ
• ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï ïõ≈ ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚îyˆÏò 11– 6ÈÙÈ14 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚fl˛Ò ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !üü%ˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛yîyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚y
Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òyó ì˛yÓ˚ !˛ôì˛yÈÙÈõyì˛y Óy x!¶˛¶˛yÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ì≈˛Óƒ–
õ%ÖÓrï
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y ~Ñ˛ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢,ãòydÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛– ˆÖúyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ xyò®ñ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y Á

fl˛∫ì˛Éfl˛≥)˛ì≈˛ì˛yÓ˚ á!ò¤˛ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó≈yAÜ#í !ÓÑ˛yˆÏü fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓ!ú ¢Ó≈ãòfl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛– üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛ˆÏì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£í !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ÖyîƒñxyˆÏúyñ
Óyì˛y¢ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈– ˆîüñ Ñ˛yúñ @˘Ãyõ Á ü£Ó˚ ¢Ó≈e ˆÖúyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !üü%Ó˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y
fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ xyÑ˛°≈Ïí Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ !ü«˛yÌ#≈ ˆÖúˆÏì˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢– !ü«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y ˆÖúÓyÓ˚
¢õÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚Ñ˛õ Ñœ˛y!hs˘˛ˆÏÓyï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òy– ˆÖúyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ£z !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ˛ô%òÓ˚%I#!Óì˛ ˆÎõò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆì˛õ!ò ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !üü%Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˘˛Ó˚#í ¢%ˆÏÑ˛yõú Ó,!_Ü%!úÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ¢y!ïì˛ £Î˚–
ˆÖúyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ !ü«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÑ˛°Ï≈ˆÏíÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ hfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ Ö![˛ì˛
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ Ó˚)˛ôˆÏÓ˚Öy xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛õ ≤Ãhfl%˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏõ ì˛y!_¥Ñ˛ Á ÓƒyÓ£y!Ó˚Ñ˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛
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1.1.1 üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ 1
1.1.2 üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y 1
1.2.1 üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y 3
1.2.2 fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò 4
1.2.3 î«˛ì˛y ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò 5
1.2.4 üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚¢õ)£ 6
1.2.5 üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎy!Üì˛y 6
1.2.6 ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ñœ˛yÓ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ É ˆõy£òÓyÜyò 7
1.3.1 !ÓˆÏü°Ï â˛y!£îy¢¡ôß¨ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ïyÓ˚íy 10
!mì˛#Î˚ xïƒyÎ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛y 17ÈÙÈ34
2.1.1 fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy 17
2.1.2 fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò Á xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü 17
2.1.3 fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yÓã!òì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ 20
2.1.4 !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò Á fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ 20
2.1.5 !òõ≈ú @˘ÃyÏõ 22
2.1.6 Ó˚=˛y“ì˛y Óy xƒy!ò!õÎ˚y 23
2.1.7 xyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yÓã!òì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ 26
2.1.8 ï)õ˛ôyÏò !òˆÏ°Ïï 28
2.1.9 v»˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆòüy ¢Ó≈òyüy 30
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ xïƒyÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y 35ÈÙÈ54
3.1.1 «˛ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy 35
3.1.2 Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ 36
3.1.3 ¢yˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò 37
3.1.4 ¢y˛ôÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ 41
3.1.5 ¢y˛ô õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Órï% òy üe% 46
3.1.6 ãˆÏú ˆv˛yÓy Á ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò 47
3.1.7 ã#Óò ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüú É Ñ,˛!eõ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ £,î‰Îs˛fñ ö%˛¢ö%˛¢ Á
õ!hfl˛ˆÏ‹ÒÓ˚ !Ñ˛Î˚yü#úì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy 49
˛â˛ì%˛Ì≈ xïƒyÎ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!ÓúyÓ˚ !ü«˛y 55ÙÈ61
4.1.1 á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ 55
4.1.2 á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ 56
4.1.3 á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ˆõyÑ˛y!ÓúyÎ˚ äÈyeäÈye# Á ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y 57
4.1.4 á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ xÓú¡∫ò 57
4.1.5 !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ 58
4.1.6 !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ 59
4.1.7 !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ 59
4.1.8 !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!ÓúyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò¢)e 60
˛ôM˛õ˛ xïƒyÎ˚ ˆÑ˛ì˛y ¢%Ó˚«˛y 62ÈÙÈ68˛
5.1.1 ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y£z ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y 62
5.1.2 ˆÑ˛òyÑ˛y›˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ 64
5.1.3 ¢Í ÓƒyÓ¢yÓ˚ xyâ˛Ó˚í!Ó!ï 65
5.2.1 ÖyˆÏîƒ ˆ¶˛ãyú 66
°ÏT˛ xïƒyÎ˚ ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ !ü«˛y 69ÙÈ85
6.1.1 ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ïyÓ˚íy 69
6.1.2 ˛ô!Ó˚Îyò !â˛£´ 69
6.1.3 Ó˚yhfl˛ÏyÓ˚ !òÎ˚õÑ˛yò%ò 71
6.1.4 ˛ô!Ó˚Îyò ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚˚ òyòy !Óá¯ 74
6.1.5 ˛ô!Ó˚Îyò ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 75
6.1.6 !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌî%á≈›˛òy 77
6.1.7 Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ 78
6.1.8 ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ ¢%Ó˚«˛y 79
6.1.9 ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òy@˘Ãhfl˛ Óƒy!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒÑ˛yÓ˚# ¢%òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ 80
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¢Æõ xïƒyÎ˚ !òÎ˚õyò%Ü xAÜ¢M˛yúò 86ÈÙÈ96
7.1.1 Óì˛â˛yÓ˚# ãy!Ó˚Üyò 86
7.1.2 Ñ%˛â˛Ñ˛yÁÎ˚yã ˆ¢!Ó˚ˆÏõy!òÎ˚yú ˛ôƒyˆÏÓ˚v˛ñ Ñ˛îõ ì˛yúñ Ñ˛îõ Ìyõ 91
7.1.3 Ñ˛ƒy!ú¢ˆÏÌ!òÑ˛‰¢ Öy!ú £yˆÏì˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõñ v˛yõˆÏÓú !v»˛ú 95
xT˛õ xïƒyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛#v˛¸y 97ÈÙ131
8.1.1 ˆÎyÜy¢ò õÍ¢ƒy¢òñ v˛z!aì˛ ˛ôpy¢òñ Ü%Æy¢òñ 97
ãyò%!üÓ˚y¢òñ xò%ˆÏúyõ !ÓˆÏúyõñ
˛ô!ÿ˛ˆÏõy_yòy¢òñ Ñ%˛E%˛›˛y¢òñ
üú¶˛y¢òñ £úy¢òñ ¢Ó≈yAÜy¢òñ ˛ôî£hfl˛Ïy¢ò
8.1.2 !ãõòy!fi›˛Ñ˛¢ ˆ£v˛ !fl˛±Çñ ˛ôy ö§˛yÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã¢ £ƒyu˛fi›˛ƒyu˛ñ 106
ˆ¢yãy £yˆÏì˛ ¢yõˆÏò Üv˛¸yˆÏòyñ ÚVÛ ¢yˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ñ
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8.1.3 xƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ÓÑ˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ £§y›%˛ ˆì˛yúyñ ˛ôyˆÏü â˛úyñ ã!ÜÇñ !Ñ˛!Ñ˛Çñ 109
õy!â˛≈Çñ ãy¡ô
8.1.4 !˛ôÓ˚y!õv˛ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ ¶˛!AÜ 112
8.1.5 v˛zFâ˛ú¡≥˛ò ö˛¢Óy!Ó˚ öœ˛˛ôñ x!¶˛Üõò ˆîÔv˛¸ñ 113
¶)˛!õ äÈyv˛¸yñ ÓyÓ˚ ›˛˛ôÑ˛yˆÏòyñ xÓì˛Ó˚í
8.1.6 !v˛¢Ñ˛y¢ !v˛¢Ñ˛y¢ !òˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛Ôüú 115
8.1.7 îyÓy Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ â˛yú ˆîÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüú 117
8.1.8 xydÓ˚«˛yõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛#v˛¸y ã%ˆÏv˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛Ôüú 124
òÓõ xïƒyÎ˚ îúÜì˛ Ñ˛#v˛¸y 132ÙÈ143
9.1.1 ˆÌyÓú ˆÖúyÓ˚ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛Ôüú 132
9.1.2 ö%˛›˛Óú ˆÖúyÓ˚ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛Ôüú 137
îüõ xïƒyÎ˚ õyòÓ¢¡ôî v˛zß¨Î˚ò Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛õ 144ÙÈ172
10.1.1 fiÌyò#Î˚ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛# ˆ¢ÓyÑ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛õ 144
10.2.1 «˛õì˛y≤ÃyÆ òyÓ˚# ÙÙ «˛õì˛y≤ÃyÆ ãy!ì˛ 150
10.2.2 Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛“ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛Îyò 155
10.2.3 ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y 166
10.3.1 ˆòì,˛cîyò «˛õì˛y!ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛õ 170
10.4.1 ˛ôyúò#Î˚ !îˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£í 171
10.5.1 üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£í 172
˛ô!Ó˚!üT˛
≤ÃÌõ xïƒyÎ˚
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy
1.1.1 üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ É
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ £ˆÏúy Óƒ!=˛¢_yÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈!ÓÑ˛yü– xÌ≈yÍ üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛ ¢!Ñ˛Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ
xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ñ õyò!¢Ñ˛ñ ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!¶˛Ñ˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ñ ˆÓÔ!ÂïÑ˛ Á òy®!òÑ˛ Ü%íyÓ!úÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü
á›˛yˆÏòyñ Îy ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyˆÏã ¢%fiÌ Á ¢Óú¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó§yâ˛ˆÏì˛ Á ¢%òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ úyˆÏ¶˛ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
Ó%Ñ˛ ÁÎ˚yŒ›˛yÓ˚ üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ ¢ÇK˛y !îˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòÈ ÙÙÙÈüyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ £ˆÏúy ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
Á fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓK˛yˆÏòÓ˚ õyò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÌ≤Ãîü≈Ñ˛ !òˆÏî≈üyÓ!ú ~ÓÇ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛ xÖ[˛È ÈüyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛
!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ!úó äÈ®õÎ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛õ Á !ãõòy!fi›˛Ñ˛¢ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ~ÓÇ õyò!¢Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ Á ¢%!Óòƒhfl˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏòy–
1.1.2 üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y É

üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y £ˆÏúy ä%È›˛hs˛ ˆáyv˛¸yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛yñ Îy üÓ˚#Ó˚ Á õòˆÏÑ˛ ã#Óò˛ôˆÏÌ ¢õyò
ì˛yˆÏú ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ– üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y Ñ˛#v˛¸yˆÏÑ˛Ôüú Á x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
~Ñ˛ãò õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ñ õyò!¢Ñ˛ñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !ÓÑ˛yü á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢%òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛
!£¢yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏú– üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ Îs˛fyÇüÜ%!úÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y Ó,!Âïñ
fl˛ÿÎ˚%ÈÙÈˆ˛ô!üÓ˚ ¢%¤˛% ¢õß∫ˆÏÎ˚ v˛zß¨ì˛ î«˛ì˛y xã≈ˆÏò ¢Ó≈ãò@˘Ãy£ƒ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚!Ó!ï
xyÎ˚_ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ˆÖúyï%úy Á !ÓˆÏòyîˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%®Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢yÓ˚y!îˆÏòÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏã £,ì˛ü!=˛Ó˚ ˛ô%òÓ˚%ÂïyÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ~¢Ó£z üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ xÓîyò–
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ !îÑ˛Ü%!ú !òˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏúy!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏúy ÈÙÙÙÈ
1– xyï%!òÑ˛ Îs˛f!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Î%ˆÏÜ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xú¢ì˛y Á Ñ˛õ≈£#òì˛yã!òì˛ fiÌ!ÓÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò !ÓˆÏòyîò !òˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ¢ üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y–
2– !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ó≈yAÜ#í Ó,!Âï Á !ÓÑ˛yü ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃyÑ˛ÙÈ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ˆ◊!í ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò–
3– ÓÎ˚É¢!rï Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#Ñ˛yˆÏú ¢%fiÌÈÙÈ¢Óú Á ¢«˛õ¶˛yˆÏÓ ã#ÓòïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò–
4– Ó,Âï ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ !òÎ˚!õì˛ üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚Ñ˛õ Óyï≈Ñ˛ƒã!òì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ
~v˛¸yˆÏòy ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚–
2 fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y
5– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!üñ Ñ˛AÑ˛yúì˛s˛fñ üyÓ˚#Ó˚Ó_

, #Î˚ Á ˜ãÓÓ˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ K˛yòúy¶˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
6– xAÜ¢M˛yúòõ)úÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Ôüú Á !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆÖúyï%úyÎ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚î!ü≈ì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú ˜üüÓÑ˛yú
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛ xÇüÈ@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
7– üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y Á Ñ˛#v˛¸yÎ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£ÈˆÏíÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÎ Ñ˛#v˛¸y!Óî¢%ú¶˛ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !ü«˛yúy¶˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛y ˛
ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#Ñ˛yˆÏú !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏú–
8– ˆÎyÜy¢òñ Öy!ú£yˆÏì˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõñ !ãõòy!fi›˛Ñ˛¢ñ òyâ˛ñ Óì˛â˛yÓ˚#ñ äÈv˛¸yÓ˚ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛
xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˜üüÓ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ äÈ®ˆÏÓyïñ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈õÎ˚ ˆâ˛ì˛òy Á òy®!òÑ˛ì˛y ˆÓyˆÏïÓ˚
!ÓÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛–
9– üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x˛ôÓ˚yï≤ÃÓíì˛y £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚– ì˛y£z Óúy
ÎyÎ˚ x˛ôÓ˚yï î)Ó˚#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÁ üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈–
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y É
• ¢%°Ïõ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ó,!Âï Á !ÓÑ˛yü
• ¢%‡˛yõ ˜î!£Ñ˛ Ü‡˛ò
• fl˛ÿÎ˚%ˆÏ˛ô!üÓ˚ ¢õß∫Î˚
• xhs˛É«˛Ó˚y @˘Ã!rÌÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈yÆ «˛Ó˚í
• ˆõîÓ£%úì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ Á ≤ÃyˆÏ«˛y!¶˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y É
• ¢%°Ïõ õyò!¢Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛yü
• xyˆÏÓÜ !òÎ˚s˛fí Á o%ì˛ !¢Âïyhs˛ @˘Ã£í «˛õì˛y
fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛y 3
• òy®!òÑ˛ Á ¢,ãòü#úì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü
• xyd!ÓŸªy¢ Á xyd v˛z˛ôú!kïÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y É
• fl˛∫yfiÌƒÑ˛Ó˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ü‡˛ò
• ãyì˛#Î˚ì˛yˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü
• ˆî£ ¢%¢¡ôÑ≈˛ Ü‡˛ò
• ü,Cúy Á !òÎ˚õyò%Ó!ì≈˛ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü
• x˛ôÓ˚yï≤ÃÓíì˛y £…y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢%fl˛∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y É
• fl˛∫yfiÌƒÑ˛Ó˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ü‡˛ò–
• î)°Ïí Á ¢ÇÑ˛yõÑ˛ Óƒy!ï !òÎ˚s˛fí ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚–
• ˛ô%!T˛Ñ˛Ó˚ Öyîƒ@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢–
• Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ Á ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy £zì˛ƒy!î–
üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y É
• !ÓˆÏü°Ï â˛y!£îy¢¡ôß¨ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢«˛õì˛y Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚y–
• Ü‡˛òõ)úÑ˛ ¢!Ñ˛Î˚ì˛y!¶˛!_Ñ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xÓ¢Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Îy˛ôò–
• fl˛ÿÎ˚%ÈÙÈˆ˛ô!üÓ˚ ¢õß∫Î˚¢yïò–
• üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y Ó,!Âï–
• ˆòì,˛cîyò «˛õì˛yñ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òy Á õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü–
• xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÓyG˛y˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ v˛zß¨Î˚ò Á ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ç£!ì˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y–
• xyÌ≈¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ á›˛yˆÏòy–
1.2.1 üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y
üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y É üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y £ˆÏúy Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y Îy Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!üÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛–
üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ x¢%!ÓïyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏÎ˚Á ¢£ã¶˛yˆÏÓ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈
£ˆÏÓ–
üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ Óƒ!=˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îò!®ò Ñ˛yˆÏã Ñœ˛yhs˛ òy £ˆÏÎ˚ î#á≈«˛í
xòyÎ˚yˆÏ¢ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yã ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓÁ
˚ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y Á ü!=˛ ÓãyÎ˚
ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z˛ôyîyò É üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚
v˛z˛ôyîyòÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ î%ÈÙÈ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈÙÙÈ
1V fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò–
2V î«˛ì˛y ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò–
1.2.2 fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò
ˆ˛ô!üü!=˛ £,î‰ÈÙÈŸª¢òì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢£òü#úì˛y ˆî£ v˛z˛ôyîyò
fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò

òõò#Î˚ì˛y ˆ˛ô!üÈÙÈ¢£òü#úì˛y
ˆ˛ô!üü!=˛ É ˆ˛ô!ü ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ÓyïyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï

Óy x!¶˛Ñ˛ˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï ì˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ô!ü Óy ˆ˛ô!ü¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚
Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢«˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ô!üü!=˛ ÓˆÏú– ˆÎõòÈÙÈ Áãò
ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ˛ô!üü!=˛ ÓƒÓ£,ì˛ £Î˚–
ˆ˛ô!üÈÙÈ¢£òü#úì˛y É ˆ˛ô!ü Óy ˆ˛ô!ü¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ î#á≈«˛í ÓyïyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï

Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢«˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ô!üÈÙÈ¢£òü#úì˛y ÓˆÏú– ~!›˛ ˆ˛ô!üÓ˚ ~õò
~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢«˛õì˛y Îy ¢£ˆÏã Ñœ˛y!hs˛ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˆîÎ˚ òy ~ÓÇ Ñœ˛y!hs˛ xy¢ˆÏúÁ
ì˛yv˛¸yì˛y!v˛¸ ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~!›˛ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñœ˛y!hs˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yïÑ˛
¢«˛õì˛yñ Îy xòÓÓ˚ì˛ ~Ñ˛£z £yˆÏÓ˚ ü!=˛ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎõòÈÙÈ î) Ó ˚ ˛ ôyÕ‘ y Ó˚ ˛ ˆîÔˆÏ v ˛¸
ˆ˛ô!üÈÙÈ¢£òü#úì˛y ÓƒÓ£,ì˛ £Î˚–
ˆî£ v˛z˛ôyîyò É ˆî£ v˛z˛ôyîyò üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xòƒì˛õ v˛z˛ôyîyò–
ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!üñ x!fiÌñ Ñ˛úyñ ì˛s˛f ~ÓÇ ˆõˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí myÓ˚y ˆî£ v˛z˛ôyîyò
!Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
£,î‰ÈÙÈŸª¢òì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢£òü#úì˛y É ~!›˛ £ˆÏúy £,Í!˛ô[˛ myÓ˚y üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ó˚ì˛
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ˛ô!üˆÏì˛ xòÓÓ˚ì˛ Ó˚=˛ ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛ myÓ˚y ˆÑ˛yüÏÜ%!úˆÏì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yÆ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí x!:ˆÏãò
Á ˛ô%!T˛ ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ ¢«˛õì˛y– v˛zîy£Ó˚ífl˛∫Ó˚)˛ô î#á≈ ˆîÔˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~£z≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢£òü#úì˛y !ÓˆÏü°Ï
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÈ õƒyÓ˚yÌò ˆîÔv˛¸–
òõò#Î˚ì˛y É üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!fiÌ¢!rïÓ˚ ÎˆÏÌT˛ ¢£òü#ú õyeyÎ˚ ¢M˛yúò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢«˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ òõò#Î˚ì˛y ÓˆÏú– !Ó!¶˛ß¨
ˆÖúyñ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢§yì˛yÓ˚ñ !ãõòy!fi›˛Ñ˛¢ £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe òõò#Î˚ì˛y Ö%Ó ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò– ì˛ˆÏÓ òõò#Î˚ì˛y
ÓúˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏÓ≈yFâ˛ ¢£òü#ú ≤Ã¢yÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚– ¢ˆÏÓ≈yFâ˛ ¢£òü#ú ≤Ã¢yÓ˚í ~õò £ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚
«˛!ì˛¢yïò òy £Î˚– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÈ ˆÎyÜy¢òñ !ãõòy!fi›˛Ñ˛¢–
1.2.3 î«˛ì˛y ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò
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Ü!ì˛ «˛õì˛y
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!«˛≤Ãì˛y î«˛ì˛y ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò ¢õß∫Î˚¢yïò
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≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ¢õÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ
Ü!ì˛ É xAÜÈ≤Ãì˛ƒAÜ o%ì˛ ¢M˛yúˆÏòÓ˚ ¢«˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ü!ì˛ Óúy £Î˚– xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ o%ì˛ì˛yÓ˚
¢ˆÏAÜ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y £ˆÏúy Ü!ì˛– ö˛ˆÏú Ü!ì˛¢M˛yúòõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓ!úÓ˚ ãòƒ Ü!ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶)˛!õÑ˛y
˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fl˛∫“˛ôyÕ‘yÓ˚ ˆîÔˆÏv˛¸ Ü!ì˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò xyˆÏäÈ– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÈ 100 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆîÔv˛¸–
«˛õì˛y É «˛õì˛y £ˆÏúy ˆ˛ô!üÓ˚ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢«˛õì˛y Îy o%ì˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆ˛ô!ü ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛yâ˛ò
Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢ˆÏÓ≈yFâ˛ ü!=˛≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Ü!ì˛¢M˛yúòõ)úÑ˛ î«˛ì˛y xã≈ˆÏò
≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎõò î#á≈ú¡≥˛ò– o%ì˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì˛yÍ«˛!íÑ˛ ˆ˛ô!ü
¢ÇˆÏÑ˛yâ˛ò Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢ˆÏÓ≈yFâ˛ ü!=˛ v˛zÍ˛ôyîò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢«˛õì˛y£z £ˆÏúy
«˛õì˛y– Ü!ì˛¢M˛yúòõ)úÑ˛ î«˛ì˛y xã≈ˆÏò ~Ó˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xyˆÏäÈ– î#á≈ú¡≥˛ò Á
fl˛∫“˛ôyÕ‘yÓ˚ ˆîÔˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ xyÓ˚ˆÏΩ˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~£z≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xyˆÏäÈ–
!«˛≤Ãì˛y É Ü!ì˛ ¢M˛yúòõ)úÑ˛ ˆÖúyï%úyÎ˚ !«˛≤Ãì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%Óc%˚ ˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ Ö%Ó
o%ì˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !îÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢«˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !«˛≤Ãì˛y ÓˆÏú– ¢õhfl˛ ïÓ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ Óú
ˆÜõñ ˆÖyÈÙÈˆÖyñ Ñ˛Óy!v˛ ˆÖúyñ üy›˛ú Ó˚yò £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !«˛≤Ãì˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ Ü xyˆÏäÈ–
¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ É üÓ˚#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%Óc%˚ ˛ô)í≈ !Ó°ÏÎ–˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xÓfiÌyÎ˚
üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌyòˆÏÑ˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ïˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ «˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛£z ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ÓˆÏú– ˜îò!®ò ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ xâ˛ú Óy ¢â˛ú
!Ñ˛Î˚yÑ˛úy˛ô ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– v˛zîy£Ó˚í !£¢yˆÏÓ
!ãõòy!fi›˛Ñ˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¶˛!AÜõyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ¢õÎ˚ É Ü!ì˛¢M˛yúòõ)úÑ˛ ˆÖúyï%úyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óy î«˛ì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏì˛
Óy v˛zj#˛ôòy @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˆ˛ô!ü ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xò%Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú ˆÎ ¢õÎ˚ Óƒ!Î˚ì˛ £Î˚
ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ¢õÎ˚ ÓˆÏú– ÎyÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ¢õÎ˚ Îì˛ Ñ˛õ £Î˚ ˆ¢ ˆÖúyÎ˚ ì˛ì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚îü≈#
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
¢õß∫Î˚¢yïò É üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ v˛z˛ôyîyò £ˆÏúy
¢õß∫Î˚¢yïò– ¢õß∫Î˚¢yïò äÈyv˛¸y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛yã£z ¢%¤%˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó
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v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶˛≈Ó˚ü#ú– üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ v˛z˛ôyîyòÜ%!ú ÎÖò ¢ÇáÓÂï¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÎ xAÜ¢M˛yúòÜì˛ ¢«˛õì˛y ì˛Ìy î«˛ì˛y xyˆÏ¢ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢õß∫Î˚¢yïò Óúy £Î˚–
1.2.4 üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚¢õ)£
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ Ñ˛õÓï≈õyò ãò¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôˆÏ«˛ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò xˆÏòÑ˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛– xòƒyòƒ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚
ì%˛úòyÎ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÖúyï%úyÎ˚ ¢yö˛úƒ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛õ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü îyÎ˚# xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ î%Ó≈ú üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛
¢«˛õì˛y–
üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü%!ú £ˆÏúyÈÙÙÈ
1– !òÎ˚!õì˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ≤Ã!ì˛!îò üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ !Ñ˛Î˚yÑ˛úyˆÏ˛ô xÇü@˘Ã£í üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Îs˛f Á ì˛s˛fÜ%!úÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓÈ!Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ö˛ˆÏú üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚–
2– !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ ≤Ã!ü«˛í ôÂï!ì˛ Î!î !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ £Î˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y Ó,!Âï ˛ôyˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ü«˛í xÌ≈yÍ !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ !Ñ˛Î˚yÑ˛úy˛ô üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
!ÓˆÏü° ≤Ã¶˛yÓ!Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
3– ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚Á !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xyˆÏäÈó xyÓ£yÁÎ˚yñ v˛z°÷ì˛yñ ¢õyãÈÙÈ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ £zì˛ƒy!î
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Ü!‡˛ì˛– ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ü#ì˛≤Ãïyò ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y
ˆÓ!ü £Î˚–
4– ÓÇüÜ!ì˛ v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢)ˆÏe ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˜Ó!üT˛ƒÁ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ!Óhfl˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ÓÇüÜ!ì˛ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ!Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ö˛ˆÏú üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛
¢«˛õì˛yÁ xyÇ!üÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓÇüÜ!ì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú–
5– ¢%°Ïõ Öyîƒ ¢%°õÏ Öyîƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#í Îs˛f Á ˆ˛ô!üˆÏÑ˛ ¢%fiÌ Ó˚yˆÏÖ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%fl˛∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚
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!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓˆÏú üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚Á Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
6– ã#ÓòÎyey ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ã#ÓòÈÎy˛ôòÁ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ!Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓòÎyey
¢%üC
, ú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢«˛õì˛y ì˛yv˛¸yì˛y!v˛¸ xyˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ ¢«˛õì˛y î#á≈!îò ÓãyÎ˚Á
ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
7– õyîÑ˛ oÓƒ õyîÑ˛ oÓƒ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ%˛È ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏú– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚
oÓƒÜ%!úÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ñ ~£z ãyì˛#Î˚ oÓƒ @˘Ã£ˆÏí Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
õˆÏïƒ ¢õyã!ÓˆÏÓ˚yï# Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–
1.2.5 üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎy!Üì˛y
üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ õyò%ˆÏ°Ó˚Ï ã#ÓˆÏò ~Ñ˛!›˛ õ)úƒÓyò ¢¡ôî– ¢%fiÌñ ¢Óú Á fl˛∫yFäÈ®ƒõÎ˚ ã#ÓòÈÎy˛ôˆÏò
üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ !Ó°ÏÎ˚– üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ õ)ú v˛zÍ¢ £ˆÏúy ÓƒyÎ˚yõ– ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛
üÓ˚#Ó˚â˛â≈˛y Á !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ xò%ü#úˆÏò !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ö˛úÜ%!ú úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
fl˛∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü1– üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#í Îs˛f Á ì˛s˛fÜ%!úÓ˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ñ
ˆÎõò ÈÙÈ ö%˛¢ö%˛¢ñ £,Í!˛ô[˛ñ ˛ô!Ó˚˛ôyÑ˛ì˛s˛fñ Ÿª¢òì˛s˛fñ
ˆ˛ô!üì˛s˛f £zì˛ƒy!î–
2– ˆ˛ô!üÓ˚ ü!=˛ Á ¢£òü#úì˛y Ó,!Âï–
3– Ó˚=˛â˛y˛ô !òÎ˚s˛fí–
4– Ü!ì˛£#òì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yÜ £ˆÏì˛ õ%!=˛–
5– ÓÎ˚¢ Á !úAÜ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ÁãˆÏò ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈyˆÏòy–
üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛yü 1– ˆ¢Ô®Î≈õ![˛ì˛ ˆî£¶˛!AÜ úy¶˛–
2– üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ó,!Âï Á !ÓÑ˛yü–
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !ÓÑ˛yü 1– îy!Ó˚oƒ î)Ó˚#Ñ˛Ó˚í áˆÏ›˛– 2– ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Á Órï%c˛ô)í≈ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ áˆÏ›˛–
õyò!¢Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛yü 1– ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü õy!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y Ó,!Âï–
2– o%ì˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ !¢Âïyhs˘˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y Ó,!Âï £zì˛ƒy!î–
fiÌ)úˆÏcÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í 25 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ 0.5ÈÙÈ1.5 !Ñ˛ˆÏúy@˘Ãyõ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Áãò Ó,!Âï
£ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆÎÔÓÏòÑ˛yˆÏúÓ˚ Öyîƒy¶˛ƒy¢ xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÑ,˛ì˛ ˆÓ!ü ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
òy ˛ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆî£ fiÌ)úÑ˛yÎ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚â˛â≈˛y
~£z fiÌ)úc ˆÓ˚yï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
1.2.6 ÓyÇúyÓ˚ Ñœ˛yÓ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ É ˆõy£òÓyÜyò
¶˛yÓ˚ˆìÏ ˛Ó˚ üy¢ò¶˛yÓ˚ ì˛Öò £zfi›˛ £z!u˛Î˚y ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛– xyÓ˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y £zfi›˛ £z!u˛Î˚y ˆÑ˛y¡ôy!òÓ˚ ¢îÓ˚
îÆÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ~£z £zÇˆÏÓã ˚ ¢yˆÏ£ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÖúyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ£z Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ ö%˛›˛ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y˛ô_ò– ˆüyòy ÎyÎ˚ñ ¢Ω˛Óì˛
1854 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ~!≤Ãú õyˆÏ¢ õÎ˚îyˆÏò £yÁÎ˚y ¶˛Ó˚!ì˛ ˆÜyú â˛yõv˛¸yÓ˚ Óú !îˆÏÎ˚ £zÇúƒyu˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy¢y £z›˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãy=˛ò
äÈyeÓ˚y Ú£zˆ›Ï ˛y!òÎ˚y™Û òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ îú ÜˆÏv˛¸ ö%˛›˛Óú ˆÖúˆÏì˛ ˆòˆÏõ!äÈú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆŸªì˛yAÜ îˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ– v˛zò!ÓÇü
üì˛y∑#Ó˚ ¢_ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆü°Ï !îˆÏÑ˛ òˆÏÜw≤Ã¢yî Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸!äÈˆú Ï ò ÓˆÏÎã ˚ ˆfl˛ôy!›˛≈Ç Ñœ˛yÓ–
Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ 1885 ¢yˆÏú ˆüy¶˛yÓyãyÓ˚ Ó˚yã˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ¢î¢ƒ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ ã#ˆÏì˛wÑ,˛°÷ ˆîÓ ˆÎ ö%˛›˛Óú Ñœ˛yÓ
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ ì˛yÓ˚ òyõ !äÈú ˆüy¶˛yÓyãyÓ˚ ö%˛›˛Óú Ñœ˛yÓ– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆüy¶˛yÓyãyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ˆîÖyˆÏî!Ö ÜAÜy˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏúy xyÓ˚Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ ö%˛›˛Óú îú Ñ%˛ˆÏõyÓ˚›˛% !ú–
~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ ›˛yv˛zò Ñœ˛yÓñ òƒyüòyú Ñœ˛yÓ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £Î˚– ~Ó˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÎ˚ ˛ôyv˛¸yÎ˚ñ
fl˛%Òú Á Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏã ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ Ñœ˛yÓ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ñ ˛ôyv˛¸y ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á
≤Ã¢yÓ˚ úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ö%˛›˛Óú ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛–
ˆ¢£z 1887ÈÙÈ88 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìyñ üƒyõÓyãyÓ˚ ˆõyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ !òÑ˛›˛fiÌ ¢yÑ%˛≈ úyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏv˛Ó˚
Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ~ˆÏ¢ !õˆÏüˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏü ˆõy£òÓyÜyò ˆúòñ xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ ö˛!v˛¸Îy˚ ˛ô%Ñ˛% Ó˚
ˆÓ˚yv˛– ~£z î%£Èz ÙÈ~Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò õhfl˛ ~Ñ˛ Óy!v˛¸ñ òyõ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆõy£òÓyÜyò !¶˛úy–
~›˛y Ñ˛#!ì≈˛ !õˆÏeÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ ÓˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛– Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò ~Ñ˛›˛y õy‡˛– ˆÎ õyˆÏ‡˛ î%!ÖÉÓ˚yõ õã%õîyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fi›%˛ˆÏv˛r›˛È
È£zv˛z!òÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚y ˆÓ˚yã !ÓˆÏÑ˛ˆÏú ö%˛›˛Óú ˆÖúì˛– xyÓ˚ ˆÖúì˛ ¶)˛ˆÏ˛ôwòyÌ Ó¢%Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚yñ xyÓ˚
xyˆÏü˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏúÓ˚y– ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ì˛yÓ˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚y£z îˆÏú ¶˛yÜ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÖúì˛– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ü%Ó˚% £ú ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ôyv˛¸yÓ˚
ˆÖúy– ˆõy£òÓyÜyò !¶˛úyÎ˚ ì˛Öò ÎyÓ˚y ˆÖúì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñœ˛yÓ !äÈú òy– 1889 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ xyÜfi›˛ õyˆÏ¢
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ˆÖúˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Üv˛¸y £ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛#v˛¸y ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò– ÎyÓ˚ òyõ Úˆõy£òÓyÜyò ˆfl˛ôy!›˛≈Ç Ñœ˛yÓÛ– ¶)˛ˆÏ˛ôwòyÌ Ó¢%
£ˆÏúò ˆõy£òÓyÜyò ˆfl˛ôy!›˛≈Ç Ñœ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÌõ ¢¡ôyîÑ˛ Îì˛#wòyÌ Ó¢%– xyÓ˚ Ñœ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ
ö%˛›˛Óú x!ïòyÎ˚Ñ˛ £ˆÏúò õ!íúyú ˆ¢ò– ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z xy£zòü,CúyÓ˚ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛v˛¸y !äÈˆÏúò ˆõy£òÓyÜyò
Ñœ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈Ñ˛ì≈˛yÓ˚y– !ÓˆÏî!ü ö%˛›˛ÓúyÓ˚ ˆÖúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ ≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏÑ˛ !äÈú Ñœ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ xò%üy¢ò– ˆÎ ˆÑ˛v˛z
~ˆÏ¢£z â˛›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñœ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ò òy– äÈye Á ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ òyòy¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
ˆîÁÎ˚y £ì˛ Ñœ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢î¢ƒ˛ôî– ˆõy£òÓyÜyò Ñœ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ì≈˛yÓ˚y ˆÖúyï%úyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ â˛!Ó˚e Ü‡˛ò Á !Óîƒy xã≈ˆÏòÁ
Ü%Ó˚%c !îˆÏì˛ò– Ñœ˛yÓÑ˛ì≈˛yÓ˚y ÓúˆÏì˛òÈÙÙÙÈ ‘‘Discipline is the backbone of the team and it should be
observed.’’ – È xyÓ˚ ˆõy£òÓyÜyò Ñœ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ xyîü≈ Á õ)úõs˛f !äÈˆÏúòÈÙÙÙÈPlay the game in the spirit of the
game.
1905 ¢yˆÏú â%§˛â%˛v˛¸yÎ˚ @’ƒyv˛ˆÏfi›˛yò Ñ˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ö˛y£zòyˆÏú ˆõy£ÓyÜyò ˆfl˛ôy!›˛≈Ç Ñœ˛yÓ v˛yúˆÏ£Ô!¢ Ñœ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖyõ%!Ö
£Î˚– v˛yúˆÏ£Ô!¢ Ñœ˛yÓ ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚ xy£z.~ö˛.~. !ü”˛ !ãˆÏì˛!äÈú– !Ñ˛hs$˛ @’ƒyv˛ˆÏfi›˛yò Ñ˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
ö˛y£zòyˆÏú ˆõy£òÓyÜyò äÈÎ˚ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛ ˆÜyˆÏú !ü”˛ ãÎ˚# v˛yúˆÏ£Ô!¢ Ñœ˛yÓˆÏÑ˛
£y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ @’ƒyv˛ˆÏfi›˛yò Ñ˛y˛ô !äÈ!òˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– 1907 ¢yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
!ì˛òÓyÓ˚ ˆõy£òÓyÜyò ˆ›˛Δv˛¢ Ñ˛y˛ô ˆãì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ñ ¢yˆÏ£ÓˆÏîÓ˚ £yÓ˚yÓyÓ˚
fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿ !ÓˆÏ¶˛yÓ˚ ˆõy£òÓyÜyò xy£z.~ö˛.~. !ü”˛ÈÙÈ~Á ˆÖúÓyÓ˚ !¢Âïyhs˛
@˘ Ã £í Ñ˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ – ˆõy£òÓyÜyò xy£z . ~ö˛.~. !üˆÏ ” ˛ ˆ¢ÓyÓ˚ Üv≈ ˛ ò
£y£zúƒyu˛¢ˆÏÑ˛Á £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚!äÈú– 1911 ¢yˆÏú ˆõy£òÓyÜyò ~¢ ¢%Ñ%˛ú
!üÓîy¢ ¶§˛yî%!v˛¸ x≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yïƒ Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ xy£z.~ö˛.~. !üˆÏ”˛ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !üˆÏ”˛Ó˚
≤ÃÌõ Ó˚yv˛zˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆÖúyÎ˚ ˆ¢r›˛ ˆã!¶˛Î˚y¢≈ Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏãÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï ˆõy£òÓyÜyò !ì˛ò ˆÜyˆÏú
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ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ô«˛ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ˆ¢Ó˚y îú £zfi›˛ £zÎ˚Ñ≈˛– ~!îˆÏÑ˛ xy£z.~ö˛.~. !üˆÏ”˛Ó˚ ö˛y£zòyú
ˆÖúyÓ˚ £yÓ˚!ãˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢¡øyò ã!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú– ã!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ!˚ äÈú
Óyày!úÓ˚ xyd¢¡øyò– ÓyÇúyÎ˚ ì˛Öò ˆãˆÏÜˆÏäÈ xq$ì˛ ~Ñ˛ ≤Ãyíâ˛M˛úì˛y Á v˛zß√yîòy–
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ˆõy£òÓyÜyò ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÈÙÙÙ
ˆÜyˆÏú É £#Ó˚yúyú õ%Öyã#≈
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!Ó˚£ƒy!Ó!úˆÏ›˛üò Ñ˛yv˛z!™ú xö˛ £z!u˛Î˚yò xƒyQ (Rehabilitation Council of Indian Act) ¢¡ô)í≈ x«˛õ òÎ˚
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2V â˛úˆÏò Óy ºõˆÏí ¢¡ô)í≈ ¢«˛õ òÎ˚ ~õò Óƒ!=˛–
3V õyò!¢Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ˛ôv˛¸y Óƒ!=˛–
4V îü≈ˆÏò î%Ó≈úì˛y@˘Ãhfl˛Ï Óƒ!=˛–
5V x!fiÌ Á fl˛ÿÎ˚!ÓÑ˛ xfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ì˛y@˘Ãhfl˛ Óƒ!=˛–
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ˆÖúy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛V–
S1V Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ Ñ˛#v˛¸yÈÙÈxƒyÌ!Ïú!›˛Ñ‰˛¢ S›˛ΔƒyÑ˛ Á !ö˛”˛V
SÑ˛V ›˛ΔƒyÑ˛ ÈÙÈ 50 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆîÔv˛¸ñ 100 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆîÔv˛¸ñ 400 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆîÔv˛¸ñ 1000 !õ›˛yÓ˚ õƒÓ˚yÌò
£zì˛ƒy!î–
SÖV !ö˛”˛ ÈÙÈ !òˆÏ«˛˛ô Sü›˛˛ôy›˛ñ !v˛¢Ñ˛y¢ñ ãƒyˆÏ¶˛!úòñ ¢ö˛›˛ Óúñ !Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛›˛ Óú £zì˛ƒy!îV Á ú¡≥˛ò
S£y£z ãy¡ôñ úÇãy¡ôñ Ó˚yò xƒyu˛ ãy¡ôñ fi›˛ƒy!u˛Ç úÇ ãy¡ô £zì˛ƒy!îV–
S2V îúÜì˛ Ñ˛#v˛¸y ÈÙÈ ö%˛›˛Óúñ ˆÓyˆÏâ˛ñ ¶˛!úÓúñ £ƒyu˛Óúñ ˆöœ˛yÓ˚ £!Ñ˛ñ ÓyˆÏfl˛Ò›˛Óú £zì˛ƒy!î–
Section-1:Recap Zone
1– ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚!›˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y É
SaV î«˛ì˛y ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôyîyòÈÙÙÈ Sˆ˛ô!üü!=˛/òõò#Î˚ì˛y/Ü!ì˛/ˆî£ v˛z˛ôyîyòV–
SbV fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôyîyòÈÙÙÈ SÜ!ì˛/¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ/ˆ˛ô!ü ¢£òü#úì˛y/«˛õì˛yV–
ScV ãß√ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ◊ÓˆÏí≈ î)Ó≈úì˛y@˘ÃfiÌ Óƒ!=˛ÈÙÙÈ Sü%òˆÏì˛/ˆîÖˆÏì˛/â˛úˆÏì˛/Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏì˛V ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
SdV üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ î%Ó≈úì˛yÎ%=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚ÈÙÙÈ Sx!›˛ãõ/ãv˛¸Ó%!Âï/â˛úòÜì˛ ¢õ¢ƒy/◊ÓˆÏí x«˛õì˛yV–
SeV üy›˛ú‰ Ó˚yòÈÙÙÈ S«˛#≤Ãì˛y/Ü!ì˛/¢£òü#úì˛y/¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒV ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
SfV î#á≈ ¢õÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ ï#Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÈÙÙÈ SÜ!ì˛/ ¢£òü#úì˛y/ !«˛≤Ãì˛yV ÓˆÏú–
SgV 1907 ¢yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ !ì˛ò ÓyÓ˚ ˆ›˛Δv˛¢ Ñ˛y˛ô ˆãˆÏì˛ÈÙÙÈ Sv˛yúˆÏ£Ô!¢/ˆõy£òÓyÜyò/ Ñ%˛õyÓ˚›%˛!úV
Ñœ˛yÓ–
2– Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ v˛yò!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xÇü ˆõúyÁÈÉ
Ü!ì˛ x!fiÌ¢!rïÓ˚ ¢M˛yúò «˛õì˛y
≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ¢õÎ˚ üy›˛ú‰ Ó˚yò
òõò#Î˚ì˛y ò)ƒòì˛õ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ x!ì˛Ñ˛yhs˛ î)Ó˚c
!«˛≤Ãì˛y !òˆÏî≈ü Á Ñ˛yã ü%Ó˚%Ó˚ õïƒÓì˛#≈ ¢õÎ˚
3– Ó˚â˛òyïõ#≈ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
SaV üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒÜ%!ú Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SbV xyï%!òÑ˛ ã#ÓˆÏò üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y Óƒ=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ScV üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú⁄ v˛z˛ôyîyòÜ%!úÓ˚ òyõ ˆúˆÏÖy–
SdV üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ î«˛ì˛y ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôyîyòÜ%!úÓ˚ òyõ ˆúˆÏÖy ~ÓÇ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy î%!›˛ ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô Óí≈òy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SeV fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyòÜ%!ú Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄ £,î‰Îs˛f Á Ÿªy¢ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ¢£òü#úì˛y ¢¡∫ˆÏrï
¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô ˆúˆÏÖy–
SfV !ÓˆÏü°Ï â˛y!£îy¢¡ôß¨ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Î˚ ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ Á Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄
SgV üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎy!Üì˛y Óƒ=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ShV 1911 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ xy£z ~ö˛ ~ !üˆÏ”˛Ó˚ ö˛y£zòyú ˆÖúy ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ì%˛!õ Îy ãyˆÏòy ˆúˆÏÖy–
SiV 1912 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ xy£z ~ö˛ ~ !ü”˛ ãÎ˚# ˆõy£òÓyÜyò ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ ˆúˆÏÖy–
4– ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y É
SaV üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ Óƒ!=˛¢_yÓ˚ _____________–
SbV üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚_____________ ÓˆÏú–
ScV o%ì˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !îÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì˛≈ˆÏòÓ˚ «˛õì˛y !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ _____________ v˛z˛ôÓ˚–
SdV ˛ôƒyÓ˚yx!ú!¡ôÑ˛ _____________ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚ xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y–
SeV ˆâ˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¶˛!úÓú _____________ Î%=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ˆÖúy–
SfV 50 !õ›˛yÓ˚ ˆîÔv˛¸ _____________ !òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
SgV ¢%°Ïõ Öyîƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#í Îs˛f Á _____________ ¢%fiÌ Ó˚yˆÏÖ–
ShV ≤Ã!ì˛!îò üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ !Ñ˛Î˚yÑ˛úyˆÏ˛ô xÇü@˘Ã£í _____________ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Îs˛f Á ì˛s˛fÜ%!úÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
≤Ã¶˛yÓ!Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
SiV x!fiÌ¢!rïÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓ≈yFâ˛ ¢M˛yúˆÏòÓ˚ «˛õì˛y !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ _____________ v˛z˛ôÓ˚–
5– î%ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ îyÁ ÉÈ
SaV üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ Ñ˛#⁄
SbV üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒÜ%!ú Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄
ScV üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇK˛y îyÁ–
SdV üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ¢¡∫rï#Î˚ v˛z˛ôyîyòÜ%!ú Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄
SeV üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛yÓ˚ î«˛ì˛y ¢¡∫rï#Î˚ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ v˛z˛ôyîyˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ ˆúˆÏÖy–
SfV Ü!ì˛Ó˚ ¢ÇK˛y îyÁ–
SgV !«˛≤Ãì˛y ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyˆÏG˛y⁄
ShV ˛≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛#⁄
SiV ˆ˛ô!üÓ˚ «˛õì˛y Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú⁄
SjV !ÓˆÏü°Ï â˛y!£îy¢¡ôß¨ !üü%/Óƒ!=˛ Ñ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓˆÏú⁄
SkV ˆõy£òÓyÜyò Ñœ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ xyîü≈ Á õ)úõs˛f Ñ˛# !äÈú⁄
SlV ˛ôƒyÓ˚yx!ú!¡ôˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ £zˆÏ¶˛ˆÏr›˛Ó˚ òyõ ˆúˆÏÖy–
6– Óy§!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ !òí≈Î˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y É
Ó•y!îÑ˛ v˛yò !îÑ˛
1854 £yÁÎ˚y ¶˛Ó˚!ì˛ â˛yõv˛¸yÓ˚ ÓˆÏú Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÎ˚ ö%˛›˛Óú ˆÖúy ü%Ó˚%
òˆÏÜw ≤Ã¢yî ÓˆÏÎ˚ã ˆfl˛ôy!›≈˛Ç Ñœ˛yÓ
ã#ˆÏì˛w Ñ,˛°÷ ˆîÓ ˆüy¶˛yÓyãyÓ˚ ö%˛›˛Óú Ñœ˛yÓ
ˆõy£òÓyÜyò ˆfl˛ôy!›≈˛Ç Ñœ˛yÓ ¶)˛ˆÏ˛ôwòyÌ Ó¢%
v˛yúˆÏ£Ô!¢ Ñœ˛yÓ 1905 ¢yˆÏú xy£z. ~ö˛. ~. !ü”˛ !ãˆÏì˛!äÈú–
!mì˛#Î˚ xïƒyÎ˚
fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛y
2.1.1 fl˛∫yfl˛iƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy É fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò £ˆÏúy !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Îy ãyòˆÏú
üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%fiÌñ ¢%®Ó˚ Á ò#ˆÏÓ˚yÜ Ó˚yÖy ÎyÎ˚– ~äÈyv˛¸y fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò ˛ôyúˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
xAÜ≤Ãì˛ƒAÜÜ%!úÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ Îb ˆòÁÎ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó–
2.1.2 fl˛∫yfl˛iƒ!Óïyò Á xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü É
ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ xy˛ôyõÓ˚ ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ v˛zß¨!ì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌõ Á ≤Ãïyò ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô !£¢yˆÏÓ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚
Ü%Ó˚%c x˛ô!Ó˚¢#õ– fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á ¢%fiÌì˛yñ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Á ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛–
fl˛∫yfiÌƒÓ˚«˛y Á ˆÓ˚yÜ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏÑ˛£z ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò ÓˆÏú– ¢õ@˘Ã ¢õyãˆÏÑ˛
¢%fiÌÈÙÈ¢Óú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c x˛ô!Ó˚¢#õ–
¢%Èfl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á ì˛y Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ xyõÓ˚y ˆÎ Ñ˛Ìy›˛y ≤ÃÌˆÏõ£z v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛!Ó˚ ì˛y £ˆÏúy Úfl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyòÛ xÌ≈yÍ
Úfl˛∫yfiÌƒÈÓ˚«˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yÜ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÛ–
!ÓŸª fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ¢ÇfiÌy fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyÏò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆÎ ¢ÇK˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈòÈ ì˛y £ˆÏúyÈÙÙÙÈÈ Úõyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü
ˆÎ¢Ñ˛ú Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ì˛Ìy ˜î!£Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛yü ~ÓÇ ã#ÓòïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚ ˆ¢£z ¢Ñ˛ú Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛
!òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛Ó˚y£z £ˆÏúy fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyòÛ–
xy«˛!Ó˚Ñ˛ xˆÏÌ≈ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ÓƒyÆ– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ü∑Èî)°Ïí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü î)°ÏˆÏíÓ˚
xòƒyòƒ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!úñ ÎÌy ˆ¶˛Ô!ì˛Ñ˛ñ Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ñ ˜ã!ÓÑ˛ñ ì˛y˛ô#Î˚ Óy ˆì˛ã!fl;Î˚ ¢Ó î)°Ïí !òÎ˚s˛fí£z fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚
ú«˛ƒ £ÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛–
fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò ÓúˆÏì˛ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ïyÓ˚íy £ˆÏFäÈ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õúõ)e !ò‹ÒyüÏˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy– !Ñ˛hs%˘˛
ü%ï%õye ¢%®Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ õúõ)Ïe !ò‹ÒyüˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z ¢Ó ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó òÎ˚– ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü
ˆÓ˚yÜ!Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÎÏì˛Ü%ˆÏúy üì≈˛ xyˆÏäÈ ¢ÓÜ%!ú !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú ˆÓ˚yÜ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy x¢¡ô)í≈
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÎyˆÏÓ–
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÎÖyˆÏòÈÙÈˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xyÓã≈òyñ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤Ãyí#Ó˚ õúõ)e
£zì˛ƒy!î ãõy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú õy!äÈÓ˚ ÓÇüÓ,!Âï áˆÏ›˛– ~£z õy!äÈ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢ÓÓ˚Ñ˛õ
¢ÇÑ˛yõÑ˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ!Óhfl˛ÏyÓ˚ á›˛yÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ãú
ãˆÏõ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú Á£z ãˆÏú òyòy ãyˆÏì˛Ó˚ õüy ãß√yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ õƒyˆÏú!Ó˚Î˚yñ
ö˛y£zˆÏú!Ó˚Î˚y £zì˛ƒy!î ˆÓ˚yÜ!Óhfl˛ÏyÓ˚ £Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ î)!°Ïì˛ ˛ôyò#Î˚ ãú£z
£ˆÏFäÈ ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ x¢%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò Ñ˛yÓ˚í– ¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ˛ôyò#Î˚ ãúˆÏÑ˛ î)°Ïíõ%=˛
Ó˚yÖy xì˛ƒhs˘˛ ãÓ˚%!Ó˚– ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ÖyîƒÓhfl%˛ˆÏÑ˛Á õy!äÈñ ï%ˆÏúy Á xòƒyòƒ î)°Ïí ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ Ó˚yÖy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò–
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü ã#Óãhs%˘˛Ó˚ õ,ì˛ˆÏî£ ~ÓÇ ã#Óãhs%˘˛Ó˚ õú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xƒyòÌy:ñ !›˛ˆÏ›˛òy¢ £zì˛ƒy!î ˆÓ˚yÜ äÈv˛¸yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
¢%ì˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆÓ˚yÜã#Óyí%Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü ≤ÃˆÏÓü ~ÓÇ ¢%fiÌ ˆîˆÏ£ xyÑ˛õí ~£z î%!›˛ Órï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢ÇÑ˛yõÑ˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ!Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãïyò Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!ú !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ â˛y£zÈ ÙÙÙÈ
1– !òÓ˚y˛ôî ˛ôyò#Î˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy–
2– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õúõ)ˆÏeÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !ò‹Òyüò–
3– ˆÓ˚yÜÈÓy£Ñ˛ ˛ôì˛AÜ !òÎ˚s˛fí–
4– xyÓã≈òy Á Óã≈ƒ ãˆÏúÓ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ¢¡øì˛ ¢î‰Ü!ì˛–
5– Öyîƒ ¢%Ó˚«˛y–
6– fl˛∫yfiÌƒÑ˛Ó˚ Ü,£˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü–
7– @˘Ãyõ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò–
8– Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛y–
xÌ≈yÍ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ˆüÔâ˛yÜyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ ¢ö˛ú £Î˚ òyñ ¢ÇÑ˛yõÑ˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚
ˆÎ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Óy ü,Cú ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yày£z £ˆÏúy fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ õ)ú v˛zˆÏjüƒ–
!ÓŸªÈ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ¢ÇfiÌy ÚWHOÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛ñ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò £ˆÏúy ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÎ¢Ó Ñ˛yÓ˚í fl˛∫yfiÌƒ
ì˛Ìy ˜î!£Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛yü Á ã#ÓòïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚ó ˆ¢£z¢Ó Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛Ó˚y– ~!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛
ã#Óòâ˛â≈˛y– ã#ÓòÎyeyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˜Ó!üT˛ƒ ÎyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò áˆÏ›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ ÖyõyÓ˚ñ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ £y›˛ÓyãyÓ˚ñ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨
Îye# ˛≤Ãì˛#«˛yúÎ˚ñ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòñ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ ˆÖúyÓ˚ õy‡˛ñ ãúyüÎ˚ñ Ñ˛ÓÓ˚fiÌyòñ
Ÿ¬üyòáy›˛ñ x!ö˛¢ÈÙÈxyîyúì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õ[˛ú Á ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ–
fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ É ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ õ)ú v˛zˆÏjüƒ £ˆÏúy ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !òõ≈úñ î)°Ïí£#òñ
ˆÓ˚yÜõ%=˛ñ ã#Óyí%õ%=˛ñ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ¢¡øì˛ ¢Ó%ã ¢%®Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy– ÎyˆÏì˛ õyò%°Ï ˆÓ˚yÜã#Óyí%Ó˚ £yì˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%=˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xy˛ôyÏõÓ˚ ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ã#ÓòÎyeyÓ˚ õyˆÏòyß¨Î˚ò á›˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zß¨Î˚ò !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£z ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ã#ÓòÎyeyÓ˚ õyò Ñ˛ì˛ v˛zß¨ì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ñ
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ õyòÓ v˛zß¨Î˚ò ¢)â˛Ñ˛ SHuman Development IndexV ÓˆÏú– ~Ó˚ !Óâ˛yÎ≈ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü%!ú £ˆÏúy ÈÙÙÙÈ
S1V !üü%õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ £yÓ˚
S2V ¢y«˛Ó˚ì˛yÓ˚ £yÓ˚
S3V Ñ˛ì˛ãò !üü% fl˛%ÒˆÏú ÎyÎ˚
S4V ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ Üv˛¸ xyÎ˚%
S5V ˆõy›˛ ˆv˛ˆÏ¶˛ú˛ôˆÏõr›˛ ˆ≤Ãyv˛yQ £zì˛ƒy!î–
!Ñ˛ä%È ÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ 181!›˛ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ fiÌyò !äÈú 129ì˛õ– Óì≈˛õyˆÏò 137ì˛õ ˆîü
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛Ó°Ï≈– ~£z õy˛ôÑ˛y!‡˛Ó˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ fiÌyò ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓü# Ó˚yT˛ΔÈ ◊#úAÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á !˛ôäÈˆÏò–
ÎÌyÎÌ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ Î!î !üü%õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛õyˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z¢ˆÏAÜ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚
Üv˛¸ xyÎ˚Á Î!î Óyv˛¸yˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óyv˛¸ˆÏÓ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ v˛zß¨!ì˛–
fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛≈#Ñ˛yˆÏú îy!Ó˚oƒ î)Ó#˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆíÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ xˆÏòÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈¢!) â˛
ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúÁ ãò¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ !Óüyú xÇü îy!Ó˚oƒ¢#õyÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ ≤Ãïyò Ñ˛yÓ˚í £ˆÏúy xfl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á x!ü«˛y–
¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô Óúy ÎyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ îy!Ó˚oƒ xyˆÏò x˛ô%!T˛–
• Ñ%˛¢Çfl˛ÒyÓ˚ Á x!ü«˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏFäÈ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ–
• fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛yÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆîÖy !îˆÏFäÈ x˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛y–
• x˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛yÓ˚ !õ!úì˛ ö˛ú xfl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á ˆÓ˚yÜ≤ÃÓíì˛y–
• xfl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á fiÌyÎ˚# îy!Ó˚oƒ Ó˚)˛ôyhs˛!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏFäÈ îy!Ó˚ˆÏoƒÓ˚ î%T˛â˛ˆÏÑ˛–
• ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°≈Ï !üü%õì, ˛% ƒÓ˚ £yÓ˚ 40 ãò ≤Ã!ì˛ 1 £yãyˆÏÓ˚ [Indian IMR (SRS 2013)- 40 per 1000 live birth]–
• 3 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 40.4 üì˛yÇü !üü% Ñ˛õ ÁãˆÏòÓ˚ £Î˚–
• 6ÈÙÈ35 õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 78.9 üì˛yÇü !üü% Ó˚=˛£#òì˛yÎ˚ ˆ¶˛yˆÏÜ–
• 15ÈÙÈ49 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓy!£ì˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 56.2 üì˛yÇü õ!£úy Ó˚=˛y“ì˛yÎ˚ ˆ¶˛yˆÏÜò–
• 15ÈÙÈ49 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓÓy!£ì˛ ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 24.3 üì˛yÇü ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï Ó˚=˛y“ì˛yÎ˚ ˆ¶˛yˆÏÜò–
fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ É !ÓŸª fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ¢ÇfiÌy SWHOVÙÈÈÓ˚ !£¢yÓ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ î!Ó˚o ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚Ü%!úˆÏì˛
!â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÈÙÈÓƒˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ 60 üì˛yÇü£z ÖÓ˚â˛ £Î˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yÓã!òì˛ ãúÓy!£ì˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÎ˚– ≤Ã!ì˛
ÓäÈÓ˚ ~£z¢Ó ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ãòƒ 22 ˆÑ˛y!›˛Ó˚Á ˆÓ!ü ◊õ!îÓ¢ òT˛ £Î˚– ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Ó≈hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ
¢%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏüy üì˛yÇü Óyhfl˛ÓyÎ˚ò ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
1– fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛z˛ôyîyòÜ%!ú £ˆÏúy õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õúõ)ˆÏeÓ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ¢¡øì˛ !òÑ˛y!ü ÓƒÓfiÌy
xÌ≈yÍ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ¢¡øì˛ ˆüÔâ˛yúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
2– xyÓã≈òy Á ÜÓy!î˛ôü%Ó˚ õúõ)ˆÏeÓ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ¢¡øì˛ !òÑ˛y!üÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚y– Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ xyÓã≈òyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ î%!›˛ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛
¶˛ƒy›˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
3– Óã≈ƒ Á v˛zî‰Ó,_ ãˆÏúÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ôî !òÑ˛y!ü ÓƒÓfiÌy–
4– !òÓ˚y˛ôî ˛ôyò#Î˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ôî v˛zÍ¢ñ !òÓ˚y˛ôî ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛
¢Ç@˘Ã£ñ ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í Á ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚–
5– Öyîƒ ¢%Ó˚«˛y ì˛Ìy Ü,ˆÏ£Ó˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò–
6– Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛y–
7– @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ î)°Ïíõ%!=˛ñ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò–
2.1.3 fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yÓã!òì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ
â˛õ≈ˆÏÓ˚yÜñ v˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚Î˚yñ Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚yñ xyõyüÎ˚ñ Ó˚=˛ÈÙÈxyõyüÎ˚ñ ˆ£˛ôy›˛y£z!›˛¢ñ ˆ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚yñ ›˛y£zö˛ˆÏÎ˚v˛ñ Ñ,˛!õñ xyú¢yÓ˚
!›˛ˆÏ›˛òy¢ñ õƒyˆÏú!Ó˚Î˚yñ ö˛y£zˆÏú!Ó˚Î˚yñ ~òˆÏÑ˛ˆÏö˛úy£z!›˛¢ñ ˆv˛AÜ%ñ Ñ˛yúyãμÓ˚ñ !â˛Ñ%˛òÜ%!òÎ˚yñ Óyv≈˛ öœ$˛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛
ˆÓ˚yÜ–
2.1.4 !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò Á fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã¢yÓ˚
!òÓ˚y˛ôî ˛ôyò#Î˚ ãúñ ˛ôÎ≈yÆ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%!Óïyñ !òõ≈ú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Á v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛y ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !üü%Ó˚
~Ñ˛ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ~£z ÓƒÓfiÌyÜ%!ú ≤Ã!ü«˛íyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%fiÌñ ¢Óú Á ò#ˆÏÓ˚yÜ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ xò%˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛ ˆÎõò Ñ˛ˆÏõ ˆì˛õ!ò ˆúÖy˛ôv˛¸yÎ˚ î«˛ì˛y ÓyˆÏv˛¸– fl˛%Òúä%È›˛
Ñ˛õyˆÏì˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò Á fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ v˛z˛ôyîyò !£¢yˆÏÓ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò x!¶˛Îyò
â˛yú% Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ü%ï% ì˛y£z òÎ˚ñ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ÓÏyúÑ˛ Á Óy!úÑ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ Á ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨
ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ !òõ≈yí xyÓ!üƒÑ˛ !£¢yˆÏÓ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò
!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò Á fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛y £ˆÏúy !Ñ˛ä%È v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í S£yv≈˛ÁÎ˚ƒyÓ˚V Á ÓƒÓfiÌy!îÓ˚ S¢ö˛›˛ÁÎ˚ƒyÓ˚V ~Ñ˛
¢õyò%˛ôy!ì˛Ñ˛ !õ◊í Îy ˛ôv˛YÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ ãú Á fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyòÈÙÈ~Ó˚ x¶˛yÓã!òì˛ x¢%Ö ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
!¶˛ì˛Ó˚ v˛zß¨ì˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒÑ˛Ó˚ Á ˆúÖy˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
£yv≈˛ÁÎ˚ƒyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í ÓúˆÏì˛ ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãú Á fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò ¢%!Óïy– ˆÎõò òúÑ)˛˛ô Óy ˛ôy¡ôñ
ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ñ ≤Ãfl˛ÀyÓyÜyÓ˚ñ £yì˛ ˆïyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ò Á ¢yÓyòñ ¢yÓ˚ Üì≈˛ñ xyÓã≈òy ˆö˛úyÓ˚ Üì≈˛ñ ãúˆÏüy°ÏÑ˛ Üì≈˛
£zì˛ƒy!î–
¢ö˛›˛ÁÎ˚ƒyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy!îÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyò £ˆÏúy ˛ôv˛YÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ v˛zß¨ì˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒy¶˛ƒy¢ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy ~ÓÇ ˛ôv˛YÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õyñ ÓyÓy Á ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Ó≈hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ì˛y äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y– fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛yñ Ñ,˛!õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ°ÏïÑ˛ñ
ãú Á fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò ¢%!ÓïyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Á Ó˚«˛íyˆÏÓ«˛íñ ˛ôv˛YÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !òõ≈ú @˘Ãyõ x!¶˛Îyò £zì˛ƒy!î £ˆÏúy
!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢ö˛›˛ÁÎ˚ƒyÓ˚˛ v˛z˛ôÑ˛Ó˚í–
!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò Á fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢%ö˛ú
1V v˛zß¨ì˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
2V !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ £yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏv˛¸–
3V !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ äÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛ òyõyAÑ˛ò–
4V ˛ôv˛YÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛ î«˛ì˛y Á ¢%fiÌì˛y–
5V !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !òõ≈ú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛–
6V !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y–
!òõ≈ú !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Óyhfl˛ÓyÎ˚ò ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò É
1V !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyò#Î˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zÍ¢ ¢Ó≈îy !òÓ˚y˛ôî Á ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2V ˆüÔâ˛yÜyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛y Á ¢yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
SÑ˛V ÓyúÑ˛ Á Óy!úÑ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ Á â˛yú% ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÖV ÓyúÑ˛ Á Óy!úÑ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆüÔâ˛yÜyˆÏÓ˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÜV ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆüÔâ˛yÜyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy !òÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ¢yÓyò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3V £yì˛ ˆïyÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÈÙÙÙÈ ÖyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ñ £yì˛ x˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ £ˆÏú £yì˛
ˆïyÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy¢£ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ÇfiÌyòñ
òúÓy!£ì˛ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyñ ˆÓ!¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛Ó˚
ÓˆÏ®yÓhfl˛ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
4V !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛!‡˛ò Óã≈ƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛#Ñ˛Ó˚í myÓ˚y
˛ôâ˛òü#ú Á x˛ôâ˛òü#ú Óã≈ƒ ˛ô,ÌÑ˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ˆö˛úy
~ÓÇ ˛ôâ˛òü#ú Óã≈ƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢yÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
5V !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ˆÎõò ¢Ó%ã £ˆÏÓñ ˆì˛õ!ò !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ˆÏÓ˚ ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓyÜyòñ ¢Ó!ãÓ˚ ÓyÜyòñ
ö˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÜyäÈ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y @˘ÃyõÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÏÎƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ãÓ ¢yÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ Á£z ÓyÜyˆÏòÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î≈yÁ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆòyÇÓ˚y ãú ÓyÜyˆÏò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÜyò Á ÜyäÈÜyäÈy!úÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î≈yÎ˚ ˛ôv˛YÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ üyy!õú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
6V !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yßÿáˆÏÓ˚ ˆï§yÎ˚y£#ò v˛zò%òñ ˆüÔâ˛yÜyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy¡ôñ ÓyÓ˚y®yÎ˚
˛ôy¡ôñ òúÓy!£ì˛ ãú ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛Ó˚ xì˛ƒyï%!òÑ˛ ¢%!Óïy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
7V SÑ˛V !õv˛ÈÙÈˆv˛ !õú Á È˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛yÈÙÙÙ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !õv˛ÈÙÈˆv˛ !õˆÏúÓ˚
ÌyúyÈÙÈÓy¢ò ˆïyÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ v˛zÍˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
SÖV â˛yúñ v˛yúñ xyòyãñ ¢Ó!ã ˆïyÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛
v˛zÍˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
SÜV Ó˚yßÿÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã Î%=˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yßÿÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ¢yÓyò !îˆÏÎ˚ £yì˛ ˆïyÎ˚y ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
SáV ˛ôv˛YÎ˚yÓ˚y ˆÎÖyˆÏò !õv˛ÈÙÈˆv˛ !õú ÖyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy–
SàV Ó˚yßÿÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã Î%=˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ
¢yÓyò !îˆÏÎ˚ £yì˛ ˆïyÎ˚y ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
8V !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛yÈÙÙÙ ≤Ã!ì˛!îò !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆ◊!íÑ˛«˛ñ ÖyÓyÓ˚ ÖyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ áÓ˚ñ ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ Á ˛ô!Ó˚¢Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# ÓƒÓfiÌy @˘Ã£í
9V !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛yÈÙÙÙÈ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ≈òy¢¶˛y Á ˆ◊!í˛ôyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒÁ xyÓ!üƒÑ˛
fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛yîyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
10V !òõ≈ú !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~õò!Ñ˛
˛≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãòõˆÏì˛y !òõ≈ú @˘Ãyõ Üv˛¸ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÁ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢!Ñ˛Î˚ xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
11V !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛Á ˆÎõò üy!õú £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ˆì˛õ!ò ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛
fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛Á ÎyˆÏì˛ ö˛úîyÎ˚Ñ˛ £Î˚ ˆ¢ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Á ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛–
2.1.5 !òõ≈ú @˘Ãyõ
¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛y!à«˛ì˛ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆ˛ô§§ÔˆÏäÈyˆÏì˛ v˛zÍ¢y£ ˆîÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ 2003
¢yˆÏúÓ˚ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ õyˆÏ¢ !òõ≈ú @˘Ãyõ ˛ô%Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ â˛yú% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌõÓyÓ˚ ~£z ˛ô%Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ 2005 ¢yˆÏú–
¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò x!¶˛ÎyˆÏò ˆÎ¢Ó ˛ôM˛yˆÏÎ˚ì˛ Á xòƒyòƒ ˆÎ¢Ó ¢ÇfiÌy @˘Ãyõ#í ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ Ñ˛yã
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏä ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛y Á xÓîyòˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ !îˆÏì˛ ~£z ˛ô%Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚– !òõ≈ú ÓyÇúy x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xÇü
!£¢yˆÏÓ !òõ≈ú @˘Ãyõ Ü‡˛ò£z ≤Ãïyò ú«˛ƒ–
!òõ≈ú @˘Ãyõ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒ
1V fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò x!¶˛ÎyòˆÏÑ˛ @˘Ãyõ#í ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ v˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ¢y!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy¢y–
2V @˘ÃyˆÏõ ˆÖyúy õyˆÏ‡˛ õúì˛ƒyÜ Órï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢%fiÌ !òõ≈ú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyñ ÎyˆÏì˛ ~£z @˘ÃyõÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ xyîü≈
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xòƒyòƒ @˘ÃyõÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ ~£z x!¶˛ÎyˆÏò üy!õú Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚–
3V ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüƒ õúì˛ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á !òõ≈ú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úÓyÓ˚
ãòƒ ˛ôM˛yˆÏÎ˚ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÍ¢y£ ˆîÁÎ˚y–
4V ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚)˛ôyÎ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆ¢FäÈyˆÏ¢Ó#
≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y Á ì˛yˆÏì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
xÇü@˘Ã£í Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚y–
!òõ≈ú @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü
1V @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢!ß¨Ñ˛ˆÏ›˛ ãOyúñ Ó§yüG˛yv˛¸ñ òî#Ó˚ ïyÓ˚ñ ˛ô%Ñ%˛Ó˚˛ôyˆÏv˛¸ xÌÓy @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˆÖyúy ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ õúì˛ƒyˆÏÜÓ˚
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !â˛£´ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ òy–
2V @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢õhfl ãˆÏúÓ˚ v˛zÍˆÏ¢ ÎÌyÌ≈ !¢ˆÏõˆÏr›˛Ó˚ â˛yì˛yú Á ãú !òÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3V @˘Ãyõ ˛ôM˛yˆÏÎ˚ì˛ ¢¶˛yÎ˚ ˆÖyúy ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ õúì˛ƒyÜ !ò!°ÏÂï ÓˆÏú !¢Âïyhs˛ @˘Ã£í Á ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ !òÎ˚õ¶˛AÜÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ üy!hfl˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!ÓïyòÁ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
4V @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ¢ÇÜ,£#ì˛ Ñ˛!‡˛ò Óã≈ƒ ˛ôîyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ¢¡øì˛ !ò‹ÒyüˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ôM˛yˆÏÎì˚ ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# ÓƒÓfiÌy @˘Ã£í
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÓ–
5V ˛ôM˛yˆÏÎ˚ì˛ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛!‡˛ò Óy ì˛Ó˚ú Óã≈ƒ ãõy Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
6V ˛ôM˛yˆÏÎ˚ì˛ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Óy!v˛¸ÈñÈ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Á xAÜòÁÎ˚y!v˛¸ ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#ÈÙÈ!ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚y
ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚â˛äÈß¨ ˆÎõò Ó˚yÖˆÏÓòñ ˆì˛õ!ò 100 üì˛yÇü ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò
ˆüÔâ˛yÜyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚–
7V ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆüÔâ˛yÜyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ Á
fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ xyˆÏúyÈÙÈÓyì˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ÇfiÌyò
Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
8V ¢õhfl˛Ï Öy›˛yú Á ˆÜyÎ˚yú ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨
9V ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ @˘Ãyõ ˛ôM˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏì˛ üì˛Ñ˛Ó˚y 90 ãò
Á ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ
ì˛y !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
10V Öy›˛yúñ ü%Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÖyõyÓ˚ñ õ%Ó˚!ÜÓ˚ ˆ˛ôyú!›˛Δñ
≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ x!ì˛áò ãòÓ¢!ì˛˛ô)í≈ ~úyÑ˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
11V ¶˛yÜyv˛¸ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ãòÓ¢!ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!FäÈß¨ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !òÎ˚!õì˛ òãÓ˚îyÓ˚# îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏì˛
ˆÓ˚yÜÈã#Óyí% äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
12V @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ 30ÈÙÈ40 üì˛yÇü ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ x!¶˛õ%Ö#
Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆâ˛ì˛òy Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
13V ˆüÔˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Á ÖyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ¢yÓyò !îˆÏÎ˚ £yì˛ ˆïyÎ˚yÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢
ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
14V @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ òúÑ)˛˛ô Á òî#Ó˚ ãú !òÓ˚y˛ôî ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
15V ÓƒÓ£,ì˛ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô%òÓ≈ƒÓ£yÓ˚ Á ¢Ó!ã ÓyÜyˆÏò Á£z ãˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
16V @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü !òõ≈ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó,«˛ˆÏÓ˚y˛ôí Á
¢Ó%ãyÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛ Ü%Ó˚%c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ãòfl˛∫yfiÌƒ
ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò x!¶˛ÎyòˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚)˛ô !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˛ôM˛yˆÏÎ˚ì˛ ¢ÇfiÌyÜ%!úÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ïÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛yÓ˚
õyïƒˆÏõ£z ˆ¢›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
2.1.6 Ó˚=˛y“ì˛y Óy xƒy!ò!õÎ˚y
Ó˚=˛y“ì˛y É Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ˆúy!£ì˛Ñ˛!íÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy £…y¢ ˆ˛ôˆÏú ~ÓÇ !£ˆÏõyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏõ
ˆÜˆÏú üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÓ˚yÜãòÑ˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚=˛y“ì˛y ÓˆÏú–
Ó˚=˛y“ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ÉÈ ˆÎ¢Ó Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆîˆÏ£ Ó˚=˛y“ì˛y £Î˚ñ ˆ¢Ü%!úÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ v˛zˆÏÕ‘ÖˆÏÎyÜƒ £ˆÏúy ÈÙÙÙÈ
S1V Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ˆúy!£ì˛Ñ˛!íÑ˛yÓ˚ !Óòyüã!òì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÈ ÉÈ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ˆúy!£ì˛Ñ˛!íÑ˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí 45ÈÙÈ50
ú«˛/≤Ã!ì˛ áò !õ!ú– Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ˆúy!£ì˛Ñ˛!íÑ˛yÓ˚ ~£z fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Ñ˛ˆÏõ ˆÜˆÏú
Ó˚=˛y“ì˛y ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚– È
• !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ˆúy!£ì˛ Ó˚=˛Ñ˛!íÑ˛yÓ˚ !Óòyü £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎõò
ÈÙÙÙÈ £%Ñ˛ÁÎ˚yõ≈ Óy ˛ôÓ˚ã#Ó# ¢ÇÑ˛õíñ õƒyˆÏú!Ó˚Î˚y £zì˛ƒy!î ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜ
ˆúy!£ì˛ Ó˚=˛Ñ˛!íÑ˛yÓ˚ o%ì˛ !Óòyü áˆÏ›˛–
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• Óyv˛¸hs˛ ÓyFâ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ó˚ ÖyÓ˚y˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚íyõ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü–
• õyò!¢Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛õˆÏãy!Ó˚ ÓyFâ˛y Sãv˛¸Ó%!Âï¢¡ôß¨V–
• ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy Á xòƒyòƒ Ñ˛yˆÏã ÖyÓ˚y˛ô ≤Ãîü≈ò–
• üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÑ˛yü !‡˛Ñ˛õˆÏì˛y £Î˚ òyñ ÓyõòÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
• ü!=˛Ó˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñœ˛yhs˛ õò Á üÓ˚#Ó˚–
• Ñ˛Ìy ÓúyÎ˚ x¢%!Óïyñ Ñ˛Ìy ÓúˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚y–
• Ñ˛yˆÏò ˆüyòyÓ˚ ˆîy°ñ Ñ˛yˆÏò ü%òˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y–
• ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ›˛ƒyÓ˚y¶˛yÓ–
• ÜúÜ[˛–
• !üü%Ó˚ õ!hfl˛ˆÏ‹ÒÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛yü òy £ÁÎ˚y–
ÓÎ˚fl˛ÒˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe É
• Ñ˛õ≈«˛õì˛y Á £zFäÈyÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ
• fiÌ)úì˛y
• ÜúÜ[˛
• £‡˛yÍ Ü¶≈˛˛ôyì˛
• Ü¶≈˛fiÌ !üü%Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ
xyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yÓã!òì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
xyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yÓã!òì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ Óy v˛z˛ô¢Ü≈ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye v˛z˛ôyÎ˚
≤Ã!ì˛!îò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí xyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ò @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y– õyòÓüÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛
xyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ò ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ~Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆÓ˚yã xyˆÏÎ˚yv˛y£zãv˛
úÓˆÏíÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚£z xyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yÓã!òì˛ «˛!ì˛ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò !ü«˛Ñ˛/!ü!«˛Ñ˛yÓ˚y ÚxyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ò ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛›˛Û ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyòy
úÓˆÏíÓ˚ òõ%òy ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏì˛ xyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ò xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú ¶˛yˆÏúy £Î˚ –
xyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛òÎ%=˛ úÓí
2.1.8 ï)õ˛ôyò !òˆÏ°Ïï
ï)õ˛ôyò ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Óƒy!ïñ ÎyˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ xy¢=˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆîÁÎ˚y Ñ˛!‡˛ò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– Î!îÁ ~›˛y
!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î,ë˛¸ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚– ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛ˆÏüy ˆÑ˛y!›˛Ó˚Á ˆÓ!ü õyò%°Ï ï)õ˛ôyˆÏò xy¢=˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚
≤Ã!ì˛ 20 ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛ ~Ñ˛ãˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !Ó°Ï!Ñ˛Î˚yã!òì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí õ,ì%˛ƒ £Î˚– xyÓ˚Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ õˆÏò Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
!Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏúy ˆõy›˛ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 20 üì˛yÇü õ,ì%˛ƒ ì˛yõyÑ˛ @˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú£z £Î˚–
ï)õ˛ôyò !¢ÜyˆÏÓ˚›˛ñ !Ó!v˛¸ñ £§%ˆÏÑ˛y !Ó!¶˛ß¨ õyïƒˆÏõ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ì˛yõyÑ˛ £ˆÏúy
~Ñ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ õyîÑ˛ oÓƒ– ~ˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ô!fiÌì˛ !Ó°Ïy=˛ v˛z˛ô«˛yÓ˚!›˛ £ˆÏúy !òˆÏÑ˛y!›˛ò– ì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛
!òˆÏÑ˛y!›˛ò äÈyv˛¸yÁ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ˛ôîyÌ≈ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆï§yÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ≈ò
õˆÏòy:y£zvñ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyˆÏãyúñ !¶˛òy£zú ˆÑœ˛yÓ˚y£zv˛ £zì˛ƒy!î Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ˛ôîyÌ≈ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
ï)õ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ É
ï)õ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛Ó˚#í !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ì˛s˛fÜ%!úÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ%˛≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ
ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈«˛õì˛y £…y¢ ˛˛ôyÎ˚ Á fl˛∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï £y!ò á›˛yÎ˚– ï)õ˛ôyˆÏò
xy¢=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆîˆÏ£ òyòy ú«˛í ˆîÖy !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢Ü%!ú £ˆÏúyÈÙÙÙÈ
S1V Ÿª¢òì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ï)õ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
SÑ˛V Ÿªy¢òy!ú Á Ñ˛Z˛òy!úˆÏì˛ ≤Ãîy£ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚–
SÖV x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ !õv˛zÑ˛y¢ SˆŸ’‹øyV ãˆÏõ Ÿªy¢òy!úÓ˚ ˛ôÌ ¢ÇÑ˛#í≈
£Î˚ñ ö˛ˆÏú ÓÇÑ˛y£z!›˛¢ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆÓ˚yÜ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–˛ˆï§yÎ˚yÓ˚
≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ ö%˛¢ö%˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!úˆÏì˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ xyîyòÈ≤Ãîyò «˛õì˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏõ ÎyÎ˚ñ ö˛ˆÏú ö%˛¢ö%˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!ú !ÓòT˛ £Î˚ Á ö%˛¢ö%˛¢
ö%˛úˆÏì˛ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
SÜV ˆï§yÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ ö%˛¢ö%˛ˆÏ¢ !òˆÏÑ˛y!›˛ò ~ÓÇ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛
Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ˛ôîyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xyhfl˛Ó˚í ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ ö˛ˆÏú ö%˛¢ö%˛¢ ï#ˆÏÓ˚
ï#ˆÏÓ˚ òT˛ £Î˚–
SáV Ñ˛y!üñ £§y˛ôy!ò Á Ÿªy¢Ñ˛ˆÏT˛Ó˚ ¢,!T˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
SàV ö%˛¢ö%˛ˆÏ¢ ˆÓ˚yÜ ¢ÇÑ˛õˆÏíÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
S2V ¢ÇÓ£òì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ï)õ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ É
SÑ˛V Ó˚=˛â˛y˛ô Á £,Ífl˛ô®ˆÏòÓ˚ õyey Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
SÖV cˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚=˛òy!úÜ%!ú ¢ÇÑ%˛!â˛ì˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú cˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ì˛y˛ôõyey £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚–
SÜV Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ x!:ˆÏãò ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£í «˛õì˛y £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚–
SáV Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ áòc Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚ Á Ó˚=˛ ãõy›˛ Ó§yïyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
SàV Ó˚=˛òy!úÓ˚ ≤Ãyâ˛#ˆÏÓ˚ ö˛ƒy!›˛ xƒy!¢v˛ ãˆÏõ ÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ £,Í!˛ôˆÏ[˛ Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓy£ õyÓ˚ydÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚ñ
ö˛ˆÏú £y›≈˛ xƒy›˛yÑ˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓíì˛y Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚–
Sâ˛V x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ !òˆÏÑ˛y!›˛ò £yî≈ v˛zÍ˛ôyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí £…y¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ó˚=˛òy!úˆÏì˛ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ ÎÌyÎÌ
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òyñ ˆfi›˛ΔyÑ˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
S3V ˆ˛ô!üÙÈÑ˛AÑ˛yúì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ï)õ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ É
SÑ˛V !Ñ˛ä%È !Ñ˛ä%È ˆ˛ô!üÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛yâ˛ò «˛õì˛y £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚–
SÖV £yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ áòc Ñ˛ˆÏõ ÎyÎ˚ Á £yv˛¸ ¶˛AÜ%Ó˚≤ÃyÎ˚ £Î˚–
S4V ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ fl˛ÿÎ˚%ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ É
¢yõyòƒ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí õyÌyïÓ˚yñ x!òoy Á Ñ˛ÖˆÏòyÈÙÈÑ˛ÖˆÏòy fl˛ÿÎ˚%ˆÏÓ˚yÜ ˆîÖy !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
S5V xhs˛É«˛Ó˚y @˘Ã!rÌ Á ãòòì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ É
!òˆÏÑ˛y!›˛ò £Ó˚ˆÏõyò «˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õyey £…y¢ Ñ˛Ó˚yÎ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
SÑ V ü%Ñ˛yí%% Á !v˛¡∫yí% v˛zÍ˛ôyîò £…y¢ ˛ôyÎ˚
SÖV ü%Ñ˛yí%¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏõ ÎyÎ˚
SÜV õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚=˛fl˛ÀyÓ x!òÎ˚!õì˛ £Î˚ Á Ü¶≈˛ïyÓ˚í «˛õì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏõ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
ï)õ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÑ˛yü!Ó¶˛yãò o%ì˛ Á x!òÎ˚!s˛fì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ £ˆÏú ˆîˆÏ£ Ñ˛ƒyò¢yÓ˚ òyõÑ˛ õyÓ˚íÓƒy!ïÓ˚ ¢)e˛ôyì˛ áˆÏ›˛–
Ñ˛#v˛¸yî«˛ì˛y v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ¢Ñ˛ú ì˛s˛fÜ%!úÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú– ï)õ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú õyòÓüÓ˚#Ó˚ «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛ £Î˚ Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ¢õß∫Î˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òyñ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢y!Ó≈Ñ˛ Ñ˛#v˛¸yî«˛ì˛y ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óƒy£ì˛ £Î˚–
ï)õ˛ôyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓ˚ì˛ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ É
S1V Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫ÈÙÈv˛zˆÏîƒyÜ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~£z ˆòüy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!=˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚
ãòƒ Ñ˛ˆÏ‡˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛“ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆòüy äÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ xÓƒÓ!£ì˛ !îòÜ%!úˆÏì˛
≤ÃÌˆÏõ òyòy üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ xfl˛∫!hfl˛ ˆîÖy !îˆÏúÁ ¢ÇÎõ Á õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆãyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
myÓ˚y ì˛y x@˘Ãy£ƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛y£ˆÏú !Ñ˛ä%È!îˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ õyò!¢Ñ˛ Á
üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ x¢%!Óïy ~ÓÇ ì˛yõyÑ˛ÈÙÈ!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ì˛y î)Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
S2V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Üíõyïƒõñ ˆÓì˛yÓ˚ñ î)Ó˚îü≈òñ ¢ÇÓyî˛ôe £zì˛y!îÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
ï)õ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ%˛ö˛ú !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Á ãò¢yïyÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ ~£z !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S3V xy¢=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆòüy äÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆãyÓ˚ñ xyd!ÓŸªy¢ñ ¢ÇÎõ Á õyò!¢Ñ˛ î,ë˛¸ì˛y Óyv˛¸yˆÏì˛
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Ó≈hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ¢õˆÏÓì˛ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S4V ï)õ˛ôyÎ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ xy@˘Ã£ xò%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢,ãòü#ú !Ñ˛Î˚yÑ˛úyˆÏ˛ôñ ˆÎõò äÈ!Ó x§yÑ˛yñ õy!›˛Ó˚
˛ô%ì%˛ú ˜ì˛!Ó˚ñ ÓyÜyò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £zì˛ƒy!î Ñ˛yˆÏã !òÎ%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚y ì,˛!ÆîyÎ˚Ñ˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy
ï)õ˛ôyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓ˚ì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
S5V !òÎ˚!õì˛ ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%¤˛yˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõÁ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zß!¨ ì˛ áˆÏ›˛ Á ï)õ˛ôyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
!ÓÓ˚ì˛ ÌyÑ˛y ÎyÎ˚–
S6V !ÓˆÏòyîòõ)úÑ˛ ˆÖúyï%úyñ ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ xò%¤˛yòñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ ï)õ˛ôyÎ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ £ì˛yüyñ v˛zˆÏ_ãòyñ
õyò!¢Ñ˛ â˛y˛ôñ v˛zî‰ˆÏÓÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îyñ ï)õ˛ôyÎ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ ï)õ˛ôyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ÓÓ˚ì˛
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
S7V ï)õ˛ôyÎ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÎ˚!õì˛ ˆÖúyï%úyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ !òÎ%=˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏú üÓ˚#Ó˚ Á õò ¢%fiÌÈÙÈ¢Óú ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ Îy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏí Á õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛yÓ˚Ï v˛zß¨!ì˛ á!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòüy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
2.1.9 v»˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆòüy ¢Ó≈òyüy
¢%Ö# Á ¢%®Ó˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yõòy õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xy!î Á xÑ,˛!eõ â˛y!£îy– ¢¶˛ƒì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ !îò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ¢%®ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫ˆÏ≤¿
õyˆÏG˛õˆÏïƒ ˆäÈî ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ¢%Ö# ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò !ÓÓ˚y›˛ Óyïy £ˆÏÎ˚Ï î§yv˛¸yÎ˚ ˆòüy– ˆòüy ¢%fiÌ Á ¢%Ö# ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
~Ñ˛õye Óyïy òy £ˆÏúÁ ˆòüy ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛£z â˛Ó˚õ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚Ñ˛Ó˚ó !òîyÓ˚%í !Ó¶˛#!°ÏÑ˛yõÎ˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆòüyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ !Ó°Ïõ !Ó¶˛#!°ÏÑ˛y Úv»˛yÜÛ ~Öò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ G˛§y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚
˛ôˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– v»˛yÜ ˛ô!ÿ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ Ó£% ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yú Öy!ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ Ñ˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚£z òy xÑ˛yˆÏú ïπÇ¢ £ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜˆÏäÈ– ~£z v»˛yÜ ~Öò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zIμú ¢Ω˛yÓòyõÎ˚ Î%Ó¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ ˛ôAÜ% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z
¢yÓïyò–
v»˛yÜ Óƒ!=˛õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛Óú ¢Ó≈òyˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ˆ‡˛ˆÏú ˆîÎ˚ òyñ v»˛yÜ xy¢=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢Ç¢yÓ˚Á ¶˛y¢yÎ˚– ¢õyã
ì˛yˆÏì˛ !Ó˛ôß¨ £Î˚– ~Ñ˛ÓyÓ˚ v»˛yˆÏÜ xy¢=˛ £ˆÏú ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òhfl˛yÓ˚ ˆò£z– ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ v»˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ì˛y ÓyˆÏv˛¸–
õyey Óyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ Óyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛¢õÎ˚ xyd£ì˛ƒyÓ˚ ˛ôÌÁ ˆÓ§ˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ xy¢=˛ Óƒ!=˛– ì˛y£z ¢õhfl˛ ü!=˛ ~Ñ˛e
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î,ë˛¸Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ ÚòyÛ ÓúˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
v»˛yÜ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú É
v»˛yÜ xÌ≈ Á°Ï%ïñ ˆ¶˛°Ïã £zì˛ƒy!î ~Ñ˛Ìy ¢ì˛ƒ– ~£z v»˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ òyõ!›˛ !ÓÑ,˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòüyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚#Ó˚y ˆòüyÓ˚ Óhfl$˛ˆÏÑ˛
Úv»˛yÜÛ !£¢yˆÏÓ â˛yúyˆÏFäÈ– ÖyîƒÓhfl$˛ òÎ˚ ~õò Óhfl$˛ Îy ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ üyÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò á›˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛
ˆòüy@˘Ãhfl˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y£z v»˛yÜ–
!â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò äÈyv˛¸y ˆÎ Á°Ï%ï Óy ˆ¶˛°Ïã xÌÓy Úv»˛yÜÛ õyò!¢Ñ˛ v˛zˆÏ_ãòyÓ˚ ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢¢Ó
Á°Ï%ˆÏïÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÎÖò õyò%°Ï üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ Á õyò!¢Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛Î˚yòÑ˛ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z xÓfiÌyˆÏÑ˛£z v»˛yÜ
xy¢!=˛ ÓˆÏú–
â˛ú!ì˛ v»˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆòüy É
Ü§yãyñ ¶˛yÇñ õîñ xy!ö˛õñ xy!ö˛õãyì˛ Óyv˛zò ¢%ÜyÓ˚ñ ˆ£yÎ˚y£z›˛ ¢%ÜyÓ˚ñ ˆ£ˆÏÓ˚y£zò £zì˛ƒy!î–
x!˛ôˆÏÎ˚›˛ SõÓ˚!ö˛òñ ˆ˛ô!Ì!v˛òVñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛òñ !Ñ˛›˛y!õòñ v˛yÎ˚y!ã˛ôyõñ ˆõˆÏ≤ÃyÓyˆÏõ›˛–
¢y£zˆÏÑ˛y›˛Δ!˛ôÑ˛ Á°Ï%ïñ ˆÎõò ~ú~¢!v˛ñ xƒy!r›˛ !v˛ˆÏ≤Ã¢ƒyr›˛ÈÙÈˆv˛˛ôˆÏ¢y!òú £zì˛ƒy!î–
!ò!°ÏÂï v»˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ x˛ô≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í É
SÑ˛V ÎyÓ˚y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÈÈÙÈòyÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓ î%ÉÖÑ˛T˛ ¶%˛úˆÏì˛ â˛yò–
SÖV v»˛yÜ xy¢=˛ Órï%ÓyrïˆÏÓÓ˚ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yïÈÙÈv˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚yˆÏïÓ˚ â˛yÏ˛ô–
SÜV £ì˛yüy Á ~Ñ˛ˆÏáˆÏõ!Î˚Ó˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚£y£z ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛–
SáV !òäÈÑ˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛yúyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ ãòƒ–
SàV !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ â˛òõˆÏò Á xyÓ˚Á Ñ˛õ≈«˛õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ãòƒ–
Sâ˛V xãyòy Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ ãÜˆÏì˛ !Óâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ–
SäÈV ¢yÇ¢y!Ó˚Ñ˛ xüy!hs˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%=˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ–
SãV ÓƒÌ≈ì˛yñ £ì˛yüy Á ˆÓÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ãμyúy ¶%˛úˆÏì˛–
SG˛V äÈyeyÓfiÌyÎ˚ x¢Í Órï%Ó˚ ¢Ç¢ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ â˛yˆÏ˛ô–
S~åV xK˛ì˛yñ îy!Ó˚oƒ Á v»˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢£ãú¶˛ƒì˛y–
v»˛yÜ xy¢=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ É
SÑ˛V ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%fiÌ Á fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xy@˘Ã£ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú– v»˛yˆÏÜ xy¢=˛ ˆäÈˆÏúˆÏõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y
!òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓü¶)˛°Ïy Á üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xÓˆÏ£úy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– Ñ˛ˆÏõ Ñ˛ˆÏõ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ÖyÓ˚y˛ô
£ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
SÖV Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆG§˛yÑ˛ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ñ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛y
Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÓˆÏú òy– !ãˆÏK˛¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¶˛y¢y¶˛y¢y v˛z_Ó˚ ˆîÎ˚ñ !ÓÓ˚!=˛ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
SÜV x¢õˆÏÎ˚ Óy!v˛¸ ˆö˛Ó˚yñ £‡˛yÍ £‡˛yÍ ¢yÓ˚y!îò Óy Ó˚yì˛ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛y›˛yˆÏòy– ~ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃŸ¿
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¢î%_Ó˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
SáV õyÓ˚ydÑ˛ ¢Ó Óƒy!ïˆÏì˛ xyÑ˛yhs˛ £Î˚– ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Ñ˛õ≈«˛õì˛y £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ
£y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú–
SàV x¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !Ñ˛Î˚yÑ˛úyˆÏ˛ô ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ Î%=˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ!ü ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚yïõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã
ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
Sâ˛V ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏüˆÏ°Ï ˛ôAÜ% Óy ãv˛¸¶˛Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Á ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !òîyÓ˚%í ˆÓyG˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
SäÈV xy¢=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ fiÌyò õyˆÏG˛õˆÏïƒ ÌyòyÓ˚ ÜyÓ˚ˆÏîñ òÎ˚ˆÏì˛y £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú £Î˚–
SãV ~Ñ˛£z ¢È§%â˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ õyò%°Ï v»˛yÜ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú õyÓ˚ydÑ˛ Ó˚=˛Óy!£ì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ ˆÎõò HIV,
ˆ£˛ôy›˛y£z!›˛¢-B £zì˛ƒy!î ¢ÇÑ˛y!õì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈ–
v»˛yÜ ˆ¢ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ%˛ö˛ú É
SÑ˛V fl˛∫yfiÌƒ òT˛ Á xãfl˛À xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ x˛ôâ˛Î˚–
SÖÈV xy¢=˛ Óƒ!=˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyõˆÏ®Ó˚ !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–
SÜV üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ñ õyò!¢Ñ˛ Á xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ ¢Ó!îˆÏÑ˛£z ˆ¢ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ü#ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
SáV ¢£ˆÏã î%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ £Î˚ñ v»˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛ƒyò¢yÓ˚ñ xyú¢yÓ˚ñ !¢ˆÏÓ˚y!¢¢ñ !â˛Ó˚Ñ˛yú#ò !ÓÑ˛úyAÜ
£ˆÏÎ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖyõ%!Ö £Î˚–
v»˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚Óy!Ó˚ Á !ò!°ÏÂï õyîÑ˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ î[˛ É
õyîÑ˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Á Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ !ò!°ÏÂï v»˛yÜ Ó˚yÖy ~Ñ˛ x˛ôÓ˚yïñ ÎyÓ˚ ãòƒ 1985ÈÙÈÓ˚ õyîÑ˛
oÓƒ Á ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛yÌ!˛ôÑ˛ ˛ôîyÌ≈ xy£zò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏ¡ÿ=˛ îˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ¢ÇfiÌyò Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
1– Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ x“ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí ˆÓxy£z!ò¶˛yˆÏÓ õyîÑ˛ ˛ôîyÌ≈ Ó˚yÖˆÏú 6 õy¢ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 1 ÓäÈÓ˚
˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚yî[˛ xÌÓy ã!Ó˚õyòy !Ñ˛ÇÓy î%£zÈÙÈ£z £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
2– õyîÑ˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Î%=˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú Óy ~¢Ó Ñ˛yˆÏã xÌ≈¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú 10 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢◊õ
Ñ˛yÓ˚yî[˛ Á 1 ú«˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ã!Ó˚õyòy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 20 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢◊õ Ñ˛yÓ˚yî[˛˛ Á î%ÈÙÈú«˛ ›˛yÑ˛y
ã!Ó˚õyòy £ˆÏì˛˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y É
˛ô%!úü ≤Ãüy¢ò ˆòüyÓ˚ Á°Ï%ï â˛úyâ˛ú ¢¡ô)í≈ Órï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÓÂï˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛Ó˚– Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v»˛yÜ ~ˆÏò îyúyúˆÏîÓ˚
ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆòüyÓ˚ Á°Ï%ï ˛ôyâ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ òyòyò fiÌyˆÏò ì˛y äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ !Ó!Ñ˛Ó˚ ãòƒ–
v»˛yÜ ˛ôƒyv˛úyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôyÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ õã%ì˛ ¶˛y[˛yÓ˚ Á ~£z Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ Ö§%ˆÏã ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
˛ô%!úü– ~£z Ñ˛yˆÏã !Ñ˛ä%È ¢yö˛úƒÁ ~ˆÏ¢ˆÏäÈ– v»˛yˆÏÜ xy¢=˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÓ˚yõÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛Ïw ì˛Ìy ˛ô%òÓ≈y¢òˆÏÑ˛ˆÏw
˛ôy‡˛yÓyÓ˚Á îy!Î˚c ˆòÎ˚ ˛ô%!úü–
Section-2:(Group work)
1– ü)òƒfiÌyò ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yÈ É
SaV WHOÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y òyõ World _____________Organization –
SbV î%!›˛ ãúÓy!£ì˛ ¢ÇÑ˛yõÑ˛ Óƒy!ï £ú ______________ ~ÓÇ ___________ –
ScV !òõ≈ú @˘Ãyõ ˛ô%Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ â˛yú% £Î˚ _____________ ¢yˆÏú–
SdV Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ _____________ Ñ˛!íÑ˛yÓ˚ £…y¢ˆÏÑ˛ xƒy!ò!õÎ˚y ÓˆÏú–
SeV ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ ___________ % ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï ___________ % õ!£úy xƒy!ò!õÎ˚y xyÑ˛yhs˛–
SfV ãv˛¸Ó%!Âï _____________ Ö!òˆÏãÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆîÖy !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
SgV ˆúy!£ì˛ Ñ˛!íÑ˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ õyò _____________ ú«˛/˛≤Ã!ì˛ áò !õ!ú!õ›˛yÓ˚–
ShV x˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛yÓ˚ !õ!úì˛ ö˛ú xfl˛∫yfiÌƒ Á _____________ –
SiV ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆüÔâ˛yÜyˆÏÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ Á fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ __________ ___________ ¢ÇfiÌyò
SjV ˆî£ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xì˛ƒ!ïÑ˛ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏú ˆúy!£ì˛ Ñ˛!íÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy __________ ˛ôyÎ˚ñ ö˛ˆÏú Ó˚=˛y“ì˛y
£Î˚–
2– î%ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ îyÁÈ É
SaV fl˛∫yˆÏfiÌƒÓ˚ ¢ÇK˛y îyÁ–
SbV fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛y Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú⁄
ScV WHOÈ ÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y òyõ Ñ˛#⁄
SdV fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyˆÏG˛y⁄ ¢ÇÑ˛yõÑ˛ Óƒy!ï ÓúˆÏì˛ Ñ˛# ˆÓyˆÏG˛y⁄
SeV fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!Óïyò òy õyòˆÏú ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò ˆÓ˚yÜ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚⁄
SfV Ó˚=˛y“ì˛y Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yÜ⁄
SgV xyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˆÓ˚yÜ £Î˚⁄
ShV v»˛yÜ Ñ˛#⁄ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú !ò!°ÏÂï v»˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ òyõ ˆúˆÏÖy–
SiV ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õyòÓ v˛zß¨Î˚ò ¢)â˛Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄
SjV !òõ≈ú @˘Ãyõ x!¶˛ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c ˆúˆÏÖy– fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ÓïyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjüƒÜ%!ú Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SkV Ó˚=˛y“ì˛y ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ú«˛íÜ%!ú Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SlV Ó˚=˛y“ì˛yÓ˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y Á ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yïÑ˛ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SmV Ó˚=˛y“ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!ú Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
3– ≤ÃÑ˛“ É
SaV !õv˛ÈÙÈˆv˛ !õú Á ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ì%˛!õ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SbV !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ScV £yì˛ˆÏïyÎ˚y !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ äÈ!ÓÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ˆ˛ôyfi›˛yÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SdV ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã#ÓòÎyeyÓ˚ õyò !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
4– ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y É
SaV ¢%fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÈ Sfl˛∫yfiÌƒ/ ã#Ó/ ˛ôîyÌ≈/ v˛z!qîV !ÓK˛yò–
SbV ≤ÃÌõÓyÓ˚ !òõ≈ú !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ÈÙÙÈ S2003/2004/2005/2006V ¢yˆÏú–
ScV 100 !õ!ú Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ !£ˆÏõyˆÏ@’y!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ õyòÈÙÙÈ S10ÈÙÈ14/14ÈÙÈ18/6ÈÙÈ10/ 10ÈÙÈ11V !õ@˘Ãy–
SdV !¶˛›˛y!õò ÈBÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢ÈÙÙÈ SxAÑ%˛!Ó˚ì˛ ˆäÈyúy/ Óyîyõ/ xyà%Ó˚/ ˆúÓ%V–
SeV xyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ÈÙÙÈ SÜúÜ[˛/ Óyõòc/ î#á≈Ñ˛yÎ˚/ fiÌ)úÑ˛yÎ˚VˆÓ˚yÜ £Î˚–
SfV ì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ô!fiÌì˛ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ v˛z˛ô«˛yÓ˚ÈÙÙÈ SxyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ò/ !òˆÏÑ˛y!›˛ò/ ›˛ƒy!òò/ £zÌy£zúV–
5– Ó˚â˛òy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿ É
SaV !òõ≈ú @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Óí≈òy îyÁ–
SbV Ó˚=˛y“ì˛y Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ScV Ó˚=˛y“ì˛yÓ˚ ú«˛íÜ%!ú Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄
SdV ï)õ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ x˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y– xÌÓy Ÿª¢òì˛s˛f ~ÓÇ ¢ÇÓ£ò ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ï)õ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SeV õyòÓüÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ï)õ˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ%˛≤Ã¶˛yÓ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SfV ï)õ˛ôyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%!=˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚Ü%!ú Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SgV v»˛yÜ ˆ¢ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ%˛ö˛úÜ%!ú xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ShV ¢ÇÑ˛yõÑ˛ Óƒy!ï !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏíÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SiV v»˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚Óy!Ó˚ Á !ò!°ÏÂï õyîÑ˛ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# î[˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ ì˛y Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SjV v»˛yÜ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SkV v»˛yÜ xy¢=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚í!ì˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SlV fl˛∫yfiÌƒ!ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢%ö˛úÜ%!ú xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ xïƒyÎ˚
≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y
3.1.1 «˛ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy É

!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ä%È!Ó˚ÈÙÈÑ§˛y!â˛Ó˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ òy ãyòÓyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú £yì˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆö˛ˆÏúñ xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
î%á≈›˛òy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á £§y›%˛ñ Ñ˛ò%£zñ Ñ˛˛ôyúñ ˛ôy £zì˛ƒy!î ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ó˚=˛ ˆÓÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ö˛ˆÏú òyòyÓ˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚
Óƒy!ï ¢,!T˛Ñ˛yÓ˚# ã#Óyí% Á «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ˛ôîyÌ≈ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Óy£Ñ˛ myÓ˚y Óy!£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
~äÈyv˛¸yÁ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí õyÇ¢ˆÏ˛ô!üñ cÑ˛¢£ Ó˚=˛Óy£# òy!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ !äÈß¨ £Î˚ó ì˛Öò£z «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚–
«˛ì˛ ¢,!T˛ £ÓyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ÈÙÙÙÈ

1– Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ áˆÏ›˛ Á üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ «˛ì˛fiÌyˆÏò ÓƒÌyÓ˚ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚–
2– «˛ì˛fiÌyò !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yÜã#Óyí% ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ x¶˛ƒhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
3– Ü¶˛#Ó˚ «˛ì˛fiÌyò Ö%Ó£z !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛–
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏ¶˛î É
«˛ì˛ ˛ô§yâ˛ ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚– ÎÌy ÈÙÙÙ S1V Ñ˛ì≈˛òã!òì˛ «˛ì˛ S4V !ÓÂï «˛ì˛
S2V !äÈß¨!¶˛ß¨ «˛ì˛ S5V !õ◊ «˛ì˛
S3V Ì§ƒyì˛úyˆÏòy «˛ì˛
S1V Ñ˛ì≈˛òã!òì˛ «˛ì˛ É «%˛Ó˚ñ ˆÓœv˛ñ ä%È!Ó˚ñ Ñ§˛y!â˛ñ Ñ˛yâ˛ £zì˛ƒy!îˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆÜˆÏú ˆÎ «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
Ñ˛ì≈˛òã!òì˛ «˛ì˛ ÓˆÏú– ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ «˛ì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!ÓÓ˚yõ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ £Î˚–
S2V !äÈß¨!¶˛ß¨ «˛ì˛ É â˛úõyò Îs˛f˛ôy!ì˛ Óy ã#Óãhs$˛Ó˚ òˆÏÖÓ˚ x§yâ˛ˆÏv˛¸ Óy î§yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸¸ Ó˚ xyáyˆÏì˛ ¢,!T˛
£Î˚ ≤Ãyhs˛!äÈß¨ Á x¢õ «˛ì˛–
S3V Ì§ƒyì˛úyˆÏòy «˛ì˛ É ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¶˛yÓ˚# Óhfl$˛Ó˚ xyáyˆÏì˛ñ £§y›˛ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆ£§yâ˛›˛ ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ «˛ì˛ ¢,!T˛
£Î˚–
S4V !ÓÂï «˛ì˛ É ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ Óy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢%â˛yˆÏúy xˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ «˛ì˛ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚–
S5V !õ◊ «˛ì˛ É Ó®%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ü%!úñ ˆÓyõyÓ˚ xyáyì˛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛ «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛
≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ú«˛í ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏÑ˛ !õ◊ «˛ì˛ ÓˆÏú–
 «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó˛ôî É Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ Á ¢ÇÑ˛õí–
«˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÑ‰˛â˛yÓ˚í É
1– ≤ÃÌˆÏõ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ ˛Órï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛ â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ–
2– ÎyˆÏì˛ ã#Óyí%Ó˚ ¢ÇÑ˛õí òy áˆÏ›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ÎÌy¢Ω˛Ó ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3– ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏú «˛ì˛fiÌyò!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ £,Í!˛ôˆÏ[˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
4– «˛ì˛fiÌyˆÏò £yv˛¸ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ¶˛yày £yÏv˛¸ ˆÎò òv˛¸yâ˛v˛¸y òy £Î˚ ˆ¢›˛y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– îÓ˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚
Ñ˛y‡˛ãyì˛#Î˚ !ã!ò¢ ˆÓ§ˆÏï £yì˛È Óy ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xˆÏAÜÓ˚ òv˛¸yâ˛v˛¸y Órï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
5– «˛ì˛fiÌyò ã#Óyí%òyüÏÑ˛ Ë°Ïï !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
6– ã#Óyí%ü)òƒ Üã !îˆÏÎ˚ «˛ì˛fiÌyò!›˛ xyFäÈy!îì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
7– «˛ì˛fiÌyˆÏò ÎˆÏÌT˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ì%˛ˆÏúy !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôƒy!v˛Ç Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
8– «˛ì˛fiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ î,ë˛¸ !Ñ˛hs$˛ xyÓ˚yõîyÎ˚Ñ˛ ÓƒyˆÏu˛ã Ó§yïˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
9– xÓfiÌy !Óâ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy£ì˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú Óy v˛y=˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÎ˚ Óy Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
10– ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yÜ#ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˛≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäñÈ !›˛ˆÏ›˛òy¢ ›˛:ˆÏÎ˚v˛
£zòˆÏãÑ˛üò ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÎõò v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆì˛õ!ò ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ òyõ Á !‡˛ÈÑ˛yòy
¢Ó!Ñ˛ä%È !úˆÏÖ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3.1.2 Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛
üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚=˛Óy£ñ ïõ!òñ !üÓ˚y Óy ˜Ñ˛!üÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚=˛ ˆÓÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ xy¢yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ ÓˆÏú– Ó˚=˛Óy£ !äÈ§ˆÏv˛¸ ˆÜˆÏú
Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ áˆÏ›˛– Ó˚=˛˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛zÍ¢fiÌyòˆÏ¶˛ˆÏî Ó˚=˛«˛Ó˚íˆÏÑ˛ î%!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
1– Ó!£õ≈%Ö# Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛È ÙÙÙÈ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xÇü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ £Î˚–
2– xhs˛õ%≈Ö# Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ì˛s˛f Óy xÇü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ £Î˚–
≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Üì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚=˛˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôyÌ≈Ñ˛ƒÈÙÈì˛y!úÑ˛y
ïõ!òÓ˚ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ !üÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ ˜Ñ˛!üˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛
Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ Ó˚Ç v˛zIμú úyú Ñ˛yúˆÏâ˛ úyú úyú
Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓy£ !ö˛ò!Ñ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓÓ˚ £Î˚ x!Ó!FäÈß¨ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÓy!£ì˛ £Î˚ â%§˛£zˆÏÎ˚
Ó˚=˛â˛y˛ô ¢ˆÏÓ≈yFâ˛ ¢Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛õ õyG˛yõy!G˛
v˛zÍ¢õ%Ö ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ òy
≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ !îÑ˛ £,î‰Îs˛f ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ £,î‰ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !îÑ˛£#ò
Ó˚=˛ì˛M˛ò ãõy›˛ Ó§yˆÏï òy ¢£ˆÏã£z ãõy›˛ Ó§yˆÏï ãõy›˛ Ó§yˆÏï
Ó˚=˛˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÑ‰˛â˛yÓ˚í É
1– x!ïÑ˛ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏú ˆÓ˚yÜ#ˆÏÑ˛ ü%£zˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2– ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛ â˛y˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ Órï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3– üˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
4– ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò £ˆÏú Ñ,˛!eõ Ÿªy¢≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
5– Îì˛ ì˛yv˛¸yì˛!v˛¸ ¢Ω˛Ó ˆÓ˚yÜ#ˆÏÑ˛ v˛y=˛yÓ˚ÖyòyÎ˚ Óy £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú
˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
6– «˛ì˛fiÌyˆÏò ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ó˚=˛«˛Ó˚í £ˆÏFäÈ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xyà%ú !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏ˛ô
ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
7– ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ â˛yˆÏ˛ô Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ Órï òy £ˆÏú ˆ≤ÃüyÓ˚ ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏr›˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛ â˛y˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛ Órï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!ÓˆÏü°Ï Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ Á ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò
òyÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ É
òyˆÏÑ˛ xyáyì˛ Óy ¢ÇÑ˛õí xÌÓy ÜÓ˚õÑ˛yˆÏú òyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚›˛y ü%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú òyÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ Óy !ú¶˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü%Ó˚%ì˛Ó˚ x¢%Ö ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á òyÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Î!î ¢yïyÓ˚í ãyòy Ñ˛yÓ˚í äÈyv˛¸y
Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ £Î˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú ì˛Í«˛íyÍ v˛y=˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆòÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛–
≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y É S1V õyÌy›˛y !˛ôäÈò !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆ£!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yÜ#ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆâ˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ Ó¢yˆÏòyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ– S2V òyÑ˛›˛y 10 !õ!ò›˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏ˛ô Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛yˆÏì˛Á Î!î Ó˚=˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛£z ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y£ˆÏú â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
ãyÎ˚Üy›˛y ÓîˆÏú xyÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏ˛ô ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– S3V ÓÓ˚ö˛ òyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
õ%Ö !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ É
S1V !ã¶˛ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ Óy î§yì˛ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏú ì%˛ˆÏúy !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ á^˘›˛y ˆâ˛ˆÏ˛ô ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ Órï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S2V ˛ôyÑ˛fiÌú# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏú Ó!õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ó˚=˛ ÓyÓ˚ £Î˚– Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ Ó˚Ç Ñ˛yúˆÏâ˛ úyú Óy Ñ,˛Ï°÷Óí≈ £Î˚–
~£z Ó˚=˛ ÖyˆÏîƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜÁ ˆÓÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ¢õÎ˚ òT˛ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛y=˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò–
≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y É
S1V ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏú xyáyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏúy !îˆÏÎ˚ â˛y˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S2V õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ xyáyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãyÎ˚Üy›˛y ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S3V õ%ˆÏÖ Ó˚=˛ ~ˆÏú ì˛y ˆö˛ˆÏú !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S4V Ó˚=˛ !ÜˆÏú !òˆÏú Ó!õ £ˆÏÓ–
S5V õ%Ö ï%ˆÏì˛ Óy ÜÓ˚õ ˛ôyò#Î˚ ˛ôyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆîˆÏÓò òy–
3.1.3 ¢yˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò
≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ü%ï% ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !eü £yãyÓ˚ õyò%°Ï õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ
Ó£% õyò%°Ï õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÁG˛y Á Ü%!òòˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛– ¢Ó ¢y˛ô !Ó°Ïy=˛ òÎ˚– ì˛yÓ˚y õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆãyˆÏÓ˚
ˆîÔˆÏv˛¸yˆÏì˛Á ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õ,ì˛%ƒ £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ xÇü
õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ £,Ífl˛ô®ò Órï £ˆÏÎ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ õye â˛yÓ˚Ó˚Ñ˛õ !Ó°Ïy=˛ ¢y˛ô ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏú ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó°Ï õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ ¢ÇÓ£òì˛s˛f Á fl˛ÿÎ˚%ì˛s˛fˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏÑ˛ˆÏãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚–
ˆúy!£ì˛ Ó˚=˛Ñ˛!íÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˆîÎ˚– ≤Ãfl˛ÀyˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó˚Ç ¢yîy Óy úyúˆÏâ˛Á £Î˚– ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xí%Ó#«˛í ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚
ò#ˆÏâ˛ Ó˚=˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãfl˛ÀÈyˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛ ˆúy!£ì˛Ñ˛!íÑ˛y ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜˆÏú Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ !Ó°ÏïÓ˚
¢y˛ô Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ñ «˛#í !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ Á !ò!Ó≈°Ï ~£z !ì˛ò ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y˛ô ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
S1V !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ ¢y˛ô É ˆÜyÖˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÑ˛v˛zˆÏ›˛ñ â˛wˆÏÓyv˛¸yñ Ñ˛yúyâ˛ñ ö%˛Ó˚¢yñ ü§yÖyõ%!›˛ñ üCâ)˛v˛¸ñ ¢yõ%!oÑ˛ ¢y˛ôñ
≤ÃÓyú ¢y˛ô–
Ñ˛yúyâ˛ üy§Öyõ%!›˛ ˆÜyÖˆÏÓ˚y
S2V «˛#í!Ó°Ï ¢y˛ô É Ñ˛yúòy!Üò#ñ úyv˛zv˛Üyñ ˆÓv˛¸yú ¢y˛ôñ ˆòyòyˆÏÓyv˛¸yñ ˆõˆÏ›˛!ú–
S3V !ò!Ó≈°Ï ¢y˛ô É ãúˆÏë§˛yv˛¸yñ î§yv˛¸yüñ áÓ˚!â˛!ì˛ñ xãÜÓ˚ñ ˆÓì˛xyâ§˛Èv˛¸yñ ˛ô%§ˆÏÎ˚ñ Ì%Ì%Ñ˛ñ ˆÓˆÏú¢y˛ô–
¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ î,!T˛ ì˛#«÷˛ òÎ˚– ~Ó˚y !fiÌÓ˚ Óhfl$˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ òy– ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ó!£ÉÑ˛í≈ ˆò£z– Óyì˛yˆÏ¢ v˛zÍ˛ôß¨
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ü∑ ~Ó˚y ü%òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ òy– ¢õ#«˛yÎ˚ ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚˚ Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ £yÓ˚ 72 üì˛yÇüñ £yˆÏì˛ Óy
Óy£%ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ £yÓ˚ 25 üì˛yÇüñ xòƒyòƒ xÇˆÏü 3 üì˛yÇü– ¢y˛ô ¢ˆÏrïˆÏÓúyÎ˚ 68 üì˛yÇüñ ¢Ñ˛yˆÏú/
!ÓÑ˛yˆÏú 35 üì˛yÇü õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yõv˛¸yÎ˚–
ˆúyˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ !òÓ˚#£ ¢y˛ôˆÏÑ˛Á !Ó°Ïy=˛ ÓˆÏú !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
üe%ì˛y ˆò£z– ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ÖyîƒÓhfl$˛Á õyò%°Ï òÎ˚– ¢y˛ô ¶˛Î˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ xydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yõv˛¸yÎ˚– x!ïÑ˛yÇü
¢y˛ô£z õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy «˛!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyó ÓÓ˚Ç £z§î%Ó˚ñ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ã#Óãhs$˛ ~Ó˚y ˆõˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú– ~õò!Ñ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢y˛ô !Ó°Ïy=˛ ¢y˛ôˆÏÑ˛Á õyˆÏÓ˚–
üòy=˛Ñ˛Ó˚í É ¢yˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏú ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ú«˛í#Î˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ £ˆÏúy ¢y˛ô!›˛ !Ó°Ïy=˛ òy !Ó°Ï£#ò ì˛y
!â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
!Ó°Ï£#ò ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ú«˛í
1– Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ îyÜ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y £yúÑ˛y £Î˚–
2– Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ î§yˆÏì˛Ó˚ îyÜ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y xï≈â˛wyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y £Î˚–
3– Ö%Ó ãμyúy Á Îs˛fíy äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
4– ãyÎ˚Üy›˛y ò#ú £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
5– Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãyÎ˚Üy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £úˆÏîˆÏ›˛ ~Ñ˛›˛y Ó˚¢ Óy Ó˚=˛ â%˛§ £zˆÎÏ ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ !Ó°Ï£#ò ¢yˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏú
›˛y›˛Ñ˛y Ó˚=˛ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ñ Îy ãõy›˛ ˆÓ§ˆÏï Ñ˛yúˆÏâ˛ £Î˚–
Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
1– ¶˛Î˚ Ñ˛y!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢y£¢ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ¢ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ–
2– «˛ì˛fiÌyÏò ¢yÓyòãú Á ˛ô›˛y!üÎ˚yõ ˛ôyÓ˚õyAÜyˆÏòˆÏ›˛Ó˚ oÓí !îˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3– Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ «˛ì˛fiÌyò!›˛–
4– ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ «˛ì˛fiÌyò!›˛ ˆë˛ˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!Ó°ÏïÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ú«˛í
1– «˛ì˛fiÌyˆÏò î%È!›˛ î§yˆÏì˛Ó˚ îyÜ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ î%!›˛
«˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î)Ó˚c £ˆÏÓ 2 ˆ¢!r›˛!õ›˛yÓ˚–
2– «˛ì˛fiÌyò Ü¶˛#Ó˚ Á ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ £Î˚–
3– î%!›˛ î§yˆÏì˛Ó˚ «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò ~Ñ˛›˛y !›˛˛ô¢£z ˆîÓyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
ö§˛yÑ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
4– ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ £yúÑ˛y !Ñ˛ä%È î§yˆÏì˛Ó˚ îyÜÁ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
5– !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z üÓ˚#Ó˚ !G˛!õˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ¢ñ ≤Ãâ˛[˛ Îs˛fíy
xò%¶)˛ì˛ £Î˚–
6– á%õ ˛ôyÎ˚ Á ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ˛ôyì˛y G%˛ˆÏú ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ òãÓ˚ G˛y˛ô¢y £ˆÏÎ˚ õyÌy ¢yõˆÏò G%§˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ –
7– ›˛ˆÏú ›˛ˆÏúñ â˛úˆÏì˛ â˛úˆÏì˛ ü%ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
8– ˆë˛yÑ˛ ˆÜúy ÎyÎ˚ òy–
9– Ñ˛Ìy ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ õ%Ö ò#úˆÏâ˛ £Î˚ñ Ÿªy¢ !òˆÏì˛ x¢%!Óïy £Î˚–
10– òy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ñ !ÖÈ§â%˛!òÁ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
11– õ%Ö ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ úyúy G˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ Ó!õÓ˚ ú«˛í ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚–
12– ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó°Ï Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !õˆÏü ì˛#ÓÜ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ õyÌyÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ïy!Óì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
13– !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏú «˛ì˛fiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãúÓ˚=˛ Óy ú!¢Ñ˛y ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚–
14– !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏú ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó°Ï õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ó˚=˛ ¢ÇÓ£òì˛s˛f Á ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ fl˛ÿÎ˚%ì˛s˛f xˆÏÑ˛ˆÏãy
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚–
15– ˆúy!£ì˛ Ó˚=˛Ñ˛!íÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˆîÎ˚–
16– ≤Ãfl˛ÀÈyˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó˚Ç ¢yîy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ úyú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xí%%Ó#«˛í ÎˆÏs˛f ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏú ˆîÖy ÎyˆÏÓ
≤Ãfl˛ÀyˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ˆúy!£ì˛Ñ˛!íÑ˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò
1– ~Ñ˛ ˆ¢ˆÏÑ u˛Á ¢õÎ˚ òT˛ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îì˛ ì˛yv˛¸yì˛y!v˛¸ ¢Ω˛Ó £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Úxƒy!r›˛ˆÏ¶˛òõÛ
¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ°ÓÏ ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ïÑ˛ £zòˆÏãÑ˛üò !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ≤Ãyí Ó§yâ˛yˆÏì˛– ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ xƒy!r›˛ˆÏ¶˛òõ Îì˛ ì˛yv˛¸yì˛y!v˛¸
ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ì˛ì˛ ˛Ó§yâ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆÓ!ü ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚– ~Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ xòƒyòƒ
ÓƒÓfiÌyÜ%!úÁ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2– ˆÓ˚yÜ#ˆÏÑ˛ üyhs˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– v˛zÍ¢y£ !îˆÏÎ˚ õˆÏòyÓú Óyv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢Öyò›˛y
!òÿ˛ú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3– !Ó°Ï äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ü!ì˛›˛y Ñ˛õyˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ãyÎ˚Üy›˛y ~Ñ˛›˛y â˛Áv˛¸y £zúy!fi›˛Ñ˛ ÓƒyˆÏu˛ã xÌÓy
~Ñ˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆõy›˛y Ñ˛y˛ôˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˛ôyv˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
4– ÓƒyˆÏu˛ã !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ Á£z xÇü›˛y ˆë˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÎò
òy!v˛¸Ó˚ fl˛ô®ò Órï òy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
5– ~Ñ˛›˛y !fl˛ôœr›˛ SSplintV úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ Á£z fiÌyò!›˛ xòv˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
6– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆfi›˛Δâ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óy Îì˛›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó G˛§yÑ%˛!ò ˛ô!Ó˚£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ o%ì˛ !òÑ˛›˛Óì˛≈# fl˛∫yfiÌƒˆÏÑ˛w/ £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
7– £yì˛ Óy ˛ôy Á ˆî£ ≤’y!fi›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ â˛yîÓ˚ Á Ñ˛¡∫ú !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆë˛ˆÏÑ˛ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
8– ˆÓ˚yÜ# ˆÎò á%!õˆÏÎ˚ òy ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ ˆ¢!îˆÏÑ˛ òãÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Ÿªy¢≤ÃŸªy¢ !òˆÏì˛ Ñ˛T˛ £ˆÏú Ñ,˛!eõ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚
Ÿªy¢≤ÃŸªyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
9– £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú ˛ÎyÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Îì˛›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó ˆÓ˚yÜ#ˆÏÑ˛ òy òy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆüyÎ˚yˆÏòy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Üy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ ì%˛úˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ Á !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy
1– v˛zˆÏ_ãòyÑ˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ÖyÁÎ˚yˆÏòy ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
2– ì˛y!Óãñ Ñ˛Óâ˛ñ ÁG˛yÈñ ˆüÑ˛v˛¸ÈÙÈÓyÑ˛ˆÏv˛¸ ¢õÎ˚ òT˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy–
3– ˆÓ˚yÜ#ˆÏÑ˛ £§y›˛yˆÏÓ òyñ òyv˛¸yâ˛yv˛¸y Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏÓ òy–
4– £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ !Óú¡∫ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy–
5– «˛ì˛fiÌyò Ñ˛y›˛ˆÏÓ òy–
6– õ%Ö !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆ›˛ˆÏò !Ó°Ï ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy–
7– «˛ì˛fiÌyˆÏò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚y¢yÎ˚!òÑ˛ ˛ôîyÌ≈ ˆîˆÏÓ òy–
8– £§y›˛yâ˛úy Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏÓ òy–
9– £zúy!fi›˛Ñ˛ ÓƒyˆÏu˛ã xÌÓy ~Ñ˛›˛y ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆõy›˛y Ñ˛y˛ôˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˛ôyv˛¸ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ xy›˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛
Ñ˛Ó!ã Óy ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ Óy xòƒ fiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ òy!v˛¸Ó˚ fl˛ô®ò Órï £ˆÏÎ˚ òy ÎyÎ˚–
3.1.4 ¢y˛ôÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü ¢y˛ô£z !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ òÎ˚– ¢y˛ô Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏú ˆÎ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !Ó°Ï ë˛yˆÏú ì˛yˆÏì˛ x!ïÑ˛yÇü
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ Ñ˛Ìy òÎ˚– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢yˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏòy ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ xyì˛ˆÏAÑ˛ £y›≈˛ˆÏö˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õyÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛yúyâ˛ñ ˆÜyÖˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÑ˛v˛zˆÏ›˛ñ ü§yÖyõ%!›˛ñ üCâ)˛v˛¸ñ â˛wˆÏÓyv˛¸y õyÓ˚ydÑ˛ !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ ¢y˛ô–
¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó°Ï õ)úì˛ î%ÈÙÈ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ «˛!ì˛¢yïò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
S1V !òv˛zˆÏÓ˚y›˛!:ò Sfl˛ÿÎ˚%ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !Ñ˛Î˚y ïπÇ¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚V
S2V ˆ£õyˆÏ›˛y›˛!:ò SÓ˚=˛Ñ˛úyÓ˚ «˛!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚V
!Ó°ÏïÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyîyòÜ%ˆÏúy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛ fl˛ÿÎ˚%ì˛ˆÏs˛fÓ˚ !Ñ˛Î˚y ïπÇ¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!›˛ ˆî£Ñ˛úy !ÓòT˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !Ñ˛v˛!òÓ˚ ˛ôâ˛ò áˆÏ›˛ ÈÙÈ ˆúy!£ì˛Ñ˛!íÑ˛y ïπÇ¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚È ÙÈ Ó˚=˛ ãõy›˛ Ó§yˆÏï–
ˆÑ˛yò ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛# ˛˛ô!Ó˚õyí !Ó°Ï õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ á›˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ òyõ !ÓˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õyey/!õ!ú@˘Ãyõ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ òyõ !ÓˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ õyey/!õ!ú@˘Ãyõ
Ñ˛yúyâ˛ 1.0 üCâ)˛v˛¸ 12.0
ˆÑ˛v˛zˆÏ› 12.0 ö%˛Ó˚¢y 5.0
ü§yÖyõ%!› 10.0 ˆÜyÖˆÏÓ˚y 12.0
â˛wˆÏÓyv˛¸y 42.0
¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ îÇüˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yâ˛ˆÏì˛ !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛yÜ%!ú @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ É
S1V !òÎ˚õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ áÓ˚Óy!v˛¸/Ñ˛õ≈fiÌú/!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ãúyñ ãAÜúñ £zˆÏ›˛Ó˚ hfl)˛˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛
£ˆÏ Ó –
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S3V £§y¢ÈÙÈõ%Ó˚!ÜÓ˚ áÓ˚ñ ãμyúy!òÓ˚ õyâ˛y ˆüyÎ˚yÓ˚ áÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S4V xrïÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏú xyˆÏúy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S5V Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛yˆÏã ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏú ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ã%ˆÏì˛y Á ö%˛ú˛ôƒyr›˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S6V Ó˚yˆÏì˛ ÖyˆÏ›˛ á%ˆÏõyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆüyÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ õüy!Ó˚ ¶˛yˆÏúy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ü%§ˆÏã !òˆÏì˛˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S7V ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò ãAÜúñ xrïÑ˛yÓ˚ fiÌyˆÏò ¢yÓïyˆÏò â˛úyˆÏö˛Ó˚y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S8V Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z ¢y˛ôˆÏÑ˛ v˛zì˛ƒ=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òyñ ¢yõˆÏò ¢y˛ô ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú î)ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S9V ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖyõ%!Ö ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ˆÜˆÏú xÎÌy ˆäÈy›˛yä%È!›˛ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òÿ˛ú xÓfiÌyÎ˚ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !Ó˛ôî
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y ôyÓyÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆÓ!ü– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ î,!T˛ «˛#í– ¢â˛ú Óhfl$˛ äÈyv˛¸y ¢y˛ô ¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ
ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ òy–
ˆÑ˛v˛zˆÏ›˛ É ˆÑ˛v˛zˆÏ›˛Ó˚ !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ òyõÈ Naja naja kautia– ¶˛Î˚ÇÑ˛Ó˚ !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ ¢y˛ô ˆÑ˛v˛zˆÏ›˛– ~£z ¢y˛ô
Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ á^˘›˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ õyòÓˆÏîˆÏ£Ó˚ fl˛ÿÎ˚%ì˛s˛fˆÏÑ˛ !ÓòT˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚– !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ õyeyÎ˚ !Ó°Ï ë˛yúˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú xyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ Î!î !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú õ,ì%˛ƒ x!òÓyÎ≈–
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¢Ó¢õÎ˚ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ö˛íy ˆÜyÖˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y Á ˆÜyú– Üúy ö˛ƒyÑ˛yˆÏü Á ˆäÈy˛ô ˆäÈy˛ô îyÜ
ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆúˆÏãÓ˚ ì˛úyÓ˚ xy§ü Üyë˛¸– x≤ÃyÆÓÎ˚fl˛ÒˆÏîÓ˚
Ó˚Ç Ñ˛yˆÏúy– ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ó˚Ç ÓîˆÏú Óyîy!õ
˛Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– â˛yÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô§yâ˛˛ ö%˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ú¡∫y £Î˚– ö˛íy ì%˛ˆÏú Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ õ%£)ˆÏì˛≈Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£z òy!õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
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¶˛Î˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏú üÓ˚#Ó˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ !£¢/!£¢ ü∑ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏì˛ xyˆÏ¢–
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Á ˆúˆÏãÓ˚ !îÑ˛›˛y ˆÎò £‡˛yÍ ¢Ó˚% £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
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ˆÜyú ˆÜyú îyÜ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~£z
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£ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– 15 !õ!òˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Ó!õ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚=˛â˛y˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏõ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãyÎ˚Üy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
xfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÓ˚ ˆö˛yúy ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ 2ÈÙÈ3 !îˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆö˛yúy›˛y
Ü%Ó˚%ì˛Ó˚ Á !Óüyú £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ñ˛yú!üˆÏ›˛Á ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏü ˆö˛y¢Ñ˛y
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!îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !îˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏãyˆÏÓ˚ îÇüò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y â˛wˆÏÓyv˛¸yÓ˚ !Ó°Ïî§yì˛ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#Î˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ú¡∫y £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú îÇüˆÏòÓ˚ Ü¶˛#Ó˚ì˛y xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü £Î˚–
xyM˛!úÑ˛ òyõ É â˛wˆÏÓyv˛¸yñ ˛ô%›%˛!úÎ˚yˆÏÓyv˛¸yñ ˆÑ˛v˛z!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏÓyv˛¸yñ Ó˚=˛ˆÏÓyv˛¸yñ v˛zú%ˆÏÓyv˛¸yñ ˆÓyv˛¸ñ Ü%ßÿ¢ñ !â˛ì˛ñ
õy®!ú òyˆÏõ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xM˛ˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛–
üy§Öyõ%!›˛ É ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ òyõ Bungarus fasciatus–
ˆÑ˛õò ˆîÖˆÏì˛ É x¢yïyÓ˚í ¢%®Ó˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛– ü§yÖyõ%!›˛Ó˚ x§yü
õ¢,íñ õyÌy áyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢yõyòƒ â˛Áv˛¸y– ˆâ˛yÖ ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛yˆÏúy–
ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ òy– ˆúã ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yñ ˆÜyú Á ˆ¶§˛yì˛y–
~ˆÏîÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ Á ˆúã !eˆÏÑ˛yíyÑ˛yÓ˚– ˆîˆÏ£ £ú%î Á Ñ˛yˆÏúy ˆõy›˛y
ˆõy›˛y ˛ô!›˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y îyÜ xyˆÏäÈ– !üÓ˚î§yv˛¸yÓ˚ x§yü ÈˆÑ˛yòyˆÏâ˛ ~ÓÇ
xyü˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ xy§ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y–
ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ É ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ˆG˛y˛ôãAÜúñ v˛z£!z ë˛!Óñ ãúyÓ˚
ïyÓ˚ñ ˆÖyúy õy‡˛ Á ¢õì˛ú ~úyÑ˛yˆÏì˛Á ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜñ !Ó£yÓ˚ñ Á!v˛¸üyñ xy¢yõñ xÓ˚%íyâ˛ú ≤ÃˆÏîüñ v˛z_Ó˚ xrï≤ÃˆÏîü Á v˛z_Ó˚≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü ~£z ¢y˛ô ˆîÖy
ÎyÎ˚–
Ñ˛# ÖyÎ˚ É ~ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)ú Öyîƒ ¢y˛ôñ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !v˛õñ £z§î%Ó˚ñ õyäÈñ ÓƒyÇ– ~Ó˚y ~õò!Ñ˛ Ñ˛yúyâ˛ñ â˛wˆÏÓyv˛¸y ¢y˛ô ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ– fl˛f# ¢y˛ô ~!≤Ãú õy¢ òyÜyî 4 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 14!›˛ !v˛õ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸–
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˛ôy!ò!â˛!ì˛ñ Ó˚yòy¢y˛ôñ õyõ%ÈÙÈ¶˛yÜˆÏò ¢y˛ô ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛–
Ñ˛yúyâ˛ É Ñ˛yúyâ˛ Óy Ñ˛yúyˆÏãÓ˚ !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ òyõ Bungarus caeruleus–
ˆÑ˛õò ˆîÖˆÏì˛ É x§yü õ¢,íñ õyÌy áyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢yõyòƒ â˛Áv˛¸yñ ˆâ˛yÖ ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛yˆÏúy– ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆîÖy
ÎyÎ˚ òy– Ó˚Ç â˛Ñ˛â˛ˆÏÑ˛ñ Ñ˛yˆÏúyñ ï)¢Ó˚ñ Ñ˛yúˆÏâ˛ ò#ú Óy Üyë˛¸ Óyîy!õÓ˚ Á˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚% ò#ˆÏúÓ˚ xy¶˛y– xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚
ˆãyv˛¸y ¢yîy ¢yîy îyÜ Îy ˆúã ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~£z îyÜÜ%ˆÏúy üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– !üÓ˚î§yv˛¸yÓ˚ xy§ü î%È ÙˆÑ˛yòy Á xyü˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ xy§ˆÏüÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Ó˚Ç â˛Ñ˛â˛ˆÏÑ˛
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v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y– !ãˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ Ó˚Ç ˆÜyúy!˛ô–
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£zˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¶˛y›˛yÎ˚ñ õyˆÏG˛ õyˆÏG˛ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ïyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÓyÜyˆÏò Óy
ãAÜˆÏú ~õò!Ñ˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy ˆõyv˛¸yˆÏòy Üy!úâ˛yÎ˚ xyÓy¢
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–
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fl˛f# ¢y˛ô õyâ≈˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆõ õyˆÏ¢ 8 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 18 !›˛ !v˛õ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸
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~Ó˚y !òüyâ˛Ó˚– ~Ó˚y õ)úì˛ Ó˚yˆÏe Ñ˛yõv˛¸yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛ì˛fiÌyò x¢yv˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ö˛ˆÏú !ÓˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ì˛#Óì˛y
Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ òy ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y òy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú õ,ì%˛ƒ x!òÓyÎ≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ~£z ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ°Ï !õ◊ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ˆîÖy
ÎyÎ˚– xÌy≈Í fl˛ÿÎ˚%òyüÑ˛ S!òv˛zˆÏÓ˚y›˛!:Ñ˛V˛ Á Ó˚=˛òyüÑ˛ Sˆ£õyˆÏ›˛y›˛!:Ñ˛V ˆö˛!òÑ˛ òy¶≈˛ˆÏÑ˛ xÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚–
Ñ˛yúyˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !Ó°Ï ˆÜyÖˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 15 Ü%í ˆÓ!ü ì˛#Ó– ì˛y£z xÎÌy ¢õÎ˚ òT˛ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
îÇüˆÏò ¢cÓ˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y x!ì˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÇü Ó˚yˆÏãƒ£z ~£z ¢y˛ô ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–
¢ô≈Ó˚yã üCâ)˛v˛¸ É ~Ó˚ !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ òyõ Ophiophagus hannah–
ˆÑ˛õò ˆîÖˆÏì˛ É ~ì˛ î#á≈ñ !«˛≤Ãñ !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ ¢y˛ô ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ì˛ xyÓ˚ ˆò£z– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 13 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 14 ö%˛›˛ ú¡∫y £Î˚– ~£z
¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ xy§ü õ¢,í– õyÌy áyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ â˛Áv˛¸y– Ó˚Ç ï)¢Ó˚ñ Ñ˛yˆÏúyñ
Üyë˛¸ ãú˛ôy£z Óy Óyîy!õÈÙÈ£úˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢yîy Óy £úˆÏîˆÏ›˛ îyÜ–
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ì˛yõyˆÏ›˛ñ ¢yîyñ îyÜ£#òó ˆîÖˆÏú î§yv˛¸yü ¢y˛ô ÓˆÏú õˆÏò £ˆÏì˛
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Á ¢Ó˚%–
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Ó,!T˛˛ôyì˛Î%=˛ xM˛úñ ¢ƒ§yì˛ˆÏ¢§ˆÏì˛ ãyÎ˚Üy Á ÓyîyÓò ~ˆÏîÓ˚
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ˆÜyÖˆÏÓ˚y É ~Ó˚ !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ òyõ Naja naja–
ˆÑ˛õò ˆîÖˆÏì˛ É ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ x§yü õ¢,íñ ÖˆÏÎ!˚ Ó˚ Óy Ñ˛yúˆÏâ˛
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ã!õˆÏì˛ ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– £§y¢ÈÙÈõ%Ó˚!ÜÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚ ë%˛ˆÏÑ˛ õ%Ó˚!ÜÓ˚ äÈyòy ˆÖˆÏì˛Á ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢Ó≈e ~£z ¢y˛ô
ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎ¢Ó xM˛ˆÏú ¢yˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛y›˛y ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ á›˛yÓ˚ á›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ñ ¢yˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ°ÏïÑ˛ !›˛Ñ˛yÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ¶˛yˆÏúy £Î˚–
Ñ˛# ÖyÎ˚ É ~ˆÏîÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ Öyîƒ £z§î%Ó˚ñ ÓƒyÇñ !ÜÓ˚!Ü!›˛ñ !›˛Ñ˛!›˛!Ñ˛ñ Ñ˛#›˛˛ôì˛AÜ £zì˛ƒy!î– õyâ≈˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ã%úy£z õyˆÏ¢ 12
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 30!›˛ !v˛õ ˛ôyˆÏv˛¸– ~Ó˚y Ö%Ó o%ì˛Üyõ# Á ¢ãyÜ– fl˛∫¶˛yÓì˛ úyã%Ñ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ¶˛Î˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏú Óy !ÓÓ˚=˛ £ˆÏú
¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ Öyv˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏï≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü î§yv˛¸ Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ö˛íy ö%˛!úˆÏÎ˚
!£¢ÈÙÈ!£¢ ü∑ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏãyˆÏÓ˚ xyáyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó°Ï !òv˛zˆÏÓ˚y›˛!:ò ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚– v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y òy £ˆÏú
˛ô«˛yáyì˛ñ Ó!õñ Ÿªy¢Ñ˛T˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
xyM˛!úÑ˛ òyõ É Ö!Ó˚üñ xyúˆÏÜyÖˆÏÓ˚yñ Óy!òˆÏÜyÖˆÏÓ˚yñ Óy¢%!Ñ˛ £zì˛ƒy!î xyM˛!úÑ˛ òyˆÏõ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛–
3.1.5 ¢y˛ô õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Órï% òy üe%⁄
¢y˛ô õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Órï%– ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó°Ï õyòÓãy!ì˛Ó˚ ïπÇˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚!ò– ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó°Ï ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛
!òÉ¢Ó˚í Îy !Ñ˛ä%È !îò ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚– ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó°Ï !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢y˛ô ì˛yÓ˚ ÖyîƒÓhfl$˛ˆÏÑ˛ £ãõ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚y ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy!îò£z ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Öyîƒ !äÈú òy Óy ~ÖòÁ òÎ˚– xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢y˛ô xyÓyÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
Öyîƒì˛y!úÑ˛yÎ˚ fiÌyò ˛ôyÎ˚–
¢y˛ô ˆõˆÏÓ˚ ˆö˛ˆÏú xyõÓ˚y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚£z «˛!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ òT˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚yÁ ˆÎõò
!òˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢ñ ˆì˛õ!ò ¢y˛ôÁ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ Á Ó§yâ˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛yˆÏúyÓyˆÏ¢–
¢y˛ô xydÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ Óy ¶˛Î˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yõv˛¸yÎ˚– õˆÏò Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ~£z !òÓ˚#£ ã#Ó!›˛ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛
13.5 ˆÑ˛y!›˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ xy!Ó¶≈)˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúñ õyò%°Ï ¢,!T˛ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú ~Ó˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚Á Ó§yâ˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏäÈ– ¢y˛ô õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Órï%ñ üe% òÎ˚–
ˆÑ˛ò ÁˆÏîÓ˚ Ó§yâ˛yˆÏì˛ ÎyÏÓ É ¢y˛ô ã#Ó˜ÏÓ!â˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ xòƒì˛õ
≤Ãyí#– xyÓ˚ ¢y˛ô !Óú%Æ £ˆÏú ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ïπÇ¢
£ˆÏÓ– Îy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚ £zrïò ˆãyÜyˆÏÓ– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢y˛ô
ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ 350!›˛ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ £z§î%Ó˚ ˆÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ¢y˛ô
Ñ˛#›˛˛ôì˛AÜñ õüyÓ˚ úy¶≈˛y ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ≤Ãyí#ˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛
!òÎ˚s˛íf Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó°Ï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏ°ÏïÑ˛
Á°Ï%ï ~ !¶˛ ~¢ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó°Ï !îˆÏÎ˚
Ñ˛ƒyò¢yÓ˚ñ £y›≈˛ xƒy›˛yÑ˛ñ v˛zFâ˛Ó˚=˛â˛y˛ôñ v˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!›˛¢ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ Á°Ï%ï ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏFäÈ ~ÓÇ ÜˆÏÓ°Ïíy
â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y £ˆÏFäÈ– ¢y˛ôÁ Ó§yâ%˛Ñ˛ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ãÜˆÏì˛ñ xyÓ˚ õyò%°ÏÁ Ó§yâ%˛Ñ˛ !òã Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈–
3.1.6 ãˆÏú ˆv˛yÓy Á ì˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò
≤Ã!ì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ Ó£% õyò%°Ï ãˆÏú v%˛ˆÏÓ î%á≈›˛òyÎ˚ ≤Ãyí £yÓ˚yÎ˚– ~ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !ì˛ò ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚£z ÓÎ˚¢ 14 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ò#ˆÏâ˛– òyÑ˛ xyÓ˚ õ%Ö î%ˆÏ›˛y£z ÎÖò ãˆÏú ¶˛Ó˚!ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ Óyì˛y¢ ë%˛Ñ˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ì˛Öò£z ˆ¢ xK˛yò
£ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ö%˛¢ö%˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óyì˛y¢È›%˛Ñ%˛Á ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚# £ˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚Á v%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚– v%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÓyÓ˚ õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛ Ö%Ó£z
¶˛Î˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ÎÖò £yì˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy Ü%!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó§yâ˛ÓyÓ˚ úv˛¸y£z â˛yúyˆÏFäÈñ £yÓ%v%˛Ó% ÖyˆÏFäÈÈñ ˆâ§˛!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ v˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛Öò
ì˛yÓ˚ òyÑ˛ÈÙÈõ%Ö ì˛ì˛£z ãˆÏú ˆÓyG˛y£z £ˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ xyÓ˚ ãú Ÿªy¢òy!úˆÏì˛Á ë%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚– ãˆÏú ˆv˛yÓy õyò%°Ï
î%È ÈÙÈ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ÿªy¢Ñ˛ˆÏT˛ ˆ¶˛yˆÏÜ–
1V ãú Ÿªy¢˛ôˆÏÌ â˛ˆÏú ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ÿªy¢Ñ˛ˆÏT˛ ˆ¶˛yˆÏÜ–
2V ÜúyÓ˚ ˆ˛ô!üÓ˚ !Ö•â%˛!òˆÏì˛ Ÿªy¢˛ôÌ ¢ÇÑ%˛!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ Ÿªy¢Ñ˛ˆÏT˛ ˆ¶˛yˆÏÜ–
ãˆÏú !òõ!Iì˛ £ÁÎ˚yñ Ÿªy¢ˆÏÓ˚yï £ÁÎ˚y Á
õy!›˛Ó˚ ïˆÏ¢ â˛y˛ôy ˛ôv˛¸yñ ö%˛¢ö%˛ˆÏ¢ x!:ˆÏãò ˆë˛yÑ˛y
¢¡ô)í≈ Órï £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú Ÿªy¢ˆÏÓ˚yï
xÓfiÌy Óy xƒy¢!ö˛Ñ˛!¢Î˚y– ~ˆÏì˛ Ö%Ó£z ì˛yv˛¸yì˛y!v˛¸
S2 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 3 !õ!òˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ£zV x!hs˛õ xÓfiÌy ˆîÖy
ˆîÎ˚– ö%˛¢ö%˛ˆÏ¢ Üƒy¢ !Ó!òõÎ˚ Órï £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚
îÓ˚%ò õ!hfl˛ˆÏ‹ÒÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yüÜ%!úˆÏì˛ x!:ˆÏãò ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈyˆÏòy
ˆÌˆÏõ ÎyÎ˚ñ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚ x!:ˆÏãò «%˛ïy Á õyò%°Ï K˛yò
£yÓ˚yÎ˚– ö˛ˆÏú x!:ˆÏãˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆíÏ ˆÌˆÏõ
ÎyÎ˚ £,Í!˛ôˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã ~ÓÇ £,Í!˛ôˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã Órï
£ˆÏú õ!hfl˛ÏˆÏ‹Ò x!:ˆÏãò ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈyˆÏòy ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚ òy–
ì˛y£z 2ÈÙÈ3 !õ!ò›˛ ˛ôÓ˚ ~õò xÓfiÌy â˛úˆÏú õ!hfl˛Ïˆ‹Ï ÒÓ˚
ˆÑ˛yüÜ%!ú xˆÏÑ˛ˆÏãy Óy õ,ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚
!Ñ˛ä%È«˛í ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ õ!hfl˛ˆÏ‹ÒÓ˚ õ,ì˛% ƒ £ÁÎ˚yÎ˚ õyò%ˆ°Ï ÓÏ ˚ õ,ì˛% ƒ
£Î˚–
v%˛Óhs˛ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ãú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛úÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì ÉÈ
1V ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˆúyÑ˛/!üü%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ú«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Îy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~õò !Ñ˛ä%È ~Ñ˛›˛y xÓú¡∫ò
ä%ÈˆvÏ ˛¸ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆÎõò Ó§yüñ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ v˛yúñ ï%!ì˛ñ üy!v˛¸ñ ˆì˛yÎ˚yˆÏúñ ãyõyÑ˛y˛ôv˛¸ Îy £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–
2V ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~õò !ã!ò¢Á !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú £ˆÏÓ– ›˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !›˛v˛zÓñ ≤’y!fi›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ˆÖúòy £zì˛ƒy!î–
3V ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏú ˆòÔÑ˛yñ úy£zö˛ ãƒyˆÏÑ˛›˛ Óy ú¡∫y î!v˛¸ ö§˛y¢ !Ü§›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ä%ÈˆÏv˛¸ õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
£yˆÏì˛ ö˛y§¢ !Ü§›˛ xy›˛Ñ˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú ˆì˛y xyÓ˚Á ¢%!Óïy–
4V Ñ˛ÖòÁ ¢§yì˛yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ v%˛Óhs˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ÎyÁÎ˚y !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛– Ó§yâ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆ¢ ì˛Öò ã!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚
Ó§yâ˛ˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú î%ãˆÏòÓ˚£z ≤Ãyí¢ÇüÎ˚ £ˆÏÓ–
5V Î!î v%˛Óhs˛ õyò%°Ï!›˛ !üü% Óy £yúÑ˛y ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ £Î˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú ¢§yì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆ¢
ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ !â˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ü%£zˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ â%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õ%!‡˛/ãyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛úyÓ˚ ü=˛ õ%!‡˛ˆÏì˛
ïˆÏÓ˚ ¢§yì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢§yì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãˆÏú ¶˛y!¢ˆÏÎ˚ v˛yàyÎ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢Ó¢õÎ˚£z ¶˛yˆÏúy £Î˚ Î!î
î%ÈÙÈ!ì˛òãò !õˆÏú G§˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ v%˛Óhs˛ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ v˛zÂïyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛Í«˛íyÍ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛
≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
6V ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãú ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ òT˛ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ õ%Ö úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚
Ÿªy¢≤ÃŸªy¢ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ Ñ˛yã!›˛ !ò!î≈T˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– xyï á^˘›˛y ÓyˆÏîÁ ≤Ãyí
!ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ ò!ãÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ xˆÏòÑ˛–
7V Ñ,˛!eõ Ÿªy¢≤ÃŸªy¢ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚# Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ î%î≈üy@˘ÃˆÏhfl˛Ó˚ â˛y˛ôy ãyõyÑ˛y˛ôv˛¸ £yúÑ˛y
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £Î˚– Ñ,˛!eõ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ Ÿªy¢≤ÃŸªy¢ Á £,Í!˛ôˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛Î˚y ¢â˛ú ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ñ˛yã â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
Îì˛«˛Ïí òy ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ xÓfiÌy fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ £ˆÏFäÈ–
8V ˆÓ˚yÜ#ˆÏÑ˛ Üy!v˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛Ó˚ ãòƒÁ !ÓÓ˚!ì˛ òy !îˆÏÎ˚
!ÓÓ˚yõ£#ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ~£z î%£z ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ÓïyòÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y É
ÎyÓ˚ Ÿªy¢ Órï £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ xyÎ˚% 3 !õ!ò›˛ñ Îy Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ì˛yv˛¸yì˛y!v˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
1V Î!î ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚ v%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÁÎ˚y ˆúyÑ˛!›˛ˆÏÑ˛/!üü%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ãú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ£z Î!î ãˆÏúÓ˚
Ü¶˛#Ó˚ì˛y î§yv˛¸yÓyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y £Î˚ ì˛y£ˆÏú ì˛Öò£z Á£z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ õ%ˆÏÖ õ%Ö !îˆÏÎ˚ Ÿªy¢ !îˆÏì˛ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ È˛ôyì˛yÈÙÈõÎ˚úy £zì˛ƒy!î ˆÓÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ã#Ó›˛y v˛zúˆÏ›˛ ˆÜˆÏú ˆ¢yãy
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S9V òy!v˛¸Ó˚ fl˛ô®ò òy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÜˆÏúñ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £,Í!˛ô[˛
õy!úü Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S10V ˆÓ˚yÜ#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛˛ôyˆÏü ¢%!ÓïyõˆÏì˛y v˛yòÈ˛ôyˆÏü
Óy Ó§y˛ôyˆÏü ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ xyÑ˛yˆÏhs˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ £§y›%˛ ˆÜˆÏv˛¸ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S11V Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ö§yâ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˛ô§yãÓ˚î!% ›˛ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò ˆÎÖyˆÏò ~ˆÏ¢
!õˆÏüˆÏäÈñ ì˛yÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈxyà%ú ò#ˆÏâ˛ñ Ó«˛ÈÙÈx!fiÌÓ˚ SSternumV v˛z˛ôÓ˚ñ
õïƒˆÏÓ˚Öy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú%Ó˚ ü=˛ ãyÎ˚Üy›˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
xòƒ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú% ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ§˛yï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚úˆÏÓ˚ÖyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ v˛zÕ‘¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ î,ë˛¸¶˛yˆÏÓ
â˛y˛ô !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓñ ÎyˆÏì˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ £z!M˛Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y ˛ô§yãÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏ˛ô
ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !õ!òˆÏ›˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 80 ÓyÓ˚ â˛y˛ô ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ~õò äÈˆÏ® ~£z Ñ˛y!v≈˛Î˚yÑ˛ õy¢yã
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ xhs˛ì˛ ôˆÏòˆÏÓy˚ ÓyÓ˚– Î!î ~£z !¢!˛ôxyÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ãyòy ~Ñ˛ãò£z ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛
!â˛!Ñ˛Í¢Ñ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ,˛!eõ ≤ÃŸªy¢ Á £,î‰ÎˆÏs˛f õy¢yãÈ 2ı30 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ– Îì˛«˛í ˛ôÎ≈hs ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢Ñ˛ òy ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ xÌÓy õyò%°Ï!›˛Ó˚ K˛yò òy !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ¢ñ ~£z ˛ôÂï!ì˛ â˛yú% Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢¡±!ì˛ ÚxyˆÏõ!Ó˚Ñ˛yò £y›≈˛ xƒyˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÏÎ˚üò Á £zò›˛yÓ˚òƒyüòyú !ú§Î˚y¢ Ñ˛!õ!›˛
xò !Ó˚¢y!¢ˆÏ›˛üòÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚ü xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyâ˛õÑ˛y K˛yò £yÓ˚yˆÏì˛
ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ì§˛yÓ˚ £,Ífl˛ô®ò Órï £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ü%ï%õye Ñ˛y!v≈˛Î˚yÑ˛ õy¢yã xÌ≈yÍÈÙÙÈ
ABC SAirway Breathing CirculationV

A- ~Î˚yÓ˚ ÁˆÏÎ˚ ÉÈ Ÿªy¢òy!ú ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
BÈÙÈ ≤ÃŸªy¢ É õ%ˆÏÖÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ õ%Ö úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òÉŸªy¢ÈÙÈ≤ÃŸªy¢ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
CÈÙÈ ¢yÑ≈%˛ˆÏúüò É Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ £ˆÏú ì˛y Órï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ˛È–
È ~£z ˛ôÂï!ì˛ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Îì˛«˛í òy !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢Ñ˛ v˛z˛ô!fiÌì˛ £ò Óy ˆÓ˚yÜ#Ó˚ K˛yò !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ !¢ ~ !Ó SCirculation Airway - BreathingVÈÙÙÙÈ~£z ïyˆÏ˛ô !¢ !¢ xyÓ˚ Óy Cardio Cereöbra
Cerebral Resuscitation Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óúy £ˆÏFäÈ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe K˛yò £yÓ˚yÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í £,î‰ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ Órï £ÁÎ˚y ïÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚í xyâ˛õÑ˛y £,î‰ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ fl˛ô®ò Órï £ˆÏúñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢ÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyˆÏÜ £,î‰Îs˛f â˛yú% Ñ˛Ó˚y ãÓ˚%!Ó˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ
!üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ÿªy¢òy!úˆÏì˛ ÖyÓyÓ˚ xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜˆÏú Óy ãˆÏú v%˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜˆÏú ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí £,î‰Îs˛f Órï
£Î˚ òy– ì˛y£z ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ÿªy¢≤ÃŸªy¢Á â˛yú% Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ãˆÏú ˆv˛yÓy Óy ~õò ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎÖò ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚í
Ÿªy¢ì˛s˛fñ ì˛Öò ü%ï% Ñ˛y!v≈˛Î˚yÑ˛ õƒy¢yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú â˛úˆÏÓ òy– ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ 2ı30 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y Á £,î‰ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚
äÈ® ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óúy £ˆÏFäÈñ xyÓ˚ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 1ı30 xò%˛ôyˆÏì˛ Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y Á £,î‰!Ñ˛Î˚yÈÙÈäÈ® ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
Óúy £ˆÏFäÈ–
1– ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚yÈ É
SaV ä%È!Ó˚Ó˚ xyáyˆÏì˛ ÈÙÙÈ SÑ˛ì≈˛òã!òì˛/!ÓÂï/Ì§ƒyì˛úyˆÏòy/!õ◊V «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚–
SbV !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ ¢y˛ô £ˆÏúy ÈÙÙÈ SˆÜyÖˆÏÓ˚y/ xãÜÓ˚/ ˆÓˆÏú¢y˛ô/ î§yv˛¸yüV–
ScV ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ÖyÓyÓ˚ òÎ˚ ÈÙÙÈ S£z§î%Ó˚/ ÓƒyÇ/ õyäÈ/ ÜyˆÏäÈÓ˚ ö˛úV–
SaV ˆÑ˛v˛zˆÏ›˛¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ òyõ_____________ –
SbV ¢y˛ô ü∑ ü%òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÎ˚ _____________ ñ Ñ˛¡ôò xò%¶˛Ó Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ScV «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú _____________ ˛ôyì˛ £Î˚–
SdV Ñ˛yúyˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !ÓK˛yò¢¡øì˛ òyõ _____________ –
SeV «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó˛ôî _____________ Á Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛–
SfV !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí õyÇ¢ˆÏ˛ô!üñ cÑ˛¢£ Ó˚=˛Óy£# òy!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ !äÈß¨ £Î˚ ì˛Öò£z _____________
¢,!T˛ £Î˚–
SgV ˆ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ñ˛ Óy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢%â˛yˆÏúy xˆÏfl˛fÓ˚ myÓ˚y _____________ «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚–
ShV __________ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ Ó˚=˛ Órï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ Á __________ â˛yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ–
SiV «˛ì˛fiÌyˆÏò ÎˆÏÌT˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏí ì%˛ˆÏúy !îˆÏÎ˚ _____________ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SjV _____________ Üã !îˆÏÎ˚ «˛ì˛fiÌyò!›˛ xyFäÈy!îì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3– î%ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛ Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ v˛z_Ó˚ îyÁ É
SaV ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÓ˚ ¢ÇK˛y îyÁ–
SbV «˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¢ÇK˛y îyÁ–
ScV Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú⁄
SdV î%!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ Á !ò!Ó≈°Ï ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ òyõ ˆúˆÏÖy–
SeV !Ó°Ï£#ò ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ú«˛í ˆúˆÏÖy–
SfV ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ !Ó°Ï Ñ˛Î˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Á Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄
SgV ¢y˛ô õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Órï% òy üe%⁄
ShV Ñ,˛!eõ Ÿªy¢Ï!Ñ˛Î˚y Ñ˛#⁄
SiV !õ◊ «˛ì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú⁄
SjV Ñ˛y!v≈˛Î˚yÑ˛ õƒy¢yã Ñ˛#⁄
SkV £,Í!˛ôˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã ÓˆÏrïÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ v˛z˛ô¢Ü≈Ü%!ú Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄
4– Ó˚â˛òyïõ≈# ≤ÃŸ¿ É
SaV «˛ì˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yÓ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚⁄ «˛ì˛ Ñ˛Î˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Á Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄
SbV xyáyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛ Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô ˆúˆÏÖy–
ScV Ó˚=˛˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ÓïyòÜ%!ú ˆúˆÏÖy–
SdV òyÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ áˆÏ›˛⁄ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò ˆúˆÏÖy–
SeV ¢yˆÏ˛ô Ñ˛yõv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SfV !Ó°ÏïÓ˚ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛yõˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ú«˛íÜ%!ú ˆúˆÏÖy–
SgV ãˆÏú ˆv˛yÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!ÓïyòÜ%!ú Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄
ShV ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ì%˛!õ Îy ãyˆÏòy ˆúˆÏÖy–
SiV v%˛Óhs˛ õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ãú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ü%!ú xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SjV Ñ˛# Ñ˛# Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí £,Í!˛ôˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã Órï £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y ˆúˆÏÖy–
SkV £,Í!˛ôˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !Ñ˛Î˚yü#úì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ü%!ú ÓƒyÖƒy¢£ Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SlV Airway Breathway Circulation Ñ˛#⁄
5– SaV ≤ÃÑ˛“ É
ïõ!òÓ˚ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ !üÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛ ˜Ñ˛!üˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ó˚=˛˛ôyì˛
Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ Ó˚Ç
Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓy£
≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ !îÑ˛
Ó˚=˛ñ ì˛M˛ò
SbV ¢y˛ô !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ xK˛ì˛y î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ì%˛!õ Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛“ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ScV ¢y˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛!ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SdV £,î‰Îs˛fñ ö%˛¢ö%˛¢ Á õ!hfl˛ˆÏ‹ÒÓ˚ !Ñ˛Î˚yü#úì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ü%!ú äÈ!Ó¢£ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ˛ôyfi›˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ
ˆîÖyÁ–
SeV ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ Ë°Ïï¢£ Óy: ≤Ãhfl$˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SfV !ü«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚˛ ì˛yõyÑ˛ãyì˛ oÓƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ xïƒyÎ˚
!Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!ÓúyÓ˚
!ü«˛y
4.1.1 á)!í≈G˛v˛¸
á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓïπÇ¢# G˛v˛¸ Óy ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚– Ñ˛yhs #Î˚ ~ÓÇ òy!ì˛ü#ˆÏì˛y°÷Ï xM˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z°÷ ¢õ%ˆÏoÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Óyì˛y¢ ≤Ãâ˛[˛ v˛z_yˆÏ˛ô £yúÑ˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòyÈÙÈÑ˛ÖˆÏòy x!ì˛ o%ì˛Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ÎyÎ˚– ö˛ˆÏú ˆ¢£z
ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÓú ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ !ò¡¨â˛y˛ôˆÏÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚– ì˛Öò ˆ¢£z !ò¡¨â˛y˛ôˆÏÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ â˛yÓ˚˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚% ˆ¢£z
ãyÎ˚Üy ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ãâ˛[˛ Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Sá^˘›˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 50 !Ñ˛!õV ä%ÈˆÏ›˛ xyˆÏ¢– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ü!=˛üyú# ˆÑ˛wõ%Ö#ñ
|ïπ≈Üyõ# ˆÎ ≤ÃÓú ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓy£ Óy G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ÓˆÏú–
á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ≤Ã!ì˛ á^˘›˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 50 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 180 !Ñ˛!õ Óy ì˛yÓ˚Á ˆÓ!ü
Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓˆÏÜ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– á)í≈yÓì≈˛ ˆÎ xM˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
!îˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!£ì˛ £Î˚ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Óyì˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ ≤ÃÓú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ¢ƒyˆÏ›˛úy£z›˛
Óy Ñ,˛!eõ v˛z˛ô@˘ÃˆÏ£Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~Ó˚ Ü!ì˛≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Á ˆÑ˛yò ˛ôˆÏÌ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ
ì˛y ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚– á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ˆÎ ˛ôˆÏÌ ÎyˆÏÓ ÓˆÏú xy®yã Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆ¢£zõˆÏì˛y
¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y Á ˆúyÑ˛ãòˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Óúy £Î˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
Ñ˛Öò ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ xyäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ ì˛y !ÓˆÏü°Ï xM˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˆúyˆÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ õye
Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ á^˘›˛y xyˆÏÜ£z Óúy ÎyÎ˚–
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ á)!í≈G˛v˛¸≤ÃÓí ~úyÑ˛y É v˛z˛ôÑ)˛úÓì˛#≈ xM˛ˆÏú á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÑ˛y˛ô ˆÓ!ü ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚– ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
¢õˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆÎ¢õhfl˛ xM˛ˆÏú á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ xyáyì˛ £yòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ì˛y!úÑ˛y!›˛
!ò¡¨Ó˚)˛ôÈÙÙÙÈ
S1V ãyò%Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õyâ≈˛ õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Î!îÁ ÓˆÏAÜy˛ô¢yÜˆÏÓ˚ á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Ñ˛õ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Ó%Á õyˆÏG˛
õˆÏïƒ ì˛y!õúòyv˛Y ~ÓÇ ◊#úAÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÑ)˛ˆÏú ~£z ¢õÎ˚ á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ˆîÖy !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
S2V ~!≤Ãú Á ˆõ õyˆÏ¢ xyÓ˚yÑ˛yò v˛z˛ôÑ)˛úñ xrïñ Á!v˛¸üyñ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÑ)˛úÓì˛#≈
xM˛ˆÏú á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ xyäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
S3V ã%òÈÙÈˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢ ˆõÔ¢%!õ G˛v˛¸ xrïñ Á!v˛¸üyñ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏAÜÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÑ)˛ˆÏú Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ «˛!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
˛ô)Ó≈ÈÙÈõïƒ xyÓ˚Ó¢yÜˆÏÓ˚ ã%ò õyˆÏ¢ á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ¢,!T˛ £Î˚–
S4V xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ÈÙÈ!v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ õyˆÏ¢ ì˛y!õúòyv˛Yñ xrïñ Á!v˛¸üyñ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîü v˛z˛ôÑ)˛ˆÏú á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚
¢Ω˛yÓòy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
~äÈyv˛¸yÁ á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÑ)˛ú¶)˛!õˆÏì˛ ≤ÃÓú ãˆÏúyFä¥Èy¢ ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚– ãˆÏúyFä¥ÈyˆÏ¢Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y
á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ì˛#Óì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ò¶≈˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ã!òì˛ ãˆÏúyFä¥Èy¢≤ÃÓí v˛z˛ôÑ)˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ô!ÿ˛õ
v˛z˛ôÑ)˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãˆÏúyFä¥È y¢ ˛ô)Ó≈ v˛z˛ôÑ)˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãˆÏúyFä¥ÈyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ì%˛úòyÎ˚ Ñ˛õ !Ó˛ôî¢ÇÑ%˛ú–
4.1.2 á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ É
S1V áÓ˚Óy!v˛¸ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõyÓ˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ì˛ É ≤ÃÓú G˛ˆÏv˛¸ £yúÑ˛y â˛yúÎ%=˛ áÓ˚Óy!v˛¸ Á ¶˛AÜ%Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy
«˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛ £Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚# Ó,!T˛ñ Óòƒy ~ÓÇ v˛z˛ôÑ)˛ú xM˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z_yú ˆë˛v˛zÈÙÈ~ «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛ £Î˚
˛ôyŸª≈Óì˛#≈ ~úyÑ˛y–
S2V ≤Ãyí£y!òÓ˚ á›˛òy Á ãòfl˛∫yfiÌƒ É G˛ˆÏv˛¸ ˆ¶˛ˆÏàÈÙÈÎyÁÎ˚y
Óy!v˛¸ÈáÓ˚ Á Óhfl$˛Ó˚ xyáyˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ ÓòƒyÓ˚ ãˆÏú ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚
≤Ãyí£y!ò £Î˚– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y Óòƒy≤’y!Óì˛ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚y Á v˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚
õˆÏì˛y ˆÓ˚yÜ äÈv˛¸yÎ˚ Îy õ£yõy!Ó˚Ó˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
S3V ˛ôyò#Î˚ ãú ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ É ¶)˛Ü¶≈˛fiÌ ãú Á òúÓy!£ì˛ ãú
v˛z¶˛Î˚£z ÓòƒyÓ˚ ãˆÏú î)!°Ïì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ö˛ˆÏú «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚
!Óü%Âï ˛ôyò#Î˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ x¶˛yÓ ˆîÖy ˆîÎ˚–
S4V üˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ «˛!ì˛ Á Öyîƒ ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ É ˛≤ÃÓú G˛Ïv˛¸ Á Ó,!T˛Ó˚ ãú ãˆÏõ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ö˛¢ú Á õã%ì˛ üˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ «˛!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ãˆÏúyFä¥ÈyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢õ%ˆÏoÓ˚ ˆòyòy ãú â˛yˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã!õˆÏì˛ ë%˛ˆÏÑ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ã!õ xò%Ó≈Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆì˛yˆÏú– ÓòƒyÓ˚ ãˆÏú v%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ÖyîƒÈ ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ Órï £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
S5V ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ «˛!ì˛ É ≤ÃÓú G˛Ïv˛¸ !Óî%ƒˆÏì˛Ó˚ Á ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ›˛yÁÎ˚yÓ˚ñ !Óî%ƒÍ Á
ˆ›˛!úˆÏö˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ö§%!›˛ñ ˆ›˛!úˆÏö˛yò úy£zòñ xƒyˆÏr›˛òyñ ¢ƒyˆÏ›˛úy£z›˛ !v˛¢ ~ÓÇ ¢¡±â˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà
ì˛äÈòäÈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚yhfl˛y Á ˆ›˛ΔˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ !Ó!FäÈß¨ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£z á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ xyÑ˛yhs˛ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ eyí
ˆ˛ôÔ§ˆÏäÈyˆÏì˛ x¢%!Óïy £Î˚–
á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ Ñ˛õyˆÏòyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô É
S1V Ó,«˛ˆÏÓ˚y˛ôí É á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ì˛#Óì˛y Ñ˛õyˆÏì˛ î,ë˛¸õ)ú áòÈ¢!ß¨!ÓT˛ Ó,«˛ˆÏÓ˚y˛ôí ¶˛#°Ïí ãÓ˚%!Ó˚– v˛z˛ôÑ)˛ú
xM˛ˆÏú ÜyäÈ úyÜyˆÏòy S!ÓK˛yò!¶˛!_Ñ˛ v˛z˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôÑ)˛úˆÏÓ˚Öy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y ~£z ¢y!Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÜyäÈ
úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó%ãyÎ˚ò á›˛yˆÏòyVÈÙÈÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyey Óy ≤Ã¶˛yÓ Ñ˛õyˆÏòy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
S2V xyÜyõ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y É ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yò ¢õˆÏÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò xM˛ˆÏú á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy xyˆÏäÈ ì˛y
á)!í≈G˛v˛¸≤ÃÓí ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚˚ õyò!â˛e ~ÓÇ xì˛#ˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyÓ£yÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ò!Ìñ !ÓÜì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚Ü%!úˆÏì˛ Óyì˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓˆÏÜÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢ÇÖƒyò £zì˛ƒy!î ì˛ˆÏÌƒÓ˚ myÓ˚y á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ïÓ˚òñ «˛Î˚«˛!ì˛Ó˚ ì˛#Óì˛y Á Óƒy˛ôÑ˛ì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈
xyÜyõ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚– ~äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ£yÁÎ˚y ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ ò!Ìñ ÎyˆÏì˛ £yÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ Á !îÑ‰˛!òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛Ó˚y ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛y
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xM˛ˆÏú G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚– ö˛ˆÏú xˆÏòÑ˛!îò xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ xy¢yÓ˚ xyÜyõ
˛ô)Óy≈¶˛y¢ xyÓ£yÁÎ˚y îö˛ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ó ˆ¢£zõˆÏì˛y ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú «˛Î˚«˛!ì˛ñ ã#Óò£y!òÓ˚ á›˛òy
Ñ˛õ áˆÏ›˛–
S3V !ò!î≈T˛ ò#!ì˛ É ã!õÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏíÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ò!î≈T˛ ò#!ì˛ ÌyÑ˛y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!”˛Ç ˆÑ˛yv˛
ÎyˆÏì˛ !‡˛Ñ˛‡˛yÑ˛ õyòy £Î˚ ì˛y !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– !Ó˛ôî¢ÇÑ%˛ú ~úyÑ˛yÜ%!úˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ˛ôyÑ≈˛ñ â˛yÓ˚í¶)˛!õñ
ˆÖúyÓ˚ õy‡˛ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖy v˛z!â˛ì˛– !òõ≈yí Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ fiÌy˛ôì˛ƒ!ÓîƒyÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˆòÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛–
4.1.3 á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ˆõyÑ˛y!ÓúyÎ˚ äÈyeäÈye# Á ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y É
ì,˛íõ)úhfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ @˘ÃyˆÏõÓ˚ Î%ÓˆÏÜy¤˛#ñ !ü«˛Ñ˛ñ äÈyeäÈye# Á ãò≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!ÓúyÓ˚
ãòƒ ˆÜy¤˛# Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ x!ïÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%!Óïy xò%ÎyÎ˚# ˛ô§yâ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ îüãò ¢!Ñ˛Î˚
¢î¢ƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ÈÙÈ È~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢!Ñ˛Î˚ ˆÜy¤˛# Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– äÈyeÈäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ xò%ÎyÎ˚# ~£z ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#ˆÏì˛
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ îy!Î˚c Á Ñ˛ì≈˛Óƒ Ó^˘›˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈Óì≈˛# ¢õÎ˚ñ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Á !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ
¢%¢Ç£ì˛ î%ˆÏÎy≈Ü !òÎ˚s˛fí ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy ≤Ãhfl$˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛ 9!›˛ ¢!Ñ˛Î˚ ˆÜy¤˛# Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆÜy¤˛#Ü%!ú
£ˆÏúyÈÙÙÙÈ
S1V î%ˆÏÎy≈ˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛#Ñ˛Ó˚í ˆÜy¤˛#
S2V !Ó˛ôÎ≈hfl˛Ï ~úyÑ˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyòy Á v˛zÂïyÓ˚Ñ˛yÎ≈ ¢¡ôyîò ˆÜy¤˛#
S3V ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ü%◊)°Ïy Á !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ˆÜy¤˛#
S4V ãú Á ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛#
S5V õ,ì˛ˆÏî£ ¢ÍÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜy¤˛#
S6V ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈îyì˛y ˆÜy¤˛#
S7ÈV «˛Î˚«˛!ì˛ õ)úƒyÎ˚ò ˆÜy¤˛#
S8V eyí Á ¢õß∫Î˚ ˆÜy¤˛#
S9V xy◊Î˚fiÌú ÓƒÓfiÌy˛ôòy ˆÜy¤˛#
4.1.4 á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ xÓú¡∫ò É
Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ É
¢Ó≈ˆÏü°Ï xyÓ£yÁÎ˚y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y Á ˛ôÓ˚yõˆÏü≈Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆÓ˚!v˛ˆÏÎ˚y/!›˛!¶˛Ó˚ ì˛Ìƒ ãyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Á xòƒˆÏîÓ˚
ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ !òÎ˚!õì˛ ÖÓÓ˚ ü%òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛yõ)úÑ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ òãÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 !üü%ñ õ!£úyñ Ó,Âï Á x¢%fiÌ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ôî fiÌyˆÏò ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ãÓ˚%!Ó˚Ñ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Oyõ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ÎyˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ˆ˛ôyˆÏ›≈˛Óú ›˛Δyò!ãfi›˛Ó˚/ˆÓ˚!v˛ˆÏÎ˚yˆÏ¢›˛ñ
Óƒy›˛y!Ó˚ñ ›˛â≈˛ñ x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ Óƒy›˛y!Ó˚ñ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛òñ ö˛yfi›˛≈ ~£zv˛ Ó:ñ ü%Ñ˛ˆÏòy ÖyÓyÓ˚ñ ˛ôyò#Î˚ ãú Á xòƒyòƒ
ò)ƒòì˛õ xì˛ƒyÓüƒÑ˛ ¢yõ@˘Ã#–
 ãÓ˚%!Ó˚Ñ˛yú#ò !Ñ˛ä%È ˆö˛yò ò¡∫Ó˚ S˛ô%!úüÈÙÈ≤Ãüy¢òñ £y¢˛ôyì˛yúñ fiÌyò#Î˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢Ñ˛ñ ãò ≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï
£zì˛ƒy!îV £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ≤’y!fi›˛Ñ˛ !ü›˛ñ ≤’y!fi›˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ î!v˛¸ñ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ !›˛v˛zÓñ ÁÎ˚y›˛yÓ˚≤Ã%ö˛ ÓƒyÜ
£zì˛ƒy!î– ~Ü%ˆÏúy ¢ÇÑ˛›˛ãòÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã úyÜˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
 Öyîƒü¢ƒ/Ñ,˛!°Ïãyì˛ ¢yõ@˘Ã# !òÓ˚y˛ôî ≤’y!fi›˛Ñ˛ ÓƒyˆÏÜ õã%ì˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 Ñ yˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ãyòyúy Órï Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Á üy›˛yÓ˚ òy!õˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆÎÖyˆÏò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò
îÓ˚ãyÈÙÈãyòyúy ˆõÓ˚yõì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 xy◊Î˚ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢y£zˆÏÑœ˛yò ˆüú›˛yÓ˚ Á !òÓ˚y˛ôî Óy!v˛¸ ˆîˆÏÖ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ Ñ˛ì,≈˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈
ˆ˛ôˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢y£zˆÏÑœ˛yò ˆüú›˛yˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏú ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛£ˆÏÓ– ÎyÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ !Ñ˛hs$˛ òÜî ›˛yÑ˛yñ
õ)úƒÓyò ¢yõ@˘Ã#ñ Ñ˛yÜã˛ôe Á ãÓ˚%!Ó˚Ñ˛yú#ò ¢Ó˚Oyõ !òˆÏì˛ õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Îì˛!îò ≤Ãüy¢ò
¢y£zˆÏÑœ˛yò ˆüú›˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ ÓúˆÏÓ ì˛ì˛!îò ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ÌyÑ˛y£z ÓyN˛ò#Î˚–
 Ó˚yßÿÓ˚ Üƒy¢ !úÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ˆîˆÏÖ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ !Óî%ƒÍ ¢ÇˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆõ£zò ¢%£zâ˛ Órï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈ˆÏì˛ !Óî%ƒÍfl˛ô,T˛ì˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yâ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÁÎ˚y !Óî%ƒˆÏì˛Ó˚ úy£zòñ ˆ˛ôyú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
G%˛ˆÏú ÌyÑ˛y ì˛yÓ˚ñ «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛ !Óãñ !Ó!”˛Ç Á ÜyäÈ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆÎõò 2013 ¢yˆÏú
12 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ö˛y£z!úò G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈≤Ãhfl%˛!ì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Á!v˛¸üy Á ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓˆÏAÜÓ˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü
ˆÓ˚yï Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú–
Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy É
S1˛V xÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí xyì˛AÑ˛@˘Ãhfl˛ £ˆÏÓ òy Óy Ü%ãÓ äÈv˛¸yˆÏÓ òy–
S2V ãúˆÏfl˛Àyì˛ Óy òî#Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÎyˆÏÓ òyñ !Ó˛ôî £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
S3V á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ v˛zâ§%˛ ÜyäÈñ Óy!v˛¸ñ úy£z›˛ ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚
ò#ˆÏâ˛ î§yv˛¸yˆÏÓ òy–
S4V ÜÓy!î˛ôü%Ó˚ õ,ì˛ˆÏî£ ˆÎÖyˆÏòÈÙÈˆ¢ÖyˆÏò !òˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy–
S5V ÜyäÈ Ñ˛y›˛y Óy ãAÜú ïπÇ¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
S6V v˛z˛ôÑ)˛ú xM˛ˆÏú G%§˛!Ñ˛˛ô)í≈ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ Óy!v˛¸ !òõ≈yí Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy ~ÓÇ ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ !òÎ˚õˆÏÑ˛
õyòƒì˛y !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
4.1.5 !üü%ˆîÏ Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÎÏ ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ É
!Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚ ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!ü !Ó˛ôß¨ £Î˚ !üü%Ó˚y– ~£z¢õÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓˆÏv˛¸yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ áÓ˚äÈyv˛¸y £ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÓú
≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆâ˛òy ãÜÍ›˛y £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏäÈ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚ !üü%Ó˚y ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÓ!ü õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y˛ô%!Ó˚ ˛ôyÎ˚ òyñ ã#ÓòÎy˛ôˆÏòÓ˚ xòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚
¢%!ÓïyÁ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyÜyˆÏúÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ òy– ~äÈyv˛¸y ~£z¢õÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ãÜÍ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á !Ó!FäÈß¨ £ˆÏÎ˚
˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ ö˛ˆÏú ¢õÓÎ˚!¢ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÏÎƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á Ó!M˛ì˛ £Î˚–
4.1.6 !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÎÏ ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ É
1– !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Î!î ÚG§%˛!Ñ˛¢¡ôß¨Û £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ !üü%Ó˚y xyÓ˚Á ˆÓ!ü !Ó˛ôß¨ £Î˚– !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
!Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ £ˆÏúñ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ¢Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü ≤Ãyí £yÓ˚yÎ˚–
2– !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢yõ!Î˚Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ fiÌyò#Î˚ ¢õhfl˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆ¶˛ˆÏà ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yãÑ˛õ≈
Órï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ˛ôv˛YÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆúÖy˛ôv˛¸y ¶˛#°Ïí¶˛yˆÏÓ Óƒy£ì˛ £Î˚–
3– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ü«˛í ¢yõ@˘Ã# ïπÇ¢ Á «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛ £Î˚ñ ö˛ˆÏú !ü«˛yîyò ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÎ˚ úyˆÏÜ–
4– !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó˛ôî@˘Ãhfl˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛õye xy◊Î˚fiÌú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ñ
ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y !ü«˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!M˛ì˛ £Î˚–
5– xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôv˛Y¸Î˚yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛ãòñ ~õò!Ñ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓyÓyÈÙÈõyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚yÁ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyí
£yÓ˚yÎ˚– ö˛ˆÏú !üü%Ó˚y !òÓ˚y◊Î˚ ~ÓÇ xòyÌ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
6– !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ áy›˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ î%T˛ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛ Ñ˛õÓÎ˚!¢
äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
!òÓ˚y˛ôî !ÓîƒyúÎ˚
!ü«˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ xy£zˆÏò ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ôî xy◊Î˚ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy
Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
 !ÓîƒyúÎ˚!›˛ G§˛% !Ñ˛¢¡ôß¨ òÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ– ˆÎõòÈÈÙÙÙÈ ¶)˛!õÑ˛ˆÏ¡ô
¢£ˆÏã ¶˛yàˆÏÓ òy–
 !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ á›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~õò G§%˛!Ñ˛˛ô)í≈ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò– ˆÎõò ÈÙÙÙÈ Óòƒy≤ÃÓí ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚
v˛z§â%˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚!›˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
 !ÓîƒyúÎ˚!›˛Ó˚ ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ Á Ó˚yßÿáÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ !òÓ˚y˛ôî– ˆÎõò ÈÙÙÙÈ Ó˚yßÿáÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyÜ%ò úyÜyÓ˚
¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆò£z–
 ˛ôv˛YÎ˚yˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ Îyì˛yÎ˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ !Ó˛ôˆÏîÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ òy–
 !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛y¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛ôòy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ïyÓ˚íy xyˆÏäÈ–
4.1.7 !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÎÏ ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ
≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ î%ˆÏÎ≈yÜ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ñ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ !òÎ˚ˆÏõ ì˛y £Î˚ñ £ˆÏÓ– ≤Ã!ì˛ÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ î%ˆÏÎ≈yÜ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ á›˛yÎ˚ñ Ó£% !üü%
ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ xyÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢ òy– ~£z¢Ó !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ K˛yò
Á Ó%!ÂïÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜñ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõñ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ≤Ãhfl$˛!ì˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy !òˆÏÎ˚–
1– !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎÖò !ü«˛yÌ#≈ñ !ü«˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÑ˛õ≈#Ó˚y ~Ñ˛!›˛ x¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛
!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyáyì˛≤ÃyÆ £Î˚– ~£z !ÓîƒyúÎ˚!›˛ !òÿ˛Î˚£z !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ£z ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈú
xÌÓy ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ÎˆÏÌT˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy !òˆÏÎ˚ ~›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚!ò–
2– «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÑ%˛!â˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ¢õÎ˚ òT˛ £ˆÏú !ü«˛yÓ˚
Ü%íÜì˛ õyò ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– Î!î !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !ÓÑ˛“ ÓƒÓfiÌy òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ
!òÓ˚hs˛Ó˚ !ü«˛yÎ˚ ˆäÈî ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ xˆÏòÑ˛ äÈyeäÈye#£z ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#Ñ˛yˆÏú xyÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸y xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy Á
ˆü°Ï˛ôÎ≈hs˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ xy!àòy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
3– ~Ñ˛›˛y «˛!ì˛@˘Ãhfl˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ˆÎ ÖÓ˚â˛ £Î˚ñ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚
˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ÖÓ˚ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ì˛y xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü– x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ «˛!ì˛ £Î˚ñ
ì˛yˆÏì˛ Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ÖÓ˚â˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚y x˛ôyÓ˚Ü £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
4– !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ö˛úfl˛∫Ó˚)˛ô äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ xyì˛AÑ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ñ ì˛y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆö˛ˆÏú– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛Ó˚ !ü«˛y x!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ÓƒÓfiÌy xyˆÏÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏúñ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xyò® v˛z˛ôú!kï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ õyò!¢Ñ˛ ¢Óúì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
4.1.8 !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!ÓúyÓ˚ ¢õyïyò¢)e
1– !ü«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ~ÓÇ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚Ü,£ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
2– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛ôòyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy–
3– !ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ˚hs˛Ó˚ â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !ü«˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
4– !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôrÌyÈÙÈ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ˆüÖy ~ÓÇ ˆüÖyˆÏòy–
5– !ü«˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ xò%Ñ)˛ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúy–
SaV á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ~Ñ˛≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ _______________ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚–
SbV á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ á^˘›˛yÎ˚ ___________ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ___________ !Ñ˛!õ/á^˘›˛y ˆÓˆÏÜ â˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
ScV _______________ xM˛ˆÏú á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ˆÓ!ü ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–
SdV á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ì˛#Óì˛y Ñ˛õyˆÏì˛ _______________ !¶˛°Ïí ãÓ˚%!Ó˚–
SeV _______________ Á ˆõ õyˆÏ¢ xyÓ˚yÑ˛yò v˛z˛ôÑ)˛úñ xrïñ Á!v˛¸üyñ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜñ ÓyÇúyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÑ)˛úÓì≈˛# xM˛ˆÏú á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ xyäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸–
SfV á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ì˛#Óì˛y Ñ˛õyˆÏì˛ î,ë˛¸õ)ú áò¢!ß¨!ÓT˛ _______________ ¶˛#°Ïí ãÓ˚%!Ó˚–
SgV xyÓ£yÁÎ˚y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y Á ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ !üü%ñ õ!£úyñ Ó,Âï Á x¢%fiÌ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚
_______________ fiÌyˆÏò ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
2– ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚!›˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y É
SaV ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ î)ˆÏÎ≈yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¢)ˆÏeÓ˚ ì˛Ìƒ xò%¢Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SbV î)ˆÏÎ≈yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ü%ãˆÏÓ !ÓŸªy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
ScV xÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí xyì˛AÑ˛@˘Ãhfl˛ £ˆÏÓ òy Óy Ü%ãÓ äÈv˛¸yˆÏÓ òy–
SdV á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ v˛z§â%˛ ÜyäÈñ Óy!v˛¸ñ úy£z›˛ ˆ˛ôyfi›˛ñ £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ î§yv˛¸yˆÏÓ–
SeV G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˛ô)Ó≈≤Ãhfl$˛!ì˛ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ì˛ xˆÏòÑ˛yÇˆÏü ˆÓ˚yï Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
SfV !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ áy›˛!ì˛Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ !òˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ î%T˛ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆúyÑ˛ Ñ˛õÓÎ˚!¢
äÈyeÈäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛ôˆÏÌ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
SgV !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy !ü«˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ~ÓÇ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚Ü,£ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
3– ¢ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛ô v˛z_Ó˚ îyÁ ÉÈ
SaV á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚⁄
SbV á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y ˆòÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛⁄
ScV á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ Ñ˛õyˆÏì˛ â˛yÓ˚!›˛ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SdV á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓÜ%!ú ˆúˆÏÖy–
SeV á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ⁄
SfV !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ˆúˆÏÖy–
4– Ó˚â˛òy!¶˛!_Ñ˛ ≤ÃŸ¿È É
SaV á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓÜ%!ú xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SbV á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ Ñ˛õyˆÏòyÓ˚ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ôÜ%!ú Ñ˛# Ñ˛#⁄
ScV ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ }ì%˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò xM˛ˆÏú á)!í≈G˛v˛¸ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚⁄
SdV á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ áˆÏ›˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SeV á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!ÓúyÎ˚ äÈyeäÈye# Á ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ¶)˛!õÑ˛y ˆúˆÏÖy–
5– ≤ÃÑ˛“ ÉÈ á)!í≈G˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛yõ)úÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛“ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
˛ôM˛õ xïƒyÎ˚
ˆÑ˛ì˛y ¢%Ó˚«˛y
5.1.1. ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y£z ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y

¢yÓ˚y î%!òÎ˚yÎ˚ xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ ˆúòˆÏîˆÏòÓ˚ !ì˛ò ¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ î%£z ¶˛yÜ ˆãyÜyò ˆîÎ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yÓ˚yñ xÌâ˛ ˆ¢£z
v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ü%Ó˚%c£z ˛ôyÎ˚ òy– Ú≤ÃÑ,˛ì˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ¢Óy£z v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yÛ– xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ ÓyãyˆÏÓ˚
v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yÓ˚y£z ¢Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ü!Ó˚¤˛– !Ñ˛hs%˘˛ xì˛ƒhs˘˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ £ÁÎ˚y ¢ˆÏ_¥Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ˆüyòy£z £Î˚ òy– 1986
¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 24 !v˛ˆÏ¢¡∫Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xì˛ƒhs˘˛ fl˛øÓ˚í#Î˚ !îò– ~£z !îò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~ ˆîˆÏü
v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y ¢%Ó˚«˛y xy£zòñ 1986 (Consumer Protection Actñ 1986) â˛yú% Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
xy£zò ≤ÃÓì≈˛ò £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ î#á≈!îò ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á ~ÈÙÈˆîˆÏü v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yÌ≈ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ òÎ˚– Ñ˛yÓ˚íÈÙÙÙÈ
 x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xK˛ì˛y–
 x!ïÑ˛yÇü v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y£z ¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ òò–
 x!ïÑ˛yÇü v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y£z !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ# £ò òy–
 ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ì˛y x!ïÑ˛yÇü v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y£z ãyˆÏòò òy– v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y
¢%Ó˚«˛y xy£zˆÏò (C.P. Act 1986) v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏîÓ˚ äÈÎ˚ îö˛y x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ !ò‹ô!_Ó˚
ãòƒ !ò!î≈T˛ ˆö˛yÓ˚yõ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
 v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚Ü%!ú £ú É
1. ã#Óò Á ¢¡ô!_Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ !ã!ò¢ Óy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ÏÓyÓ˚
!Ó˛ôíˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï !òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚–
2. !ã!ò¢ Óy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ÏÓy ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ ì˛ÌƒúyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚–
3. ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yõ)úÑ˛ îyˆÏõ !ã!ò¢ Óy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ÏÓyÓ˚ õïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ÓyäÈy£zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚–
4. ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ â˛yÁÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚–
5. ü%òy!òÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚–
6. v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y !ü«˛yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚–
 v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y ˆÑ˛⁄
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ã!ò¢ ˆÑ˛òy Óy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ¢Óy ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
 ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óƒ!=˛ Óy ¢ÇÜ‡˛òñ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòñ ¢õÓyÎ˚ ¢!õ!ì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y !£¢yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓò –
 !Î!ò Óy Îy§Ó˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚ Óy !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy oÓƒ/˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ¢Óy ˆÑ˛ˆÏòò–
 !ì˛!ò Óy ì˛y§Ó˚y òÜˆÏî Óy ïyˆÏÓ˚ !Ñ˛òˆÏúÁ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓ!â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓò–
 Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ ãyòyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ⁄
 ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ú!Öì˛ ò)ƒòì˛õ !ì˛ò!›˛ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ˛ôe ~ÓÇ Îì˛ ãò x!¶˛Î%=˛ xyˆÏäÈò ì˛yÓ˚
¢õ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ˆö˛yÓ˚yˆÏõ ãõy !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ Ñ˛yÜã˛ôe x!ì˛ xÓüƒ£z ãõy !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ˛ôe ãõy !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆö˛yÓ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏjüƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
 îÓ˚ÖyˆÏhfl˛Ï Ñ˛# Ñ˛# v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ⁄
1. x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ òyõñ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy S!˛ôò ˆÑ˛yv˛ ¢£V Á ˆö˛yò ò¡∫Ó˚–
2. ÎyÓ˚ Óy ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜñ ì˛yÓ˚ Óy ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyõ Á ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y !‡˛Ñ˛yòy S!˛ôò ˆÑ˛yv˛ ~ÓÇ ÌyòyÓ˚
òyõ ¢£V Á ˆö˛yò ò¡∫Ó˚–
3. x!¶˛ˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚í–
4. Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ â˛yò–
5. x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ!›˛ xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xyîyúˆÏì˛ !Óâ˛yÓ˚yï#ò ˆò£zÈÙÙÙÈ~£z õˆÏõ≈ ˆáy°Ïíy–
 Ñ˛ì˛!îˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ ãyòyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ⁄
 x!¶˛ˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í á›˛yÓ˚ 2 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ–
 Î!î v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Á£z ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ ãyòyˆÏòy òy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Î!î ˆ¢ Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛
ˆö˛yÓ˚yõ ¢hs%˘˛T˛ £ò ì˛ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Á x!¶˛ˆÏÎyÜ ãyòyˆÏòy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
 Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˛≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚⁄
 oÓƒ Óy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ÏÓyÓ˚ e%!›˛ x˛ô¢yÓ˚í–
 oÓƒ Óy ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ÓyÓ˚ Óîú Óy îyõ ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛–
 «˛!ì˛˛ô)Ó˚í–
 ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü Óy fl˛∫yfiÌƒ£y!òÑ˛Ó˚ !ã!òˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÓâ˛yˆÏÑ˛òy Órï Óy ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏîü–
 x¢yï% ÓƒyÓ¢y/!òÎ˚s˛fíõ)úÑ˛ ÓƒyÓ¢y Órï Óy !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏíÓ˚ xyˆÏîü–
 !Óºy!hs˛ ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y !ÓK˛y˛ôò ≤Ãì˛ƒy£yÓ˚ Á ì˛yÓ˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛Ó˚ !îÑ˛ ≤ÃüõˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy
ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏîü–
5.1.2. ˆÑ˛òyÑ˛y›˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÓ⁄
 ˆÑ˛òyÑ˛y›˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ £ˆÏú v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ £Î˚Ó˚y!òÓ˚ £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò–
 ˆÑ˛òyÑ˛y›˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ó˚!¢î/Ñ˛ƒyüˆÏõˆÏõy £zì˛ƒy!î¢£ ÜƒyÓ˚y!r›˛/ÁÎ˚yÏÓ˚y!r›˛ Ñ˛yv≈˛ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Á ˆ¢Ü%ˆÏúy
Îb Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆãˆÏò Ó˚yÖy ¶˛yˆÏúyñ 500 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü ˆÑ˛òyÑ˛y›˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛ƒyüˆÏõˆÏõy
ˆîÁÎ˚y Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛–
 ôƒyˆÏ Ñ ˛›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ y !ã!òˆÏ ¢ v˛z Í ˛ôyîˆÏ Ñ ˛Ó˚ òyõñ
v˛zÍ˛ôyîˆÏòÓ˚ ì˛y!Ó˚Ö ~ÓÇ ò#›˛ Áãò Óy ˛ô!Ó˚õyí
Óy ¢ÇÖƒy ˆúÖy xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ˆîˆÏÖ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ˛ôƒyˆÏÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÖy ¢ˆÏÓy≈Fâ˛ Ö%â˛ˆÏÓ˚y îyˆÏõÓ˚
(MRP) ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü îyˆÏõ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ã!ò¢
!Ó!Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÓxy£z!ò–
 !ÓˆÏîü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xyõîy!ò Ñ˛Ó˚y !ã!òˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôƒyˆÏÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ xyõîy!òÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÑÏ ˛Ó˚ òyõñ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy Á ˜Óï ˆÓ˚!ãˆÏfi›˛Δüò
ò¡∫Ó˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ãyõyÑ˛y˛ôˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ õy˛ô ü%ï%õye ˆ¢!r›˛!õ›˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ‘XXL’,‘XL’,‘L’,‘M’,‘S’,
£zì˛ƒy!î !fi›˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ úyÜyˆÏòy ˆÓxy£z!ò– Á£z¢Ó õyÑ˛y≈Î%=˛ ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ ˆÑ˛òy v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
 ˆÎ î[˛!›˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ ˆõˆÏ˛ô !Ó!Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆ¢!›˛
£zfl˛ôyˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ˜îáƒ≈ 1 !õ›˛yÓ˚ Óy
ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– îˆÏ[˛Ó˚ î%£z ≤ÃyˆÏhs˘˛
˜Óï ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ôò ˛ô!Ó˚îü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y â˛ú!ì˛
ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ äÈy˛ô ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
 Áãò Óy õyˆÏ˛ô !ã!ò¢ !Ñ˛òˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ˆîyÑ˛yˆÏò
˜Óï ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ôò îö˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ üÇ¢y˛ôe ›˛yàyˆÏòy
xyˆÏäÈ !Ñ˛òy ˆîˆÏÖ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ îy§!v˛¸˛ôyÕ‘yÎ˚ Áãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õyú !Ó!Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÓxy£z!ò–
 ÁãˆÏò !ã!ò¢ ˆÑ˛òyÓ˚ ¢õˆÏÎ˚ Óy›˛ÖyÓ˚yÜ%ˆÏúy ˜Óï !Ñ˛òy ˆîˆÏÖ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Óy›˛ÖyÓ˚yÜ%ˆÏúyÓ˚ ì˛úyÎ˚
!¢¢yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ˜Óï ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô ˛ô!Ó˚îü≈ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ £zv˛z!ò›˛ ò¡∫Ó˚ñ ˆõÎ˚yî ¢)â˛Ñ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yÎ˚y›≈˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
äÈy˛ô ÌyÑ˛y ÓyN˛ò#Î˚– õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ òÓ#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÁãˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ§˛y›˛y ~ÓÇ Óy›˛ÖyÓ˚yÜ%ˆÏúy
î%ÛÓäÈÓ˚ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˜Óï ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢õhfl˛ £zˆÏúÑ˛›˛Δ!òÑ˛ ÁãòÎs˛f Á ˆ˛ô›˛Δú˛ôyˆÏ¡ô ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÓyÓ˚
òÓ#Ñ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛–
 ˆ¢yòyÓ˚ ÜÎ˚òyÓ˚ !Óü%Âïì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !ò!ÿ˛ì˛˘˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ú£úõyÑ≈˛Û !â˛£´ ˆîÏÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ˆ£yˆÏ›˛ˆÏú/ˆÓ˚fi›%˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏr›˛ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÓyì˛ú Óy ˛ôyò#ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓyì˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÖy îyˆÏõÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!ü ˆòÁÎ˚y ˆÓxy£z!ò–
 ˜Óî%ƒ!ì˛Ñ˛ ~ÓÇ £zˆÏúÑ˛›˛Δ!òÑ˛ ¢Ó˚Oyõñ
˛ôyò#Î˚ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÓyì˛úñ ˆÓ!Óö%˛v˛ñ
ˆ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Ñ%˛Ñ˛yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î ˆÑ˛òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚
ISI äÈy˛ô ˆîˆÏÖ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ˆ¶˛yãƒ ˆì˛úñ !áñ õyÖòñ õï%ñ õüúy
£z ì ˛ƒy!î ˆÑ˛òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôƒyˆÏ Ñ ˛ˆÏ › ˛
xyÜõyÑ≈˛ äÈy˛ô ˆîˆÏÖ !Ñ˛òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ˆõyv˛¸Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Öyîƒ¢yõ@˘Ã#Ó˚ ˆõyv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ‘FSSAI’ òÇ ˆúÖy ˆîˆÏÖ !òˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ–
 !›˛ò Óy ˛ôƒyˆÏÑ˛›˛ ¶˛Ó˚!ì˛ õyÇ¢ £zì˛ƒy!î ˆÑ˛òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ MFPO äÈy˛ô ˆîˆÏÖ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò ÜƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Áãò ˆîˆÏÖ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÎ Óƒ!=˛ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ Üƒy¢ ¢Ó˚ÓÓ˚y£ Ñ˛ÏÓ˚ˆÏì˛ xy¢ˆÏÓò
ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ ä È !fl˛±ÇÈ Ù È ì % ˛ úyÎs˛f ÌyÑ˛y
!Ó!ï¢¡øì˛– !¢!úu˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛›˛y Üƒy¢
xyˆÏäÈ ì˛y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú !¢!Ïúu˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÖy SÖy!ú !¢!Ïúu˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚V
Áãò Á ÜƒyˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ Áãò S14.2
!Ñ˛@˘ÃyVÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎyÜö˛ú ì%˛úyÈÙÈ!òˆÏî≈!üì˛
ÁãˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ˆ˛ôˆÏ › ˛Δ y ú/!v˛ˆÏ ã ú ˆÑ˛òyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚
v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y ÎyˆÏì˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛ΔyˆÏúÓ˚/!ãˆÏãˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚õy˛ô ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òñ ì˛yÓ˚
ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Δyú ˛ôyˆÏ¡ô ≤ÃÑ˛yˆÏüƒ ˛ôÓ˚#!«˛ì˛ 5 !ú›˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôye Ó˚yÖy ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
5.1.3. ¢Í ÓƒyÓ¢yÓ˚ xyâ˛Ó˚í!Ó!ï
1. ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ õ)ˆÏúƒ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚õyí !ã!ò¢/˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ÏÓy !Ó!Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ
2. ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ !Ó!Ñ˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó˚!¢î ˆîÁÎ˚yñ
3. ÜƒyÓ˚y!r›˛ ~ÓÇ ÁÎ˚yÏÓ˚y!r›˛Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ñ
4. v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x¢ˆÏhs˘˛y°Ï ≤Ãü!õì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòÁÎ˚yñ
5. v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õì˛yõì˛ˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ Ü%Ó˚%c ˆîÁÎ˚yñ
6. !ã!òˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ü%í/v˛z˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛Ìƒ ˆîÁÎ˚yñ
7. x¢Í ÓƒyÓ¢y˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃüÎ˚ òy ˆîÁÎ˚yñ
8. v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y– ˆÎõòÈÈÙÙÈÈˆÓˆÏäÈ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ !òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚
x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ñ ì˛Ìƒ úyˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î–
5.2.1. ÖyˆÏîƒ ˆ¶˛ãyú
xòò%ˆõÏ y!îì˛ Ó˚Ç/ˆ¶˛ãyú ≤Ã¶˛, !ì˛ ˆõüyˆÏòyÓ˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ˛≈ !Ñ˛ä%È K˛yì˛Óƒ ì˛Ìƒ
Ñ,˛!°ÏÑ˛yˆÏÎ≈ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚ Á Ñ˛#›˛òyüÑ˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú v˛zÍ˛ôy!îì˛ ö˛¢ˆÏú£z Ó£%≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ˛ôîyÌ≈
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ Îy ˛ôÓ˚Óì˛#≈Ñ˛yˆÏú v˛z=˛ ö˛¢ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãhfl%˛ì˛ ÖyîƒoˆÏÓƒÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ õyò%°Ï Óy ã#Óãhs%˘˛Ó˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ «˛!ì˛Ñ˛yÓ˚Ñ˛ ≤Ã¶˛yÏÓ ˆö˛ˆÏú– !Ñ˛hs%˘˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ÖyîƒoÓƒ ≤Ãhfl%˛ì˛ Óy !Ó˛ôòòÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È x¢yï% ÓƒÓ¢yÎ˚#
ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ¶˛ãyú oÓƒ !õ!◊ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛y xòƒyÎƒ Óy!íãƒ xò%ü#úˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛T˛ v˛zîy£Ó˚íñ ¢yïyÓ˚í v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yÓ˚y
x£Ó˚£ ÎyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏFäÈò–
!Ñ˛ä%È ÖyîƒoˆÏÓƒ Ñ˛# ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ãyú ˆõüyˆÏòy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛#Ó˚)˛ô ˛ôÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆ¢
¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ AGMARK, PFA ~ÓÇ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¢)e ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃyÆ !Ñ˛ä%È ì˛Ìƒ–
Ñ˛!õÑ˛ òÇ Öyîƒ !õ!◊ì˛ ˆ¶˛ãyú oÓƒ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y
01 ˆì˛ú Ñ˛ƒyfi›˛Ó˚ xˆÏÎ˚ú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ü%‹Ò ˆ›˛fi›˛!›˛v˛zˆÏÓ 1!õ!ú ˆì˛ú
!òˆÏ Î ˚ ì˛yˆÏ ì ˛ 10!õ!ú xy!¡‘ Ñ ˛ ( acidified )
ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Δy!úÎ˚yõ £zÌyÓ˚ ˆõüyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– 2 !õ!ò›˛
ˆãyˆÏ Ó ˚ G˛y§ Ñ ˛yˆÏ ò yÓ˚ ôÓ˚ 1!Ó®% xƒyˆÏ õ y!òÎ˚ y õ
õ!úÓˆÏ v ˛›˛ ˆáyúyˆÏ › ˛( turbid )£ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆÜˆÏ ú
Ñ˛ƒyfi›˛Ó˚ xˆÏÎ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛ !òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
02 !áñ õyÖò xyú%ñ !õ!T˛ xyú% Óy 5!õ!ú òõ%òy ˆ›˛fi›˛!›˛v˛zˆÏÓ !òˆÏÎ˚ ö%˛!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ‡˛yu˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y
xòƒyòƒ fi›˛yˆÏâ≈˛Ó˚ Ü%§ˆÏv˛¸yñ £Î˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ˆö˛y§›˛y xyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛ò ˆõüyˆÏòy
Óòfl˛ô!ì˛/õyãy≈!Ó˚ò £Î˚– !õ◊ˆÏíÓ˚ Ó˚Ç ò#ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú ˆ¶˛ãyú xyˆÏäÈ–
5!õ!ú òõ%òyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 5!õ!ú áò £y£zˆÏv»˛yˆÏÑœ˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛
xƒy!¢v˛ ˆ›˛fi›˛!›˛v˛zˆÏÓ !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y !â˛!ò
ˆõüyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ î%ÈÙÈ!õ!ò›˛ G˛§yÑ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôy§â˛ !õ!ò›˛ Ó˚yÖy £Î˚– ˆÓÜ%!ò Óy úyúˆÏâ˛ Ó˚Ç
~ˆÏú ˆ¶˛ãyú xyˆÏäÈ–
03 õï% !â˛!ò/Ü%v˛¸ S1V ˆ˛ôyˆÏ¢≈!úò ˛ôyˆÏe 5!õ!ú õï%Ó˚ òõ%òy !îˆÏÎ˚
ì˛yˆÏì˛ 3!õ!ú xƒy!ò!úò Á 7!õ!ú 1:3
£y£zˆÏv»˛yˆÏÑœ˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛ xƒy!¢ˆÏv˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !õ◊í
ˆõüyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ¢õhfl˛Ï !õ◊í!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ
G˛y§Ñ˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆÓÜ%!ò Óy úyú Ó˚Ç ~ˆÏú Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ ˆ¶˛ãyú xyˆÏäÈ– 2V ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì%˛ˆÏúyÓ˚ Óy!ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
õï%ˆÏì˛ v%˛!ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆîüúy£z Ñ˛y!‡˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ãμyúyˆÏú
¶˛yˆÏ ú y¶˛yˆÏ Ó ãμ ú ˆÏ ú Öy§ ! ›˛ õï% ˆÓyG˛yÎ˚ ñ ãú
ãyì˛#Î˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ˆõüyˆÏòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ ãμúˆÏÓ
òy Óy ãμyúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ö˛›˛ö˛›˛ xyÁÎ˚yã £ˆÏÓ–

04 £ú%îñ úAÑ˛yñ Ó˚ Ç !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y òõ%òyˆÏÑ˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Δy!úÎ˚yõ £zÌyˆÏÓ˚ !ò‹Òy!üì˛
Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ˛ôyv˛zv˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏ Ó ˚ 13 ~ò ¢yú!ö˛v˛z ! Ó˚ Ñ ˛ ≤Ã¶, ˛ !ì˛ ¢yïyÓ˚ í
xƒy!¢v˛ (13N Sulphuric Acid) Ü%§ˆÏv˛¸y õüúyÎ˚
ˆõüyˆÏòy £Î˚– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú úyú Ó˚Ç ~ˆÏú ˆ¶˛ãyú
Ó˚Ç xyˆÏä ÓˆÏú !òˆÏî≈!üì˛ £Î˚– !v˛!fi›˛úv˛ ÁÎ˚y›˛yÓ˚
ˆõüyˆÏú Ó˚Ç Î!î â˛ˆÏú ÎyÎ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆ¶˛ãyú ˆò£z
ÓˆÏú ïÓ˚y £Î˚–
05 £ú%î Ü%§ˆÏv˛¸y Ó˚!àò Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Ü%§ˆÏv˛¸y òõ%òyÎ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ˆö˛y§›˛y áò £y£zˆÏv»˛yˆÏÑœ˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛ xƒy!¢v˛
ˆõüyˆÏòy £Î˚– ˆÓÜ%!ò (Violet/Pink) Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ì˛yÍ«˛!íÑ˛ v˛z ˛ ô!fiÌ!ì˛ Îy ãú ˆõüyˆÏ ú â˛ˆÏ ú
ÎyÎ˚ñ È!òˆÏî≈ü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ oÓƒ!›˛ Öy§!›˛– Ó˚Ç ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜˆÏú
ˆõ›˛y!òú £zˆÏÎ˚yˆÏúy ˆõüyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
06 úAÑ˛y Ü%§ˆÏv˛¸y £z›˛ñ Ñ˛y§Ñ˛Ó˚ Óy ˆÑœ˛yˆÏÓ˚yö˛õ≈ Á Ñ˛yÓ≈ò ˆ›˛›˛ΔyˆÏÑœ˛yÓ˚y£zv˛ÙÈ~Ó˚ !õ◊ˆÏí
Óy!ú Ü%§ˆÏv˛¸y òõ%òy oÓƒ ˆõüyˆÏú ˆ¶˛ãyú oÓƒÜ%ˆÏúy ò#ˆÏâ˛
!Ì!ì˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ¢£ˆÏã£z ˆÓyG˛y ÎyˆÏÓ–
07 ˆÜyúõ!Ó˚â˛ ˆ˛ô§ˆÏ˛ô Óy ˆÓ!Ó˚Ó#ã Ñ˛yÓ≈ò ˆ›˛›˛ΔyˆÏÑœ˛yÓ˚y£zv˛ Óy ˆÓ˚!Qö˛yˆÏÎ˚v˛ !fl˛ô!Ó˚›˛ÈÙÈ~
ˆv˛yÓyˆÏú ˆ˛ô§ˆÏ˛ô Ó#ã ˆ¶˛ˆÏ¢ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ õ!Ó˚â˛
ò#ˆÏâ˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏÓ–
08 Ñ˛yˆÏúy!ãˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛Î˚úy Ü%§ˆÏv˛¸y òõ%òy oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú%ˆÏì˛ á°ÏˆÏú
(Charcoal dust), ì˛yú% Ñ˛yˆÏúy £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú ˆ¶˛ãyú xyˆÏäÈ–
Ó˚!Oì˛ áy¢Ó#ã
09 î%ï ãú˛ S1V úƒyˆÏQy!õ›˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˚!v˛Ç ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ 26ÈÙÈ~Ó˚
ò#ˆÏ â ˛ ˆÎò òy £Î˚ – S2V ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy!ú¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ y
¢õì˛úˆÏ«˛eˆÏÑ˛ xyv˛¸ y xy!v˛¸ ¶ ˛yˆÏ Ó ïˆÏ Ó ˚ ì˛yˆÏ ì ˛
î%ˆÏïÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆö˛y§›˛y ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Öy§!›˛ î%ï £ˆÏú
ˆö˛y§›˛y!›˛ £Î˚ ˆÌˆÏõ ÎyˆÏÓ xÌÓy ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyˆÏÓñ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ¢yîy ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛£´ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ– î%ï
ãú !õ!◊ì˛ £ˆÏú ì˛Í«˛íyÍ Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
!˛ôäÈˆÏò ¢yîy ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !â˛£´ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ òy–
10 !õ!T˛ñ !õT˛yß¨ñ ˆõ›˛y!úò £zˆÏÎ˚ˆÏúy òõ%òy oÓƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÜÓ˚õ ãˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y Ó˚Ç
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôyò#Î˚ ¢ƒyÑ˛y!Ó˚ò !ò‹Òy!üì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ì˛yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ˆö˛y§›˛y áò
£y£zˆÏv»˛yˆÏÑœ˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛ xƒy!¢v˛ ˆõüyˆÏú Î!î õƒyˆÏãr›˛yñ
úyú Ó˚Ç v˛zÍ˛ôß¨ £Î˚ñ ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆõ›˛y!òú £zˆÎÏ ˆ˚ ú Ï y xyˆÏäÈ
ÓˆÏú !òˆÏî!≈ üì˛ £Î˚– 5 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 10 @˘Ãyõ ˛ô!Ó˚õyˆÏíÓ˚
òõ%òy oÓƒˆÏÑ˛ ¢õ˛ô!Ó˚õyí ãˆÏúÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆ›˛fi›˛!›˛v˛zˆÓÏ
ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– Ñ˛ˆÏÎÑ˚ ˛ ˆö˛y§›˛y £y£zˆvÏ ˛» yˆÏÑ˛œ y!Ó˚Ñ˛ xƒy!¢v˛
Á 10 !õ!ú £zÌyÓ˚ oyÓÑ˛ Á£z ˆ›˛fi›˛!›˛v˛zˆÓÏ !õ!üˆÏÎ˚
¢yÓïyˆÏò G˛y§Ñ˛yˆÏì˛ £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ £zÌyÓ˚ hfl˛ÏÓ!˚ ›˛ xòƒ
~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆ›˛fi›˛!›˛v˛zÓ Óy !ÓÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆë˛ˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ Óy‹ô#¶)˛ì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ xÓ!üT˛yÇü (residue)ÙÈ~ ~Ñ˛
ˆö˛y§›˛y ÜÓ˚õãú !õ!üˆÏÎ˚ fl˛∫yî ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– !õ!T˛ fl˛∫yî
¢ƒyÑ˛y!Ó˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!fiÌ!ì˛ ≤Ãõyí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
11 ÓÓ˚!ö˛ñ úyU%˛ ì˛ÓÑ˛ !£ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆ¶˛yãƒ ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ú!›˛ ì%˛ˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆîüúy£z Ñ˛y!‡˛ ãμy!úˆÏÎ˚
˛ôyò Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ôyÓ˚ ÓîˆÏú ïÓ˚ˆÏú äÈy£z £ˆÏú ˆ¶˛ãyúñ ü=˛ ˆë˛úy ˛ôyÑ˛yˆÏú
xƒyú%!õ!òÎ˚yõ ˆ¶˛ãyú òÎ˚–
ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ú ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
12 £ÁÎ˚y£z !õ‡˛y£zñ ˆÓ˚yv˛y!õòÈÙÈ!Ó ~Ñ˛ â˛yõâ˛ ãˆÏú Ü%ˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏî ïÓ˚ˆÏú xyˆÏúyÓ˚
úyú ¢Ó˚Óì˛ñ !ÓFä%ÈÓ˚í £ˆÏú Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆ¶˛ãyú Ó˚Ç–
!õ!T˛ñ õ‡˛
£zì˛ƒy!î
13 õ%!v˛¸ñ î%ï £zv˛z!Ó˚Î˚y Öy!òÑ˛›˛y õ%!v˛¸ ï%ˆÏÎ˚ ãú xÌÓy î%ï Öy!òÑ˛›˛y Ñ˛yˆÏ˛ô
!òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏì˛ xv˛¸£Ó˚ v˛yú Óy ¢Î˚y!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Ü%ˆÏv˛¸y
!õ!üˆÏÎ˚ x“ ì˛y˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£z ãú Óy î%ˆÏï úyú
!ú›‰˛õy¢ ˆ˛ô˛ôyÓ˚ ˆv˛yÓyˆÏú Î!î ò#ú £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ
õ%!v˛¸ Óy î%ˆÏï ˆ¶˛ãyú xyˆÏäÈ–
≤ÃÑ˛“ É !ü«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y ˆÎ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ Öyîƒ Óhfl$˛Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ãyú oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y ˛ôÂï!ì˛ £yˆÏì˛ÈÙÈÑ˛úˆÏõ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ ãò¢yïyÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ ~ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
°Ï¤˛ xïƒyÎ˚
˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ !ü«˛y
6.1.1 ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ïyÓ˚íy É

xy!îõ Î%ˆÏÜ õyò%°Ï ÎÖò ˛ôü% Á ÎˆÏs˛fÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ãyòì˛ òyñ ì˛Öò ì˛yÓ˚y ~Ñ˛ fiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xòƒ fiÌyˆÏò ˆÎì˛
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ£§ˆÏ›˛– ˛ôíƒ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£í Ñ˛Ó˚ì˛ õyÌyÎ˚ Á !˛ôˆÏ‡˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ñ˛¢õÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y !üÖú ˛ôü%Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ñ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£í
ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ú x@˘ÃÜ!ì˛– â˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£í ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ú ~Ñ˛ Î%Üyhs˘˛Ó˚– â˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ãòƒ v˛zß¨ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ú Ó˚yhfl˛Ïyáy›˛– Ó£%ÓäÈÓ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛õÓï≈õyò â˛y!£îyñ !òì˛ƒòì%˛ò ˜ÓK˛y!òÑ˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚
~ÓÇ Ñ˛y!Ó˚Ü!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏõyß¨!ì˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£í ÓƒÓfiÌy ~Öò â) v˛¸yhs˘˛ Ü!ì˛ü#ú–
~£z â) v˛¸yhs˘˛ Ü!ì˛Ó˚ ÎyòÓy£ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü!ì˛õÎ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ x£Ó˚£ áˆÏ›˛ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ˛ôÌî%á≈›˛òy–
áˆÏ›˛ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ xAÜ£y!òñ ≤Ãyí£y!ò Á ¢¡ôî£y!ò– ~£z î%á≈›˛òyÜ%ˆÏúyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í x!ïÑ˛yÇü ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢õyãÓÂï õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
x¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛yñ x¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yñ îy!Î˚cK˛yò£#òì˛y ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ì≈˛ˆÏÓƒ Üy!ö˛ú!ì˛–
ì˛y£z õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˛ôÌâ˛úyˆÏÑ˛ !òÓ˚y˛ôî Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚Ñ˛õ xyï%!òÑ˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy– xyÓ˚ ü%ï%õye
ÓƒÓfiÌy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú£z £ˆÏÓ òyñ ¢ˆÏAÜ â˛y£z ì˛yÓ˚ ÎˆÏÌy˛ôÎ%=˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ â˛y£z Ñ˛ì≈˛ÓƒK˛yò ~ÓÇ !òÎ˚õ!ò¤˛y–
ì˛y£ˆÏú£z ¢yÌ≈Ñ˛ £ˆÏÓ ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_y–
~ÖyˆÏò ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ ãòƒ Á ¢%¤%˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Îyò â˛úyâ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ˛ Ó˚yhfl˛ÏyáyˆÏ›˛ ÓƒÓ£,ì˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ˛ô!Ó˚Îyò ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛
(Traffic Signal) Á !â˛£´ (Signs) ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚!Ó!ï ¢¡∫ˆÏrï xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy–
6.1.2. ˛ô!Ó˚Îyò !â˛£´ STraffic SignV É
ÎyòÓy£ò â˛úyâ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õ)ú Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢!ß¨Ñ˛ˆÏ›˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ äÈ!Ó Óy !â˛ˆÏ£´Ó˚
õyïƒˆÏõ Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ â˛yúÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Á ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ !Ñ˛ä%È xy£zòñ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ì˛Ìƒ ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~Ü%!ú ˛ô!Ó˚Îyò !â˛£´ STraffic SignsV–
~£z !â˛£´Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ v˛zˆÏjüƒ ~ÓÇ Ü%Ó˚%c xò%ÎyÎ˚# !ì˛ò!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
S1V Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ Óy xyˆÏîüõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´ SMandatory SignsV
S2V ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´ SCautionary SignsV
S3V ì˛Ìƒõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´ SInformatory SignsV
S1V Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´ SMandatory SignsV ÈÉ
ˆÜyúyÑ,˛!ì˛ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ !â˛£´Ü%ˆÏúy ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢Ü%ˆÏúy £ˆÏúy Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´– ~£z
!â˛£´Ü%ˆÏúyÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ â˛yúÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È xy£zˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈!üÑ˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ñ ˆÎÜ%ˆÏúy Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y ˆõˆÏò
â˛úˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ–
Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´ SMandatory SignsVÈÙÈˆÑ˛ xyÓyÓ˚ î%!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
SÑ˛V ¢îÌ≈Ñ˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´ SRegulatory Mandatory SignV É
Ï y ò#ú Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ ¢yîy Ó˚Ç !îˆÏÎ˚ x§yÑ˛y ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢îÌ≈Ñ˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´ SRegulatory
ˆÎ !â˛£´Ü%ˆú
Mandatory SignV Óúy £Î˚–
Compulsory Ahead or Compulsory Ahead or

Compulsory Turn Left Compulsory Turn Right Turn Left Turn Right
Ó§y!îˆÏÑ ˆáyÓ˚y˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ v˛yò !îˆÏÑ ˆáyÓ˚y˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ ˆ¢yãy ÎyÁÎ˚y Óy Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yãy ÎyÁÎ˚y Óy v˛yò
ˆáyÓ˚y˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆáyÓ˚y˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛
SÖV ò~‰åÌ≈Ñ˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ !â˛£´ SProhibitory Mandatory SignV É

ˆÎ !â˛£´Ü%ˆÏúyÓ˚ Out line úyú Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚Ç ¢yîy Á !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ úyú Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îyÜ myÓ˚y Ñ˛y›˛y
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆ¢Ü%ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ò~‰åÌ≈Ñ˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´ SProhibitory Mandatory SignV ÓˆÏú– ~£z !â˛ˆÏ£´Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
!Ñ˛ä%È !òˆÏ°ÏïyK˛y ãy!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
Straight prohibited or Horn Overtaking No Parking Speed Limit

No Entry Prohibited Prohibited
Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü £ò≈ ÓyãyˆÏòy xòƒ Üy!v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ x!ì˛Ñ˛õ Üy!v˛¸ î§yv˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòy Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ü!ì˛¢#õy ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛
!òˆÏ°Ïï ÎyˆÏÓ òy Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy ÎyˆÏÓ òy 50 !Ñ˛!õ/á^˘›˛y
SÜV Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !â˛ˆÏ£´Ó˚ !Ñ˛ä%È Óƒ!ì˛Ñ˛õ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ xyÑ,˛!ì˛ ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ òÎ˚– ˆÎõò ÈÙÈ
Stop È~Ó˚ xÌ≈ î§yv˛¸yÁñ ˆîˆÏÖ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ÎyÁ–
Give way ÈÙÈˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y Ó˚yhfl˛y ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏì˛
ˆÜˆÏú Signal PostÈÙÈ~ Î!î ~£z !â˛£´ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛ˆÏÓ â˛yúÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛
ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ Üy!v˛¸Ü%ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÜ ˆÎˆÏì˛ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
¢%ˆÏÎyÜ ˆ˛ôˆÏú ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÓü Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
Stop Give Way
Restriction end / !Ó!ï!òˆÏ°ÏˆÏïÓ˚ ¢õy!Æ ÈÙÙÙÈ~!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï !â˛£´ ˆÎÖyˆÏò Ó,_!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚Ç !îˆÏÎ˚ x§yÑ˛y
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚Ç ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ¢yîy ~ÓÇ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ îyÜ myÓ˚y !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü!›˛ Ñ˛y›˛y ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚
â˛úyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ô)Ó≈Óì≈˛# ˆÎ !òˆÏ°ÏïyK˛y !äÈú ì˛yÓ˚ ¢õy!Æ á›˛ú–
S2V ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´ SCautionary SignsV É
!e¶%˛ãyÑ,˛!ì˛ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ !â˛£´Ü%ˆÏúy ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ¢Ü%ˆÏúy ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛yõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´– ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
!â˛£´Ü%ˆÏúy Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛ Óy ¢Ω˛yÓƒ !Ó˛ôî ¢¡∫ˆÏrï xyÜyõ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÎ˚–
Guarded Level Crossing Unguarded Level Crossing Men at Work

¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ S≤Ã£Ó˚yÓ˚ì˛V ˆúˆÏ¶˛ú Ñ˛!¢Ç
x¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ S≤Ã£Ó˚y!Ó£#òV ˆúˆÏ¶˛ú Ñ˛!¢Ç Ñ˛yã â˛úˆÏäÈ
S3V ì˛Ìƒõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´ SInformatory SignsV É
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ Ühs˛Óƒ Óy î)Ó˚cñ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ¢%!Óïyñ Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃyÆ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ¢Óyñ ˆ¶˛ÔˆÏÜy!úÑ˛ Óy
˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ fiÌyò £zì˛ƒy!î ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ì˛Ìƒ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ˆÎ !â˛£´Ü%ˆÏúyÓ˚˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆ¢Ü%ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛Ìƒõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´ Óúy
£Î˚– ~Ü%ˆÏúy ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ â˛ì%˛¶≈%˛ã xyÑ,˛!ì˛Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚–
~£z ˛ôyˆÏü Üy!v˛¸ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ãyÎ˚Üy ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò £y¢˛ôyì˛yú !Ó◊yõyÜyÓ˚ £yúÑ˛y ãúÖyÓyÓ˚
6.1.3. Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ !òÎ˚õÑ˛yò%ò É

˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚# Á ÎyòÓy£Ïò v˛z¶˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ ≤ÃÌõ Ó˚yhfl˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚– ¢õˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ ÎyòÓy£ˆÏòÓ˚
¢ÇÖƒy Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ ö%˛›˛˛ôyÌ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚– ~£z Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ â˛úyÓ˚ !òÎ˚õÑ˛yò%òÜ%ˆÏúy ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ
î%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ £yÓ˚ Ñ˛õyˆÏòy Á ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_yîyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ–
˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ ãˆÏòƒ É
ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏÓ
 ¢yÓïyˆÏò £§y›˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ˆÎ Üy!v˛¸ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy¢ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆâ˛yÖ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 Ñ˛ÖòÁ ¶˛yÓˆÏÓ òy ˆÎ ì%˛!õ ÎÖò Ó˚yhfl˛y ˛ôyÓ˚ £ÏFäñ Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ v»˛y£z¶˛yÓ˚ ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏÖˆÏäÈñ ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛
Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚–
 ÎÖò v»˛y£z¶˛yÓ˚ ˆì˛yõyˆÏÑ˛ £Î˚ˆÏì˛y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏFäÈ òy ì˛Öò Ó˚yhfl˛y ˛ôyÓ˚ £ÁÎ˚y ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ â˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ xhs˛Ó˚ ˆîˆÏÖ Ó˚yhfl˛y ˛ôyÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 !v˛¶˛y£zv˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!úÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ úyö˛yˆÏÓ òyñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì%˛!õ Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˛˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚y–
 Ó˚yhfl˛y ˛ôyÓ˚ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ £yì˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ≤Ãyì˛Éºõí Á ã!ÜÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒ Ó˚yhfl˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ â˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 Ó§yˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÏÖ Ó˚yhfl˛y ˛ôyÓ˚ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú x!ïÑ˛ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ÚˆîˆÏÖü%ˆÏò ˆ¶˛ˆÏÓ!â˛ˆÏhs˛ ˛ôÌ â˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ !Ó˛ôîˆÏÑ˛ ä%ÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓÛñ ì˛y£ˆÏú£z ¢Ñ˛ú≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ î%á≈›˛òy
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 ˛ôÌâ˛úyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ î%£z ïyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ö%˛›˛˛ôyÌ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
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 ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚Ñ˛õ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛Ïì˛ SSignalVÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy xyˆÏäÈ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò ˛ôyÓ˚y˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ˆîˆÏÖ£z Ó˚yhfl˛y
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 ¢yÓÁˆÏÎ˚ñ Á¶˛yÓ˚!Óãñ ö%˛›˛!Óã ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ Óy Ó˚yhfl˛y ¢Çú@¿ fiÌyˆÏò Ü“ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
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 ˛ôyÑ≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛y ˛ôyÓ˚ £ÁÎ˚y â˛úˆÏÓ òy–
 Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yˆÏò Ñ˛Ìy Óúy v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
 Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ õyG˛Öyò !îˆÏÎ˚ £§y›˛y v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
 ˆîÔˆÏv˛¸ Ó˚yhfl˛y ˛ôyÓ˚ £ÁÎ˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
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 ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ˆÏú â˛v˛¸yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆÓÑ˛ñ ›˛yÎ˚yÓ˚ñ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ â˛y˛ôñ ˆÓúñ úy£z›˛ Á ˆâ˛ò ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ !¢Üòƒyú ˆõˆÏò â˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Ó§yÑ˛ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˆîˆÏÖ £yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ £z!AÜì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
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 ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú ~Ñ˛ ãˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ Óy ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ î%ãˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ–
 Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ Ó§y!îÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ â˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 Á¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏ›˛Ñ˛ ~!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ â˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Ó˚yhfl˛y ¢Ó˚% ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ~Ñ˛ úy£zò ïˆÏÓ˚ â˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xƒyˆÏÑ˛yÓƒy!›˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y â˛úˆÏÓ òyñ î%£yì˛ £ƒyˆÏu˛ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú ›˛ΔƒyÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ ì˛y ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ ¢Ó≈îy ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 v˛zIμú Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ ãyõy ˛ôÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Á Ó˚yˆÏì˛ v˛zIμú xyˆÏúy ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 Ó˚yˆÏì˛ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛zIμú ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ¢%fiÌ ˆî£ Á ¢%fiÌ õyò!¢Ñ˛ì˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !òÎ˚õÑ˛yò%òÜ%ˆÏúy ÎÌyÎÌ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyúò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú â˛yúyˆÏòy
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 â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛ì≈˛ÓƒÓ˚ì˛ ˛ô%!úüÑ˛õ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÎyÓì˛#Î˚ !òˆÏî≈üñ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ñ !â˛£´ Á Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ x!AÑ˛ì˛
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 !òÎ˚!s˛fì˛ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓˆÏÜ£z ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ â˛yúyˆÏòy v˛z!â˛ì˛ ÎyˆÏì˛ ãÓ˚%!Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ î%á≈›˛òy ~v˛¸yˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚–
 fl˛%Òúñ Ñ˛ˆÏúãñ £y¢˛ôyì˛yúñ Ìyòyñ ≤Ãüy¢!òÑ˛ ¶˛Óò Óy ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆÜˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò Üy!v˛¸ Ó˚yÖy
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 Üy!v˛¸ ü%ï%õye ˛ôy!Ñ≈˛Ç Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ fiÌyˆÏò£z Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
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 ˆõy›˛Ó˚ ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ˆÏú ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ î%ÈÙÈãòñ !ì˛òãò òÎ˚ó ~£z î%ãòˆÏÑ˛£z xÓüƒ£z !ò!î≈T˛ õyò¢¡ôß¨ ˆ£úˆÏõ›˛
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 ïyE˛y ~v˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !òÓ˚y˛ôî î)Ó˚c ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚–
 v»˛y£z¶˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛yò!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó¢y !ò!°ÏÂï–
 Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ü“ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ÜyòˆÏüyòy Óy xòƒ!îˆÏÑ˛ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ ˆîÁÎ˚y xò%!â˛ì˛–
 xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%ˆÏúy Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜfiÌˆÏúñ Óy v˛y£zˆÏòÈÙÈÓ§yˆÏÎ˚ ˆõyv˛¸ ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆÎ ˆãÓy
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Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
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S4V fl˛∫Î˚Ç!Ñ˛Î˚ !¢Üòƒyú ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ !Óá¯ á›˛ˆÏú–
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S7V !òõ≈yíÑ˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ãòƒ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ £z›˛ñ Óy!úñ ˛ôyÌÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î õ)ú Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ Óy ö%˛›˛˛ôyˆÏÌ˛ ãˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏú–
S8V Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ñ ïõ≈#Î˚ Óy xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !õ!äÈú v˛z˛ôúˆÏ«˛ƒ ü£ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãâ%˛Ó˚ ÎyòÓy£ò Á ãò¢õyÜõ £ˆÏú–
S9V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ó˚yã˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Ó˚yhfl˛y xÓˆÏÓ˚yï £ˆÏú Óy !ÓˆÏ«˛y¶˛ñ xÓfiÌyòñ ïÓ˚òy ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛
â˛úˆÏú–
S10V ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Üy!v˛¸ ˛ôy!Ñ≈˛Ç òy £ˆÏúñ Üy!v˛¸ â˛úyâ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Ü!ì˛ Óƒy£ì˛ £Î˚–
S11V !Ó!¶˛ß¨ î%á≈›˛òyã!òì˛ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí–
S12V ≤ÃyÑ,˛!ì˛Ñ˛ !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ñ ÎÌyÈÙÙÙÈ G˛v˛¸ñ Ó,!T˛ñ ¶)˛!õÑ˛¡ô £zì˛ƒy!î Á ì˛Í˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# !Óü,Cú ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ–
6.1.5 ˛ô!Ó˚Îyò ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ É
˛ô!Ó˚Îyò ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛
›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%!úü STraffic PoliceV Üy!v˛¸â˛yúÑ˛ SDriverV
£hfl˛ÏÈmyÓ˚y ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ xyˆÏúyÑ˛¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ £hfl˛ÏÈmyÓ˚y ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ xyˆÏúyÑ˛¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛

S1 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 9 ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛V (Lightsignal) (Light indicator)
£hfl˛â˛y!úì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ SManual SignalV É ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%!úü üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ xAÜ¶˛!AÜÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆÎ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛Ü%ˆÏúy
!îˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò–
1V 1òÇ £hfl˛!òˆÏî≈!üì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ Ñ˛ì≈˛ÓƒÓ˚ì˛ ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛
ÎyòÓy£ò xy¢ˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÌyõyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ–
1 òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 2 òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 3 òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 4~ òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 4!Ó òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛

2V 2òÇ £hfl˛!òˆÏî≈!üì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ Ñ˛ì≈˛ÓƒÓ˚ì˛ ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛
ÎyòÓy£ò xy¢ˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ÌyõyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ–
3V 3òÇ £hfl˛!òˆÏî≈!üì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛!›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ Ñ˛ì≈˛ÓƒÓ˚ì˛ ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛
˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò Á !˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ ¢õhfl˛
ÎyòÓy£òÜ% ˆ Ï ú y xy¢ˆÏ ä Èñ ~Ñ˛£z ¢ ˆÏ A Ü v˛z ¶ ˛Î˚ ! îˆÏ Ñ ˛Ó˚
ÎyòÓy£òˆÏÑ˛ ÌyõyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ–
4~V 4~ òÇ £hfl˛!òˆÏî!≈ üì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛!›˛ v˛z¶˛Î˚!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Üy!v˛¸ v˛yò!îˆÏÑ˛
ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏòy Órï Ñ˛Ó˚y– 5òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 6 òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛
4!ÓV 4!Ó òÇ £hfl˛!òˆÏî≈!üì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛!›˛ v˛yò!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Üy!v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ Ìy!õˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y SStopVñ ÎyˆÏì˛ Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
Üy!v˛¸Ü%ˆÏúy v˛yò!îˆÏÑ˛ á%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
5V 5 òÇ £hfl˛!òˆÏî≈!üì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛!›˛ Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ Üy!v¸ˆÏÑ˛ Ìy!õˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y SStopV– ÎyˆÏì˛ v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Üy!v˛¸Ü%ˆÏúy
v˛yò!ÏîˆÏÑ˛ á%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
6V 6 òÇ £hfl˛!òˆÏî≈!üì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛!›˛ ˆÎ!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Üy!v˛¸Ü%ˆÏúy â˛úyâ˛ú Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z¢Ó Üy!v˛¸Ü%ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛
Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ˆÎ ~Ö%!ò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ÌyõyÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ Á ˆÎ!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Üy!v˛¸Ü%ˆÏúy ˆÌˆÏõ xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛
ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÓ–
7V 7 òÇ £hfl˛!òˆÏî≈!üì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛!›˛ Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ Üy!v˛¸ äÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
8V 8 òÇ £hfl˛!òˆÏî≈!üì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛!›˛ v˛yò!îˆÏÑ˛ Üy!v˛¸ äÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
99V 9 òÇ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Üy!v˛¸ v˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
7~ òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 7!Ó òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 8~ òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 8!Ó òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 9 òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛

xyˆÏúyÑ˛¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ SLight Signal) É !òÎ˚õ ˆõˆÏò Üy!v˛¸ â˛úyâ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚yhfl˛ÏyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È xyˆÏúyÑ˛¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y
ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆÎÜ%ˆÏúy ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%!úü !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò–
1V úyú xyˆÏúy ˆîÖˆÏú î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yhfl˛ÏyÎ˚ ‘Stop’ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò xˆÏ˛ô«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2V ¢Ó%ã xyˆÏúy ˆîÖˆÏú ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ Óy v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛ á%Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛y£zˆÏú !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y
xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Î!î ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚# Ó˚yhfl˛Ïy x!ì˛Ñ˛õ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈò ú«˛
Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yhfl˛Ïy x!ì˛Ñ˛õ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ !îˆÏì˛˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3V xƒy¡∫yÓ˚ xyˆÏúy ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛#Ñ˛Ó˚í ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛– ¢Ó%ã ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ £ú%î xyˆÏúy ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏú
Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ‘Stop’ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– úyú ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó!ì≈˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ xƒy¡∫yÓ˚
xyˆÏúy ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏú Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ãhfl%˛ì˛ £ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍ Üy!v˛¸ î§yv˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ úyú
¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ~ÓÇ Üy!v˛¸ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢Ó%ã ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ xƒy¡∫yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ÓƒÓ£,ì˛
£Î˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚Öy x!ì˛Ñ˛õ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ xƒy¡∫yÓ˚ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ˆîÖy ˆÜˆÏú î%á≈›˛òy ~v˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ Üy!v˛¸
î§yv˛¸ òy Ñ˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
4V !ì˛Ó˚!â˛£´!Ó!üT˛ ¢Ó%ã ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ ü%ï%õye Á£z !îˆÏÑ˛ Üy!v˛¸ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xò%õ!ì˛ ˆîÎ˚–
1òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 2òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 3òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 4òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛
 Ó˚yhfl˛y ˛ôyÓ˚y˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òÎ˚õyÓ!ú SRoad Crossing Rules in Busy Traffic HoursV É

!ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ 1 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 9 ò¡∫Ó˚ £hfl˛â˛y!úì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ SManual SignalV äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ drillÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆüÖyˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛ô!Ó˚Îyò xy£zò STraffic RulesV ¢¡∫ˆÏrï xÓ!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Îy!s˛fÑ˛ !òÎ˚õÜ%ˆÏúy Îì˛›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó äÈ!Ó
ˆî!ÖˆÏÎ˚ ˆüÖyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó%ãñ xƒy¡∫yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ £ú%îñ úyú xyˆÏúy– ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ~Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y
ˆõÔ!ÖÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ úyúñ xƒy¡∫yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó%ã Ñ˛yÜã ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy îˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ úy!ÜˆÏÎ˚
~Ü%ˆÏúy äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓyG˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
6.1.6. !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌÈî%á≈›˛òy SDifferent Types of Road AccidentsV É
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌî%á≈›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ì˛y£z ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚# ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛yúÑ˛ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚˛ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛
!â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢yïyÓ˚í K˛yò ÌyÑ˛y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚– ~!›˛ £yˆÏì˛Ñ˛úˆÏõ ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú ¢£ˆÏã£z !ü«˛y ¢õ,Âï
£ˆÏÓ– !òˆÏ¡¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôÌî%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚y £ˆÏúyÈÙÙÙÈ
SÑ˛V x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ Îye#Ó£ò Óy õyúÓ£ò
SÖV ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ SSignalVÈÙÈòy õyòyÓ˚ ãòƒ
SÜV Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ x!ì˛!Ó˚=˛ Ü!ì˛Ó˚ ãòƒ
SáV ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ Üy!v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ !òÎ˚õÓ!£¶≈)˛ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ x!ì˛Ñ˛õ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ
SàV x≤ÃÑ,˛!ì˛fiÌ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ
Sâ˛V Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆõyÓy£zˆÏú Ñ˛Ìy Óúy
6.1.7 Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛
Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ â˛yúÏÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ü£z ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆîÖy ÎyÎ˚ñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ ~›˛y Üy!v˛¸
â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ !Ó!«˛Æ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆõyÓy£zú
ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆÎ !Óüyú ¢ÇÖƒÑ˛ î%á≈›˛òy áˆÏ›˛ ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí Üy!v˛¸
â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ˆÓxy£z!ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
 â˛yúÑ˛Ó˚y £ƒyu˛¢ÈÙÈ!ö˛ Óy £yˆÏì˛ïÓ˚y ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó˛ôî Ó%G˛ˆÏì˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y !îˆÏì˛ ˆî!Ó˚ £Î˚–
 ~õò!Ñ˛ xì˛ƒhs˛ ¢yÓïy!ò â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜÁ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ú Óy ˆ›˛:›˛
~ˆÏú !Ó!«˛Æ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛ ú£õyÓ˚ ãòƒ õòÉ¢ÇˆÏÎyÜ
£yÓ˚yˆÏúÁ ¢Çá°Ï≈ á›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
 ~Ñ˛ãò â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ ˆúˆÏò Üy!v˛¸ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yˆÏò ˆ›˛:›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ 91 üì˛yÇü
˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ñ˛ˆÏõ ÎyÎ˚–
 ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yò Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ !Ó!¶˛ß¨¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ó!«˛Æ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ~õò!Ñ˛
ˆö˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˚ÇÁ î%á≈›˛òy á›˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
 ¢yïyÓ˚ì˛ ~›˛y xyüy Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚# £‡˛yÍ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛y ˛ôyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ~Ñ˛ãò
Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ â˛yúÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ Üy!v˛¸ ÌyõyˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò– !Ñ˛hs$˛ â˛yúÑ˛ Î!î ˆõyÓy£zú
ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ì˛y£ˆÏú G§%˛!Ñ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ â˛yúÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚õì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò òy ~ÓÇ
ˆü°ÏˆÏõü î%á≈›˛òy á›˛ˆÏÓ– ¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ î%¶≈˛yÜƒãòÑ˛ Óƒy˛ôyÓ˚ £ˆÏúy Ó£% ˆõy›˛Ó˚ ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú ~ÓÇ Óy£z¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú
â˛yúÑ˛ Ó˚yhfl˛yÓ˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò òy ˆÌˆÏõ ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~›˛y áˆÏ›˛ñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í õyò%°Ï ~Ó˚ ö˛úyö˛ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò òò–
 ˆõy›˛Ó˚Îyò ~ÓÇ ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yò Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z ~Ñ˛¢ˆÏAÜ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ òy– ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yˆÏò Ñ˛Ìy
ÓúyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏú â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ñ õîƒ˛ôyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õyò
£Î˚–
 Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ã!›˛ú Óy!í!ãƒÑ˛ ˆúòˆÏîòñ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ¢y!Î˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛ú Ñ˛Ó˚y Óy @˘Ã£í
Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓÜã!v˛¸ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛Ìò Üy!v˛¸â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Óyv˛¸yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢õhfl˛
â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏòyˆÏÎyÜ Öy!òÑ˛›˛y Óƒy£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ £yˆÏì˛ÈÙÈïÓ˚y Óy £ƒyu˛¢ÈÙÈ!ö˛ ˆõyÓy£zú
ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¢ÇáˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy â˛yÓ˚ Ü%í ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚–
 Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ñ Ñ˛yÓ˚í ˆ¢›˛y ü%ï%õye ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚
¢õÎ˚£z õrÌÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òyñ ˆ¢£z ¢ˆÏAÜ â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôú!kï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ «˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óƒ£ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢ÇáˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚
¢Ω˛yÓòy Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
 ›˛Δy!ö˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Öò Üy!v˛¸ ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏòy !òÓ˚y˛ôî £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢›˛y !¢Âïyhs˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y ~Ñ˛›˛y ã!›˛ú Ñ˛yã– Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚
¢õÎ˚ ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆ¢›˛y !Óâ˛yÓ˚«˛õì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !òÓ˚y˛ôî ö§˛yÑ˛
!òÓ≈yâ˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £Î˚– ÎÖò xyÜì˛ ÎyòÓy£ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚ !¢Âïyhs˛ !òˆÏì˛ £Î˚ ì˛Öò
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓüÜì˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ñ˛ÌyÁ !ÓˆÏÓâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ó ˆÎõòñ Ó,!T˛ £ˆÏú Ó˚yhfl˛y !˛ôäÈÈú ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !òÓ˚y˛ôˆÏî
á%Ó˚ˆÏì˛ òy ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú ¢Çá°Ï≈ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
 ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!Ñ˛Î˚y ï#ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚òñ !ÓˆÏü°Ïì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÌy˛ôÑ˛ÌˆÏò !òõ@¿
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú– ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ !¢ÜòƒyˆÏú ¢yv˛¸y !îˆÏì˛ ˆî!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò Óy ˆ¢›˛y ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚£z ú«˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌ≈ £ò–
 ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛y!úò ˆÓÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚Á õrÌÓ˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ö˛ˆÏú ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚
Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ÌyõyÓ˚ î)Ó˚c Ñ˛ˆÏõ ÎyÎ˚–
 ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆúò ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆÓ!ü ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ
~õò!Ñ˛ Ñ˛õ ›˛Δƒy!ö˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆ¢yãy Ó˚yhfl˛yˆÏì˛Á–
 ˆõyÓy£zú ˆö˛yò ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ xyÎ˚òy ~ÓÇ â˛y!Ó˚˛ôyˆÏü Ñ˛# £ˆÏFäÈ ˆ¢›˛y ˆîÖyÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛õ ¢õÎ˚
ÓƒÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y ˛ôÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛í ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z õˆÏì˛y ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô ˆòÁÎ˚yˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¶˛y!Óì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
6.1.8 ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ ¢%Ó˚«˛y É
S1V !ÓˆÏŸª 2030ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òyÎ˚ xy£ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ¶˛Î˚yÓ£ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
S2V ¢v˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ!üÓ˚¶˛yÜ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í õyÌyÎ˚ ˆâ˛y›˛– ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy ˆ£úˆÏõ›˛ õyÌyÎ˚ ˆâ˛y›˛ úyÜyÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòyˆÏÑ˛
70% Ñ˛!õˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚–
S3V 50 !Ñ˛!õ ˆÓˆÏÜ ïyE˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˛ô§yâ˛ì˛úy Óy!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyÁÎ˚y–
S4V !¢›˛ ˆÓˆÏŒ›˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòyˆÏÑ˛ 60% Ñ˛!õˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚–
S5V v»˛y£z!¶˛ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y õòÉ¢ÇˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò– ˆõyÓy£zˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ £z!wÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ â˛M˛ú
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ–˚
S6V Ó˚yˆÏì˛ ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ ˆâ˛y›˛ úyÜyÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy ˆÓ!ü–
S7V Üv˛¸≤Ã!ì˛ 1% Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ Ñ˛õˆÏú î%á≈›˛òy 2% Ñ˛õˆÏÓ–
S8V ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ›˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ îyõ Üy!v˛¸Ó˚ îyˆÏõÓ˚ 2%ÙÙÈ4%– ~ˆÏì˛ xy˛ô¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú xy!Ì≈Ñ˛ Á xòƒ¶˛yˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚
õyü%ú Ü%òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S9V ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆõy›˛ ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òyÎ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚í â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒÈñ
ÎyÓ˚ 10% õîƒ˛ôyò Óy v»˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ãòƒ–
S10V ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò â˛yúˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ î%á≈›˛òy á›˛yÓ˚ ¢Ω˛yÓòy Ñ˛õ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
S11V â˛úõyò Üy!v˛¸ˆÏì˛ Üyò ü%òˆÏì˛ ü%òˆÏì˛ Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏòyÁ î%á≈›˛òyÓ˚
xòƒì˛õ Ñ˛yÓ˚í–
6.1.9 ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òy@˘Ãhfl˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒÑ˛yÓ˚# ¢%òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛
¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òyÎ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛yÓ˚ ü#ˆÏ°Ï≈ xyˆÏäÈ– ≤Ã!ì˛
ÓäÈÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 5 ú«˛ ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy ãyòy Îyòy ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏì˛
1.5 ú«˛ õ,ì%˛ƒ áˆÏ›˛ñ Îy !ÓˆÏŸªÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢Ó≈y!ïÑ˛ ~ÓÇ ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òyÓ˚
!üÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 4.5 úˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÓÎ˚¢ 15 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 45 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ–
2014 ¢yˆÏú ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£ò ~ÓÇ õ£y¢v˛¸Ñ˛ õs˛fíyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛y!üì˛
ì˛Ìƒ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1ñ39ñ671 ãò Óƒ!=˛ ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òyÎ˚ ≤Ãyí
£y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– ~£z ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ xÌ≈ £ú ≤Ã!ì˛!îò 382 ãˆÏòÓ˚ õ,ì%˛ƒ áˆÏ›˛–
¢y¡±!ì˛Ñ˛Ñ˛yˆÏú ≤ÃyÎ˚ 88 üì˛yÇü ˛ôyŸª≈fiÌ ˆúyÑ˛ãò xy£z!ò G˛yˆÏõúy
~ÓÇ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ £Î˚Ó˚y!òÓ˚ ¶˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£zì˛hfl˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ !ãK˛y¢yÓyî Ñ˛Ó˚yñ xyîyúì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
~Ñ˛y!ïÑ˛ ¢õò ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòy ~ÓÇ ~õò!Ñ˛ x!òFäÈyÑ,˛ì˛ î%á≈›˛òyã!òì˛ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚
ãòƒ ˆ¢y˛ôî≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí !òÑ˛›˛Óì≈˛# ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y î%îü≈y@˘ÃfiÌ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏîÓ˚
¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ â˛yò òy–
~Öò ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á›≈ ˛òyÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏÑ˛ xy£z!ò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãíyú#Üì˛ G˛yˆÏõúy
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏä–È Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢%!≤ÃõˆÏÑ˛y›˛≈ ˆÑ˛wˆÏÑ˛ ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%v˛ ¢yõy!Ó˚›˛yò
S¢%òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛V xy£zò ÓúÓì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ xy£z!ò Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏúˆÏäÈòñ
ÎyˆÏì˛ ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚õˆÏì˛y xy˛ôÍÑ˛yú#ò ˆ¢Óy ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òyã!òì˛ õ,ì%˛ƒÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy Ñ˛õyˆÏòy ÎyÎ˚– xyîyúì˛ myÓ˚y !òÎ%=˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôƒyˆÏòúñ
¢v˛¸Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£ò ~ÓÇ õs˛fíyúÎ˚ñ Ü%v˛ ¢yõy!Ó˚›˛yòˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ xy£zò õs˛fÑ˛ ~ÓÇ
fl˛∫Ó˚yT˛ΔÈ õs˛fˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ !òˆÏî≈üyÓ!ú ãy!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈÉ
1. ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á›≈ ˛òyÓ˚ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛îü≈#¢£ ~Ñ˛ãò îü≈Ñ˛ Óy Ü%v˛ ¢yõy!Ó˚›˛yò ~Ñ˛ãò
xy£ì˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òÑ˛›˛Óì≈˛# £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ x!ÓúˆÏ¡∫
ˆ¢Öyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ â˛ˆÏú ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚òñ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛îü≈#ˆÏÑ˛ !‡˛Ñ˛yòy !îˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~£z îü≈Ñ˛ Óy Ü%v˛ ¢yõy!Ó˚›˛yòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃŸ¿ !ãK˛y¢y
Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ òy–
2. Ó˚yãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛ì,≈˛˛ô«˛ îü≈Ñ˛ Óy
Ü%v˛ ¢yõy!Ó˚›˛yòˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ˛ô%Ó˚fl˛ÒyÓ˚ Óy «˛!ì˛˛ô)Ó˚í ˆîˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛ xòƒyòƒ
òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ î%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
3. îü≈Ñ˛ Óy Ü%v˛ ¢yõy!Ó˚›˛yòˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y!ò Óy ˆö˛Ôãîy!Ó˚ îyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ãòƒ îyÎ˚# Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
4. ~Ñ˛ãò îü≈Ñ˛ Óy Ü%v˛ ¢yõy!Ó˚›˛yò !Î!ò Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÌyÑ˛y xy£ì˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ˛ô%!úü Óy xy˛ôÍÑ˛yú#ò
˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ÏÓyˆÏÑ˛ ˆö˛yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãyòyˆÏÓòñ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ òyõ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ !ÓÓÓ˚í ˆö˛yˆÏò Óy ¢üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚
ãòƒ Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
5. £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ˆõ!v˛ˆÏÑ˛y !úÜyú ˆÑ˛¢ S~õ~ú!¢V ö˛ˆÏõ≈
Ü%v˛ ¢yõy!Ó˚›˛yˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ ~ÓÇ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ì˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÑ˛yü Ñ˛Ó˚y fl˛∫ì˛É≤ÃˆÏíy!îì˛ ~ÓÇ ˙!FäÈÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
£ˆÏÓ–
6. ˆÑ˛yˆÏ ò y ¢Ó˚ Ñ ˛y!Ó˚ Ñ˛õ≈ â ˛yÓ˚ # !Î!ò ~Ñ˛ãò îü≈ Ñ ˛ Óy Ü% v ˛
¢yõy!Ó˚›˛yòˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ òyõ Óy Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ !ÓÓÓ˚í ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ
â˛y˛ô ˆîˆÏÓò Óy ¶˛Î˚ ˆîÖyˆÏÓò ì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y üy!hfl˛õ)úÑ˛ Óy !Ó¶˛yÜ#Î˚ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô
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ì˛y£ˆÏú xy£ì˛ Óƒ!=˛ ÎyˆÏì˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ˆ¢Óy ˛ôyò ˆ¢ãòƒ ¢õhfl˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì˛yˆÏÑ˛
!òÑ˛›˛Óì≈˛# !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢Ñ˛ Óy £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõñ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ !òÓ!rïì˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢Ñ˛ Óy £y¢˛ôyì˛yˆÏú
Ñ˛õ≈Ó˚ì˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ îy!Î˚c £ˆÏÓ xy£ì˛ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ x!ÓúˆÏ¡∫ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢yÈÙÈˆ¢Óy ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤Ãíyú#Üì˛
xyò%¤˛y!òÑ˛ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ xˆÏ˛ô«˛y òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Óy !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚yó Î!î òy ãòˆÏÓ˚y°Ï Óy ì˛yÓ˚
!òÎ˚s˛fˆÏíÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛y xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ~õò Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢Ω˛Ó òy £Î˚–
Section-1: Recap Zone
1– ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y É õyòÈÙÙÈ1

SaV ˛ô!Ó˚Îyò !â˛£´ÈÙÙÈ Sî%£z/!ì˛ò/â˛yÓ˚/˛ô§yâ˛V ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚–
SbV ¢Ó%ã xyˆÏúy ˆîÖˆÏúÈÙÙÈ Sî§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ/ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ/ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛úòÈÙÈÜõò £ˆÏÓ òyV
ScV ˆÑ˛yò!›˛ ÌyõyÓ˚ !â˛£´ÈÙÙÈ
2– v˛z˛ôÓ˚ÈÙÈò#ˆÏâ˛ !â˛£´ Á !òˆÏî≈üÜ%!ú ˆõúyÁ É
!â˛£´
A B C D E
!òˆÏî≈üÈÙÈ ÙÈ • £ò≈ ÓyãyˆÏòy !òˆÏ°Ïï

• Ü!ì˛ ¢ˆÏÓ≈yFâ˛ 50 !Ñ˛!õ/á^˘›˛y
• ˆòy ˛ôy!Ñ≈˛Ç/ Üy!v˛¸ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy !òˆÏ°Ïï
• ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò
• ˆ¢yãy Óy Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ

3– ¢Ç!«˛Æ v˛z_Ó˚ îyÁÈ É
SaV ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú â˛yúyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÑ˛yò ˆÑ˛yò !òˆÏî≈ü ˆõˆÏò â˛úy v˛z!â˛ì˛⁄
SbV ˛ô!Ó˚Îyò ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ x¢%!ÓïyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ScV ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈üÜ%!ú xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SdV ˛ô!Ó˚Îyò !â˛£´ Ñ˛Î˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ Á Ñ˛# Ñ˛# v˛zîy£Ó˚í¢£ ˆúˆÏÖy–
SeV Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%!ú ò~åÌ≈Ñ˛ ≤Ãì˛#Ñ˛ !â˛£´ xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ˆúˆÏÖy–
SfV ì˛Ìƒõ)úÑ˛ !â˛£´ Ñ˛#⁄ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ !â˛£´ !â˛e¢£ ˆúˆÏÖy–
SgV !Ó!ï!òˆÏ°ÏˆÏïÓ˚ ¢õy!ÆÓ˚ !â˛e xAÑ˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
4– Ó˚â˛òyïõ≈# ≤ÃŸ¿ É
SaV ¢v˛¸Ñ˛ ¢%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈üÜ%!ú ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SbV !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÌî%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚íÜ%!ú Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ScV ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%!úˆÏüÓ˚ xyˆÏúyÑ˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛Ü%!ú Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SdV £hfl˛â˛y!úì˛ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛Ü%!ú ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SeV ˛ô!Ó˚Îyò ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ òyòy !Óá¯Ü%!ú xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SfV ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚y Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ â˛úyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ Ñ˛# Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òyñ ˆ¢Ü%!ú Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
5– ≤ÃÑ˛“ É
SaV ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yõ)úÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãò¢yïyÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ ì%˛!õ
Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ⁄
SbV ˆì˛yõyˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ü«˛yÌ#≈ Á !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚y Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ î%á≈›˛òyÓ˚ ¢¡ø%Ö#ò £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛
ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Á ¢%˛ôy!Ó˚üÜ%!ú !ú!˛ôÓÂï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ScV ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_y v˛zî‰Îy˛ôò ¢ÆyˆÏ£Ó˚ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y Óí≈òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
SdV !ü«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ !ü«˛y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛ÎyˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÌ#≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
!ü«˛yÌ#≈ñ !ü«˛yÌ#≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ ~ÓÇ !ü«˛yÌ#≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ãò¢yïyÓ˚í ˛ôÌ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ïyÓ˚íy úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
!ü«˛Ñ˛ñ !ü«˛yÌ#≈ñ x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ Á ãò¢yïyÓ˚í ¢Ñ˛ˆÏú ¢õˆÏÓì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôÌ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ü˛ôÌ ˆòˆÏÓ–
xyõyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛K˛y
¢Æõ xïƒyÎ˚
!òÎ˚õyò%Ü xAÜ¢M˛yúò
7.1.1 Óì˛â˛yÓ˚#
ãy!Ó˚Üyò
Óì˛â˛yÓ˚# xyˆÏ®yúˆÏòÓ˚ fl˛ÀT˛y Ü%Ó˚%¢îÎ˚ î_ ˆâ˛ˆÏÎ˚!äÈˆÏúò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈Ó˚ òyòyÈÙÈ¶˛y°Ïyñ òyòyÈÙõì˛ñ òyòyÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚ïyˆÏòÓ˚
õyò%°Ï Óì˛â˛yÓ˚# ˛ôì˛yÑ˛yì˛ˆÏú !õ!úì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ãy!ì˛ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛ xydyÈÙÈ~Ñ˛ ≤ÃyˆÏíÓ˚ !ÓFä%ÈÓ˚í á›˛yˆÏÓ– ˆ¢£z Óyì≈˛y Ó˚ˆÏ›˛
ÎyˆÏÓ ˆîü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîüyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚– ì˛yÓ˚£z ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛úò xyõÓ˚y ˛ôy£z ãy!Ó˚ÜyˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ÈÙÙÙÈÑ˛yÓ˚ÓyúyˆÏì˛ £zõyõ ˆ£yˆÏ¢òñ
Ñ˛yˆÏ¢õ !îˆÏúò ≤Ãyí / ì˛yÓ˚£z úy£zÜƒy ÓyÇúyÎ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ® !£®% õ%¢úõyòÈ–
ˆ◊!í!Óòƒy¢ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ó,_yÑ˛yÓ˚ñ ÓÎ˚y!ì˛ S!úv˛yÓ˚V ÓÎ˚y!ì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
ˆ˛ôyüÏyÑ˛È ÈÙÙÙÈ Óì˛â˛yÓ˚# ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ñ £yˆÏì˛ Ó˚%õyú–
1 òÇ ¶˛!AÜ ÙÙÙ ÈxyˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúy ¶˛yˆÏúy ¶˛yˆÏúyˆÏÓ˚ ¶˛y£z
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xyˆÏÓ˚È ÙÙÙÈS≤Ãhfl$˛ì˛ xÓfiÌyV–
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xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó!ãÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì˛%úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
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Ó§y ˛ôy x“ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ â˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2 òÇ ¶˛!AÜ ÈÙÙÙÈ Á£z ˆÎ !ì˛ˆÏúˆÏì˛ ˜ì˛ú £Î˚ î%ˆÏï £Î˚ î£z SÓÎ˚y!ì˛V
Á£z ˆÎ ïyˆÏòˆÏì˛ ˜ì˛Î˚yÓ˚ £Î˚ õ%!v˛¸ÈÙÈ!â˛v˛¸yÈÙÈÖ£z S¢Ñ˛ˆÏúV
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ˆÓü ˆÓü ˆÓü ¶˛y£zÈ ÙÙÙÈ S¢Ñ˛ˆÏúV
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ˆÓü ¶˛y£z ÈÙÙÙÈ SÓÎ˚y!ì˛V ¢yÓy¢ ¶˛y£z S¢Ñ˛ˆÏúV
â%˛˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ ¶˛y£z ÈÙÙÙÈ SÓÎ˚y!ì˛V ¢Ó%Ó˚ S¢Ñ˛ˆÏúV
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Á£z ˆÎ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˛ôy 1òÇ ¶˛!AÜ 2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xÓfiÌy
£yì˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !˛ôäÈˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!ì˛ˆÏúˆÏì˛ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˛ôy 1òÇ ¶˛!AÜÓ˚ 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xÓfiÌy
£yì˛ !˛ôäÈò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
˜ì˛ú ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÁ£z ˆÎÛ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¶˛!AÜ
£Î˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ Ú!ì˛ˆÏúˆÏì˛ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¶˛!AÜ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ â˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢Ó%Ó˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ˛ôy ˆãyv˛¸yñ £yì˛ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3 òÇ ¶˛!AÜ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢¶˛y Ñ˛£zÓ˚y Ó£z¢ ¶˛y£zˆÏÓ˚ !£®% õ%¢úõyò–
Ó®òy ¢y!Ó˚Î˚y xyõÓ˚y Sxy!õV Üy£zõ% ãy!Ó˚Ó˚ Üyò––
õ%¢úõyò ¶˛y£zˆÏîÓ˚ ãyòy£z ˆõyÓ˚y ¢yúyõ–
!£®% ¶˛y£zˆÏîÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y Ñ˛!Ó˚ ˆÜy ˆ˛ôÓ˚òyõ––
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ˆ¢£z áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õyˆÏG˛ ¶˛y£zˆÏÓ˚ ì˛#Ì≈ ÓyÓ˚yí¢#–
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õ%¢úõyò ÓˆÏúò ˆÖyîy !£®% ÓˆÏúò £!Ó˚–
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ì˛y£z!Ó˚Î˚y òy£z!Ó˚Î˚y òyˆÏÓ˚ òyˆÏÓ˚ òyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚–
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1 ÈÙÈ ¢¶˛y ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛yò ˛ôy v˛z§â%˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Ó§y ˛ôy ˆì˛yúyñ Ó§y £yì˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ˆîyúyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ
v˛yò £yì˛ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ÓˆÏv˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˆîyúyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
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!˛ôäÈˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3 ÈÙÈ Ó£z¢ ÈÙÙÙÈ 1ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xÓfiÌy
4 ÈÙÈ ¶˛y£zˆÏÓ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ 2ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xÓfiÌy
4 òÇ ¶˛!AÜ ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ ~ ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜy ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚
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ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¶˛yˆÏÓ˚ v˛yú ˛ôˆÏv˛¸ xy!úÎ˚y
Á !Ñ˛ ˆÓü ˆÓü
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Á !Ñ˛ ˆÓü ˆÓü ÈÙÙÙÈ
ˆ¶˛yõÓ˚y òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚%îò SˆÓ˚yîòV õï%Ó˚ úy!ÜÎ˚y ˆÓ˚ ÈÙ È~ ~
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Ñ˛yÓ˚ÓyúyˆÏì˛ £zõyõ ˆ£yˆÏ¢òñ Ñ˛yˆÏ¢õ !îˆÏúò ≤Ãyí–
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5 òÇ ¶˛!AÜ ÈÙÙÙÈ ú%Ñ˛ SˆúyÑ˛V ÜúyÎ˚ ÜúyÎ˚ !õ!ú ˆÓ˚ ÈÙÈ ~ ~
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1 ÈÙÈ Ü ÈÙÙÙÈ Ó§y ˛ôy ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ v˛yò ˛ôy v˛yò
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Ó®òy ¢y!Ó˚Î˚y xyõÓ˚y Üy£zõ% ãy!Ó˚Ó˚ Üyò
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1òÇ ≤’y›%˛ò ˛ô!Ó˚îü≈ò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú 1òÇ ≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤’y›%˛ò Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚ ≤’y›%˛òˆÏÑ˛ !Ó◊yõ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚
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2òÇ ≤’y›%˛ò Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚ ≤’y›%˛òˆÏÑ˛ !Ó◊yˆÏõÓ˚ xyˆÏîü ˆîˆÏÓ– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õhfl˛ ≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚Ó˚y ≤Ãïyò x!ì˛!Ì
≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò xy¢yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢yÓïyò Á ˛ô!Ó˚îü≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ !Ó◊yõ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏîü ˆîˆÏÓ– ≤Ãïyò
x!ì˛!ÌÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚îü≈ò £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú îúˆÏòì˛y ≤Ãïyò x!ì˛!ÌˆÏÑ˛ õˆÏM˛ ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈ !îˆÏÎ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ õyˆÏG˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚
~ˆÏ¢ î§yv˛¸yˆÏÓ–
îúˆÏòì˛y ¢õhfl˛ ≤’y›%˛òÜ%ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ Ú!òÑ˛›˛ úy£zò â˛úÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ xyˆÏîü ˆîˆÏÓ– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ îúˆÏòì˛y Úˆ¢úy!õ ˆîˆÏòˆÏÑ˛
!úˆÏÎ˚ õM˛ˆÏ¢ Ü%ãˆÏÓ˚!Üñ 1òÇ ≤’y›%˛ò xyˆÏÜ ˛ôƒyˆÏÓ˚v˛ !ì˛ˆÏòy !ì˛ò ˆõ v˛y£zˆÏò â˛ˆÏúÜy v˛y£zˆÏò õ%v˛¸Û ~£z xyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
õyïƒˆÏõ ¢õhfl˛ ≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆö˛Ó˚yˆÏÓ– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ îúˆÏòì˛y Úv˛y£zˆÏò ˆ¢ ˆì˛ã â˛úÛ xyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
õyïƒˆÏõ õyâ≈˛˛ôyfi›˛ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– îúˆÏòì˛y ¢ÓyÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ¢£Ñ˛yÓ˚# îúˆÏòì˛y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ¢ÓyÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï–
≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ≤’y›%˛ò Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– 1 òÇ ≤’y›%˛ò õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˛ôì˛yÑ˛y !â˛!£´ì˛
fiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ xy¢yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ 1òÇ ≤’y›%˛ò Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏîü ˆîˆÏÓ Ú≤’y›%˛ò Ó§yˆÏÎ˚ á%õ Ó§yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ¢Û– xyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚
¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ 1òÇ ≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ ö˛y£zú Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ á%ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢õhfl˛ ≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚Ó˚y Á£z
fiÌyˆÏò ~Ñ˛£z !òˆÏî≈ü ˆîˆÏÓ Á ≤’y›%˛òÜ%ˆÏúy ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ á%ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
1òÇ ≤’y›%˛ò õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛yò ˆÑ˛yˆÏí ˛ôì˛yÑ˛y !â˛!£´ì˛ fiÌyˆÏò xy¢yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ 1òÇ ≤’y›%˛ò Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚
xyˆÏîü ˆîˆÏÓ ÚÓ§yˆÏÎ˚ õ%v˛¸Ûñ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ 1òÇ ≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ÚÓ§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ õ%v˛¸Û ÓˆÏú ˆÜyv˛¸y!úˆÏÑ˛ Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛
Ó˚yÖˆÏÓ– v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ Öy!ú ÓˆÏú v˛yò ˛ôyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü Ó˚yÖˆÏÓñ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ÓˆÏú Ó§y ˛ôy
ˆö˛úˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ ÓˆÏú Ó§y ˛ôyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü ˆö˛úˆÏÓ Sõ%ÖñÖy!úñ~Ñ˛ñ~Ñ˛V– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚y£z›˛
õyÑ≈˛yÓ˚ ˆîˆÏÖ Úˆì˛ã â˛úÛ– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ≤’y›%˛ò Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ á%ˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛ò !ì˛ò úy£zˆÏò õˆÏM˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚
xy¢ˆÏÓ– õˆÏM˛Ó˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ äÈÎ˚ ˛ôy xyˆÏÜ ≤’y›%˛ò Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ˆîˆÏÓ Ú≤’y›%˛ò v˛y£zˆÏò ˆîÖÛ– xyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ
≤’y›%˛ò Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚ v˛y£zòy ¢ƒyú%›˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y£z›˛ õyÑ≈˛yÓ˚ äÈyv˛¸y xòƒyòƒ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÖˆÏÓ– õM˛
x!ì˛Ñ˛õ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ≤’y›%˛ò ˛ôì˛yÑ˛y !â˛!£´ì˛ fiÌyˆÏò ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈyˆÏú ≤’y›%˛ò Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚Óy˚ xyˆÏîü ˆîˆÏÓ Ú≤’y›%˛òÈÙÈ¢yõòy
ˆîÖÛ– xyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ îúˆÏòì˛y ¢ƒyú%›˛ v˛yv˛zò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xòƒyòƒ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yÑ˛yˆÏÓ–
~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ≤’y›%˛ò ≤Ãïyò x!ì˛!ÌˆÏÑ˛ x!¶˛Óyîò ˆîˆÏÓ– ≤’y›%˛òÜ%ˆÏúy õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ Ó§yÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏí xy¢yÓ˚
˛ôÓ˚ ≤’y›%˛ò Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚ Úv˛y£zˆÏò õ%v˛¸Û xyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò !ì˛ò úy£zò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛ò ö˛y£zˆÏú
!òˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏú xy¢ˆÏÓ– v˛y£zˆÏò õ%v˛¸ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚£z ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ≤’y›%˛ò ÚÓ§yˆÏÎ˚ á%õÛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏÑ˛ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ ˛Ó§yÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏíÓ˚
˛ôì˛yÑ˛y!â˛!£´ì˛ fiÌyˆÏò !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ≤’y›%˛ò Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ˆîˆÏÓ ÚÓ§yˆÏÎ˚ á%õ Ó§yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ¢Û– ¢õhfl˛ ≤’y›%˛òÜ%ˆÏúy ~ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚
~Ñ˛ Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛ò !ì˛ò ö˛y£zˆÏú á%ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏí !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ≤’y›%˛ò Ñ˛õyu˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏîü
ˆîˆÏÓ ÚÓ§yˆÏÎ˚ á%õ Ó§yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ¢Û– ¢õhfl˛ ≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ á%ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôƒyˆÏÓ˚v˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛
≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ fiÌyˆÏò SˆÎÖyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôƒyˆÏÓ˚v˛ ü%Ó˚% £ˆÏÎ˚!äÈúV !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ îúˆÏòì˛y
Ú˛ôƒyˆÏÓ˚v˛ ÌyˆÏõÓ˚Û xyˆÏîü ˆîˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ÚÓ§yˆÏÎ˚ õ%v˛¸Û xyˆÏîˆÏüÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢õhfl˛ ≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏM˛Ó˚
!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆö˛Ó˚yˆÏÓ– îúˆÏòì˛y Ú!Ó◊yõÛ xyˆÏîü ˆîˆÏÓ– äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y !Ó◊yõ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò x!ì˛!ÌÓ˚
Ó=+˛ì˛y ü%Ó˚% £ˆÏÓ– Ó=+˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˆüˆÏ°Ï îúˆÏòì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢õhfl˛ ≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÚÓ§yˆÏÎ˚/v˛y£zˆÏò õ%v˛¸Û Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
îúˆÏòì˛yÓ˚ Úï#ˆÏÓ˚ â˛úÛ xyˆÏîü ˆ˛ôˆÏú ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!›˛ ≤’y›%˛ˆÏòÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ï#ˆÏÓ˚ â˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
xyˆÏîü ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÑ˛îõ ì˛yúÛ
¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ ¢yÓïyò xÓfiÌyÎ˚ îúˆÏòì˛y ~£z xyˆÏîü !îˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õÎ˚ ˆì˛ã â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy fiÌyˆÏò äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÌyõyˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ~£z xyˆÏîü !îˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
1. õy!›˛Ó˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yˆÏú Ó§yÈ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ |Ó˚%ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ £§y›%˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò £§y›%˛ Á ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢!rïˆÏÑ˛
900 ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y õy!›˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˛v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ v˛yò
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
2. 1 ¢ÇÖƒy ÜíòyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ó§yÈ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y õy!›˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– !‡˛Ñ˛ ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ ~Ñ˛£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ¶˛yˆÏÓ
v˛yò ˛ôy v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ– üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
3. 2 ¢ÇÖƒy ÜíòyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ó§yÈ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òƒyÎ˚ v˛yò ˛ôy õy!›˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ Á Ó§yÈ ˛ôy ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ õy!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚
v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ– Ñ˛îõ ì˛yú â˛úyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü õ%!T˛ÓÂï xÓfiÌyÎ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆúˆÏÜ
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
xyˆÏîü ÈÙÙÙÈ ÚÑ˛îõ ÌyõÛ
Ñ˛îõ ì˛yú â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò îúˆÏòì˛y Ó§yÈ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛îõ Ìyõ xyˆÏîü ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ ÈÙÙÙÈ
1. v˛yò ˛ôyÈ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y õ%ˆÏÖ ÚÖy!úÛ ÓúˆÏÓ–
2. ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó§y ˛ôyÈ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆö˛ˆÏú õ%ˆÏÖ Ú~Ñ˛Û ÓúˆÏÓ–
3. v˛yò ˛ôyÈ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆö˛ˆÏú Ú2Û ÓˆÏú ¢yÓïyò xÓfiÌyÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏÓ–
7.1.3 Ñ˛ƒy!ú¢ˆÏÌ!òÑ˛‰¢
Öy!ú £yˆÏì˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ
ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ü%Ó˚%Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ !Ñ˛ä%È !òˆÏî≈ü ˆÖÎ˚yú Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ¢Ó≈îy ¢yÓïyò xÓfiÌyˆÏò î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ÓƒyÎ˚yõ 8
¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ £ˆÏÓ– !òˆÏî≈ü É Ú..... òÇ ÓƒyÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ãòƒ ≤Ãhfl$˛ì˛ £Á–Û ˆüyòyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏò xy¢ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ–
 ≤ÃÌõ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ S¢yÓïyˆÏò î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓV
≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyò É ¢yÓïyò xÓfiÌyÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
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äÈ!ÓV
≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyò 1 2 3 4
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5ÈÙÈ8V ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
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äÈ!ÓV
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£yì˛ ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ó§y £yì˛ v˛z˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yãy Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– S2
òÇ äÈ!ÓV
≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyò
1 2 3 4
3V Á£z xÓfiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó§y ˛ôy ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú £yì˛ ˆ¢yãy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ 1òÇ
xÓfiÌyˆÏò xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– S3 òÇ äÈ!ÓV
4V Ó§y ˛ôy v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~ˆÏò ¢yÓïyò xÓfiÌyˆÏò xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– S4 òÇ äÈ!ÓV
5ÈÙÈ8V !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ S¢yÓïyò xÓfiÌyˆÏò î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓV
1V Ó§y ˛ôy Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛›%˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ î%ÈÙÈ£yì˛ ˛ôÓ˚fl˛ôÓ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
Ñ§˛yïÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú £§y›%˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆâ˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ Ó¢yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– S1 òÇ äÈ!ÓV
2V 1 òÇ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î%ÈÙÈ£yì˛ î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏü !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– S2 òÇ äÈ!ÓV
3V xyÓyÓ˚ £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y ¢yõˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– S3 òÇ äÈ!ÓV
4V £§y›%˛ ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £yì˛ òy!õˆÏÎ˚ ¢yÓïyò xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– S4 òÇ äÈ!ÓV
5ÈÙÈ8V !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 â˛ì%˛Ì≈ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ S¢yÓïyò xÓfiÌyˆÏò î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓV
≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyò É ¢yÓïyò xÓfiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏ¢ ˛ôy ˆãyv˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– £yì˛
î%ˆÏ›˛y ˛ôyˆÏü õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ SLÈÙÈxÓfiÌyˆÏòV–
1V £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó§y ˛ôy ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ v˛z˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ì˛%ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £§y›%˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛!òì˛¡∫
v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y!úÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– S1 òÇ äÈ!ÓV
2V Ó§y ˛ôy òy!õˆÏÎ˚ v˛yò ˛ôy ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛!òì˛¡∫ !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ L xÓfiÌyˆÏò xyòˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ– S2 òÇ äÈ!ÓV
3V v˛yò ˛ôy ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ v˛z˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú Ó§y ˛ôy ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛!òì˛¡∫ Ó§y˛ ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y!úÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ– S3 òÇ äÈ!ÓV
4V ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ 2òÇ xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ L xÓfiÌyˆÏò Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– S4 òÇ äÈ!ÓV
5ÈÙÈ8V xyˆÏÜÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– 8 ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ˆü°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Ú¢yÓïyòÛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏî≈ü ˆ˛ôˆÏú£z ˛ôy
î%ˆÏ›˛y ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏò î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ¢yÓïyò xÓfiÌyˆÏò xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
xT˛õ xïƒyÎ˚
~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛#v˛¸y
8.1.1 ˆÎyÜy¢ò
õÍ¢ƒy¢ò
Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y É Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ xÌ≈yÍ xyõÓ˚y ≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ìy!Ñ˛ ˆ¢£z¶˛yˆÏÓ£z–
˛ôÂï!ì˛ É
1. ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˛ôpy¢ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
2. ~ÓyÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ£yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ò%£zÈÙÈ~ ¶˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ü%ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
3. ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ£yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú% õyÌyÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏü ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ â˛y˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ !˛ô‡˛ õy!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛%úˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
4. áyv˛¸ ˆ£!úˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ õyÌyÓ˚ ì˛yú% õy!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
5. ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ£yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y xyà%ú ïˆÏÓ˚ ›˛yòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Á Ó%Ñ˛ v˛z§â˛% Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
6. Ñ˛ò%£z õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ úyÜyˆÏòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú É x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ õˆÏò õˆÏò îü Ü%òˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú Ñ˛õü !ì˛!Ó˚ü ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆÜyòy
ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– î%ÈÙÈ!ì˛ò ÓyÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
v˛z˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y É ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ õyÌy ïÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒy xyˆÏäÈñ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ x!òoyÓ˚ ¢õ¢ƒyñ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ î,!T˛ü!=˛ «˛#í ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ~£z
xy¢ò!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛z˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚#– ~äÈyv˛¸y £§y˛ôy!òñ ¢!î≈Ñ˛y!üñ ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óyì˛ñ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ö§yâ˛y Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆîy°Ïñ ›˛ò!¢ú
≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÎ˚ õÍ¢ƒy¢ò ¶˛#°Ïí v˛z˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚#– Ìy£zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏv˛Ó˚ ¢õ¢ƒyˆÏì˛Á ~£z xy¢ò !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛z˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚#–
¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y É ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ £y£z Óœyv˛ˆÏ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ñ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ˆÓ˚!›˛òyÈÙÈ¢£ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆÓ˚yÜñ ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ õyÌy !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yÑ˛yˆÏú õyÌy
ˆáyˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ äÈyv˛¸y ~£z xy¢ò òy Ñ˛Ó˚y£z ¶˛yˆÏúy–
v˛z!aì˛ ˛ôpy¢ò
Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y É Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛–
˛ôÂï!ì˛ É
1. ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˛ôpy¢ˆÏò Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ xÌ≈yÍ v˛yòÈÙÈ˛ôy £§y›%˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó§y |Ó˚%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó§yÈÙÈ˛ôy ¶§˛yã
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛yò |Ó˚%Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
2. ~ÓyÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ£yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú% |Ó˚%Ó˚ î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏü Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £Î˚– î%ÈÙÈ£yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú% ˆÎò õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
3. ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ£yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú%ˆÏì˛ ¶˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ â˛y˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆî£ˆÏÑ˛ õy!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ü)ˆÏòƒ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
4. î,!T˛ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú É õˆÏò õˆÏò îü ˆÜyòy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ xÓfiÌyò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– x¶˛ƒy¢ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú Ñ%˛!v˛¸ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛!Ó˚ü ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
ˆÜyòy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
v˛z˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y É £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Á Ñ˛§yˆÏïÓ˚ ˆ˛ô!ü Á òy¶˛≈ õãÓ%ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!üÁ õãÓ%ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ £§y›%˛Ó˚
¢!rïfiÌˆÏúÓ˚ òõò#Î˚ì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ– õˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ñ˛y@˘Ãì˛y Á ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏÖ–
¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y É ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ £§y›%˛ õ%v˛¸ˆÏú ÓƒÌy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ £yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÓ˚yÜ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆãyÓ˚ Ñ˛õ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ
£yˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ ÓƒyúyˆÏ™Ó˚ x¶˛yÓ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ äÈyv˛¸y !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÖÎ˚yúÖ%!ü õˆÏì˛y x¶˛ƒy¢ òy
Ñ˛Ó˚y£z ¶˛yˆÏúy–
Ü%Æy¢ò
˛ôÂï!ì˛ É
1. ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ¢%Öy¢ˆÏò SÓyÓ% £ˆÏÎ˚V õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
2. ~ÓyÓ˚ Ó§yÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y!úÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y!ú Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
3. ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y!úÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ü%£ƒmyÓ˚ Óy õúmyÓ˚ SˆÓ˚QyõV ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
4. £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ î%ˆÏ›˛y ì˛yú% £§y›%˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
5. ˆõÓ˚%î[˛ Á î%ÈÙÈ£yì˛ ˆ¢yãy Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
6. ôy Óîú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô¶˛yˆÏÓ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– î%ÈÙÈÓyÓ˚ Èî%ÈÙÈ˛ôy ÓîˆÏú £Î˚ ~Ñ˛ ˆ¢›˛– ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ
î%ÈÙÈÓyÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú É õˆÏò õˆÏò îü ˆÜyòy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~ xy¢ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– x¶˛ƒy¢ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú ¢õÎ˚ Óyv˛¸yˆÏòy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
v˛z˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y É ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!üÓ˚ î%Ó≈úì˛yñ õúmyˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÌyñ xü≈ S˛ôy£zú¢Vñ !ö˛¢yÓ˚ñ õúmyÓ˚ G%˛ˆÏú ˛ôv˛¸y £zì˛ƒy!îˆÏì˛
~£z xy¢ò !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛z˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚#–
¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y É ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ £§y›%˛ˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌyñ ˆÜyv˛¸!úˆÏì˛ ÓƒÌyñ £yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ òyòy!Óï v˛z@˘Ã x¢%Ö ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎyÜ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢Ñ˛ Óy ˆÎyÜ
!ÓˆÏü°ˆÏÏK˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
ãyò%!üÓ˚y¢ò
Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y É Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ xÌ≈yÍ xyõÓ˚y ≤Ã!ì˛!òÎ˚ì˛ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ÿªy¢≤ÃŸªy¢ !ò£z Óy äÈy!v˛¸–
x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ÈÉÈ
≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyÈÈ ÙÙÙÈÈ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ¢yõˆÏò ˛ôy äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y ˆãyv˛¸y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– £yì˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛ôyˆÏü ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
1. ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £§y›%˛ ¶˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛yò ˆÜyv˛¸y!ú Ó§y !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ§%˛â˛!Ñ˛ˆÏì˛ úyÜyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ú«˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ v˛yò È˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ |Ó˚%Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü ˆÎò ˆúˆÏÜ òy ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
2. ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ î%È ÙÈ£yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y xyà%ú ˆÜyv˛¸y!ú ïˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏhfl˛ xyˆÏhfl˛ õyÌy £§y›%˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ‡˛Ñ˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3. Ó§y ˛ôy ˆ¢yãy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
4. î%È ÙÈ£yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛ò%£z õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ‡˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
5. ~£z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xy¢ò!›˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Sfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Îì˛«˛í ˛ôyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚V ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚
xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
6. ~ÓyÓ˚ Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ v˛yò ˛ôy ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xò%Ó˚)˛ô¶˛yˆÏÓ xy¢ò!›˛ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú É ~Ñ˛ÈÙÈ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ãòƒ õˆÏò õˆÏò îü ˆÜyòy x¶˛ƒy¢ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜˆÏú !ì˛!Ó˚ü ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Óyv˛¸yˆÏòy ˆÎˆÏì˛
˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– î%£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛òÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
!òˆÏ°Ïï É ÎyÓ˚y v˛zFâ˛ Ó˚=˛â˛y˛ôñ £§y›%˛Ó˚ v˛z@˘Ã ÓƒÌyñ ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÌyÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚y ~£z xy¢ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎyÜ
!â˛!Ñ˛Í¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ xÓüƒ£z ˆòˆÏÓ–
v˛z˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y É ~£z xy¢ò xú¢ì˛yñ x¡∫úñ x«%˛ïy î)Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~äÈyv˛¸y v˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!›˛¢ñ ¢yÎ˚y!›˛Ñ˛y ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
fl˛ÿÎ˚%Ó˚ î%Ó≈úì˛yñ ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛ ÓyÎ˚% ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ¶˛#°Ïí v˛z˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚# ~£z xy¢ò!›˛– ì˛yäÈyv˛¸y ~£z xy¢ò x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ˆõÓ˚%î[˛
Á ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òõò#Î˚ì˛y Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚– ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!ü ¢%Ü!‡˛ì˛ Á ¢Óú £Î˚–
xò%ˆÏúyõ !ÓˆÏúyõ
Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y É ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ v˛yò òyÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚% @˘Ã£í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó§y òyÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ äÈyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ Ó§y ÈòyÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ÿªy¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ v˛yò òyÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ÿªy¢ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
˛ôÂï!ì˛ É
1. ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˛ôpy¢ˆÏò xÌÓy ¢%Öy¢ˆÏò xÌÓy ¢%ÖˆÏÜyõ%Öy¢ˆÏò Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
2. ~ÓyÓ˚ v˛yò £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú% !â˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛ã≈ò# Á õïƒõy ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xòy!õÑ˛y Á Ñ˛!ò¤˛y xyà%úmˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
¢y£yˆÏÎƒ Ó§y òy¢y˛ôÌ Órï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ x!ì˛ õ,îõ% ® Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ v˛yò òy¢y˛ôˆÏÌ ÓyÎ˚% @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £Î˚–
3. Îì˛›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó Ÿªy¢ !òˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ Ó,ÂïyAÜ%!ú !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛yò òy¢y˛ôÌ Órï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó§y òy¢y Ö%ˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚
ï#ˆÏÓ˚ Ÿªy¢ äÈyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
o. É xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó§y òyÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ÿªy¢ !òˆÏÎ˚ v˛yò òyˆÏÑ˛ Ÿªy¢ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ~£z ≤ÃyíyÎ˚yõ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ò–
!Ó.o. É Ÿªy¢ Órï òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ¢£ã ≤ÃyíyÎ˚yõ £Î˚– Ÿªy¢ Órï Óy Ñ%˛Ω˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú Ñ˛!‡˛ò ≤ÃyíyÎ˚yõ Óúy £Î˚–
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú É õˆÏò õˆÏò äÈÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ îü ˆÜyòy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ÿªy¢@˘Ã£í Á ì˛ƒyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ Ÿªy¢ @˘Ã£í xˆÏ˛ô«˛y
Ÿªy¢ äÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú î#á≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏòˆÏÑ˛ Ÿªy¢ ˆòÁÎ˚y äÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ Ñ%˛Ω˛Ñ˛ Óy îõ Órï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢
Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ –
v˛z˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y É õyò!¢Ñ˛ xÓ¢yîñ Ñœ˛y!hs˛ñ õˆÏòÓ˚ x!fiÌÓ˚ì˛y î)Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– fl˛øÓ˚íü!=˛ ÓÈ,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– òyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¢õ¢ƒy î)Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Óœyv˛ˆÏ≤Ã¢yÓ˚ Á £,î‰ˆÏÓ˚yÜ ¢yÓ˚yˆÏì˛ ~£z ≤ÃyíyÎ˚yõ!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï v˛z˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚#–
¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y É ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ £yˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yÜñ £y£z Óœyv˛ˆÏ≤ÃüyÓ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ%˛Ω˛Ñ˛ òy Ñ˛Ó˚y£z ˆ◊Î˚– ÎyˆÏîÓ˚ ö%˛¢ö%˛¢ x!ì˛ î%Ó≈úñ
ÎyÓ˚y Ÿªy¢@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˛ô)í≈yAÜ¶˛yˆÏÓ Ÿªy¢ äÈyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy S~õö˛y£z!¢õy xö˛ úyÇ¢V ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
˛ôÓ˚yõü≈ Óƒì˛#ì˛ ~£z ≤ÃyíyÎ˚yõ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
˛˛ô!ÿ˛ˆÏõy_yòy¢ò
˛x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ É
≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌy É ≤ÃÌˆÏõ î%ÈÙÈ˛ôy ˆãyv˛¸y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ü%ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ î%È ÙÈ£yì˛ ì%˛ˆÏú õyÌyÓ˚
î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏü õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
1. ~ÓyÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ˛ôy ˆãyv˛¸y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ£z ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ v˛zˆÏ‡˛ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2. ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ G§%˛ˆÏÑ˛ î%È ÙÈ£yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆãyv˛¸y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y xyà%ú ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3. ~ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛˛ôyú î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò ˆ‡˛Ñ˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
4. |Ó˚%Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆ˛ô›˛ Á Ó%Ñ˛ úyÜyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
5. £§y›%˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y â˛úˆÏÓ òy–
6. x!hs˛õ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xy¢ò!›˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢õÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ–
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú É õˆÏò õˆÏò îü ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ Ü%òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛õü Óy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ì˛!Ó˚ü ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆÜyòy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– î%£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
!ì˛òÓyÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
!òˆÏ°Ïï É ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÌyñ úy¡∫yÓ˚ fl˛ô!u˛ˆÏúy!¢¢ñ ˆÑ˛y!úÁ!¢¢ ì˛Ìy ˆõÓ˚%îˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yÜñ ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
ˆÓ˚yÜñ £y£z Óœyv˛ˆÏ≤ÃüyÓ˚ £zì˛ƒy!î ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ~£z xy¢ò Ñ˛Ó˚y !òˆÏ°Ïï–
v˛z˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y É ~£z xy¢ò!›˛ £ãõü!=˛ Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xú¢ì˛y î)Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ú¡∫y £ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ
x¡∫úñ xyõyüÎ˚ñ v˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ!›˛¢ñ ˆÑ˛yúy£z!›˛¢ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yï ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yˆÏú–
Ñ%˛E%˛›˛y¢ò
Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y É xy¢ò!›˛ x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ÿªy¢≤ÃŸªy¢ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ÉÈÈ î%ˆÏ›˛y ˛ôyÈ˛¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏú !îˆÏÎ˚ £yì˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ õy!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
1. î%ˆÏ›˛y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £§y›%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛§yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôpy¢ˆÏò Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2. î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ îÈ%ÈÙÈ£yì˛ ë%˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏ›˛yˆÏÑ˛ õy!›˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3. î%ÈÙÈ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏ›˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛ò%£z ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ õy!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ î,!T˛
¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
4. ~£z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xy¢ò!›˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú ÉÈ xy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ x!hs˛õ xÓfiÌy õˆÏò õˆÏò 10 ˆÜyòy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚¢#õy
Óyv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!òˆÏ°Ïï ÉÈ ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚ñ £§y›%˛ˆÏì˛ Á £yˆÏì˛ xyáyì˛ ˆúˆÏÜ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ~£z xy¢ò x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
v˛z˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ÉÈ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!ü ¢%Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚ñ Ñ§˛yïñ áyv˛¸ Á ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!üÓ˚ ü!=˛ Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚ñ £ãõü!=˛ Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚–
üú¶˛y¢ò
Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y É ~£z xy¢ò x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ÿªy¢≤ÃŸªy¢ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ÉÈ £yì˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü ˆ¢yãy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ v˛z˛ô%v˛¸ £ˆÏÎ˚ ü%ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú% ¶)˛!õ
fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– ˛ôy ˆãyv˛¸y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– !â˛Ó%Ñ˛ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛
úyÜyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
1. xyˆÏhfl˛ xyˆÏhfl˛ ˛ôy î%ˆÏ›˛yˆÏÑ˛ õy!›˛ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ 450 ˆÑ˛yˆÏí v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2. ~£z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xy¢ò!›˛ !Ñ˛äÈ% ¢õÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú ÉÈ õˆÏò õˆÏò îü ˆÜyòy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ xy¢ˆÏòÓ˚È x!hs˛õ xÓfiÌy!›˛ ïˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢õÎ˚¢#õy Óyv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!òˆÏ°Ïï É ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚ Á ˆõÓ˚%îˆÏ[˛ xyáyì˛ úyÜˆÏú ~£z xy¢ò x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y
v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
v˛z˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ÉÈ üú¶˛y¢ò x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ö˛ˆÏú ˆ◊y!íâ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ü!=˛ Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚ñ
ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õyÇ¢ˆÏ˛ô!üÓ˚ ü!=˛ Ó,!Âï ˛ôyÎ˚ñ Ÿªy¢ã!òì˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏÜÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~£z
xy¢ò Ö%Ó£z v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ#–
£úy¢ò
Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y É ~£z xy¢ò x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ÉÈÈ ˛ôy ˆãyv˛¸y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ £yì˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü ˆ¢yãy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ !â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ü%ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
1. £§y›%˛ ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˛ôy õy!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 300 ˆÑ˛yˆÏí v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Á£z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢õÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚
2. ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôy 600 ˆÑ˛yˆÏí v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ì˛y !Ñ˛ä%È«˛í Á£z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3. ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôy õy!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 900 ˆÑ˛yˆÏí !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Á£z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛ôyÈÙÈî%ˆÏ›˛yˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢õÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚
4. áyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ õy!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ˛ôy õyÌyÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ ã!õ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˛ôy Îì˛›˛y
õyÌyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !˛ôäÈˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~›˛y £ú ≤ÃÌõ ïy˛ô– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ Ñ˛ò%£z
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £yì˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú% !˛ôˆÏ‡˛ ˆ‡˛Ñ˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~!›˛ £ú !mì˛#Î˚ ïy˛ô–
5. ~£z xÓfiÌy !Ñ˛ä%È ¢õÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú ÉÈ ~£z xy¢ò x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ü%Ó˚%ˆÏì˛ xy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ x!hs˛õ xÓfiÌy õˆÏò õˆÏò îü ˆÜyòy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ– x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ Óyv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!òˆÏ°Ïï ÉÈÈ v˛zFâ˛ Ó˚=˛â˛y˛ô Á fl˛ô!Ïu˛ˆÏúy!¢ˆÏ¢ xyÑ˛yhs˛ Óƒ!=˛ ~£z xy¢ò x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò òy–
v˛z˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ÉÈ ~£z xy¢ò x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ìy£zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚v˛ @˘Ã!rÌ ¢%fiÌ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ˆõÓ˚%îˆÏ[˛Ó˚ òõò#Î˚ì˛y Ó,!Âï˛˛ôyÎ˚ñ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛Ó˚
õyÇüˆÏ˛ô!üÜ%ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢%fiÌ Á ¢Óú Ó˚yˆÏÖñ ˆÑ˛y¤˛Ñ˛y!‡˛òƒ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ~£z xy¢ò ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
¢Ó≈yAÜy¢ò
Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y É ~£z xy¢ò!›˛ x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ÿªy¢È≤ÃŸªy¢ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ÉÈ
˛≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌy ÉÈÈ ˛˛ôy ˆãyv˛¸y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ñ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü £yì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ õy!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !â˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ü%ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
1. î%ˆÏ›˛y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £§y›%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 300 ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÈÙÈî%ˆÏ›˛yˆÏÑ˛ õy!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
~£z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôyÈÙÈî%ˆÏ›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2. ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyÈÙÈî%ˆÏ›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 600 ˆÑ˛yˆÏí õy!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ì˛y ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3. ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôyÈÙÈî%ˆÏ›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¶)˛!õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 900 ˆÑ˛yˆÏí !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !Ñ˛ä%È ¢õÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
4. áyˆÏv˛¸˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ õy!›˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ˛ôyÈÙÈî%ˆÏ›˛yˆÏÑ˛ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Îì˛«˛í
òy Ì%ì˛!ò Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ úyˆÏÜ ì˛ì˛«˛í üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛˛ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
5. üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ÓãyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y Ñ˛ò%£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏü ü=˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
6. áyˆÏv˛¸˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü õy!›˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ 900 ˆÑ˛yˆÏí xyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
7. ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ xy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ x!hs˛õ îüy fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È«˛í ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ xyˆÏhfl˛ xyˆÏhfl˛ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú ÉÈ õˆÏò õˆÏò îü ˆÜyòy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ xy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ x!hs˛õ xÓfiÌy ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢õÎ˚¢#õy
Óyv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!òˆÏ°Ïï ÉÈ v˛zFâ˛ Ó˚=˛â˛y˛ô Á ¢y¶≈˛y£zÑ˛ƒyú fl˛ô!Ïu˛ˆÏúy!¢¢ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ~£z xy¢ò x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
v˛z˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ÉÈ Ìy£zÓ˚ˆÏÎ˚v˛ @˘Ã!rÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢%fiÌ Ó˚yˆÏÖ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ~£z xy¢ò ¢y£yÎƒ
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢Ó≈yAÜy¢ò x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õïƒ!fiÌì˛ xAÜÜ%ˆÏúy ¢%fiÌ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ !üÓ˚yÓ˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ
£,Í!˛ôˆÏ[˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
˛ôî£hfl˛y¢ò
Ÿªy¢!Ñ˛Î˚y É î%ˆÏ›˛y £yì˛ õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ÿªy¢ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆG§˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ÿªy¢
äÈyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– xy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ x!hs˛õ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ÿªy¢≤ÃŸªy¢ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ÉÈ ˛˛ôy ˆãyv˛¸y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ £yì˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˆ¢yãy £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
1. £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆâ˛ˆÏ›˛y ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ÿªy¢ !òˆÏì˛ !òˆÏì˛ î%È ÙÈ£yì˛ õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y ˆÎò
Ñ˛ò%£z ˆ¢yãy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆúˆÏÜ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
2. î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £§y›%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ÿªy¢ äÈyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ äÈyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇüˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó§y!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚
Ñ˛˛ôyú £§y›%˛ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏü õy!›˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ~!›˛ £ˆÏúy ≤ÃÌõ
˛ôÂï!ì˛– £yì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !˛ôäÈò!îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏú £Î˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛–
3. ~£z xÓfiÌy !Ñ˛ä%È ¢õÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
¢õÎ˚Ñ˛yú ÉÈ õˆÏò õˆÏò îü ˆÜyòy ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛õü ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛!Ó˚ü ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ˆÜyòy Óyv˛¸yˆÏòy
ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
!òˆÏ°Ïï ÉÈ ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÌyñ ¢y¶≈˛y£zÑ˛ƒyú Á úy¡∫yÓ˚ fl˛ô!u˛ˆÏúy!¢¢ ˆÓ˚yÜ#ˆÏîÓ˚ ~£z xy¢ò x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛ òÎ˚–
v˛z˛ôÑ˛y!Ó˚ì˛y ÉÈÈ ˆõÓ˚%îˆÏ[˛Ó˚ òõò#Î˚ì˛y Ó,!Âï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ õyÇ¢ˆÏ˛ô!üÓ˚ ÓƒÌy î)Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yÜ
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8.1.2 !ãõòy!fi›˛Ñ˛¢
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Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
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Ñ˛V ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ~ÓÇ ÖV ˆ¢Ô®Î≈!Óòƒy¢
ÓƒyÎ˚yõ
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 Óƒyúy™ñ ›˛y!ò≈Çñ ˆöœ˛!:!Ó!ú!›˛ñ £˛ô ãy¡ôñ !ú˛ô ãy¡ô–
 xƒyˆÏÑ˛yÏÓƒy!›˛Ñ˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ S¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛V É ö˛ˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚yv≈˛ ˆÓ˚yúñ £ƒyu˛ !fl˛±Çñ v˛y£z¶˛ ˆÓ˚yúñ ö˛ˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚yv≈˛
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 xƒyˆÏÑ˛yÏÓƒy!›˛Ñ˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ S!˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ V É ÓƒyÑ˛ ˆÓ˚yúñ ÓƒyÑ˛ˆÏÓ˚yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £ƒyu˛fi›˛ƒyu˛ñ ÓƒyÑ˛ ÁÎ˚yÑ˛
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 xƒyˆÏÑ˛yÏÓƒy!›˛Ñ˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ S˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛V É Ñ˛y›≈˛ £%£zúñ Ó˚yv˛zu˛ xö˛Ïñ ~!Ó˚Î˚yú Ñ˛y›˛≈ £%£zú Sü)ˆÏòƒ
â˛yÑ˛yVñ úy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ £yö˛ ›˛yò≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõyÓ˚ ¢Œ›˛–
SÖV ≤Ãîü≈ˆÏòÓ˚˛!Óòƒy¢ÈÈÙÙÙÈÈ
 v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚y=˛ â˛yÓ˚ˆÏ›˛ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜ£z !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ›˛!Óú xyˆÏäÈñ ˆÎÜ%ˆÏúy £ˆÏúyÈÙÙÙÈA, B, C, D, E, F ...–
 ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆ›˛!ÓˆÏúÓ˚ xyúyîy ò¡∫Ó˚ xyˆÏäÈ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ 0.10ñ 0.20ñ 0.30ñ 0.40ñ 0.50ñ 0.60......–
 ¢õß∫Î˚ Ó˚â˛òyÑ˛yˆÏú ≤Ã!ì˛ !Ó¶˛yÜ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆ›˛!ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ xÓüƒ£z ≤Ãîü≈ò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ¢õß∫Î˚ ÓƒyÎ˚yˆÏõ ˆõy›˛ 7ÈÙÈ10!›˛ ≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
 ~äÈyv˛¸y !Ñ˛ä%È !ÓˆÏü°Ï ÓƒyÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎÜ%ˆÏúy Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ˛–
 ¢õß∫ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆü°Ï ÓƒyÎ˚yõ!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óúy £Î˚ !v˛¢õyv˛zr›˛– ~!›˛ xÓüƒ 3ÈÙÈ4 òÇ !Ó¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ D ˆ›˛!ÓˆÏúÓ˚
Óy ò)ƒòì˛õ CÈ ˆ›˛!ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
ˆ¢Ô®Î≈!Óòƒy¢
 ˆ¢Ô®Î≈!Óòƒy¢ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆõy›˛ 10 ò¡∫Ó˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
 ˆ¢Ô®Î≈ òˆÏT˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò¡∫Ó˚ Óyî ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ â˛yÓ˚ˆÏ›˛ ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ÈÈÙÙÙÈ
SÑ˛V ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y ¶%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ 0.10 ò¡∫Ó˚
SÖV õyG˛y!Ó˚ ¶˛%ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ 0.30 ò¡∫Ó˚
SÜV ÓˆÏv˛¸y ¶%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ 0.50 ò¡∫Ó˚
SáV ôì˛ò £ˆÏú 1.00 ò¡∫Ó˚
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SÑ˛V ÓƒyÎ˚yˆÏõÓ˚ ãòƒ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆ¢Ô®Î≈£y!ò–
SÖV ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Üì˛ â˛y!£îyÓ˚ e%%!›˛–
SÜV úƒy!u˛Ç Óy ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ xÓì˛Ó˚íÜì˛ e%!›˛–
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S1V ˆ£v˛ !fl˛±Ç
SÑ˛V ¢yÓïyò xÓfiÌyÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÖV î%ÈÙÈ£yì˛ ¢yõˆÏò ì%˛ˆÏú ïˆÏÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò G§˛%ˆÏÑ˛ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú% õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÜV Ñ˛ò%£z î%ˆÏ›˛y x“ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õyÌy õy!›˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ú«˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ õyÌy ˆÎò ‡%˛ˆÏÑ˛ òy
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SàV î%ÈÙÈ£yì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˛ôy õy!›˛ˆÏì˛˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S2V ˛ôy ö§˛yÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã¢ £ƒyu˛fi›˛ƒyu˛
SÑ˛V ˛ôy ö§˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– £yì˛ îÈ%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏü äÈv˛¸yˆÏòy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
SÖV ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î%ÈÙÈ£yì˛ Ñ§˛yïÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ö§˛yÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ì˛yú% õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÜV £yì˛ ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ñ§˛yïˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ¢yõˆÏò Óy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ§˛yˆÏïÓ˚ ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚›˛y
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SáV ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y v˛zúˆÏ›˛y L xyÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏú£z Ñ§˛yïˆÏÑ˛ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏò î%ÈÙÈ˛ôy ˛ôyü
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S3V ˆ¢yãy £yˆÏì˛ ¢yõˆÏò Üv˛¸yˆÏòy
SÑ˛V ≤ÃÌˆÏõ £ƒyu˛fi›˛ƒyu˛ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÖV ¢õhfl˛Ï üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ñ§˛yï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ G%§˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÜV Ñ§˛yï õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏú£z üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SáV ˛ôy ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ £yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ïyE˛y ˆõˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
ì%˛ˆÏú xyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S4V V Ù È¢yˆÏ˛ôy›≈˛
SÑ˛V î%È ÙÈ£yì˛ ˛ôyˆÏü õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˛ôy äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÖV ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ â˛yˆÏ˛ô üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y L xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ü)ˆÏòƒ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÜV ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛§yï›˛y ~Ñ˛›%˛ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆ£!úˆÏÎ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ L xÓfiÌyˆÏÑ˛ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ V
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ Îì˛«˛í ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S5V !˛ôäÈˆÏò Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ãy˛ôy!ò £ƒyu˛fi›˛ƒyu˛
SÑ˛V £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏú ˆ¢yãy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛ôy î%ˆÏ›˛y ˆãyv˛¸y ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~ÓyÓ˚
üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏò G§˛%!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyü !îˆÏÎ˚ õy!›˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y
!˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ òyõyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÖV £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ¶˛ˆÏÓ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó¢y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ˆÏú£z £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y Ñ˛ò%£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü
xyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú% î%ˆÏ›˛y ˆÎò v˛z˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
SÜV ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛yˆÏÑ˛ !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y xhs˘˛ì˛ 3 ö%˛›˛ ö§˛yÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y !fl˛±Ç Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡±¢yÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SáV £yì˛ ö§˛yÑ˛y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ £ƒyu˛fi›˛ƒyu˛ 2 ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛u˛ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S6V ü)ˆÏòƒ Ü%!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˆáyÓ˚y
SÑ˛V x“ ˆîÔˆÏv˛¸ ~ˆÏ¢ î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏãyˆÏÓ˚ ïyE˛y ˆõˆÏÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y Îì˛›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó ˆ¢yãy
ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ñ˛y§ï ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ G§˛yÑ%˛!ò !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÖV ü)ˆÏòƒ üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y £§y›%˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ü%!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ Îì˛›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òì˛ˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ õyÌy ò#â%˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
á%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÜV ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y ü)ˆÏòƒ á%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏú£z ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y
õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SáV ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y õy!›˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £§y›%˛ x“ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆ¢yãy £ˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
8.1.3 xƒyˆÏÓ˚y!ÓÑ˛ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ
1òÇ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ÈÙÙÙÈ S16 ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚V £§y›%˛ ˆì˛yúy
 1 ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛yòÈ ˛ôy £§y›%˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶§˛yã £ˆÏÎ˚ ¢yõˆÏò v˛z!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yòyõy Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ˛ôy õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ £yì˛ î%ˆ›Ï ˛y ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôyü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z!‡Ï ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ§˛yïÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ î%£˛z ôyˆÏü ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 2 ÈÙÙÙÈ Ó§y ˛ôy ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò v˛z!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yòyõy Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ˛ôy õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ
£yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y Ñ§˛yïÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˛ôyü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 3 ÈÙÙÙÈ xyÓyÓ˚ v˛yò ˛ôy ¶˛§yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò Á‡˛yˆÏì˛ Á òyõyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚
¢yõˆÏò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏü ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 4 ÈÙÙÙÈ ˛ô%òÓ˚yÎ˚ Ó§yÈ È˛ôy ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò Á‡˛yˆÏì˛ Á òyõyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚
≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü òyõyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2òÇ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ÈÙÙÙÈ S8 ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚V ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ â˛úò
 1˚ÙÙÙÈ £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y Ñ˛ò%£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yˆÏí ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˆãyv˛¸y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ SÑ˛ò%£z î%ˆÏ›˛y Á £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú%
î%ˆÏ›˛y ˆãyv˛¸y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓV î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~ÓyÓ˚ v˛yò ˛ôy v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏü ˆîv˛¸ ö%˛›˛ õˆÏì˛y î)ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y ¶§˛yã £ÁÎ˚y xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î%£z ˛ôyˆÏü Ö%úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚˛ôˆÏÓ˚£z Ó§y ˛ôy v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛ôyˆÏü xyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Á £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y ¶§˛yã xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ¢yõˆÏò xyˆÏÜÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆãyv˛¸y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 2 ÈÙÙÙÈ 1È òÇÈÙ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y v˛yò˛ ôyˆÏü xyÓ˚Á 1 ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

 3 ÈÙÙÙÈ ~ÓyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó§y !îˆÏÑ˛ î%ÈÙÈ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 8 ¢ÇÖƒy ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ
xˆÏ¶˛ƒ¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3òÇ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ÈÙÙÙÈ S8 ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚V ã!ÜÇ
 1 ÙÙÙÈ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈyR ~Ñ˛›˛y ãyˆÏ¡ô v˛yò ˛ôy £§y›%˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛
Á‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Á £yì˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ñ˛¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ôy !˛ôäÈò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏú úy!Ì õyÓ˚yÓ˚
¶˛!AÜˆÏì˛ ¢yõˆÏò x“ Á‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ~ÓÇ £yì˛ Ñ˛¢ xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ö%ˆÏú î%£z˛ôyˆÏü ¢yõyòƒ Á‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!˛ôäÈò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy xy¢y Á £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y î%£z˛ôyˆÏü ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˆäÈyR úyö˛ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 2 ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛yò ˛ôy õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ Ó§y ˛ôy ˆäÈyR úyˆÏö˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò Á‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y òy!õˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ Ñ˛¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Á£z xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó§y ˛ôy ÓˆÏú úy!Ì õyÓ˚yÓ˚
¶˛!AÜˆÏì˛ ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ £yì˛ Ö%ˆÏú ˛ôyˆÏü Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ v˛yò
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ úyö˛ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 3 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 8 ÈÙÙÙÈ ~Ñ˛£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ äÈˆÏ® ÓƒyÎ˚yõ!›˛Ó˚ xò%ü#úò â˛yúyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
4òÇ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ÈÙÙÙÈ S8 ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚V !Ñ˛!Ñ˛Ç
 1 ÈÙÙÙÈ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ î%£z˛ôyˆÏü Ñ§˛yïÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ x“ úyˆÏö˛ v˛yò ˛ôy £§y›%˛
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò Îì˛›˛y ¢Ω˛Ó ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏò Á‡˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y ˛ôyü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yãy¶˛yˆÏÓ£z òyõyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ £yì˛ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ Á‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 2 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 4ñ 1 ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y£z £ˆÏÓñ ü%ï%õye v˛yò ˛ôy ¶§˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓˆÏì≈˛ ¢yõˆÏò ˆ¢yãy Á‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 5 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 8 ÈÙÙÙÈ xò%Ó˚)˛ô ¶˛!AÜˆÏì˛ Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ xò%ü#úò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
5 òÇ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ÈÙÙÙÈ S8 ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚V õy!â˛≈Ç
 1 ÈÙÙÙÈ Ó§y ˛ôy ¢¡ô)í≈ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £§y›%˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò Á‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛ôyì˛y Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÈÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ü%ï%õye ˆÜyv˛¸y!ú v˛zˆÏ‡˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– ~ÓyÓ˚ £yì˛î%ˆÏ›˛y Ñ˛ò%£z ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
¶§˛yã £ˆÏÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò Á‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 2 ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛yò ˛ôy Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y xÓfiÌyˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ó§y ˛ôy £§y›%˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò
Á‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˛ôy õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ î%£z˛ôyˆÏü ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 3 ÈÙÙÙÈ xyÓyÓ˚ v˛yò ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏò xyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Á £yì˛ î%ˆ›Ï ˛y 1 ¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y xÓfiÌyˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 4 ÈÙÙÙÈ Ó§y ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏò xyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Á £yì˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y Ñ§˛yïÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 5 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 8 xò%Ó˚)˛ô¶˛yˆÏÓ xò%ü#úò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
6 òÇ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ ÈÙÙÙÈ S8 ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚V ãy¡ô
 1 ¢ÇÖƒyÎ˚ ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢yõyòƒ ãy¡ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÈÙÈî%ˆÏ›˛y ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ î%£z˛ôyˆÏü xyv˛¸y£z ö%˛›˛ õˆÏì˛y ö§˛yÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓñ £§y›%˛ î%ˆÏ›˛y x“ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– úyö˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ v˛yò £yì˛ ¢yõˆÏò Á Ó§y £yì˛ !˛ôäÈˆÏò
Ñ§˛yïÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ¢ˆÏÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ úy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ
£yì˛î%ˆÏ›˛y òy!õˆÏÎ˚ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏü xyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 2 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 8 ÈÙÙÙÈ 1˚òÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y 2 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
8 ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~Ñ˛£zÓ˚Ñ˛õ xò%ü#úò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
8.1.4 !˛ôÓ˚y!õv˛
8.1.5 v˛zFâ˛ú¡≥˛ò
ö˛¢Óy!Ó˚ öœ˛˛ô SFosbury FlopVÈ

x!¶˛Üõò ˆîÔv˛¸ SRun upV ÉÈ ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ S4ÈÙÈ5V ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô Óyî !îˆÏú x!¶˛Üõò ˆîÔv˛¸ ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛
ˆ¢yãy˛ôˆÏÌ £Î˚– ˆüˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ôÜ%ˆÏúy ÓÑ˛ £Î˚– ÚÓyÓ˚Û SBarV ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 15ÈÙÈ20 !õ›˛yÓ˚ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !òÑ˛›˛Óì≈˛#
ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ö§%!›˛ SUrightV ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 3ÈÙÈ5 !õ›˛yÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÔv˛¸ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ ~›˛y !ò¶≈˛Ó˚
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xƒyÌ!úˆÏ›˛Ó˚ î«˛ì˛y ~ÓÇ ˆîÔv˛¸ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y›˛y£z ÓÑ˛ òy ˆ¢yãy £ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚–
≤ÃÌõ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÔv˛¸ SRun upV o%ì˛Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ÎÖò ÓÑ˛˛ôÌ ü%Ó˚% £ˆÏÓ ì˛Öò ú¡≥˛òÑ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏÑ˛ x˛ôˆÏÑ˛w Óú
SCentrifugal forceVÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓy˚ ï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ 200ÈÙÈ300 ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !îÏÑ˛ SCentre of the curbVÈÙÈ~ üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÑÏ ˛
Ó§yÑ˛yˆÏì˛ SLeaningV £ˆÏÓ–
¶)˛!õ äÈyv˛¸y STake offVÈ É ˆ›˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈxö˛ ˛ôy˛ˆÎò ÚÓyÓ˚Û SBarV ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆ¢£z ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏfl˛≥˛yÓ˚Ñ˛
Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ˆ›˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈxö˛ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚– ~¢õÎ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ v˛zÕ‘¡∫ xÓfiÌyÏò SVertical positionVÈÙÈ~ xy¢ˆÏÓ– ˆÎˆÏ£ì%˛
õ)ú ≤Ã¢yÓ˚í ˆÓ˚Öy ¢yõyòƒ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
xÌ≈yÍ ÚÓyÓ˚Û ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏäÈñ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ì%˛
¶˛Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏÜÓ˚ ü!=˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚
Óy£zˆÓÏ ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ– ~¢õÎ˚ ˆõyâ˛v˛¸ STorqueV
!îˆÏÎ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ á%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !˛ô‡˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
SBarV !îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xò%¶˛) !õÑ˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
~¢õÎ˚ £yì˛ ~ÓÇ Ñ§˛yˆÏïÓ˚Á ¶)˛!õÑ˛y xyˆÏäÈ– ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ§˛yˆÏïÓ˚ x«˛ (Axis)ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ Ó§yÑ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ î%ˆÏ›˛y
£yì˛/Óy£%ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ xÌÓy ~Ñ˛›˛yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ xyÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y SAlternatingV v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛ˆÏÓ
î%ˆÏ›˛y £yì˛ ~Ñ˛¢ˆÏAÜ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yúy £ˆÏú ú¡≥˛òÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚
!˛ô‡˛ o%ì˛ ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ á%ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ˆ¢ãòƒ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ
ˆ›˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈxö˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ £yì˛ñ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ xòƒ £yì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚
Á‡˛yˆÏòy£z ˆÓ!ü ö˛ú≤Ã¢)– ú¡∫ÈÙÈx«˛ˆÏÓ˚Öy˛ SLong
AxisVÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˆÑ˛w Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !˛ô‡˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏòyÓ˚
¢õÎ˚ £§y›%˛ ˆãyv˛¸y ~ÓÇ õ%=˛ ˛ôyÈ ¢yõyòƒ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏì˛
STurnV £ˆÏÓ– õyÌy ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛
î,!T˛ ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~¶˛yˆÏÓ ú¡≥˛òÑ˛yÓ˚# ¢Ó¢õÎ˚
ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ì˛yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyò ú«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
ÓyÓ˚ x!ì˛Ñ˛õ Óy ›˛˛ôÑ˛yˆÏòy SBar clearenceVÈ ÉÈ ¶)˛!õ äÈyv˛¸y Óy ˆ›˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈxö˛ STake offVÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚
¶˛y¢õyò SflightV xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌy ˆîˆÏÖ õˆÏò £ˆÏÓ ˆÎò üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ Óyì˛yˆÏ¢ £yúÑ˛y¶˛yˆÏÓ
¶˛y!¢ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– õ%=˛ ˛ôy £yúÑ˛y¶˛yˆÏÓ ò#ˆÏâ˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ G%˛ˆÏú ÌyÑ˛y ˆ›˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈxö˛ ˆúˆÏÜÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ Î%=˛ £ˆÏÓ– £yì˛
î%!›˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~£z ≤Ã¢yÓ˚í Óy !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ ú¡∫ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Öy SLongitudinal axisVÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ˆÓT˛ò
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ á%Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– xƒyÌ!ú›˛ o%ì˛Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ á%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !â˛ì˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ñ§˛yï î%!›˛
≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yú xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏÓ–
ˆÎ õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛ Ñ§˛yï ÚÓyÓ˚Û x!ì˛Ñ˛õ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ì˛Öò
ÓyÓ˚ x!ì˛Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚ ü%Ó˚% £ˆÏÓ– ~›˛y ü%Ó˚%
£Î˚ !òì˛¡∫ SHipsV ¢yõˆÏòÈÙÈv˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ‡˛úy !îˆÏÎ˚
ÓyˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ üÓ˚ # ˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ xÓfiÌyò !Ó Ï ã
SBridgeVÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y î,üƒõyò £ˆÏÓ– ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆÜyv˛¸y!ú î%ˆÏ›˛y Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò#ˆÏâ˛ G%˛ˆÏú ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ |Ó˚% î%ˆÏ›˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ö§˛yÑ˛ SAstrideV ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– ~£z
xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ú¡≥˛òÑ˛yÓ˚# ì˛yÓ˚ !òì˛¡∫ˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛ xyv˛¸yxy!v˛¸¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– !â˛Ó%Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚
!îˆÏÑ˛ â˛y˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ !òì˛¡∫ˆÏîüˆÏÑ˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yÑ˛yˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ õ%£)ˆÏì≈˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜyäÈy SCalvesV ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ xy¢ˆÏÓ ì˛Öò £§y›%˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ò¡ÿÇüˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã¢y!Ó˚ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !ãõòy!fi›˛Ñ˛¢ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ á)í≈ò Óy !˛ôäÈò !v˛ÜÓy!ãÓ˚
˛ô!Ó˚ ! fiÌ!ì˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ £Î˚ – ú¡≥˛òÑ˛yÓ˚ # Ó˚ üÓ˚ # Ó˚ xÓì˛Ó˚ í
SLandingVÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒ £zÇˆÏÓ!˚ ã ÚLÛ ÓˆÏíÓ≈ ˚ xyÑ˛yÓ˚ ïyÓ˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ –
xÓì˛Ó˚í SLandingVÈ É xyáyì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ
xƒyÌ!úˆÏ›˛Ó˚ !Óhfl+˛ì˛ £yì˛ñ Ñ§˛yï ~ÓÇ !˛ô‡˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ xÓì˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ– ö˛¢Óy!Ó˚ öœ˛ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ xÓì˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ xÓüƒ£z õƒy›˛ SMatV
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y v˛z!â˛ì˛–
8.1.6 !v˛¢Ñ˛y¢
¢Ó˚Oyõ É ~!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÜyúyÑ˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ â˛yÑ˛!ì˛ Îy ïyì%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆáÓ˚y ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ~Ó˚ Óƒy¢ £ˆÏúy 22 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
28 ˆ¢!õ– Áãò ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 2 ˆÑ˛!ãñ xyÓ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 1 ˆÑ˛!ã–
˛ôÂï!ì˛ É Óì≈˛õyˆÏò !v˛¢Ñ˛y¢ ˆäÈyv˛¸y £Î˚ á)í≈ò ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛– xyÓ˚ á)í≈ò ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚
11/2 ˛ôyÑ˛ Óy 540 !v˛!@˘Ã á%ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
ˆÑ˛Ôüú ÉÈ ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ 7!›˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ Ó˚Æ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ Îy ò#ˆÏâ˛ Óí≈òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy
Sv˛yò £yˆÏì˛ !òˆÏ«˛˛ôÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ ãòƒV–
1V ïÓ˚yÈÙÈ Ó§y £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú%ˆÏì˛ !v˛¢Ñ˛y¢ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ v˛yò £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyà%úÜ%ˆÏúy
fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !v˛¢Ñ˛yˆÏ¢ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y xyà%ú!›˛ v˛z˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ
Óy!Ñ˛ xyà%úÜ%ˆÏúyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !v˛¢Ñ˛y¢!›˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2V ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy ÈÙÈ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÎ!îˆÏÑ˛ ä%Èv˛¸ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛
!îˆÏÑ˛ õ%Ö Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫yFäÈ®ƒõˆÏì˛y ˛ôyÈÙÈî%ˆÏ›˛y ö§˛yÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢#õyˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3V ˆîyúò ÈÙÈ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !v˛¢Ñ˛y¢ ïˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˆ¢!›˛ Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏò üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆîyúˆÏòÓ˚
õyïƒˆÏõ ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ñ§˛yïˆÏÑ˛ v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆõyâ˛v˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò xyòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚
Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ñ˛ ˆîyúò Ö%Ó õ¢,í Á ï#ÏÓ˚¶˛yˆÏÓ
î%ÈÙÈÓyÓ˚ ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
4V ˆáyÓ˚y ÈÙÈ ˆáyÓ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ £§y›%˛ ~Ñ˛›%˛ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£Î˚– ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆîyúˆÏòÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ ÓãyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
xyà%ˆú Ï Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ v˛yò ˛ôy ì%˛ˆÏú v˛yò ˛ôy Ó,ˆ_
Ï Ó˚
ˆÑ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ
~£zÓ˚)˛ô Ó§y ˛ôy ì%˛ˆÏú ˆÌy!Î˚Ç ˆ¢QˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ fiÌy˛ôò
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó§y!îÏÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆáyÓ˚y ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ– ≤ÃÌõ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ü!ì˛ ï#Ó˚ £Î˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆáyÓ˚yÓ˚
Ü!ì˛ Óyv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £Î˚– !v˛¢Ñ˛y¢ ¢£ £yì˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– õ%=˛ £yì˛Á î)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
5V ¶˛!AÜ ÈÙÈ ¶˛!AÜ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒõ%=˛ ~ÓÇ fl˛∫yFäÈ®ƒ˛ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ !òÎ˚!s˛fì˛ £ˆÏú v˛zÍ˛ôß¨
Ü!ì˛ !v˛¢Ñ˛yˆÏ¢ ¢M˛y!úì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Áãò v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓñ
xyÓ˚ !v˛¢Ñ˛y¢ ïÓ˚y v˛yò £yì˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
6V !òˆÏ«˛˛ô ÈÙÈ ˆäÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏò v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸y!úñ
£§y›%˛ Á ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ü!=˛üyú# !Óhfl˛ÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ v˛yò Ñ§˛yˆÏïÓ˚ñ Óy£%Ó˚ñ Ñ˛Ó!ãÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
xyà%ˆÏúÓ˚ õyÇ¢ˆÏ˛ô!üÜ%ˆÏúyÓ˚ ì˛yv˛¸òyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚¢Ó˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !v˛¢Ñ˛y¢ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ§˛yˆÏïÓ˚ ˆÓ˚Öy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ !òˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
7V ¢yõƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢y ÈÙÈ !v˛¢Ñ˛y¢ ˆäÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÈ Èî%!›˛Ó˚ fiÌyòÓîú
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚– v˛yò ˛ôy˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò Á Ó§y ˛ôyˆÏü xyv˛¸yxy!v˛¸¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆö˛ˆÏú Ó§y ˛ôy v˛z˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ v˛z!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
8.1.7 îyÓy
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ xyÑ˛õíydÑ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛

îyÓy ˆÖúyÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xyÑ˛õíydÑ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– !ÓˆÏü°Ï !Ñ˛ä%È xyÑ˛õíydÑ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Á ì˛yÓ˚
v˛zîy£Ó˚í ò#ˆÏâ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy–
USING PINS
!˛ôò (pin)ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ !Ó˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó˛ôˆÏî

ˆö˛úˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚–
≤ÃÌõ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîy Üã!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ Úg7ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏv˛¸!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ pin Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ–
ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢yîy õs˛f#!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ Úh6ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆòÔÑ˛y!›˛ õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚
ö˛ˆÏú ¢yîy !Óòyõ)ˆÏúƒ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ ˆòÔÑ˛y!›˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ–
˛ 1 òÇ !â˛e
!mì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîyÓ˚ Úb7Û ˆòÔÑ˛y!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ Úd7ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆáyv˛¸yˆÏÑ˛

pin Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z ¢yîy ‘Rxe5’ÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Úe5ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Üã!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
!Óòyõ)ˆÏúƒ ˆõˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
˛ 2 òÇ !â˛e
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîy õs˛f# Úd5ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúy ˆòÔÑ˛yˆÏÑ˛ pin Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– ~Ó˚
ö˛ˆÏú Úc4ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢yîy Úd5ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆòÔÑ˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyÑ˛õí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚
Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÔÑ˛y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yˆÏú ˆõˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
˛ 3 òÇ !â˛e â˛ì%˛Ì≈ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚!äÈ ˆÎ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ Úb7Û Üã!›˛ˆÏÑ˛

¢yîyÓ˚ Üã!›˛ pin Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖˆÏäÈ– ÎyÓ˚ ãòƒ ÚRc8+#ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
¢yîyñ ÈÑ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚yãyˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛!hfl˛Ïõyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏFäÈ–
INTERMEDIATE MOVES
˛ 4 òÇ !â˛e
Ö%Ó fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Á ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ â˛yú ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Î!î ~õò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛yú ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y
¢%!Óïyúy¶˛ Ñ˛!Ó˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˆ¢£z â˛yú!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ Intermediate Move ÓˆÏú–
≤ÃÌõ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîy Á Ñ˛yˆÏúy î%ãˆÏòÓ˚ õs˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ xyÑ˛õí Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ
!Ñ˛hs%˘˛ ¢yîy ˆáyv˛¸y Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ õs˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Î!î Ú1.Qxc7+Û â˛yú!›˛
£Î˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ¢yîy !Óòyõ)ˆÏúƒ ~Ñ˛!›˛ á§%!›˛ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ– 1.kxc7 2.
Nxf5+ ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢yîyÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆáyv˛¸y ˆÓ!ü ÌyÑ˛ˆÏäÈñ ≤ÃÌõ â˛yˆÏú õs˛f#
ˆõˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏú î%ãˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¢õyò á§%!›˛ ÌyÑ˛ì˛–
˛ 1 òÇ !â˛e
!mì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîy Ú1.Rxc8Û õyÓ˚ˆú

Ï Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ú1.Bxc8Û ˆõˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏFäÈñ
!Ñ˛hs%˘˛ ¢yîy Î!î Ú1.Rb1+Û â˛yú!›˛ ˆîÎ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yˆÏú ˆ¢
Ú2.Bxg4ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !Óòyõ)ˆÏúƒ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ Üã!›˛ ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
˛ 2 òÇ !â˛e
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ú1.Bxs7Û ¢Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ â˛yú õˆÏò £ˆÏFäÈñ !Ñ˛hs%˘˛
ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ú1.Bxf3Û !îˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏFäÈ– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú ¢yîyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ï úy¶˛
£ˆÏFäÈ òy– !Ñ˛hs%˘˛ Î!î ¢yîy Ú1.Qa3+Û â˛yú!›˛ ˆîÎ˚ñ ì˛y£ˆÏú !mì˛#Î˚ â˛yˆÏú
ˆ¢ Ú2.Bxg7ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !Óòyõ)ˆÏúƒ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ õs˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
˛ 3 òÇ !â˛e
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ú1.Bb7’ CheckÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Üã!›˛ˆÏÑ˛

Ó§y!â˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏFäÈñ ~ÓÇ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yˆÏú Ú2.Rxc2ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Üã
!Óòyõ)ˆÏúƒ ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ–
˛ 4 òÇ !â˛e DEFLECTION
!Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy á§%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ fiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ á›˛yˆÏòyˆÏÑ˛
Deflection ÓˆÏú–
≤ÃÌõ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!FäÈ ˆÎ Úf4ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yîy ˆáyv˛¸y!›˛
Úe6ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúy ÜãˆÏÑ˛ xyÑ˛õí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛hs%˘˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ õs˛f# Úd6ÛÈÙÈ~
ÌyÑ˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢%!Óïy £ˆÏFäÈ òyñ ì˛y£z ¢yîy Ú1.c5Û â˛yú!›˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
Ñ˛yˆÏúy õs˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ Úd6Û áÓ˚!›˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ Á Ú2.Nxe6ÛÙÈ~Ó˚
õyïƒˆÏõ !Óòyõ)ˆÏúƒ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Üã!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏFäÈ–
˛ 1 òÇ !â˛e
!mì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîy Ú1.BXF5ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆáyv˛¸y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ

˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yˆÏú Ú2.Qe7+#ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¶˛Î˚ ˆîÖyˆÏFäÈ– ˆáyv˛¸y!›˛ Úf5ÛÈÙÈ~ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú
Úe7ÛÈÙÈ~ !Ñ˛!hfl˛Ïõyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Îy!FäÈú òy–
˛ 2 òÇ !â˛e
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîy Ú1.Ra8ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Úg8ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õs˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ pin
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ ~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛£z ¢ˆÏAÜ Ú2.Qxh7+#ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ ¶˛Î˚ ˆîÖyˆÏFäÈ– Ñ˛yˆÏúy õs˛f#
Úg8Û áÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜˆÏú Ú2.Qxh7+#Û £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ–
˛ 3 òÇ !â˛e
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y ˆîÖ!äÈ ˆÎ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚yãy!›˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ õs˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆãyÓ˚
!îˆÏFäÈ– ì˛y£z Ú1.Rf4+ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢yîyñ ÈÑ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚yãyˆÏÑ˛ ¢Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ õs˛f# õyÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFäÈ Ú2.Qx97ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒ–
Ú1.Qf6Û xÌÓy ‘1.Qf7’ !îˆÏú ~õ!òˆÏì˛£z Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ õs˛f# ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFäÈ–
DECOY
˛ 4 òÇ !â˛e
ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ ÎÖò xyõÓ˚y !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy á§%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Ó˛ôIòÑ˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ
Ñ˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú xyõÓ˚y Pin, Fork, Skewer, Discovered Attack £zì˛ƒy!îÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ !òˆÏãÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚
v˛zß¨!ì˛ á›˛y£zñ ì˛Öò ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Decoy ÓˆÏú–
≤ÃÌõ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîy Úb5+ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚yãyˆÏÑ˛ Úb5Û áˆÏÓ˚
xy¢ˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ú2.Qc4+#ÛÙÈ~ ¢yîyñ Ñ˛yˆÏúy
Ó˚yãyˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛!hfl˛Ïõyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏFäÈ–
˛ 1 òÇ !â˛e
!mì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ú1.Bx97ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢yîyñ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚yãyˆÏÑ˛ Óyïƒ

Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ Úg7Û áÓ˚!›˛ˆÏì˛ xy¢ˆÏì˛– ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ú2.Nh5+ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ˛yˆÏúy
õs˛f# !Óòyõ)ˆÏúƒ ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
˛ 2 òÇ !â˛e
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ú1.Bf7+ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢yîy ãÎ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ– ~ÖyˆÏò
Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ î%!›˛ â˛yú xyˆÏäÈ É
a) 1.Kxf7 2.Qcb+# 1-0
b) 1.Kh8 2.Qxf8 N98 3.Qx98+# 1-0
˛ 3 òÇ !â˛e
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ú1.Rd8+Û â˛yú!›˛ !îˆÏú Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚yãy Óyïƒ £ˆÏFäÈ

Ú1.Kxd8Û â˛yú!›˛ !îˆÏì˛– ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ú2.QxcbÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢yîy ~Ñ˛!›˛
ˆòÔÑ˛yÓ˚ !Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ õs˛f# õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏäÈ–
˛ 4 òÇ !â˛e PAWN PROMOTION
îyÓy ˆÖúyÎ˚ ˆÓyˆÏv˛¸ ¢Ó ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆäÈyˆÏ›˛y á§%!›˛ £ˆÏúÁñ x!hs˘˛õ Ó˚ƒyÇÏÑ˛ÈÙÈ~ ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈ ˆÜˆÏú ˆ¢!›˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õs˛f#Ó˚
«˛õì˛y ˛ôÎ≈hs˘˛ úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–˚ ì˛y£z ˆÓyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ x!hs˘˛õ Ó˚ƒyÇÑ˛ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ !Ñ˛ä%È xyÑ˛õíydÑ˛
˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚–
≤ÃÌõ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!FäÈ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚yãy ¢yîyÓ˚ ˆÓyˆÏv˛¸!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ !îˆÏFäÈ òy– ì˛y£z Ú1.Bb5+ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xyõÓ˚y Ñ˛yˆÏúy
Ó˚yãyˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈñ Á ˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â˛yˆÏú ˆÓyˆÏv˛¸!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚
!îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚!äÈ Á ~Ñ˛!›˛ õs˛f# !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚!äÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚–
˛ 1 òÇ !â˛e
!mì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ú1.Rxd6ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xyõÓ˚y Úe6ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yîy ˆÓyˆÏv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛

~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚!äÈ– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò Ú1.Kxdb 2.c7Ra8 3.e8=Q
Rxe8ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ¢yîyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Üã ˆÓ!ü ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
˛ 2 òÇ !â˛e
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y ˆîÖ!äÈ Ñ˛yˆÏúy õs˛f# ¢yîyÓ˚ Úa7ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏv˛¸!›˛ˆÏÑ˛
~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ Óyïy !îˆÏFäÈ– ì˛y£z Ú1.Qc4+ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢yîy õs˛f#
Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ Ó˚yãy Á õs˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ xyÑ˛õí Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈñ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú Ñ˛yˆÏúy õs˛f# Óyïƒ
£ˆÏFäÈ ¢yîy õs˛f#ˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛– ì˛y£z Ú1.Qc4+ Qxc4 2.a8=Q+ 2K97
3.Nxc4ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢yîy ãˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈ ÎyˆÏFäÈ–
˛3 òÇ !â˛e
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ú1.e7Û â˛yú!›˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢yîy ãˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yäÈyÑ˛y!äÈ ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈ
ÎyˆÏFäÈ É
1.e7
a) 1.Rc8 2.Qxd2
b) 1.Qxc3 2.exd8=Q+kh7 3.bxc3.

˛4 òÇ !â˛e
ZUGZWANG
Zugzwang ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãyõy≈ò ü∑– ÎÖò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛yˆÏúÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌy xy˛ôyì˛î,!T˛ˆÏì˛
ÖyÓ˚y˛ô õˆÏò £Î˚ òyñ !Ñ˛hs%˘˛ ˆ¢ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛yú !îˆÏú£z ì˛yÓ˚ £yÓ˚ ¢%!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ £Î˚ñ ~Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y
Zugzwang Ó!ú–
≤ÃÌõ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúy ˆÎ â˛yú£z !îÑ˛ òy ˆÑ˛òñ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚

£yÓ˚ xÓüƒΩ˛yÓ#– ˆÎõòÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
a) 1.Ng6+ 2.Nxg6+# 1-0
b) 1.Nd7 2.Neb+# 1-0 £zì˛ƒy!î–
˛1 òÇ !â˛e
!mì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîyÓ˚ Ú1.Kc7ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÜãÈÙÈ~Ó˚ â˛yú

äÈyv˛¸y xyÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛yú ˆò£zñ ~ÓÇ Üã Úa6Û áÓ˚!›˛ äÈyv˛¸ˆÏú£z ¢yîy
Ú2.Bxb7+#ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Ñ˛yˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛!hfl˛Ïõyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏFäÈ–
˛2 òÇ !â˛e
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ú1.Kf1ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy â˛yˆÏú£z Üã!›˛
õyÓ˚y ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏäÈ–
˛3 òÇ !â˛e
â˛ì%˛Ì≈ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ õãyÓ˚ â˛yúñ ~ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúy ˆÎ â˛yú£z â˛yú%Ñ˛ òy ˆÑ˛òñ
ì˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛!hfl˛Ïõyì˛ £ÁÎ˚y !ò!ÿ˛ì˛ñ ˆÎõòÈÙÈÙÈÙÈ
1.Rh6.
a) 1.9xh6 2.g7+# 1-0
b) 1. Any Bishop Move, 2.Rxh7+# 1-0.

˛4 òÇ !â˛e
8.1.8 ã%ˆÏv˛y
¶)˛!õÑ˛y É
˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ xydÓ˚«˛yõ)úÑ˛ ˆÖúyÜ%ˆÏúyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ã%ˆÏv˛y xòƒì˛õ– ã%ã%Í¢% Óy ã%ˆÏãÍ¢% ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
xy›≈˛ Îy ¢yÓ˚y ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ ≤Ãâ˛!úì˛ !äÈú Óy ~ÖòÁ xyˆÏäÈñ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ £ˆÏúy Art of Gentleness– ~£z xy›≈˛
ˆÑ˛Óúõye !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüú !£¢yˆÏÓ !ü«˛yúy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏì˛yÈÙÙÙÈÈˆÖúy !£¢yˆÏÓ òÎ˚– v˛z˛ôÓ˚hs$˛ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õyfi›˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !â˛hs˛yïyÓ˚yÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò £ˆÏì˛yñ
ÎyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ~£z xy›≈˛ !òãfl˛∫ì˛y £yÓ˚yˆÏì˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
ãß√ É ˆ›˛y!Ñ˛Á £z!¡ô!Ó˚Î˚yú £zv˛z!ò¶˛y!¢≈!›˛Ó˚ äÈye !ãÜyˆÏÓ˚y
Ñ˛yˆÏòy õye 18 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ Sãß√ ÈÙÈ 1860 ¢yúñ !õÑ˛y!Ü ¢õ%o
ü£ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆÑ˛yˆÏÓ ü£ˆÏÓ˚–V ãy˛ôyˆÏòÓ˚ òyõ Ñ˛Ó˚y ã%ã%Í¢% õyfi›˛yÓ˚
ˆì˛£zˆÏòy¢%ˆÏÑ˛ £zÎ˚yÜ# ~ÓÇ £y£zˆÏòy¢%ˆÏÑ˛ ö%˛Ñ%˛ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˛ô§yâ˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚
Ü¶˛#Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÓ !ü«˛yúy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò–
!ãÜyˆÏÓ˚y Ñ˛yˆÏòyÈÙÙÙÈ Î§yÓ˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y ˛ô§yâ˛ ö%˛›˛ñ ì§˛yÓ˚ xö%˛Ó˚hs˛ ¢y£¢
~ÓÇ £zFäÈyü!=˛ ã%ˆÏv˛y ˆÖúyÓ˚ ãß√ ˆîÎ˚– 1882 ¢yˆÏú !ì˛!ò
ˆ›˛y!Ñ˛ÁˆÏì˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏv˛yÑ˛yò ã%ˆvÏ ˛y fl˛%Òˆú
Ï Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓò˚ – Óì≈˛õyò ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛
ˆÎ ã%ˆvÏ ˛y ˆÖúy £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏv˛yÑ˛yò ã%ˆvÏ ˛y Óúy £Î˚–
ã%ˆÏv˛y Ñ˛#⁄
ã%ˆvÏ ˛y î%!›˛ ãy˛ôy!ò üˆÏ∑Ó˚ ¢õß∫Î–˚ ü∑Üì˛ xÌ≈ Ju—Gentle
~ÓÇ do-way– Professor Kano Art of GentlenessÙÈ~Ó˚
˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Gentle way Óy ã%ˆÏv˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– ã%ˆÏv˛y
ˆÖúyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏü°Ïc £ˆÏúy ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ü!=˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚y– Prof. Kano ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ ~›˛y Ó%!G˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò ì˛y £ˆÏúyñ ïÓ˚y ÎyÑ˛ñ
~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ¢Ó≈ˆÏõy›˛ ü!=˛ îü £zv˛z!ò›˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚
ü!=˛ Ñ%˛!v˛¸ £zv˛z!ò›˛– Î!î ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ô«˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yãy¢%!ã
‡˛ƒyˆÏú ì˛ˆÏÓ Á£z !ü«˛yÌ#≈ ¢Ó≈ü!=˛ !îˆÏÎ˚Á ì˛y Ó˚%ÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òy–
!Ñ˛hs$˛ Á£z !ü«˛yÌ#≈ Î!î ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ !‡˛Ñ˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ü!=˛ˆÏÑ˛
!òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì˛ˆÏÓ ¢£ˆÏã£z ≤Ã!ì˛˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yÓ% Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛
˛ôyÓ˚ˆÓÏ (Maximum efficiency and minimum effort)–
¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ã%ˆÏv˛y É
1921 ¢yˆÏú Ü%Ó˚%ˆÏîÓ Ó˚Ó#wòyÌ ‡˛yÑ%˛Ó˚ ã%ˆÏv˛yÎ˚ xyÑ,˛T˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
ãy˛ôyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !õÉ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛Üy!Ñ˛ (Mr. Takegaki) òyˆÏõ ~Ñ˛ ã%ˆÏv˛y
~:˛ôy›≈˛ˆÏÑ˛ üy!hs˛!òˆÏÑ˛ì˛ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ˆÏì˛ ã%ˆÏv˛y!ü«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò– !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ≤ÃyÎ˚ î%£z
ÓäÈÓ˚ â˛úyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !õÉ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛Üy!Ñ˛ ãy˛ôyˆÏò !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îyò ~ÓÇ !ÓŸª¶˛yÓ˚ì˛#ˆÏì˛ ã%ˆÏv˛y Órï £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
Ó˚á%òyÌ îyˆÏõyîÓ˚ ÖyˆÏòÁÎ˚yˆÏú òyõÑ˛ ~Ñ˛ õyÓ˚y!‡˛ ¶˛oˆÏúyÑ˛ ãy˛ôyˆÏò ì˛#Ó˚®yã# !üÖˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ã%ˆÏv˛yˆÏì˛
xyÑ,˛T˛ £ò– 1940 ¢yˆÏú !ì˛!ò ãy˛ôyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ï≈ ã%ˆÏv˛y ˆ›˛Δ!òÇ ˆ¢r›˛yÓ˚ ˆÖyˆÏúò ~ÓÇ ~£z
ˆÖúyÓ˚ ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛T˛ £ò–
1960 ¢yˆÏú Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ !ÌˆÏÎ˚›˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏv˛ ì˛ÍÑ˛yú#ò ãy˛ôyò Ñ˛òˆÏ¢yˆÏú›˛ ˆãòyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô,¤˛ˆÏ˛ôy°ÏÑ˛ì˛yÎ˚
Ñ˛yã%Á (Kajou) ã%ˆÏv˛y Ñœ˛yÓ fiÌy!˛ôì˛ £Î˚– 1971 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ 2 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛yÓ˚ õÎ˚îyˆÏò ˆõˆÏÎ˚y ˆÓ˚yˆÏv˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚
ãy˛ôyò Ñ˛òˆÏ¢ˆÏú›˛ ~£zâ˛ ˆÑ˛yÓyxy!¢Ó˚ ˆ¢ÔãˆÏòƒ ~ÓÇ Ñœ˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ≤Ã!¢ˆÏv˛r›˛ ã!ò òyõy!ãÓ˚ xò%ˆÏ≤ÃÓ˚íyÎ˚ Ñ˛yã% ã%ˆÏv˛y
Ñœ˛yÓ ˛ôyÑ˛y˛ôy!Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ~ÓÇ òì%˛ò òyõÑ˛Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ Ñ˛ƒyúÑ˛y›˛y ã%ˆÏv˛y Ñœ˛yÓ–
1966 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ã%úy£z õyˆÏ¢ !î!Õ‘Ó˚ ˆüÓ˚ !¢Ç ïyÁÎ˚yòñ v˛É ~¢ xyÓ˚ !ö˛ã%úÑ˛yÓ˚ £yÎ˚îÓ˚yÓyˆÏîÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
õ%¡y∫ £zˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ ú∏#òyÓ˚yÎ˚í îyÜyÓ˚ v˛zˆîÏ ƒyˆÏÜ ã%ˆvÏ ˛y ˆö˛v˛yˆÏÓü˚ ò xö˛ £z!u˛Î˚yÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ì˛_¥yÓïyˆÏò ¶˛yÓ˚ì˛ÓˆÏ°Ó≈Ï ˚
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃˆÏîˆÏü ã%ˆÏv˛y ≤Ãâ˛yÓ˚ Á ≤Ã¢yÓ˚úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Óì≈˛õyˆÏò ãyì˛#Î˚ñ Ó˚yãƒ ~ÓÇ ˆãúy ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ˛ôÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ó£% Ó˚Ñ˛õ
ã%ˆÏv˛y ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
ã%ˆÏv˛y ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ (Judo-gi)
ã%ˆÏv˛y x¶˛ƒyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ ã%ˆÏv˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛ôyüyÑ˛ xì˛ƒhs˛ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈– ã%ˆÏv˛y ˆ˛ôyüyˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ãïyòì˛ !ì˛òˆÏ›˛ xÇüÈÙÙÙÈ
Á˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yÜ Óy ãƒyˆÏÑ˛›˛ñ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ xÇü Óy ˛ôƒyr›˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÑ˛yõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓŒ›˛ S£z£y ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ Ñ˛y˛ôv˛¸ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚V
ã%ˆÏv˛y ˆ˛ôyüyˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xÇü
Ñ˛. ˆÓŒ›˛ 1 Á 2. ãƒyˆÏÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ v˛yò Á Ó§y !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚¶˛yˆÏÜÓ˚ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y xÇü
Ö. ã%ˆÏv˛y ˛ôƒyˆÏr›˛Ó˚ Ó§y !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ 3ñ 4 Á 5. ãƒyˆÏÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ v˛yò £yì˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓÓ˚ ñ˚ õˆÏïƒÓ˚ Á ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ xÇü
ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ xÇü
Ü. ã%ˆÏv˛y ˛ôƒyˆÏr›˛Ó˚ v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ 6ñ 7 Á 8. ãƒyˆÏÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ Ó§y £yì˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ õˆÏïƒÓ˚ Á ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ xÇü
ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ xÇü 9 Á 10. ãƒyˆÏÑ˛ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ v˛yò Á Ó§y !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y xÇü
≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ õ%¶˛ˆÏõr›˛ Sî§yv˛¸yÓyÓ˚ ¶˛!AÜõyV
1. ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ¶˛!AÜõy (Shizen-hontai) É î%ˆÏ›˛y ˛ôy 12″
ì˛ö˛yˆÏì˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ xyÓ˚yõîyÎ˚Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2. v˛yò Óy Ó§y ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¢yïyÓ˚í î§yv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ¶˛!AÜõy ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ Migi-
shizentai Á Hidari-shizentai
Shizen-hontai Migi-Shizentai
3. £§y›%˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà î§yv˛¸yÓyÓ˚ ¶˛!AÜõy (Jigo-hontai) É !¢ˆÏãò £òì˛yÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ˆÑ˛Óúõye î%£z
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £§y›%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõyòƒ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe î%£z ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ î)Ó˚c ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30″ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ– SˆÓ¢ ~!Ó˚Î˚y Óyv˛¸yˆÏú ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ î,ë˛¸¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy ÎyÎ˚–V
Migi-jigotai Óy Hidari JigotaiÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎÌyÑ˛ˆÏõ v˛yò Á Ó§y ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ~Ñ˛£z¶˛yˆÏÓ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ–
Jigo-hontai Migi-jigotai Hidari-jigotai
ˆ£y!”˛Ç Á ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õ%¶˛ˆÏõr›˛

≤ÃÌˆÏõ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ£y!”˛ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !â˛e ò#ˆÏâ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy–
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ xyõÓ˚y î%£z¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
1– Shintai Á 2– Tai-Sabaki
1– Shintai £ˆÏúy ¢yïyÓ˚í¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏòÈÙÈ!˛ôäÈˆÏò !Ñ˛ÇÓy ˆÑ˛yòyÑ%˛!ò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˛ôyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y–
2– ì˛y£z¢yÑ˛y!ÓÈÙÙÙÈ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y– !â˛ˆÏe ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy–
!Óòy xyáyˆÏì˛ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ¶˛!AÜõy â˛â≈˛y (Uke-mi) [Break fall]
v˛zˆÏÑ˛!õÈÙÈ1
1– ˛ôyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆõÓ˚%î[˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yãy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ î%!›˛ £yì˛ˆÏÑ˛ áyˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢õyhs˘˛Ó˚yˆÏú ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆÖÎ˚yú
Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y
õy!›˛Ó˚ x!¶˛õ%ˆÏÖ ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
2– ÓÑ ˛ úy!‡˛Ó˚ òƒyÎ˚ üÓ˚ # Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ñ ˛
!˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓ˚yú Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
~ÓÇ ~Ñ˛£z ¢yˆÏÌ ˛ôyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!îˆÏÑ˛ Á‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3– üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ xÇü ¢¡ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ õy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ £yì˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¢ˆÏAÜ 300 ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ 400 ˆÑ˛yí Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏãyˆÏÓ˚ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ˆÖÎ˚yú Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ £yì˛ Á £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y ˆÎò ¢¡ô)í≈¶˛yˆÏÓ õy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
~£z xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ïyˆÏ˛ô ïyˆÏ˛ô ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– õˆÏò Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ v˛zˆÏÑ˛!õ â˛â≈˛y Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòyÓ˚Ñ˛õ ˆÓÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ òy–
v˛zˆÏÑ˛!õÙÈ2
1– ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Úˆ›˛yÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !‡˛Ñ˛ xyˆÏÜÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÑ˛!õÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y£z !˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆÓ˚yú Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚
˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆ›˛yÈÙÈ~Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Áãò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– !â˛ˆÏe !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïy˛ô ˆîÖyˆÏòy
£ˆÏúy–
~£z v˛zˆÏÑ˛!õ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛y xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ˆîÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏúy–
üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ ~ÓÇ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏòy– !â˛ˆÏe !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïy˛ô ˆîÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏúy–
fl˛ôü≈ˆÏîˆÏü v˛zˆÏÑ˛!õÓ˚ !mì˛#Î˚ ˛ôÎ≈yÎ˚–
1. ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˆfl˛ÒyÎ˚y›˛ ˛ô!ãüˆÏò Ó¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2. ~£z xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛yò ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yòyÑ%˛!ò¶˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~Ñ˛£z ¢yˆÏÌ £yì˛ˆÏÑ˛Á
Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò ˆÑ˛yòyÑ%˛!ò¶˛yˆÏÓ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3. !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ òƒyÎ˚ ~£z v˛zˆÏÑ˛!õˆÏÑ˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyŸª≈ˆÏîˆÏü v˛zˆÏÑ˛!õÈÙÙÙÈ
1. ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˆ¢yãy¶˛yˆÏÓ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
2. Ó§y ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏò !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y xyv˛¸yxy!v˛¸¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏÜyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

~£z ¢õÎ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yòyÑ%˛!ò¶˛yˆÏÓ î§yv˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚yˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ–
3. £§y›%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y ò#ˆÏâ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ Ó§y ˛ôy ˆÑ˛yòyÑ%˛!ò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛ôyŸª≈ˆÏîˆÏü î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ !â˛ˆÏeÓ˚ òƒyÎ˚–
ã%ˆÏv˛yˆÏì˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌy ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
ò#ˆÏâ˛ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy–
1. î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌy É
Te-waza Tai-otoshi (Bodt-drop); Seoi-nage
(Hand Technique) (shoulder throw); Kata-guruma
(shoulder wheel); Uki-otoshi
(floating drop); Sumi-otoshi (corner-
drop); Soto-makikami (outer-
winding throw)
Tachi-waza Koshi-waza Uki-goshi (floating hip or Loin)
Harai-
(The art of throwing (Lion-Technique) goshi (Sweeping Loin) Tsuri komi-
in a standing position) goshi (lift pull hip) Hane-goshi
(spring Loin) O-go shi (major hip)
Ushiro-goshi (rear hip) Utsuri-goshi
(changing hip)
î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆÌyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ äÈyv˛¸yÁ ã%ˆÏv˛yÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛ÔüúˆÏÑ˛ xyÓ˚Á !ì˛ò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
2– üy!Î˚ì˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌy (Sutemi-waza [The art of throwing in a lying Position])
3– ˆ£y!”˛ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ (Katame-Waza [The art of Grappling])
4– ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈ xÇˆÏü xyÑ˛õˆÏíÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ (Ate-waza [The art of attacking in the vital
points of the Body])
ˆÌyÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüú (Throwing Techniques)

1. !î xy!¢ÈÙÈ£yÓ˚y£z (De-ashi-harai—Advanced Foot Sweep)
ˆÑ˛ÔüˆÏúÓ˚ òyõ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ˆÓyG˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ˛ôyÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ¢%£z˛ô (sweep) Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆö˛ˆÏú ˆîÁÎ˚y– ~£z ˛ôÂï!ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ Óyïƒ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆ¢ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛yò ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ¢–
a. ≤ÃÌˆÏõ v˛yò ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ¢yïyÓ˚í î§yv˛¸yÓyÓ˚ ¶˛!AÜõyˆÏì˛ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ (Migi-shizentai)–
b. ˆì˛yõyÓ˚ Ó§ y ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏ ò Ó˚ !îˆÏ Ñ ˛ ~!ÜˆÏ Î ˚

≤Ã!ì˛˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆ‡˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆ¢
!˛ôˆÏäÈyˆÏì˛ Óyïƒ £Î˚–
c. ÎÖò ≤Ã!ì˛˛ô«˛ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ÎyˆÏFäÈ ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ Ó§y Óy £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ !@˘ÃˆÏ˛ô Óú≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ
ÎyˆÏì˛ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ô«˛ ~Ñ˛›%˛ Ó§y !îˆÏÑ˛ G%§˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôˆÏv˛¸– ~£z xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎ£zõye ≤Ã!ì˛˛ô«˛ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛yò ˛ôy !˛ôäÈˆÏò
!òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Á‡˛yˆÏÓñ !‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛Í«˛íyÍ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ v˛yò £§y›%˛Ó˚ ˛ôyŸª≈ˆÏîˆÏü !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ì˛úˆÏîü Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏò ïÓ˚ˆÏú ˆ¢ ¢£ˆÏã£z ì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ £y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛
˛ôˆÏv˛¸ ÎyˆÏÓ–
òÓõ xïƒyÎ˚
îúÜì˛ Ñ˛#v˛¸y
9.1.1 ˆÌyÈÓú
˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ õyò%°Ï xy¢yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z ã#ÓˆÏò Ó§yâ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò !òÎ˚!õì˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ÚïÓ˚y Á ˆäÈyv˛¸yÛ x¶˛ƒy¢
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÌyÓú ˆÖúy!›˛ õ)úì˛ ïÓ˚y Á ˆäÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÖúy–
Îì˛î)Ó˚ ãyòy ÎyÎ˚ ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ú!òv˛zÑ˛¡∫ÛÈÙÈ~ ≤ÃÌõ ˆÌyÓú ˆÖúy £ˆÏì˛y– ≤ÃÌõ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ˜îá≈ƒ !äÈú 50
ö%˛›˛ Á ≤ÃfiÌ !äÈú 30 ö%˛›˛– ≤Ã!ì˛ îˆÏú 8ÙÈ24 ãò ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ ÌyÑ˛ì˛–
õyoyˆÏãÓ˚ ÁÎ˚y£z ~õ !¢ ~È ÈÑ˛ˆÏúˆÏã Ú!òv˛zÑ˛¡∫Û õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ ˆÖúy!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÌyÓú òyˆÏõ ≤Ãâ˛úò Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– 1962
¢yˆÏú ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏòy !òÎ˚õ ÓîˆÏú òì%˛ò !òÎ˚õ â˛yú% £Î˚–
ˆÌyÓú ˆÖúyÓ˚ õy‡˛ É
ã%!òÎ˚yÓ˚ ÈÙÈ 50 ö%˛›˛ ˜îá≈ƒ ~ÓÇ 30 ö%˛›˛ ≤ÃfiÌ– ˆòˆÏ›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 6 ö%˛›˛–
!¢!òÎ˚Ó˚ ÈÙÈ 60 ö%˛›˛ ˜îá≈ƒ ~ÓÇ 40 ö%˛›˛ ≤ÃfiÌ–˛ ˆòˆÏ›˛Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛y 7 ö%˛›˛–
ˆÑ˛y›≈˛!›˛ î%!›˛ xˆÏï≈ ¢õyò ¶˛yˆÏÜ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ !Ó¶˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ñ ~ˆÏÑ˛ ÚõïƒˆÏÓ˚ÖyÛ Óúy £Î˚– õïƒˆÏÓ˚Öy
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛z¶˛Î˚!îˆÏÑ˛ !ì˛ò ö%˛›˛ î)Ó˚ˆÏc ≤ÃfiÌ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ÖyˆÏÑ˛ Óúy £Î˚ !òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ ˆÓ˚Öy Óy !òv˛z›˛Δyú ˆãyò– ¢õhfl˛
ˆÓ˚ÖyÜ%ˆÏúy 2 £z!M˛ â˛Áv˛¸y ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
Ñ˛V ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ È ÙÙÙÈÈ ≤Ã!ì˛ îˆÏú 9 ãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ !ì˛ò ãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ì˛ò!›˛ úy£zˆÏò î§yv˛¸yˆÏÓ– ¢y!¶≈˛¢
ˆ˛ôˆÏú !ãÜãƒyÜ ≤ÃÌyÎ˚ ãyÎ˚Üy Óîú Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ–
ÖV x!ö˛!¢Î˚yú È ÙÙÙÈ S1V ~Ñ˛ãò xy¡ôyÎ˚yÓ˚
S2V î%ãò úy£zò¢õƒyò
S3V ~Ñ˛ãÏò ˆfl˛ÒyÓ˚˚yÓ˚–
ÜV ˆÖúy ü%Ó˚% ÈÙÙÙÈÈ xy¡ôyÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ›˛¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ î%£z îúˆÏòì˛y ¢y!¶≈˛¢ Óy ˆÑ˛y›≈˛ ˛ôäÈ® Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚
ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸Üí ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ !ò!î≈T˛ ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏÓñ xy¡ôyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛ô!«˛Ñ˛ xÓfiÌyò !úˆÏÖ
ˆòò– úy£zÏò¢õƒyòÓ˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !ò!î≈T˛ fiÌyˆÏò xÓfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ ˆÖúy ü%Ó˚% £Î˚–
áV Óú ÈÙÙÙÈ ÓˆÏú £yÁÎ˚y ¶˛Ó˚y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÁãÏò 450Ù470 @˘Ãyõ Á ˛ô!Ó˚!ï 27″ ÈÙÈ 29″–È ˛ô§yâ˛ ò¡∫Ó˚ ö%˛›˛ÓúˆÏÑ˛
ˆÌyÓú !£¢yˆÏÓ Üíƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
¢yïyÓ˚í !òÎ˚õyÓ!ú
1. Óú Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ì˛yú% Óy Ñ˛Ó!ã äÈyv˛¸y üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xÇü ˆÎò fl˛ôü≈ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
2. Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˛ôy !fiÌÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ xòƒ ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏò Óy !˛ôäÈˆÏò Óy ˛ôyˆÏü ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y
ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÑ˛Óúõye ~Ñ ˛˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô–
3. Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ úyö˛ !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôy ˛ôv˛¸yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ£z Óú £yì˛äÈyv˛¸y £ÁÎ˚y â˛y£z–
4. Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z î%£z S2V ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!ü Óú ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖy ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
5. ˆÖúy â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò Óú £yì˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ö˛¢ˆÏÑ˛ ˆÜˆÏú x˛ôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ ˆ¢£z Óú ïˆÏÓ˚
!Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ õyˆÏ‡˛ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
6. !Ó˛ô«˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛ Óú ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ £zFäÈyõˆÏì˛y ÓúˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z !òãîˆÏúÓ˚ x˛ôÓ˚
ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy¢ ˆîÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
7. ~Ñ˛£z îˆÏúÓ˚ î%ãò ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ Óú ïˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˛ô«˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛
ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òy– ¢Ó ¢õÎ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛£z !Ó˛ô«˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ õyˆÏ‡˛ Óú ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
8. Óú ïÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ î%ÈÙÈ ÓyÓ˚ Óú ˆä§Èyv˛¸y Óy Óú ˛òyâ˛yˆÏòy xy£zòÈ!¢Âï òÎ˚–
9. £yì˛ äÈyv˛¸y Óú ÜyˆÏÎ˚ñ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ Óy üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xÇˆÏü úyÜˆÏú ö˛yv˛zú £ˆÏÓ–
10. Óú õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú ö˛yv˛zú £ˆÏÓ–
11. Óú îyˆÏÜ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏú ˛ö˛yv˛zú òÎ˚–
12. ~Ñ˛£z ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ ˛ôÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü Óú ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ Óy äÈyv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òy–
¢y¶≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÏÎ˚ !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ òãÓ˚ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÈÙÙÙÈ
1. ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ÖyÓ˚ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ãyÎ˚Üy ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ¢y¶≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ~£z ¢õÎ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
xÇü ˆÑ˛y›≈ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òy–
2. ¢y¶≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ Óy ≤ÃÌõ ¢y¶≈˛›˛y ü%Ó˚% £ˆÏÓ Úúy¶˛ xúÈÙÈˆ≤’Û v˛zFâ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛
¢y!¶≈˛ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ ˆfl˛ÒyÓ˚ ÓˆÏú Úˆ≤’Û SplayV Ñ˛Ìy›˛y v˛zFâ˛yÓ˚í Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˆ¢ˆÏÑ˛ˆÏu˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Óú
¢y¶≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
3. ¢y¶≈˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Îì˛Ü%ˆú Ï y £zˆFÏ äÈ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô ˆòÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ ì˛ˆÏÓ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓÖ˚ yˆÏÑ˛ !v˛ˆÏàyˆÏòy Óy
fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
4. ¢yˆÏ¶≈˛Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ Óú ˆòˆÏ›˛ úyÜˆÏú ì˛y x˛ôÓ˚yï ÓˆÏú Üíƒ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛ô«˛ îú ¢y!¶≈˛¢ ˛ôyˆÏÓ–
ˆÌyÓú ˆÖúyÓ˚ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛ÔüÏú
ˆÌyÓú ˆÖúyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ Á ≤Ãïyò Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛ÔüúÜ%ˆÏúy £ˆÏúy ÈÙÙÙÈ
SÑ˛V Óú ïÓ˚y ~ÓÇ SÖV ˛Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸y
SÑ˛V Óú ïÓ˚y É Óú ïÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨È¶˛yˆÏÓ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
S1V î%È ÙÈ£yˆÏì˛ Óú ïÓ˚y ÈÙÙÙÈ
î%È ÙÈ£yˆÏì˛ ˆÌyÓú ïÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ò¡¨!ú!Öì˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ü%ˆÏúy xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
SiV ˛ôyÈÙÈ î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ î%È ÙÈ¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ˛ôyÈÙÈî%!›˛ Ñ§˛yˆÏïÓ˚ ¢õî)Ó˚ˆÏc ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Óy
~Ñ˛!›˛ ôy ¢yõˆÏòÈÙ!˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ î%È!›˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ 12″
õˆÏì˛y ö§˛yÑ Ó˚yÖˆÏì £ˆÏÓ–
SiiV ÎyˆÏì˛ î%ÈÙÈ ôyü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy¢y ÓúˆÏÑ˛ ¢£ˆÏã£z ïÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ
¢£ãÈÙÈfl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛ Á xyÓ˚yõîyÎ˚Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ
î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SiiiV ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ î,!T˛ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SivV ÓˆÏúÓ˚ Ü!ì˛˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ Óú›˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õyò
v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÎ˚ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ o%ì˛ ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ–
SvV Óú ïÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛ò%£z î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ £yì˛
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SviV î%È ÙÈ£yˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyà%úÜ%ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ î%È ÙÈ£yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y xyà%ú î%!›˛
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SviiV xyà%ˆÏúÓ˚ v˛Üy !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú›˛y ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SviiiV Óú›˛y ïÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ Óú›˛y üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ !Ñ˛hs$˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xòƒ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy
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SixV Óú›˛y ïÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ Óú›˛yˆÏÑ˛ !Ó˛ô«˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ î%Ó≈úì˛õ fiÌyˆÏò ˆö˛úÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãhfl$˛!ì˛Á ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
xò%ü#úò É
SiV ˆîÎ˚yˆÏú Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸y Á ïÓ˚y–
SiiV î%ãò ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ õ%ˆÏÖyõ%!Ö î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸y Á ïÓ˚y x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SiiiV ~Ñ˛ãò úy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óú ä%Èv˛¸ˆÏÓ Á xòƒãòˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÎ˚ Óú ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SivV ~Ñ˛ãòˆÏÑ˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ õyG˛ÖyˆÏò î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Óú ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚ Ó,ˆÏ_ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛y xòƒ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ fiÌyò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ì˛yˆÏÑ˛ Óú !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ Á !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S2V ~Ñ˛£yˆÏì˛ Óú ïÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ
ÎÖò ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓ£z îÈ%ÈÙÈ £yˆÏì˛ Óú›˛y ïÓ˚y ¢Ω˛Ó £Î˚ òyñ Óú›˛y ÎÖò ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyÎ˚ˆÏ_Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚ñ ì˛Öò ~Ñ˛£yˆÏì˛ Óú
ïÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
SiV ~Ñ˛£yˆÏì˛ Óú ïÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ î,!T˛ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SiiV ˆÎ £yˆÏì˛ Óú ïÓ˚y £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyà%úÜ%ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ £yì˛›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ Ü!ì˛˛ôˆÏÌ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SiiiV Óú ïÓ˚ Ó yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ £yˆÏ ì ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó!ãñ Ñ˛ò% £ z Á Ñ§ ˛ yï›˛yˆÏ Ñ ˛ Öy!òÑ˛›˛y
ò#ˆÏ â ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏ Ñ ˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏ ò !òˆÏ ì ˛ £ˆÏ Ó ñ ÎyˆÏ ì ˛ ÓˆÏ ú Ó˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏ Ó Ü›˛y
~Ñ˛›%˛ Ñ˛ˆÏõ ~ÓÇ Îy Óú›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢£ˆÏã£z !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏí xyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
SivV ˆîˆÏ £ Ó˚ ¶˛Ó˚ › ˛y v˛yò ˛ôyˆÏ Î ˚ Ó ˚ v˛z ô Ó˚ !òˆÏ Î ˚ ˆî£›˛yˆÏ Ñ ˛ ¢yõyòƒ v˛yò
!îˆÏÑ G§%˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ§˛yïˆÏÑ˛ v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S3V ãyú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ü!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ xy¢y ÓúˆÏÑ˛ ïÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ î,!T˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ ˆÌyÓÏú!›˛
ãyˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÎ fiÌyò !îˆÏÎ˚ ãyˆÏú ïyE˛y ˆÖˆÏÎ˚ Óy Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ¢£z fiÌyˆÏò
xï≈ÈÙÈˆâ˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ Ó¢yÓ˚ ¶˛!AÜˆÏì˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ î%È ÙÈ£yˆÏì˛ ¢Ω˛Ó òy £ˆÏú ~Ñ˛£yˆÏì˛ Óú›˛y ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ–
S4V úy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ î%È ÙÈ£yˆÏì˛ Óú ïÓ˚yÈÙÙÙÈ úy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ î%ÈÙÈ £yˆÏì˛ Óú ïÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÌõ ¢y!Ó˚Ó˚ ú¡∫y ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚y
x!ïÑ˛ ¢%!Óïy ˆ¶˛yÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– úy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óú ïˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ î%Ó≈ú Óy ö§˛yÑ˛y fiÌyˆÏò Óú›˛y ˆö˛ˆÏú ¢£ˆÏã£z ˛ôˆÏÎ˚r›˛
¢Ç@˘Ã£ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe úy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óú›˛y ïˆÏÓ˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ î%Ó≈ú ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
ÓˆÏúÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ ú«˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆãyv˛¸y ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ü)ˆÏòƒ úy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£yˆÏì˛ Óy îÈ%ÈÙÈ £yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓúˆÏÑ˛
ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
S5V ˛ôyü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ~Ñ˛£yì˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢y!¶≈˛¢ Ñ˛Ó˚yÈÙÙÙÈ
SiV ˆÎ £yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸y £ˆÏFäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ§˛yï ãyˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ £yì˛
!îˆÏÎ˚ Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸y £ˆÏFäÈ ˆ¢£z !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôy !˛ôäÈˆÏò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ– v˛z¶˛Î˚ £§y›%˛ ¢yõˆÏò ¶˛§yã ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÏÓ–
SiiV ˆÎ £yˆÏì˛ Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸y £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ xyà%úÜ%ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ
äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ü=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óú›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SiiiV ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó!ãÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ÓúˆÏÑ˛ ˆ‡˛¢ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖy ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
SivV ~£z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛yˆÏÑ˛ G§%˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ £yì˛›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ î%!úˆÏÎ˚
ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆõyâ˛ˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ Óú›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãyˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˛ô«˛ îˆÏúÓ˚
ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›≈˛ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SvV Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ !˛ôäÈˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SviV ¢y!¶≈˛¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôy ˆÎò ≤Ãyhs˛ˆÏÓ˚ÖyˆÏÑ˛ fl˛ôü≈ òy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
SÖV Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸y É ˆÌyÓú ˆÖúyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÑ˛Ôüú!›˛ Ö%Ó£z Ü%Ó˚%c˛ô)í≈– ¢y!¶≈˛¢ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÖúy ü%Ó˚%
Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ ˆÎõò Óú äÈ%v˛¸ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ñ ˆì˛õ!ò ˆÖúy â˛úyÑ˛yú#ò !Ó˛ô«˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›≈˛ Óú ˛ôy‡˛yÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÁ
Óú ä%Èv˛¸ˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
~Ñ˛£yˆÏì˛ Ñ˛§yˆÏïÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ £yì˛ î%!úˆÏÎ˚ ¢y!¶≈˛¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y É
SiV ˆÎ!îˆÏÑ˛ Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸y £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ ¢õˆÏÑ˛yˆÏí î§yv˛y¸ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SiiV Ó§y ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÖÏ v˛yò˛ ôy ¢yõyòƒ v˛yò !îˆÏÑ˛ á%!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ v˛yò £yˆÏì˛ Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe–
SiiiV ˆÎ £yˆÏ ì ˛ Óú ˆäÈ y v˛¸ y £ˆÏ Ó ˆ¢£z £yˆÏ ì ˛Ó˚ xyà% ú Ü% ˆ Ï ú y !îˆÏ Î ˚
¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ ü=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óú›˛y ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SivV ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ £yì˛›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ v˛yò Ñ§˛yˆÏïÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Óú›˛yˆÏÑ˛
¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ äÈ%ˆÏv˛¸ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SvV Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛yˆÏÑ˛ Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ á%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ v˛yò ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SviV xò%Ó˚)˛ô¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó§y £yˆÏì˛ Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe £yì˛ Á ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌyò
!Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
~Ñ˛£yˆÏì˛ õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòyÈÙÙÙÈ
xyÑ˛õíydÑ˛ ˆÖúyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ Óú ˆö˛Ó˚ì˛ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏòy £Î˚ÈÙÙÙÈ
SiV î%È ÈÙÈ˛ôy ˛ôyüy˛ôy!ü ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Óy ¢yõˆÏòÈÙÈ!˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SiiV Óú ¶˛yˆÏúy¶˛yˆÏÓ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ò%£z ˆ¶˛ˆÏà Óú õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SiiiV ~Ó˚˛ôÓ˚ £yì˛›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõyòƒ !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ £yì˛ ¢yõˆÏò Á ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
!òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ Óú›˛y ¢ˆÏãyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˛ô«˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›≈˛Ó˚ ö§˛yÑ˛y ãyÎ˚ÜyÎ˚ ˆö˛úÓyÓ˚ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
Óú ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏòyÈÙÙÙÈ ¢y!¶≈˛¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Óy !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆÑ˛yˆÏ›≈˛ Óú ˛ôy‡˛yÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ Óú ˆáyÓ˚yÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Ñ˛Ó!ãñ ì˛ã≈ò# Á Ó%ˆÏv˛¸y xyà%ú ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
9.1.2 ö%˛›˛Óú
¢ÓyÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ˆÖúy Úö%˛›˛ÓúÛ– ~£zz ˆÖúyÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ Óy ¢)â˛òy ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ õì˛ˆÏ¶˛î ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ˆõy›˛yõ%!›˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Óúy
ÎyÎ˚ñ ~£z ˆÖúyÓ˚ ¢)â˛òy £Î˚ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛– 1904 ¢yˆÏú ö%˛›˛Óú ˆÖúyÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fÑ˛ ¢ÇfiÌy ˆö˛v˛yˆÏÓ˚üò £zò›˛yÓ˚òƒyÏüòyú
xö˛ îƒ ö%˛›˛Óú xƒyˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÏÎ˚üò S!ö˛ö˛yV ≤ÃÌõ £zÇúƒyˆÏu˛˛ Ü!‡˛ì˛ £Î˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ 1930 ¢yˆÏú ~£z ¢ÇfiÌy !ÓŸªÑ˛y˛ô
ö%˛›˛Óú ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yãò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– 1893 ¢yˆÏú £z!u˛Î˚yò ö%˛›˛Óú xƒyˆÏ¢y!¢ˆÏÎ˚üò Sxy£z~ö˛~V Ü!‡˛ì˛
£Î˚–
ö%˛›˛Óú ˆÖúyÓ˚ Ñ˛úyˆÏÑ˛ÔüúÜ%ˆÏúy !òˆÏ¡¨ xyˆÏúyâ˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏúy É
Ó%ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ õyÌyÓ˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S1V ˆÎ ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z ˛ôyÈ ˆÓü ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚
!˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S2V £§y›%˛Ó˚ ¢!rï!›˛ ›˛yòÈ›˛yò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛ÜyÓ˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú
õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S3V ÓˆÏú ˛ôy úyÜyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ Ü§y›˛ SxƒyÇÑ˛úV ~ÓÇ
£§y›%˛Ó˚ ¢!rï ü=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S4V òòÈÙÈ!Ñ˛!Ñ˛Ç ö%˛›˛ Óy î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy ˛ôyÈ £§y›%˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏä ¢yõyòƒ ¶˛§yã Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S5V ˆÎ ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏõ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~ˆÏÜyˆÏÓ Á v˛z§â%˛ˆÏì˛ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ–
S6V ˆ¢£z ¢õÎ˚ Á£z !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ £yì˛!›˛ !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏÓ Á x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy£%Öy!ò ¢ˆÏãyˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚
!îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏÓ–
S7V ˆî£ ¢yõˆÏò x“ G%§˛ˆÏÑ˛ xÌÓy Öyv˛¸y £ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
S8V Óú î)ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ¶)˛!õÈÙÈ¢õyhs˛Ó˚yˆÏú xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ Sˆ˛ôˆÏ›˛Ó˚V ~Ñ˛›%˛ ò#â%˛ˆÏì˛ õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S9V ˆÜyÏú!Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ Ñ˛ò≈yÓ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ Óy ˛ôˆÏÓ˚y«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ !ö˛ÈÙÈ!Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòyÈÙÈ¢ÖˆÏòy
ˆ˛ôòy!Œ›˛ !Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Á ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S1V î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy ˛ôyÈSòòÈÙÈ!Ñ˛!Ñ˛Ç ö%˛›˛V £§y›%˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ x“ ¶§˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S2V ˆÎ ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ £§y›%˛ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏòy Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S3V ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xÇü !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S4V ˆÎ ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú›˛yˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚y £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z ˛ôy Ö%Ó ˆÓ!ü !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ Óy
v§˛âz ˛% ˆÏì˛ ˆì˛yúy ÎyˆÏÓ òy–
S5V ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ÜyˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy ˆ›˛ˆÏò ~ˆÏò xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÑ,˛ì˛ ˆÓ!ü ¢õÎ˚ fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
S6V ˛ ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ Ü§y›˛ ~£z ¢õÎ˚ ü=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S7V ˆî£ ¢yÓïyˆÏò x“ !˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆ£úyˆÏòy ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
S8V ˆÎ ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ§˛yï ¢yõˆÏò
~ˆÏÜyˆÏòy ÌyˆÏÑ˛ ~ÓÇ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óy£% Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ fl˛∫y¶˛y!ÓÑ˛
¢%!ÓïyõˆÏì˛y–
S9V !ò!î≈T˛ !ò¶≈%˛ú !òüyòyÎ˚ Óú ˛ôy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Á ˆÜyú Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚–
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S1V ˆÎ ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ ˆ¢£z ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ v˛Üy !¶˛ì˛Ó˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛
!îˆÏÎ˚ Óú õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S2V ~£z¶˛yˆÏÓ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ õyÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ˆÜˆÏú Î!îÁ ˛ôy ~Ñ˛›%˛ x¢%!ÓïyÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ÌyˆÏÑ˛ñ ì˛Ó%
òòÈÙÈ!Ñ˛!Ñ˛Ç ö%˛›˛ñ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !Ñ˛!Ñ˛Ç ö%˛›˛ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ !˛ôäÈò
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î%!úˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ÓˆÏú !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S3V ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏú !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S4V ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ Ó˚«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¶˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ !˛ô‡˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S1V î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy ˛ôy SòòÈÙÈ!Ñ˛!Ñ˛Ç ö%˛›˛V ÓˆÏúÓ˚ Îì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¢Ω˛Ó Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S2V ˆÎ ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z ˛ôyÈ ¢ˆÏãyˆÏÓ˚ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ !˛ôäÈò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ ÓˆÏú xyáyì˛
S3V Óú õyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛ÜyÓ˚ !îÑ˛›˛y ü=˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S4V ˆÎ ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏú !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ £§y›%˛ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S5V üÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ x“ G§%˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
S6V ˆÎ ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ Á£z ˛ôy Óú ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
S7V ˆÎ ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ ì˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛ôÓ˚#ì˛ !îˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Óy£% ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ x˛ôÓ˚ Óy£%
!˛ôäÈˆòÏ Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ÎyˆÏÓ–
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S1V ö%˛›˛ÓˆÏú !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˛ôyì˛y !¶˛ì˛Ó˚!îˆÏÑ˛ xÌ≈yÍ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ x“ ˆ›˛ˆÏò ˆòÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
S2V ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y ÓˆÏú úyÜyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôy ˆ¢yãy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óú›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
S3V ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ !¶˛ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛
Óy ü%ï% !˛ô‡˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ~Ñ˛£z ˛≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏò Ñ˛yˆÏã úyˆÏÜ–
S4V Óú ÎÖò ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ xÌÓy !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ïyÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ Ü!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ xyˆÏ¢ ì˛Öò !ÓˆÏü°Ï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~›˛y
Ñ˛Ó˚y ¢£ã £Î˚–
Óú ˆ£v˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y
S1V î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Óy úy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óú ˆ£v˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S2V Óú ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆ£v˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÑÏ ˛ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆ£!úˆÏÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚
üÓ˚#Ó˚›˛y ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ G§%˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛˛ôyú Óy õyÌyÓ˚ v˛yò Óy Ó§y ˛ôyü !îˆÏÎ˚
ÓˆÏú ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ xyáyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S3V ÓˆÏú ˆãyˆÏÓ˚ xyáyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚ õyÌy›˛yˆÏÑ˛Á ¢yõˆÏò ˆ‡˛ˆÏú !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S4V v˛yò xÌÓy Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ Óú ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú üÓ˚#Ó˚ ˛ôyˆÏüÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ñ˛yì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
õyÌyÓ˚ ˛ôyü !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏú xyáyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S5V úy!ö˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ£v˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ ÎÖò úyˆÏö˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏÓ≈yFâ˛ ¢#õyÎ˚
ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈyˆÏÓ ì˛Öò£z ÓˆÏú xyáyì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S6V ˆ£v˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ò#â%˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Óú ˛ôy‡˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú üÓ˚#Ó˚ !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ Ó§y!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚
Ñ˛˛ôyú !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú›˛yˆÏÑ˛ xyáyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óú›˛yˆÏÑ˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ òyõyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S7V ˆ£!v˛ÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ v˛z¶˛Î˚ £yì˛ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ î% Ù ÈôyˆÏü ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
˛Óú ÌyõyˆÏòy
S1V Óú xy›˛Ñ˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏú ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˛ôy ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ˆâ˛ˆÏ˛ô
ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ £yúÑ˛y¶˛yˆÏÓ–
S2V ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ä%ÈˆÏ›˛ xy¢ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛ Óú›˛y !‡˛Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
!¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ˆá§ˆÏ°Ï ÌyˆÏÑ˛–
S3V ˆÎ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ Óú xy›˛Ñ˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆ¢£z ˛ôy !ü!Ìú¶˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S4V ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ ¶˛yÓ˚¢yõƒ ÓãyÎ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚–
S5V Óú ÌyõyˆÏì˛ ÌyõyˆÏì˛£z ÓúÈÙÈxy›˛Ñ˛yˆÏòy ˛ôy ¢yõyòƒ ì%˛ˆÏú ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ ˆ¢›˛yˆÏÑ˛
ˆö˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÖúy â˛yú% Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛Á ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú ÌyõyˆÏòy
S1V ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÓfiÌyò !‡˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S2V ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ Óú!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÌyõyÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˛ôy xyúÜy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛ôyÈÙÈ!›˛ õy!›˛Ó˚ ¢yõyòƒ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ
Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛ Ü!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xy¢y Óú!›˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏ›˛Ó˚ ì˛úyÓ˚ xÇˆÏü xy›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ÎyÎ˚–
S3V xyúÜy ˛ôyÈÙÈ!›˛ ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõyòƒ ›˛yòˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ Ü!ì˛ˆÏÓÜ Ñ˛ˆÏõ ÎyÎ˚–
!v»˛Ó!úÇ É
!Ó˛ô«˛ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÑÏ ˛ ˆïyÑ˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y !v»˛Ó!úÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õ)ú ú«˛ƒ– ≤Ãïyòì˛ £zòˆÏfi›˛ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚ £zò¢y£zv˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ £zòˆÏfi›˛ˆÏ˛ôÓ˚
xyv˛z›˛¢y£zv˛ Á £zòˆÏfi›˛˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ !v»˛Ó!úÇ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ñ˛!›˛ !ÓˆÏü°Ï !îÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú ïÓ˚y £ˆÏúyÈ ÈÙÙÙÈ
SÑ˛V !v»˛Ó!úÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚ xyÎ˚ˆÏ_ ÌyÑ˛y Óú î%ÈÙÈ˛ôy
Óy ~Ñ˛ÈÙÈ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
SÖV !v»˛Ó!úÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ãòƒ ÓúˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏòñ ˛ôyˆÏü Óy
!˛ôäÈˆÏò õ,î% xyáyì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £Î˚–
SÜV Óú ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏí
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
SáV ÓˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ !òÎ˚s˛fí ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ Óú Á
îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ î,!T˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ–
SàV £zòˆÏfi›˛˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ !v»˛Ó‰ú Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ £zòˆÏfi›˛˛ô !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆ‡˛ˆÏú Óú ¢yõˆÏò !îˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛ôy ì%˛ˆÏú
˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y ò#â%˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô xhs˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛£z ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ !v»˛Ó!úÇ Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚– !v»˛Ó!úÇÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚
£§y›%˛ ú¡∫yú!¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ£z Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
Sâ˛V £zò¢y£zv˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !v»˛Ó‰ú Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ £zò¢y£zv˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú ˆ‡˛ˆÏú !îˆÏì˛ £Î˚– !v»˛Ó!úÇ ˆÎ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ
ˆ¢£z ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £§y›%˛ ¢yõyòƒ ˛ôyˆÏü ˆáyÓ˚yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇü ¢yõyòƒ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ G§%˛ˆÏÑ˛
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
SäÈV ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ xyv˛z›˛¢y£zv˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ !v»˛Ó!úÇ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛y !¶˛ì˛Ó˚!îˆÏÑ˛ á%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏúÓ˚
v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ¢¡ô)í≈ !òÎ˚s˛fí Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– Á£z ¢õÎ˚ ˆî£ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ £§y›%˛ ú¡∫yú!¡∫¶˛yˆÏÓ
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
ˆÜyú!Ñ˛!˛ôÇ
SÑ˛V ò#â%˛ Óú ïÓ˚y É
S1V ò#â%˛ Óú î%ÈÙÈ£yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ïÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ £§y›%˛ ˆ¶˛ˆÏà üÓ˚#Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ G%§˛!Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ ¢yõˆÏò
ÓúˆÏÑ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S2V Óú ïÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ î,!T˛ ¢Ó¢õÎ˚ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÖV õyG˛y!Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ì˛yÓ˚ Óú ïÓ˚y É ¢yïyÓ˚íì˛ £yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ Óú›˛yˆÏÑ˛
Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÁ Îì˛«˛í òy Óú Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xy¢ˆÏäÈ ì˛ì˛«˛í ˛ôÎ≈hs˛
î,!T˛ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
SÜV v˛§zâ%˛ Óú ïÓ˚y É
S1V v˛§zâ%˛ Óú ïÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÜyúÓ˚«˛Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ ü)ˆÏòƒ
úyö˛yˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ úyö˛ !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
ˆ¢£z ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ £§y›%˛ x“ ¶˛yày ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ–
S2V Óú £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xy¢yÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ Ü!ì˛˛ôˆÏÌ £yì˛î%!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S3V Óú £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ òy xy¢yÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ ˆâ˛yÖ ÓˆÏúÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S4V Óú £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ xy¢yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢ˆÏAÜ Ó%ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S5V ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ ÎÖò !Ó˛ôˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚y ~Ñ˛¢ˆÏAÜ ÓˆÏú ˆ£v˛
!îˆÏì˛ ÁˆÏ‡˛ ˆ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜyúÓ˚«˛Ñ˛ xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ Óú
£yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ òy ïˆÏÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ õ%ˆÏ‡˛y !îˆÏÎ˚ ÓúˆÏÑ˛ xyáyì˛
Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÓúˆÏÑ˛ î)ˆÏÓ˚ ¢ì˛#ˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˛ôy!‡˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÎ˚– ~£z
ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜyú Ó§yâ˛yˆÏòyˆÏÑ˛ !ö˛!fi›˛Ç SfistingV ÓˆÏú–
ˆÌy £zò
Óú ¢¡ô)í≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛ô î%ÈÙÈ£yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ïˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛ò%£z ˆ¶˛ˆÏàñ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ô!Ó˚¶˛yÜˆÏÑ˛ ˆÑ˛yõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
ˆ¶˛ˆÏàñ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚ !˛ôäÈò!îˆÏÑ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ õyÌyÓ˚ !‡˛Ñ˛ !˛ôäÈò ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õyÌyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ¢ñ õyˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛y !òˆÏãÓ˚ îˆÏúÓ˚ ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ äÈ%ˆÏv˛¸ !îˆÏì˛
£ˆÏÓ–
xò%ü#úò#
v˛zˆÏjüƒ
S1V ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆüÖy– v˛yò ˛ôyñ Ó§y ˛ôy–
S2V Óú ˆ‡˛ˆÏú !òˆÏÎ˚ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚y ÈÙÙÙÈ v˛yòñ Ó§y Á ˛ôyúyÑ˛ˆÏõ v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ–
S3V Óú xyÎ˚_Ñ˛Ó˚í SÑ˛ˆÏr›˛ΔyúV ¢£ˆÏÎyˆÏÜ î%ãˆÏò !Ó˚ˆÏú ˆÓ˚¢–
!òˆÏî≈ü É
S1V !ü«˛Ñ˛ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛Ó˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ÓyÓ˚ ì˛y ≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓòñ
ÈòãÓ˚ Ó˚yÖˆÏÓò ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yv˛¸ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôy Úö˛ˆÏúyÈÙÌ%Û Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚Á î§yv˛¸yˆÏòy ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ ˆîˆÏ£Ó˚
¶˛yÓ˚ ˆäÈˆÏv˛¸ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
S2V !ü«˛Ñ˛ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˆüÖyˆÏÓò Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ Óú !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÔˆÏv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £Î˚– ì˛yÓ˚˛ôÓ˚ ~¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆîÈÔˆÏv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚
˛ôÂï!ì˛Ü%ˆÏúy ≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆîÖyˆÏÓò– ˆÖˆÏúyÎ˚yˆÏv˛¸Ó˚y ~Ñ˛ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ ˛≤ÃƒyÑ˛!›˛¢ ü%Ó˚% Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ¶˛yˆÏÓ
ˆîÖyˆÏòy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z¶˛yˆÏÓ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ ï#ˆÏÓ˚ x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
Óú !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓƒyÎ˚yõ É
S1V Óú v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ä%ÈˆÏv˛¸ î%ÈÙÈ£yˆÏì˛ ïÓ˚y S8ÈÙÈ10 ÓyÓ˚V –
S2V ˛ôy !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ äÈ%ˆÏv˛¸ õy!›˛ˆÏì˛ ÓˆÏ¢ £yì˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ïÓ˚y–
S3V !˛ôäÈò!îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆäÈyv˛¸y Á ïÓ˚y–
S4V î%È ÙÈ£yˆÏì˛ Óú ˆäÈyv˛¸y Á ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ#ˆÏÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚y–
S5V î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ö§˛yÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ¢£ˆÏÎyÜ#ˆÏÑ˛ Óú ˆîÁÎ˚y–
S6V Óú !òˆÏÎ˚ x§yÑ˛yÈÙÈÓ§yÑ˛y˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ÎyÁÎ˚y–
S7V G%˛úhs˛ ÓˆÏú ˆ£v˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y – v˛yò ˛ôyñ Ó§y ˛ôy Á v˛z¶˛Î˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ úyö˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆ£v˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
!òˆÏî≈ü É
S1V ¢õ@˘Ã ˆî£Ñ˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ¢y£yˆÏÎƒ£z Óú ä%v˛¸ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ ü%ï% £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!ü ˆÓ!ü ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ òÎ˚–
S2V ˆ£v˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ õyÌy›˛y !˛ôäÈˆÏò ˆ›˛ˆÏò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆö˛Ó˚ ¢yõˆÏò ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú fl˛ôü≈ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
S3V ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyü !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú ˛ôy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ì˛úy !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú ïÓ˚y–
S4V ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyü !îˆÏÎ˚ Óú !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
S5V ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ !˛ôˆÏ‡˛Ó˚ Óy£zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ Á ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚
!Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
S6V ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ˆ¶˛ì˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôyü !îˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y x¶˛ƒy¢ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚
¢ÓˆÏâ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛yˆÏúy v˛z˛ôyÎ˚ £ˆÏúy õ%ˆÏÖyõ%!Ö ¢y!Ó˚ÓÂï¶˛yˆÏÓ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
Óy Ó,_yÑ˛yˆÏÓ˚ îú ˆÓ§ˆÏï î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ î%ÈÙÈ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y–
S7V !Ñ˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ v˛Üy ¢yõˆÏò Óyv˛¸yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ö˛ˆÏúy
Ì% Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
îüõ xïƒyÎ˚
õyòÓ¢¡ôî v˛zß¨Î˚ò Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛õ
10.1.1 fiÌyò#Î˚ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛# ˆ¢ÓyÑ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛õ
!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ~Ñ˛ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸
ÁˆÏ‡˛– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ¢õÓÎ˚!¢ Órï%ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛£z¢ˆÏAÜ !îˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛›˛y ¢õÎ˚ Ñ˛y›˛yÎ˚
~ÓÇ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ !Ñ˛Î˚yÑ˛úy˛ô ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ü,ˆÏ£Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚£z £ˆÏúy !üü%Ó˚ Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢õyˆÏã
≤ÃˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ ≤ÃÌõ !ÓŸªhfl˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò– !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ Ü%Óc%̊ ˛ô)í≈ ¢ÇÜ‡˛ò !£¢yˆÏÓ !üü%Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚
Á Ñ˛#v˛¸yÈÙÈ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ¢M˛yúˆÏò ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ñ˛ãò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ õ)úƒˆÏÓyïñ !òãfl˛∫
!â˛hs˛yïyÓ˚yñ xyâ˛Ó˚íñ ò#!ì˛ˆÏÓyï Á ã#Óòîü≈ò ÜˆÏv˛¸ ÁˆÏ‡˛– !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ hfl˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z xòƒyòƒ ¢£˛ôy‡˛#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%ˆÏúy ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ xyâ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤Ã!ü«˛í úy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎõòÈÙÙÙÈ ºyì,˛cˆÏÓyïñ
Órï%cˆÏÓyïñ ˆ¢Ô£yî≈ƒñ ¢£õ!õ≈ì˛yñ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yñ ¢£yò%¶)˛!ì˛ñ ˜ïÎ≈ñ ¢£òü#úì˛y £zì˛ƒy!î ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ Ó,!_Ü%ˆÏúyÓ˚
!ÓÑ˛yü áˆÏ›˛– !üü% ì˛yÓ˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ ã#ÓˆÏò !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ô!Ó˚!fiÌ!ì˛ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ xyâ˛Ó˚í ¢¡ôß¨ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ˆ¢ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛Á
K˛yòúy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚–
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîü ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ñ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ñ ≤Ããyì˛s˛f# Ó˚yT˛ΔÈ !£¢yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛
Ó˚yˆÏT˛ΔÈÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ îy!Î˚c ~Öò !ÓîƒyúÎ˚Ü%ˆÏúyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ òƒhfl˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛y£z äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ Ó˚yˆÏT˛ΔÈÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ü%íyÓ!úÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü á›˛yˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ ¢õyˆÏã ¢õ!T˛Üì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ü,CúyˆÏÓyï Á ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yõ)úÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚
ˆÎõò ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y xyˆÏäÈñ ˆì˛õ!ò !òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜÓ˚Á ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò xyˆÏäÈ–
Óì≈˛õyˆÏò xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîˆÏü !ÓîƒyúÎ˚Ü%ˆÏúyˆÏì˛ ¢õ!T˛Üì˛ Óy îúÜì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã v˛zÍ¢y£ ˆîÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛y ¢ˆÏÓõye ü%Ó˚%
£ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– x!ïÑ˛yÇü !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛yˆÏã ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yõ)úÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚–
¢#õyÓÂï ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yõ)úÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúÁ ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ
¢õyãã#ÓˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy– ˆÎÔÌ Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õïƒ !îˆÏÎ˚ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ¢õyãã#ÓˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£í
Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ !ü«˛yúy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆâ˛ì˛òy Á Üíì˛y!s˛fÑ˛ õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚
Óƒy˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤ÃÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢õyãˆÏ¢Óyõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓ!ú !ÓˆÏü°Ï ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ¢õyã ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛õ
Á ¢õyãˆÏ¢Óyõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yãÑ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ~Ñ˛!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎõò äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˘˛!ò≈!£ì˛ ¢Ω˛yÓòyÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ¢y!ïì˛ £Î˚ñ
x˛ôÓ˚!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆì˛õ!ò ì˛yÓ˚y ¢yõy!ãÑ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢ÇáˆÏâ˛ì˛òyñ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÓ˚
õˆÏòy¶˛yÓñ ¢£õ!õ≈ì˛yñ ¢£yò%¶)˛!ì˛ñ !òÎ˚õü,CúyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ xyò%Üì˛ƒñ xyd!òÎ˚s˛fˆÏíÓ˚ «˛õì˛y ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ Ü%íyÓ!úÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü
¢y!ïì˛ £Î˚– ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ÌyÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Ü%íyÓ!úÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü ¢%°Ïõ¶˛yˆÏÓ £Î˚–
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!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ˆÑ˛wfiÌˆÏú– ~fiÌyˆÏò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆÎõò !Ó!Óï K˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˛ô!Ó˚!â˛ì˛
£ˆÏÓñ ˆì˛õ!ò ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó!Óï ã#Óò≤ÃÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚â˛Î˚ Á ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy˛ôò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍ ~Ñ˛!›˛
«%˛oì˛Ó˚ ¢õyã Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛y!A«˛ì˛ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ õ)ú ü!=˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ– !ü«˛yˆÏÑ˛ ãòõ%Ö# Á ˆ¢Óyïõ≈# Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚
≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛y â˛úˆÏäÈ– xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ãòõ%Ö#ñ ˆ¢Óyïõ≈#ñ Ñ˛õ≈õ%Ö#ñ ã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛ñ ˆòì,˛cîyˆÏòÓ˚ Ü%íyÓ!ú !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚
ãòƒ ¢Ó≈¢yïyÓ˚ˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ !ü«˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛›˛y òì%˛ò î,!T˛¶˛!AÜÓ˚ !ü«˛yÑ˛õ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úÓyÓ˚ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
¢)â˛òy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyˆÏã ¢õyãˆÏ¢ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛õ– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛ì˛Ñ˛Ü%ˆÏúy ¢%!ò!î≈T˛
â˛y!£îy xyˆÏäÈ– ˆÈÎ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Îì˛ ˆÓ!ü ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ â˛y!£îy ˛ô)Ó˚í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢õÌ≈ £ˆÏÓñ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ¢£z !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
@˘Ã£íˆÏÎyÜƒì˛y ì˛ì˛ ˆÓ!ü–
¢õyã ~Öò ˆÎ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xyˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¶˛yˆÏúy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ ~Ñ˛›˛y Óyhfl˛Ó¢¡øì˛
˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãòñ ˆ¢£z ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ôˆÏÑ˛ Óúy ÎyÎ˚ v˛zß¨Î˚ò ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy–
äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y xyÜyõ# !îˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%òyÜ!Ó˚Ñ˛ñ ì˛y£z äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ˆîü Ü‡˛ˆÏò ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ xy¢ˆÏú x!â˛ˆÏÓ˚£z Ó˚yãƒ Á
ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ õAÜú £ˆÏÓ– !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏÑ˛ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ãòƒñ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ Ó!M˛ì˛
xÇˆÏüÓ˚ ¢hs˛yòˆÏîÓ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ !îÑ˛ !îˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ î%Ó≈úì˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈñ ì˛y !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚yñ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈ !ÜˆÏÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛yÓ˚ xAÜˆÏò xyÓ˚Á ˆÓ!ü ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÓ˚ õyˆÏò ¢õì˛y xyòyñ
!ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ xÓÑ˛yüÑ˛yú#ò ¢õÎ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ fiÌyò#Î˚ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛# Á !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÎÔÌÈÙÈ
˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚ Óyhfl˛ÓyÎ˚ˆÏò ˆ¢Óyõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yˆÏã Î%=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚yñ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¶˛!Ó°ƒÏÍ ¢%òyÜ!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ îy!Î˚cÈÙÈÑ˛ì≈˛Óƒ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï
v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ ïyÓ˚íy ≤Ãîyò Ñ˛Ó˚y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò–
¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢%°Ïõ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏü !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Á ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÓyG˛y˛ôv˛¸y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏAÜ !òˆÏÎ˚£z fiÌyò#Î˚ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ v˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏò ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ ¢õˆÏÓì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– äÈyeäÈye#ÈÙÈ
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v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˙Ñ˛ƒÓÂï ¢õyã ¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyˆÏ®yúòñ Îy ¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ o%ì˛Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ xyÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚yÈ
¢õyã Á ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xÇü#îyÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ–
!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ hfl˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ xhs˛¶≈%˛=˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü%ˆÏúyˆÏì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !ü«˛y ˆîÓyÓ˚ òyòyÓ˚)˛ô Ñ˛õ≈ˆÏÑ˛!wÑ˛
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˛ôÂï!ì˛ˆÏì˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ~õò !Ñ˛ä%È Ñ˛yˆÏã xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏì˛ ˆ¢ ≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ x!¶˛K˛ì˛y úy¶˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ~
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~£z ≤ÃÑ˛“ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ v˛z˛ôÓ˚ â˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £Î˚ òy– ~ÖyˆÏò xˆÏòÑ˛Ü%ˆÏúy !ÓÑ˛“ ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛
äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ˛ôäÈˆÏ®Ó˚ ˆ«˛eˆÏÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“ !£¢yˆÏÓ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y
Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ≤ÃˆÏâ˛T˛y Á Óyhfl˛Ó x!¶˛K˛ì˛yÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ K˛yò Ü‡˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓñ xyÓ˚ ã#Óò Á K˛yˆÏòÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ
≤Ãì˛ƒ«˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛ fiÌy!˛ôì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~õò¶˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛“ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ñ˛Ó˚y £Î˚ ÎyˆÏì˛ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y Ñ˛ÌyÓyì≈˛yÎ˚ñ ˆúÖy˛ôv˛¸yÎ˚ñ
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!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ¢Ó≈yAÜ#í !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ˛ôÌ xˆÏòÑ˛Öy!ò ≤Ãühfl˛ £ˆÏÓ–
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fiÌyò#Î˚ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ˆ¢ÓyÑ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ òõ%òy ≤ÃÑ˛“

ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“ ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ì˛yÓ˚ xÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yú#ò ¢õÎ˚ˆÑÏ ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚y
ÓäÈˆÓÏ ˚ 20 á^˘›˛y ¢õÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ Ñ˛ÏÓ˚ˆÓÏ ≤ÃÑ˛“!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ö˛ú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛úˆÏì˛–
SÑ˛V fl˛∫yfiÌƒ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛“ É
1. Óƒ!=˛Üì˛ ˛ô!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ÈÙÈ˛ô!Ó˚FäÈß¨ì˛y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛Îyò–
2.˛ ô!Ó˚ü%Âï ˛ôyò#Î˚ ãú ˛ôyò Ñ˛Ó˚y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛Îyò–
3. ˆüÔâ˛yÜyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ïyÓ˚yÓy!£Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y–
4.˛ ôyú¢ ˆ˛ôy!úˆÏÎ˚yñ ~£zv˛¢ñ xyˆÏÎ˚y!v˛òÈÙÈ~Ó˚ x¶˛yÓã!òì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜñ Ñ˛ƒyò¢yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y–
5. @˘Ãyõ/Ó!hfl˛ÏˆÏì˛ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yõ)úÑ˛ x!¶˛Îyò–
SÖV !ü«˛yÜì˛ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛“ É
1. x¢£yÎ˚ õyò%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ xy£z!ò ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛“–
2.˛ õyòÓy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y–
3. !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚–
4.˛ ì˛Ìƒ ãyòÓyÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy£zò–
5. Óy!úÑ˛y Á õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y–
6. fl%Òúä%È›˛ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ fl%Òú x!¶˛õ%Ö#Ñ˛Ó˚í–
7. !üü%◊!õÑ˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛Îyò–
8. !õv˛ÈÙÈˆv˛ !õú ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ Ñ˛yã–
9. ÓÎ˚flÒ ¢y«˛Ó˚ì˛y ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“–
10. Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛“ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛Îyò
SÜV ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛“ É
1. Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛“ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛Îyò–
2.˛ Ó,«˛ˆÏÓ˚y˛ôí Á xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ô,!ÌÓ#ˆÏì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚
Ñ˛yã !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛Îyò–
3. Ó,Âï x¢£yÎ˚ õyò%°ˆÏîÏÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ≤Ãhfl%˛ì˛ Á
¢£yÎ˚ì˛y–
4. !ÓˆÏü°Ï â˛y!£îy¢¡ôß¨ !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚
Ñ˛yã–
5. ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢Ó%ãÓy!£ò# ≤ÃÑ˛“–
6. fiÌyò#Î˚ Ñ,˛!°Ïñ !ü“ñ !ü«˛yñ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ñ Ñ˛#v˛¸y Á ãòã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !òîü≈ò ¢Ç@˘Ã£ Á ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í–
7. ˆõúy Óy v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y !ü!ÓÓ˚–
8. ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ â˛y!£îy xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ @˘ÃyõÓy¢#ˆÏîÓ˚ ÓƒyÇˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˛ôy¢Ó£zñ !Óî%ƒÍ ¢ÇˆÏÎyˆÏÜÓ˚ ãòƒ xyˆÏÓîòñ
Ó˚ƒyüòÑ˛yv≈˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚Ó˚ xyˆÏÓîò ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y–
9. !üü% Á òyÓ˚# ˛ôyâ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏï ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yõ)úÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“–
10. ˆÑ˛ì˛y ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛Îyò–
SáV !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!Óúy ≤ÃÑ˛“ É
1. !Ó˛ôÎ≈Î˚ ˆõyÑ˛y!ÓúyÓ˚ ˛ôrÌy Á ˛ôÂï!ì˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚
ãòã#ÓòˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–
2.˛ ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˛ô)ˆÏÓ≈ñ ÓòƒyÓ˚ ¢õÎ˚ Á ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛# Ñ˛yˆÏã
¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y–
3. eyí¢Ç@˘Ã£ Á Ó^˘›˛ˆÏò ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y–
4. õ%Öƒõs˛f# Á ≤Ãïyòõs˛f#Ó˚ eyí ì˛£!ÓˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ
xÌ≈¢Ç@˘Ã£–
5. ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!Óïyò !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ !ü«˛y Á ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y–
SàV ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ !òÎ˚s˛fí É
1. ˆõúy/v˛zÍ¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ !îòÜ%ˆÏúy îü≈òyÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÎ˚s˛fˆÏí Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y–
2.˛ ÎyòÈÙÈ!òÎ˚s˛fˆÏí Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y–
3. ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_y ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ãò¢yïyÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚y–
4. ¢yÓïyˆÏò â˛yúyÁñ ã#Óò Ó§yâ˛yÁ
Sâ˛V ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y ≤ÃÑ˛“ ¢¡∫ˆÏrï ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y É
@˘Ãyõ#í õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ãòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈ¢õhfl˛Ï ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ¢%!ÓïyãòÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“ xyˆÏäÈñ ì˛y xK˛ x¢£yÎ˚ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚
Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˆ˛ô§ÔˆÏäÈ ˆîÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛y!Ó˚ ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏò ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚y–
ò#!ì˛!ü«˛yñ üy!hs˘˛ñ ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ì˛yñ õyòÓy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Á õ)úƒˆÏÓyï !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛yã É
!ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚y ò#!ì˛!ü«˛yñ üy!hs˘˛Ó˚ !ü«˛yñ õyòÓy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yñ ïõ≈!òÓ˚ˆÏ˛ô«˛ì˛yñ Üíì˛s˛f Á õ)úƒˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚
!ü«˛y !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚y ˆÎõò !ü!«˛ì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆì˛õ!ò fiÌyò#Î˚
ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#ˆÏÑ˛ ~!Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
SäÈV ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zß¨Î˚òõ)úÑ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“ É
1. !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Á ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü v˛zß¨Î˚òõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yã–
2. Ó,«˛ˆÏÓ˚y˛ôí !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“–
3. ¢yÇfl,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü v˛zß¨Î˚òõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yã–
4. !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚/fiÌyò#Î˚ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ö%˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ÓyÜyò ˜ì˛!Ó˚–
SãV fl%Òú !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“ É
1. !òˆÏãÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Óy ˛ôyŸª≈Óì≈˛# !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ î!Ó˚o
äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó£zñ Öyì˛y Á xòƒyòƒ ˆÎ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
¢£yÎ˚ì˛y ˛≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò ì˛yÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ¢yõÌ≈ƒ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ¢õÓƒÌ# !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆÎ›%˛Ñ%˛ ¢y£yÎƒ Ñ˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ
ˆ¢ ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y–
2. !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ !õv˛ÈÙÈˆv˛ !õˆÏúÓ˚ ¢%Ó«˚ ˛y Á ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢%¤˛% ¶˛yˆÏÓ Óyhfl˛ÏÓyÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ãòƒ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yõ)úÑ˛
Ñ˛yã–
3. !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫yfiÌƒ Ñ˛yv≈˛ Á üyÓ˚#!Ó˚Ñ˛ ¢«˛õì˛y Ñ˛yv≈˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ Ñ˛yã–
4. !üü% ¢Ç¢î Ü‡˛ò Á ˛ô!Ó˚â˛yúòy–
5. Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛“ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛Îyò–
fiÌyö#Î˚ çöˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆ§ÓyÜ˛yÎ≈Ü˛ü ı §üyç ~áö ˆÎ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xyˆÏåÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ û˛yˆÏ°y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÄÎ˚yÓ˚
çöƒ Î!ò ~Ü˛!ê˛ ÓyhflÏÓ§¡øï˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @ˇÃ•î Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õˆÏÜ˛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ í˛zß¨Î˚ö ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öy–
åÈyeåÈye#Ó˚y xyàyü# !òˆÏöÓ˚ §%öyà!Ó˚Ü˛ñ ï˛y•z åÈyeåÈye#Ó˚y ˆò¢ àë˛ˆÏö ~!àˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏ° x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚yçƒ Ä ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
üAà° •ˆÏÓ– ~•z °«˛ƒ §yüˆÏö ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ §üyç í˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @ˇÃ•î Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ– ~•z ≤ÃÜ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚
öyü fiÌyö#Î˚ çöˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆ§ÓyÜ˛yÎ≈Ü˛ü–
Ü˛yÓ˚ û˛yˆÏ°y Ä Ü˛yÓ˚ çöƒ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öy ı §üyˆÏç xyüÓ˚y §Óy•z ~Ü˛§ˆÏAà Ìy!Ü˛ñ !Ü˛v §Óy•z §üyö öy–
ˆÜ˛í˛z ~!àˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z !˛õ!åÈˆÏÎ˚– ~•z !˛õ!åÈˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ˛õí˛¸y üyö%£Ïà%!° öyöy !òÜ˛ ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ Ó!M˛ï˛–
xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ÓM˛öy ı ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Îy §¡õòñ ï˛y ü%!T˛ˆÏüÎ˚ ˆ°yˆÏÜ˛Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚û˛yà üyö%£Ï •Î˚ §¡õò•#ö xÌÓy
§yüyöƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôÜ˛yÓ˚#– ú˛ˆÏ° ç#ÓˆÏöÓ˚ Îy ö)ƒöï˛ü ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yçöÈÙÙÙÈxy•yÓ˚ Ä ˛õ%!T˛ñ Óflfñ Óy§fiÌyöñ fl∫yfiÌƒ
Ä !¢«˛yÈÈÙÙÙÈï˛y ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚û˛yà üyö%£Ï•z Ó!M˛ï˛–
§yüy!çÜ˛ ÓM˛öy ı çy!ï˛ˆÏû˛ò ≤ÃÌy üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏAà üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~Ü˛ Ü,˛!eü ˜Ó£Ïüƒ §,!T˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈ– ò!Ó˚o Ä x§•yÎ˚
üyö%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ~•z ˜Ó£ÏˆÏüƒÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ¢%ô% ò!Ó˚o•z ööñ ÄÑÓ˚y §yüy!çÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Órô#–
!°AàˆÏû˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓM˛öy ı ˛õ%e !¢¢% üÎ≈yòy ˛õyÎ˚ñ Ü˛öƒy !¢¢% ˛õyÎ˚ xöyòÓ˚– §üyö Ü˛yˆÏç öyÓ˚#Ó˚ üç%!Ó˚ Ü˛ü– ~Ü˛Ü˛ÌyÎ˚
öyÓ˚#Ó˚ !ÓÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÌ §üyç Ó˚%Âô Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏåÈ– ~•z !˛õ!åÈˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ˛õí˛¸y üyö%£Ïà%ˆÏ°y•z §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfiÌy
û˛ˆÏ°y Ü˛Ó˚yñ ç#ÓöˆÏÜ˛ !ÓÜ˛!¢ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~Ó˚y ˆÎ§Ó ÓyôyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#ö •öñ ˆ§•z§Ó Óyôy ò)Ó˚ Ü˛Ó˚y•z •ˆÏÓ
ˆ§ÓyÜ˛yÎ≈Ü˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ü)° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ–
˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öyÓ˚ §üÎ˚Ü˛y° ı §ü§ƒy xˆÏöÜ˛– §ü§ƒyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚üyîÄ !ÓÓ˚yê˛– !Ü˛v §ü§ƒyÓ˚ §üyôyö Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ˆÎ
§¡õò Ä xöƒyöƒ ˆÎ§Ó §%ˆÏÎyà§%!Óôy òÓ˚Ü˛yÓ˚ñ ï˛y x≤Ãï%˛°– xyç Ü˛yç xyÓ˚Ω˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°•z Ü˛y° ú˛° ˛õyÄÎ˚y
ÎyˆÏÓñ ï˛y öÎ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢«˛yÌ≈# ÓåÈˆÏÓ˚ ö)ƒöï˛ü !e¢ â^ˇê˛y xÓÜ˛y¢Ü˛y°#ö §üˆÏÎ˚ !ö!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ü˛“öyüy!ú˛Ü˛
çö!•ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ Ü˛yˆÏç !öˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏÜ˛ Î!ò !öˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ó˚yˆÏá ï˛y•ˆÏ° x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚•z Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ üAà° •ˆÏÓ–
äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛ì≈˛Óƒ É
 äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ~Ñ˛Ñ˛ Óy îúÜì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ v˛z!ÏÕ‘!Öì˛ ˆ¢Óyõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈yÓ!úÜ%ˆÏúy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– îúÜì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ
Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yÓ˚ ¢ÇÖƒy ˆÎò xyò%˛ôy!ì˛Ñ˛ £yˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏv˛¸–
 ˆÎ ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ˆ¢Óyõ)úÑ˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌˆÏõ ˆ¢£z ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢%!ò!î≈T˛ ¢õ#«˛y â˛yúyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓñ Á£z
~úyÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ xÓ!£ì˛ £ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ– Ñ˛yÓ˚í ¢õ#«˛yÓ˚ !¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ !òï≈y!Ó˚ì˛
£ˆÏÓ Á£z ~úyÑ˛yÎ˚ Ñ˛# ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò–
 !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ !ü«˛ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xò%ˆÏõyîò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢¡ô)í≈ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Ó˚â˛òy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ˆ¢ÓyÑ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛ˆÏõ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ˛ôÂï!ì˛ xÓú¡∫ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òy Á Ñ˛õ≈¢¡ôyîò
˛ôÂï!ì˛ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ Öyì˛yÎ˚ !úˆÏÖ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ì˛y!úÑ˛y Á ¢£yÎ˚ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ !ÓÓÓ˚í ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ Öyì˛yÎ˚ !úˆÏÖ Ó˚yÖˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
 fiÌyò#Î˚ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Á ˆÑ˛yò üÇ¢y˛ôe ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ì˛yÓ˚ v˛zˆÏÕ‘Ö Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚Ñ˛v≈˛ Öyì˛yÎ˚–
 ¢ˆÏÓ≈y˛ô!Ó˚ fiÌyò#Î˚ ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ î,!T˛ xyÑ˛°Ï≈íÁ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏú ¶˛yˆÏúy £Î˚–
 ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“ ˆÓˆÏäÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ¢yÓ˚yÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ ò)ƒòì˛õ 20 á^˘›˛y ì˛yÓ˚ xÓ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yú#ò ¢õÎ˚
ÓƒÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ Óyhfl˛ÏÓyÎ˚ˆÏò– ~£z ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢ö˛úì˛y ì˛yÓ˚ K˛yòÜ‡˛ˆÏò ü%ï% ¢£yÎ˚ì˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ òyñ ~Ó˚
ö˛ˆÏú ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒÍ˛ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏÎyÜ# !£¢yˆÏÓ ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏì˛Á ¢ˆÏâ˛T˛ £ˆÏÓ–
!ü«˛yÓ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏü !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Á ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôyÓ˚fl˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛ ˆÓyG˛y˛ôv˛¸y îÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚– õyò%°ÏˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏAÜ !òˆÏÎ˚£z fiÌyò#Î˚ ~úyÑ˛yÓ˚˛ v˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏò ¢õˆÏÓì˛¶˛yˆÏÓ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– äÈyeäÈye#ÈÙ!ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙ
x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ÈÙÈãò≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ï Á fiÌyò#Î˚ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛# ¢Ñ˛ÏúˆÏÑ˛ !õˆÏú ¢õyãˆÏ¢ÓyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏã G§˛y!˛ôˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ£z ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ ~Ñ˛›˛y ˙Ñ˛ƒÓÂï ¢õyã¢Çfl˛ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ®yúòñ Îy ¢õyãˆÏÑ˛ o%ì˛Ü!ì˛ˆÏì˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
ÎyˆÏÓ– xyÓ˚ äÈyeäÈye#ÈñÈ ¢õyã Á Ó˚yãƒ ì˛Ìy ˆîˆÏüÓ˚ v˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xÇü#îyÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ– üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ / !ü!«˛Ñ˛y
≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ Ñœ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ xy@˘Ã£ Á ¢yõÌ≈ƒ xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏãQ Ñœ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ãòƒ !òÓ≈y!â˛ì˛
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò ~ÓÇ Á£z¢Ñ˛ú äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôäÈ®õˆÏì˛y !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ fiÌyò#Î˚ ãòˆÏÜy¤˛#Ó˚ ˆ¢ÓyÑ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛ˆÏõ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
10.2.1 «˛õì˛y≤ÃyÆ òyÓ˚#ÈÙÙÙÈ«˛õì˛y≤ÃyÆ ãy!ì˛
ÚˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ xyÑ˛yüÛÈÙÙÙÈ!Ñ˛hs$˛ xˆÏï≈Ñ˛ xyÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢!ì˛ƒ£z !Ñ˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ⁄ ãß√ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛£z
ì˛yÓ˚y ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ !üÑ˛yÓ˚– ~ˆÏîˆÏü xÓyˆÏï â˛ˆÏú Ñ˛òƒyº)í £ì˛ƒyñ !üü%Ñ˛òƒy £ì˛ƒyñ ˛ôˆÏíÓ˚ ãòƒ xì˛ƒyâ˛yÓ˚– ◊ˆÏõÓ˚
ÎÌyÎÌ õ)úƒ ì§˛yÓ˚y ˛ôyÎ˚ òy– ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛ ~£z ˜Ó°Ïõƒ î)Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚Á òyòy ÓƒÓfiÌy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ì˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ
!Ó!¶˛ß¨ xy£zò ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏFäÈ Óy â˛ú!ì˛ xy£zˆÏò ¢ÇˆÏüyïò xyòy £ˆÏFäÈ– ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÁ
ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ v˛zˆÏîƒyÜ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ ¢õhfl˛ ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô !Ñ˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ òyÓ˚#Ó˚ ¢õyòy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛⁄
ÚÚˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y !˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú ~Ñ˛!›˛ ãy!ì˛ Ñ˛ÖˆÏòy£z ¢yõˆÏòÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ òy–ÛÛ
ÈÙÙÙÈfl˛∫yõ# !ÓˆÏÓÑ˛yò®
¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢yõƒñ õyòÓõ%!=˛ Á fl˛∫yï#òì˛yÓ˚ ú«˛ƒ˛ô)Óˆ˚ íÏ Ó˚
~Ñ˛!›˛ !òÓ˚Ó!FäÈß¨ ≤Ã!Ñ˛Î˚y £ú «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò–
òÓπ£zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ îüˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ˆÜyv˛¸yÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛ v˛zß¨Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ¶˛yÓòyÎ˚ ~Ñ˛
˛ôyúyÓîú xyˆÏ¢– v˛zßÎ¨ ˆ˚ òÏ Ó˚ ÓîˆÏú xyˆÏ¢ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ¶˛yÓòy–
«˛õì˛yÎ˚ò ü∑!›˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ £ˆÏúy õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ¢¡ôî Á ¢yõˆÏÌ≈ƒÓ˚
¢¡±¢yÓ˚í ÎyˆÏì˛ ì˛yÓ˚y ≤Ã¶˛yÓ !Óhfl˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚
ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ Á˛ôÓ˚ ≤Ã¶˛yÓ!Óhfl˛yÓ˚Ñ˛yÓ˚# ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòÜ%!úÓ˚ îyÎ˚ÓÂïì˛y
!ò!ÿ˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò ~õò ~Ñ˛!›˛
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â˛y!£îyÜ%!ú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó!M˛ì˛– ~›˛y ¢Ó≈ãò!Ó!îì˛ ˆÎ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ !Ó!ï!òˆÏ°Ïï Á ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ xy!ï˛ôˆÏì˛ƒÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí ì,˛ì˛#Î˚
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1995 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ õyòˆÏÓyß¨Î˚ò ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓîò xò%ÎyÎ˚# v˛zß¨Î˚òü#ú ˆîüÜ%!úˆÏì˛ ˆÎ 130 ˆÑ˛y!›˛ î!Ó˚o õyò%°Ï
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äÈ!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏäÈ– v˛zîy£Ó˚ífl˛∫Ó˚)˛ô Óúy ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ Üì˛ Ñ%˛!v˛¸ ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚ @˘ÃyõyM˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚%°ÏˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ â˛Ó˚õ îy!Ó˚oƒ
ˆÎÖyˆÏò ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ 30 üì˛yÇüñ ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò @˘ÃyõyM˛ˆÏúÓ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ â˛Ó˚õ îy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÓˆÏv˛¸ˆÏäÈ 50 üì˛yÇü–
¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛ x¢ÇÜ!‡˛ì˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ñ˛õ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ 89 üì˛yÇü£z õ!£úy– @˘ÃyõyM˛ˆÏú õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ Ñ˛yˆÏã xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚
£yÓ˚ ˆÓ!ü– ¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˆõy›˛ ◊!õˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ÈÙÈì,˛ì˛#Î˚yÇü£z õ!£úy– @˘ÃyõyM˛ˆÏú 90 üì˛yÇü õ!£úy ◊!õÑ˛ Á ü£Ó˚yM˛ˆÏú
10 üì˛yÇü õ!£úy ◊!õÑ˛ xî«˛–
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¢õyò Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢õyò ˛ôy!Ó˚◊!õÑ˛ ˆîÁÎ˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– 51S~V ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢¡øyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏ«˛
xÓõyòòyÑ˛Ó˚ ¢õhfl˛ Ó˚Ñ˛õ ≤ÃÌy Á Ñ˛yãÑ˛õ≈ Órï Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– 15S3V ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ õ!£úy Á !üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ ãòƒ
!ÓˆÏü°Ï ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ãòƒ Ó˚yT˛ΔÈˆÏÑ˛ «˛õì˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– 42 òÇ ïyÓ˚yÎ˚ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ ãòƒ òƒyÎ˚¢ÇÜì˛
Á õyò!ÓÑ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓü ¢,!T˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y Á ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õyì,˛cÑ˛yú#ò ä%È!›˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ìy Óúy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚
2001 ¢yúˆÏÑ˛ Úõ!£úy «˛õì˛yÎ˚ò Ó°Ï≈Û !£¢yˆÏÓ ˆáy°Ïíy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ 2001 ¢yú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ «˛õì˛yÎ˚ˆÏòÓ˚
ãòƒ ãyì˛#Î˚ ò#!ì˛ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
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«˛õì˛yÎ˚ò Á !úAÜÜì˛ ˜Ó°ÏˆÏõƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe òƒyÎ˚!Óâ˛yÓ˚– ˆ¢£z¢ˆÏAÜ õ!£úyˆÏîÓ˚ v˛zß¨!ì˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôM˛Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛# ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyÓ˚
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• ˛¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ Úˆ≤ÃyˆÏ›˛Ñ˛üò xö˛ v˛z£zˆÏõò ö˛õ ˆv˛yˆÏõ!fi›˛Ñ˛ ¶˛yˆÏÎ˚yˆÏú™ xƒyQñ 2005Û– ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
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ÓƒÓfiÌyÁ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ ~£z xy£zˆÏò–
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v˛z_Ó˚y!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy£zòñ 1955Û–
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• ˛1948 ¢yˆÏúÓ˚ ö˛ƒyQ!Ó˚ xy£zˆÏò ¢ÇˆÏüyïò xyòyÓ˚ ãòƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ¢Ç¢ˆÏî ~Ñ˛!›˛ !Óú ˆ˛ôü Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ– Ó˚yˆÏì˛Ó˚
ˆÓúyˆÏì˛Á ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ÎyˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£z¢ˆÏAÜ !òˆÏÎ˚yÜÑ˛ì≈˛yÓ˚y ÎyˆÏì˛ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !òÓ˚y˛ô_y Á ¢%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚
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ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢ÇfiÌyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ Óyv˛¸ˆÏÓ–
xÌ≈˜Ïò!ì˛Ñ˛ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ Ü%Ó˚%cîyò
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• ˛¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃíÎ˚ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ Ú!òv˛z Ñ˛ƒyr›˛òˆÏõr›˛ xƒyQñ 2006Û– ~£z xy£zòÓˆÏú ~£z ≤ÃÌõ Ñ˛ƒyr›˛òˆÏÓyv≈˛ !òÓ≈yâ˛ˆÏò
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ÁÎ˚yv≈˛Ü%!úˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÇÓ˚!«˛ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ–
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10.2.2 Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛“ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛Îyò

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ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ !˛ô. v˛Óœ$. !v˛. xƒyQñ 1995 S≤Ã!ì˛Órï# Óƒ!=˛ ¢õyò ¢%ˆÏÎyÜñ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚«˛y Á ˛ô!Ó˚˛ô)í≈ xÇü@˘Ã£í
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˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl˛∫#Ñ,˛ì˛ ˆõ!v˛Ñ˛ƒyú ˆÓyˆÏv≈˛Ó˚ üÇ¢y˛ôe ˆõyì˛yˆÏÓÑ˛V xÌÓy ˆã ˆã xyÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÓy!¢Ñ˛ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ |ïπ≈¢#õy ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Óyïy!òˆÏ°Ïï ˆò£z–
xyˆÏÓîò˛ôe ˆÑ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓîò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓı
1– Ó˚yˆÏãƒÓ˚ ¢õhfl˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ~ÓÇ õ£y!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏÓîò˛ôe ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
äÈy˛ôyˆÏòy ~ÓÇ Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ò¡∫Ó˚Î%=˛ xyˆÏÓîò˛ôe v˛z=˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ£ö˛yãˆÏì˛
Ó˚yÖy £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁñ ¢õyãÑ˛úƒyí x!ïÑ˛ì≈˛yñ ˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yÓ˚ñ
Ñ˛úÑ˛yì˛y ˛ô%Ó˚¢¶˛yñ ¢õhfl˛ õ£Ñ%˛õy üy¢ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈yúÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó ¢õ!T˛
v˛zß¨Î˚ò xy!ïÑ˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈yúÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛Á xyˆÏÓîò˛ôe !õúˆÏÓ–
2– Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢%!ÓïyˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒyÇˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ xƒyÑ˛yv˛zr›˛ ˆÖyúyÓ˚
ãòƒ ~Ñ˛˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ¢Ó˚ú xyˆÏÓîò˛ôe ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃïyòˆÏÑ˛ v˛z=˛ ö˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏîÓ˚ òyˆÏõ o%ì˛ ü)òƒ ÓƒyúyˆÏ™Ó˚
xƒyÑ˛yv˛zr›˛ Ö%úˆÏì˛ xò%ˆÏÓ˚yï Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– v˛zˆÏÕ‘Öƒñ ¢Ω˛yÓƒ ≤Ãy˛ôˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ òì%˛ò xÌÓy ˛ô%Ó˚ˆÏòy ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ~Ñ˛!›˛
ÓƒyÇÑ˛ xƒyÑ˛yv˛zr›˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏì˛£z £ˆÏÓ– 27!›˛ Ó˚yT˛ΔÈyÎ˚_ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ xÌÓy
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yòÁ ÓƒyÇÑ˛ ˆÎÖyˆÏò ¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ xƒyÑ˛yv˛zˆÏr›˛ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyÎ˚–
3– v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏÑ˛ ì§˛yÓ˚ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚/õ£y!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃïyˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ˛ô)Ó˚í
Ñ˛Ó˚y ö˛ˆÏõ≈Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ¢Ó ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üÇ¢y˛ôe ãõy !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
4– ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãïyò/îy!Î˚c≤ÃyÆ xy!ïÑ˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyˆÏÓîò˛ôˆÏeÓ˚
ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôyì˛yÎ˚ ãß√ì˛y!Ó˚Ö ~ÓÇ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy ¢ÇÑ˛yhs˛ ì˛Ìƒ˛ô!OˆÏì˛
v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛ üÇ¢y˛ôe !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôyì˛yÓ˚ ~Ñ˛îõ ˆüˆÏ°Ï Ñ˛!õÑ˛
¢ÇÖƒyÓ˚ xhs˛Ü≈ì˛ üÇ¢y˛ôeÜ%!ú !îˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓò ˆõˆÏÎ˚!›˛Ó˚ Óy¢fiÌyò ¢Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ˛ô%Ó˚¢¶˛yÓ˚ ˛ô%Ó˚!˛ôì˛y/ÓˆÏÓ˚y
¢¶˛y˛ô!ì˛/@˘Ãyõ ˛ôM˛yˆÏÎ˚ì˛ ≤Ãïyò/!ÓïyÎ˚Ñ˛/¢yÇ¢î/v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yÓ˚
Ó¢Óy¢Ñ˛yÓ˚# !‡˛Ñ˛yòyÓ˚ xyÁì˛y¶%˛=˛ ˆÑ˛w#Î˚ xÌÓy Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy @˘Ã%˛ôÈÙÈ~ xy!ïÑ˛y!Ó˚Ñ˛–
5– xyˆÏ Ó îòÑ˛yÓ˚ # äÈye#!›˛Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏ õ ≈ ˆîÁÎ˚ y ¢õhfl˛ ì˛Ìƒ
wbkanyashree.gov.in ~£z ˆ˛ôy›≈˛yˆÏú ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃïyòˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú
!îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁñ xyˆÏÓîò˛ôˆÏe úyÜyˆÏòy Ó˚!àò äÈ!Ó (100
kb) ~ÓÇ ˛ô%ˆÏÓ˚y ì,˛ì˛#Î˚ ˛ôyì˛y (200 kb) fl˛Òƒyò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~£z ˆ˛ôy›≈˛yˆÏú
ì%˛ˆÏú !îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–
6– v˛z˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Óúy ì˛Ìƒ˛ô!O ˆ˛ôy›≈˛yˆÏú ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ãòƒ xyˆÏÓîò˛ôe !˛ôä%È 10 ›˛yÑ˛y Ñ˛yÎ≈yúÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôyÁÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚£z !òãfl˛∫ xy£z. !v˛. ~ÓÇ ˛ôy¢ÁÎ˚yv≈˛ £zÈÙÈˆõú Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòˆÏÑ˛ ãy!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏFäÈ–
7– ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòÜ%!úˆÏì˛ ì˛Ìƒ˛ô!O ˆ˛ôy›≈˛yˆÏú ˆì˛yúyÓ˚ ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ ˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛y‡˛yˆÏõy òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !òÑ˛›˛Óì˛#≈ !¢.~ú.xyÓ˚. !¢./
¢õ!T˛ v˛zß¨Î˚ò xy!ïÑ˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÑ˛Ó˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈yúˆÏÎ˚ v˛z=˛ Ñ˛yã Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚–
 xyˆÏÓîòÑ˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ ˛ôy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚Ñ˛ Óy!°Ï≈Ñ˛ xyÎ˚ xò!ïÑ˛ 1 ú«˛ 20
£yãyÓ˚ ›˛yÑ˛y £ˆÏì˛ ˛£ˆÏÓ–
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Ñ˛y!Ó˚Ü!Ó˚/≤ÃÎ%!=˛Üì˛ ≤Ã!ü«˛íˆÏÑ˛ˆÏw ˛ôy‡˛Ó˚ì˛y–
 ~Ñ˛Ñ˛yú#ò 25ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó,!_ ˆ¢£z ¢õhfl˛ x!ÓÓy!£ì˛y
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃˆÏÎyãƒ £ˆÏÓñ ÎyÓ˚y xò!ì˛Ñ˛õ 18 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚!¢ñ
ÎyÓ˚y ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Óy Ñ˛ˆÏúˆÏã ¶˛Ó˚!ì˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓîò/
ˆÓ˚!ãˆÏfi›˛Δüò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏäÈ xÌÓy ÎyÓ˚y ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy Ñ˛y!Ó˚Ü!Ó˚/
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xyˆÏÓîò˛ôe ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y ~ÓÇ xò%ˆÏõyîò ≤Ãîyò
xòúy£zò ˛ôÂï!ì˛Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !v˛. !˛ô. ~õ. £zv˛z. myÓ˚y ¢Ó xyˆÏÓîò˛ôeÜ%!úˆÏÑ˛ Ö%§!›˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ v˛z˛ôÎ%=˛
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¢Ó˚y¢!Ó˚ Ó,!_Ó˚ ›˛yÑ˛y â˛ˆÏú ÎyˆÏÓ– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁñ ≤Ãy˛ôÑ˛ˆÏÑ˛ xƒyÑ˛yv˛zˆÏr›˛ Ó,!_Ó˚ ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôÔ§äÈyˆÏòyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ¢yˆÏÌ SMS
AlertÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛yˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆòÁÎ˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁñ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y
xòúy£zò Ñ˛òƒy◊# ˆ˛ôy›≈˛yˆÏú !ÜˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏãÓ˚ xyˆÏÓîò˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ Ñ˛!õÑ˛ ¢ÇÖƒyñ K1 Óy K2 ïÓ˚òñ ~ÓÇ ãß√ì˛y!Ó˚Ö
v˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏÖÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !òˆÏãÓ˚ xyˆÏÓîò˛ôˆÏeÓ˚ ¢Ó≈ˆÏü°Ï xÓfiÌyò ˆãˆÏò !òˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ˆÎÈÙÈˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃÎ!% =˛Üì˛ ¢õ¢ƒyÓ˚ ãòƒ ~ò. xy£z. !¢.ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yˆÏÌ ˆÎyÜyˆÏÎyÜ Ñ˛Ó˚ò% support.kanyashree@nic.in.
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ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ áˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ú¢¡ôîÛ

¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛Ó˚ xòòƒy
ÁˆÏîÓ˚ !òã ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏì˛ !îò
˛
ÚÚÑ˛òƒy◊#ÛÛ ÁˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚íy–
õ%äÈú òyÓ˚# ˆâ˛yˆÏÖÓ˚ ãú Ó%ˆÏÑ˛ ~ú Óúñ

Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ~ú Ñ˛òƒy◊# !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ â˛ú– ¢yv˛zÌ ÓœÑ˛ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yT˛ΔÈ¢ÇˆÏáÓ˚ x!ïˆÏÓüò
xß¨ñ Ófl˛fñ Óy¢fiÌyò ¢Ó£z ˆõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yÌ#ñ î,Æ ˛ôîâ˛y!Ó˚ò ˆ¢ !≤ÃÎ˚î!ü≈ò#
Ó˚yˆÏãƒ ~ÓyÓ˚ xy¢ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚Á !ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ!ì˛– ˆÑ˛ ˆ¢⁄ ˆ¢ xy!õ£zñ
xy!õ Ñ˛òƒy◊#
1. ≤ÃˆÏì˛ƒÑ˛!› Ñ˛òƒy◊# ¢ÇÑ˛“ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆ¢ Îì˛î)Ó˚ ¢Ω˛Ó
ˆúÖy˛ôv˛¸y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xy‡˛yˆÏÓ˚y ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ !ÓˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ
òy–
2. Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ Óyúƒ!ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï xyã ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y
Ó˚%ˆÏÖ î§yv˛¸yˆÏâäÈ ~ÓÇ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Óyv˛¸yˆÏì˛È ≤ÃÑ˛“ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
3. ˛≤Ã!ì˛ÓäÈÓ˚ 14 xyÜfi›˛ Ñ˛òƒy◊# !îÓ¢ v˛zî‰Îy˛ôò xò%¤˛yˆÏò
¢!Ñ˛Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛“ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
4. Ñ˛òƒ◊# Ó,!_ˆÏ¶˛yÜ#ˆÏîÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ñ˛òƒy◊# ¢Çá Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
Ñ˛òƒy◊#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛y!Ó˚Ü!Ó˚ñ fl˛∫¢%Ó˚«˛y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ñ fl˛∫yfiÌƒÈÙÈ¢yõy!ãÑ˛
¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y !Ó°ÏÎÑ˚ ˛ òyòy!Óï ≤Ã!ü«˛ˆÏí xydÓ˚«˛y Á xyd!ÓŸªy¢#˛ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚
ãòƒ fl˛∫¢Ó% «˚ ˛y !Ó°ÏÎÑ˚ ˛ Ñ˛ƒyÓ˚yˆÏ›˛ ≤Ã!ü«˛í !Ó°ÏÎÑ˚ ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏÓ–
5. Ñ˛òƒy◊# ¢ÇˆÏáÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y xyã Óyúƒ!ÓÓy£ñ ˛ôyâ˛yÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÓ˚yïñ
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫yfiÌ!Ó!ï ˆõˆÏò â˛úy £zì˛ƒy!î òyòy !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ˆòì,˛cîyˆÏòÓ˚
!ÓˆÏü°Ï ¶)˛!õÑ˛y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úˆÏäÈ–
6. Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚
õˆÏïƒ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚y–
7. Ñ˛òƒy◊#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ ãòƒ äÈv˛¸yñ Ñ˛!Óì˛yñ
ˆ˛ôyfi›˛yÓ˚ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Á Ñ%˛£zã ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛y xyˆÏÎ˚yãˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚y–
8. Ñ˛òƒy◊# Ñœ˛yÓ Ü‡˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ x@˘Ãí# ¶)˛!õÑ˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y–
9. Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢%!Óïy £ˆÏâäÈ ˆ¢
!Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚ ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛Ó˚ Ñ˛òƒy◊#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!Âï Ñ˛Ó˚y–
10.Ñ˛òƒy◊#ˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛c Á Ñ˛#v˛¸yî«˛ì˛y Ó,!ÂïˆÏì˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛yõ)úÑ˛
˛≤ÃÑ˛“ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚y–
11. Ñ˛òƒy◊#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛úˆÏõ Óì≈˛õyò ¢õyãã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛âäÈ!Ó !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛
ˆÑ˛yúyã Á ¶˛!Ó°ÏƒˆÏì˛Ó˚ ˙!ì˛£y!¢Ñ˛ î!úú ¢ÇÓ˚«˛í–
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¢õ#«˛Ñ˛ !ü«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ òyõÈÙÙÙÈ
ÎyÓ˚ ¢õ#«˛y Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏäÈ ì˛yÓ˚ òyõ/!‡˛Ñ˛yòyÈÙÙÙÈ
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˛ôy›˛Ñ˛y›˛y ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ Ó˚yãƒ ≤ÃyÌ!õÑ˛ !ÓîƒyúÎ˚¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ Ó˚yãƒhfl˛ÏˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ v˛zFâ˛ú¡≥˛ò ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÎ˚ ˆ¢yòy
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Ñ˛#¶˛yˆÏÓ ã#ÓˆÏò ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ £ÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ– ¢õyˆÏã òyÓ˚#ÈÙÈ˛ô%Ó˚%°Ï˜ÏÓ°Ïõƒ î)Ó˚#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏí ~£z ˛≤ÃÑ˛“ ~Ñ˛
v˛zIμú î,T˛yhs˛– ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !òˆÏãÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚ î§yv˛¸yˆÏú ì˛ˆÏÓ£z ¢Ω˛Ó ~£z !â˛Ó˚hs˛ò ˜Ó°Ïõƒ î)Ó˚#Ñ˛Ó˚í–
!üü%ˆÏîÓ˚ òyòy ¢õ¢ƒy Á ˆ¢Ü%!ú ¢õyïyˆÏòÓ˚ ãòƒ ì˛yÓ˚y Ñ˛# ¶˛yÓˆÏäÈ ì˛y ãyòyˆÏòyÓ˚ v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒ ~£z 2015ÈÙÈˆì˛ xy!õ
!òv˛z£zÎ˚ˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢!¡ø!úì˛ ãy!ì˛˛ô%ˆÏOÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ¢¶˛yÎ˚ ˆÎyÜîyò Ñ˛!Ó˚– ˆ¢ÖyˆÏò xy!õ òyòy ˆîü ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ xy¢y
≤Ã!ì˛!ò!ïˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ Ñ˛Ìy Ó!ú–
xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛òƒy◊# !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆúÖy Ñ˛!Óì˛yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È xÇü ÉÈÈ
õyòò#Î˚y õ%Öƒõs˛f#Ó˚ v˛zˆÏîƒyˆÏÜ Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛“ â˛yú% £Î˚–
Ñ˛òƒyÓ˚y xyã ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòyˆÏì˛ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ â˛ˆÏúˆÏäÈ ì˛y£z––
¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú !îˆÏâäÈñ Ó£z !îˆÏâäÈñ ›˛yÑ˛y !îˆÏâäÈñ £yˆÏì˛Ó˚ Óyúy–
!˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ ÌyÑ˛y ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yˆÏÌ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ â˛úy––
õyòò#Î˚y õ%Öƒõs˛f# ¢yˆÏÌ xyˆÏäÈñ ¶˛Î˚ ˛ôyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ñ˛ä%È òy£z–
Ñ˛òƒyÓ˚y ì˛y£z £yˆÏì˛ £yì˛ !õ!úˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏúñ xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó ãÎ˚––
ˆãyˆÏÓîy Öyì%˛ò
ˆäÈy›˛ ãyÜ%!úÎ˚y £y£zfl˛%Òúñ ÓyÓ˚y¢yì˛ÈÙÙÈ1
xy!õ ˆäÈy›˛ ãyÜ%!úÎ˚y £y£zfl˛%Òú ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ v˛zââ˛õyïƒ!õÑ˛ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y !î!âäÈ– xy!õ Üì˛ ÓäÈÓ˚ Ñ˛òƒy◊#Ó˚ ˆÑ˛ÈÙÈ2 Ó,!_ˆÏ¶˛yÜ#
!£¢yˆÏÓ 25ñ000 ›˛yÑ˛y ˛ôy£z– ~£z ›˛yÑ˛y ˆ˛ôˆÏÎ˚ xy!õ ~ÓÇ xyõyÓ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢Óy£z Ö%Ó£z Ö%!ü–
xy!õ xyõyÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏì˛ â˛y£z– xyõyÓ˚ xyÓ˚Á ~Ñ˛ !î!î ~ÓÇ î%£z ¶˛y£z xyˆÏäÈ– !Ñ˛hs$˛ xÌ≈y¶˛yˆÏÓ
ˆÑ˛v˛z£z ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy â˛yúyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚!ò– xyõyÓ˚ fl˛∫≤¿˛ô)Ó˚ˆÏí Ñ˛òƒy◊# Ó,!_ xì˛ƒhs˛ ¢£yÎ˚Ñ˛– xy!õ Ó,!_Ó˚ ›˛yÑ˛yÎ˚
Ñ˛!¡ôv˛z›˛yÓ˚Á !üÖÓ– ~ÖòÑ˛yÓ˚ !îˆÏò Ñ˛!¡ôv˛z›˛yÓ˚ !ü«˛y xì˛ƒhs˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚– xy!õ
ÓˆÏv˛¸y £ˆÏÎ˚ fl˛%Òú !ü!«˛Ñ˛y £ˆÏì˛ â˛y£zñ ÎyˆÏì˛ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛%ÒˆÏúÓ˚ !ü!«˛Ñ˛yˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y
xy!õÁ xòƒ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏò ˛ô!Ó˚Óì≈˛ò xyòˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚– ˆãyˆÏÓîyÓ˚ xyÓπyñ ÓyÓÓ˚
xy!ú ÓˆÏúò ˆÎñ xy!õ Ö%Ó xyò!®ì˛ ˆÎ ˆãyˆÏÓîy ì˛yÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚ˆäÏ È– xy!õ ¢hs˛yòÈÙÈ¢hs˛!ì˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõyòƒ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢%ˆÎÏ yÜ
!îˆÏì˛ ˛ôy!Ó˚!ò– ïòƒÓyî Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛“ˆÏÑ˛ ˆãyˆÏÓîyÓ˚ ˛ôyˆÏü î§yv˛¸yˆÏòyÓ˚ ãòƒ–
ˆãyˆÏÓyîyÓ˚ õy ÓˆÏúò ˆÎñ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ õ£Õ‘yÎ˚ xˆÏòÑ˛ õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y£z xˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ
ˆÑ˛ò xyˆÏÜ ~£z Ó˚Ñ˛õ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ ¢%ˆÏÎyÜ !äÈú òy– xˆÏòÑ˛ õyÙÈÓyÓy Èì˛yÓ˚
ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy xÌ≈y¶˛yˆÏÓ Órï Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– x!òÿ˛Î˚ì˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛yÓ˚ˆÏí xˆÏòÑ˛ ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x“ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ !ÓˆÏÎ˚Á
!îˆÏÎ˚ !îˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈò– !Ñ˛hs$˛ xyã ¢Óy£z â˛yÎ˚ ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ ˆõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚y ˆÎò ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòy â˛y!úˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ñ˛òƒy◊# ˛ôyˆÏü xyˆÏäÈ
ÓˆÏú£z ì˛y ¢Ω˛Ó–
xy!õ Ñ˛òƒy◊#
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ ¢Ó˚Ñ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ñ˛òƒy◊# ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚

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~£z ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ ú«˛ƒ£z £ú xyõyÓ˚ õˆÏì˛y ˆõˆÏÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ îyò–
˛ xyõyÓ˚ xAÜ#Ñ˛yÓ˚È
1 xy!õ 18 ÓäÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚¢ ˛ôÎ≈hs˛ ~ÓÇ ì˛yÓ˚Á ˛ôÓ˚ xyõyÓ˚ ˛
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~ÓÇ ¢¡ô)í≈ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
2 xyõyÓ˚ Ñ˛òƒy◊#Ó˚ ¢õÎ˚¢#õy ˆü°Ï £ˆÏú xy!õ fl˛∫!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ £ˆÏì˛
î,ë˛¸¶˛yˆÏÓ ˆâ˛T˛y Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
3 xy!õ Ñ˛ÖòÁ 18 ÓäÈˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏÜ !ÓÓy£ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó òyñ xyÓ˚
x≤ÃyÆ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ¢ !ÓÓyˆÏ£Ó˚ Ñ%˛ö˛ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ñ
xyd#Î˚fl˛∫ãò xyÓ˚ ¢õyˆÏãÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ ˆÓyG˛yÓ–
4 xy!õ !ü«˛y xyÓ˚ fl˛∫!ò¶≈˛Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ Á‡˛yÓ˚ ãòƒ ÚÑ˛òƒy◊#Û
Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛Ó˚ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò#Î˚ì˛y ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ ãyòyÓ–
v˛zÍ¢y!£ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚Óñ xyÓ˚ ¢!Ñ˛Î˚¶˛yˆÏÓ ¢Ñ˛úˆÏÑ˛ ~£z ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“
Î%=˛ £ÓyÓ˚ ãòƒ v˛zî‰Ó%Âï Ñ˛Ó˚Ó–
10.2.3 ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y
¢yÓïyˆÏò â˛yúyÁñ
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£zÎy˚ Ó˚ˆöÏ ˛yˆÏò î%ÈÙÈÑ˛yò ˆë˛ˆÏÑ˛

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ˆ¢ö˛ v»˛y£z¶˛ ˆ¢¶˛ úy£zö˛ £Á ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò–
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!òÓ˚y˛ôˆÏî ˆö˛Óy˚ Ó˚ xyüyÎ˚
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Ó˚yhfl˛y ˛ôyÓ˚ £Ó ü%ˆòÏ

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â˛yúyˆÏú Üy!v˛¸Èñ ˆ£úˆÏõ›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ¢ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ
fl˛∫ˆÏÜ≈Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÌ ì%˛!õ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆìÏ ˛ £ˆÏÓ úy£zÑ˛–
ˆîˆÏÓ ˆ¢yãy ˛ôy!v˛¸–
Üy!v˛¸ ˆáyv˛¸y â˛úˆÏú ˛ôˆÏÌ

ˆõˆÏò !òÎ˚õò#!ì˛
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ÌyÑ˛ˆÏÓ òy ¶˛Î˚ ¶˛#!ì˛–
!¢ÜòƒyˆÏúÓ˚ xyˆÏúy
ˆîˆÏÖ ˛ôÌ ˛ôyÓ˚ £ˆÏú
¢ÓyÓ˚ £ˆÏÓ ¶˛yˆÏúy–
î%á≈›˛òyÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆú
Ï ˛ôˆÏÌ
˛ô%!úü£z £yì˛ Óy!v˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚
¢ÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆ¢Óy Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏãÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ î§y!v˛¸ˆÏÎ˚–
!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ òÑ˛ú ›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛ôyÑ≈˛ ˜ì˛!Ó˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_y

!Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ÜˆÏv˛¸ ˆì˛yúÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛ˆÏ“Ó˚ xò%ü#úò –
¢Ó≈îy ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆÑ˛yˆÏòy ¢õÎ˚ xy˛ôÈÍÑ˛yú#ò

Á¶˛yÓ˚ˆÏ›˛Ñ˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ ˆúˆÏòÓ˚ x˛ôÓƒÓ£yÓ˚
Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò òy
¢Ó≈îy !¢›˛ˆÏÓŒ›˛
ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
!òÓ˚y˛ôî î)Ó˚c ÓãyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏÖ

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¢Ó≈îy ˆõˆÏò
â˛úˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
¢Ó≈îy Îyey ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ !îˆÏÑ˛£z ïƒyò

!îˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ
ˆ¢ö˛ v»˛y£z¶˛ñ ˆ¢¶˛ úy£zö˛˛ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛Îyò

ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ !Ìõ ¢ÇÜ#ì
ˆ¢ö˛ ˆ¢ö˛ ˆ¢ö˛˛ v»˛y£z¶ÈÙÙÈ˛ !¢Üòƒyú ˆ¶˛ˆÏà Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏÓò òyñ
ˆ¢¶˛ ˆ¢¶˛ ˆ¢¶˛ úy£zö˛– ˆ£úˆÏõ›˛ äÈyv˛¸y Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyˆÏÓò òyñ
¢yÓïyò ¢yÓïyò ¢yÓïyò– xy˛ôòyÓ˚ £yˆÏì˛ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyíÈÙÙÈ
Üy!v˛¸ÈÙÈˆáyv˛¸y ¢Ó xyˆÏhfl˛ â˛yúyòñ !òÎ˚õ›˛y ˆõˆÏò ì˛y£z Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyò–
õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ã#Óò xy˛ô!ò Ó§yâ˛yòñ ì˛yv˛¸y£%ˆÏv˛¸y ˆÓ˚°ÏyˆÏÓ˚!°Ï Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò òy–
≤Ãyí Ó§yâ˛yò ≤Ãyí Ó§yâ˛yò– ~ˆÏÑ˛ xòƒˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚ˆÏÓò òyñ
£ú%î xyˆÏúyˆÏì˛ ˆÓ˚!v˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ Îyòñ ˆ¢ö˛ ˆ¢ö˛ ˆ¢ö˛˛ v»˛y£z¶ÈÙÙÈ˛
¢Ó%ã xyˆÏúyˆÏì˛ xyˆÏhfl˛ â˛yúyòñ ˆ¢¶˛ ˆ¢¶˛ ˆ¢¶˛ úy£zö˛–
xy˛ôòyÓ˚£z £yˆÏì˛ xyˆÏäÈ õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyí– ≤Ãyí Ó§yâ˛yò ≤Ãyí Ó§yâ˛yò–
úyúÓy!ì˛ ˆîˆÏÖ ì˛y£z Üy!v˛¸ Ìyõyòñ !òˆÏã Ó§yâ%˛òñ x˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yâ˛yò–
~ˆÏÑ˛ xˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤Ãyí Ó§yâ˛yò–
!òˆÏã Ó§yâ%˛òñ x˛ôÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ Ó§yâ˛yò–
ˆ¢ö˛ ˆ¢ö˛ ˆ¢ö˛˛ v»˛y£z¶ÈÙÙÈ˛
ˆ¢¶˛ ˆ¢¶˛ ˆ¢¶˛ úy£zö˛–
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1. ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ !Ìõ ¢ÇÜ#ì˛ S¶˛yÓÜ#!ì˛V !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛Îyò ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ
2. !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛y ˛ôyÓ˚ £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ !òÎ˚õ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛“ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
3. î%ÈÙÈâ˛yÑ˛yÓ˚ Üy!v˛¸â˛yúÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒ ˛ôÌâ˛úÑ˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !òÎ˚õyÓ!ú ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y ÜˆÏv˛¸ ì%˛úÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛“
!ü«˛yÌ#≈ˆÏîÓ˚ ˚@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
4. !ü«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y !òˆÏãÓ˚y ¢y£zˆÏÑ˛ú â˛yúyÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ñ˛# Ñ˛# ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ì˛y @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £Î˚ ˆ¢ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ˆÎõò
¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò £ˆÏÓ ˆì˛ò!ò ãò¢yïyÓ˚íˆÏÑ˛ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
5. !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ò#ˆÏâ˛Ó˚ Ñœ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚yhfl˛yÎ˚ â˛úyÓ˚ !òÎ˚õyÓ!úÓ˚ õ£v˛¸y xò%ü#úˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛“
@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
6. x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ñ !ü«˛Ñ˛ñ ˛˛ô%!úüñ ≤Ãüy¢ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yÎ˚ !ü«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚y Ó˚yhfl˛y ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ õ£v˛¸y xò%ü#úò
ˆÎõò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ˆì˛õ!ò !ü«˛yÌ#≈ ˆÌˆÏÑ˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈# ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ !ü«˛y !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ñ˛ ≤ÃÑ˛“ @˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ–
7. ˆ¢ö˛ v»˛y£z¶˛ ˆ¢¶˛ úy£zö˛ Á ˛ôÌ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ fl˛∫íy≈ ú# !òÎÏˆ˚ õÏ Ó˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y x!¶˛ÎyˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£í Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ –
¢yÓïyˆÏò â˛yúyÁñ ã#Óò Óy§â˛yÁ

8 ã%úy£zñ 2016ñ õyòò#Î˚y õ%Öƒõs˛f# õõì˛y ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆòì,˛ˆÏc ˆÜy›˛y
˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ ü˛ôÌ !òˆÏÎˆ˚ äÏ È ˛ôÌ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ˆõˆÏò â˛úyÓ˚– ~ ü˛ôÌ ˛›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ !òÎ˚õ ˆõˆÏò
â˛úyÓ˚– ~ ü˛ôÌ ¢ì˛Ñ˛≈ £ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôÌ â˛úyÓ˚– ˛ôˆÏÌÓ˚ !òÎ˚õ ˆõˆÏò â˛úyÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ ≤Ãüy¢òñ
˛ô%!úüñ ˛ô!Ó˚Ó£òÑ˛õ≈#ñ ˛ôÌâ˛yÓ˚#ñ !ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ!ü!«˛Ñ˛yñ x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ Á !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y
~Ñ˛¢)ˆÏe @˘Ã!rÌì˛ ˆ£yÑ˛– xyõÓ˚y !¢Üòƒyú ˆõˆÏò Üy!v˛¸ â˛yúyÓ– xyõÓ˚y v˛zˆÏ_ãòyÓ˚
ÓüÓì≈˛# £ˆÏÎ˚ î%á≈›˛òy ˆv˛ˆÏÑ˛ xyòÓ òy– xyõÓ˚y ≤Ã!ì˛!îò ¢%fiÌ ˆîˆÏ£ñ !òÓ˚y˛ôˆÏî
xˆÏ˛ô«˛yÓ˚ì˛ !≤ÃÎ˚ãòˆÏîÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ áˆÏÓ˚ !ö˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy¢Ó– ~£z ü˛ôÌ ~Ñ˛!îòÈÙî%!îò Óy
~Ñ˛!›˛ ¢ÆyˆÏ£Ó˚ òÎ˚ñ ~ xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ xyã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xAÜ#Ñ˛yÓ˚ ˆ£yÑ˛– xy¢%òñ xyõÓ˚y
¢Ñ˛ˆÏú !õˆÏú õyòò#Î˚y õ%Öƒõs˛f# õõì˛y ÓˆÏ®ƒy˛ôyïƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ î#Æ Ñ˛ˆÏZ˛ v˛zFâ˛y!Ó˚ì˛
Safe Drive Save LifeÙÈ~Ó˚ xAÜ#Ñ˛yÓ˚ î,ë˛¸ Ñ˛Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ü˛ôÌ !ò£z– ü˛ôÌ!›˛ ò#ˆÏâ˛
ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúyÈÙÙÙÈ
xyõyˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛K˛y
˛ôÌ ¢Çfl˛,Ò!ì˛ ãyòÓ
›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ !òÎ˚õ õyòÓ
xy!õ ¢ì˛Ñ≈˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ â˛úÓ
¢%fiÌ¶˛yˆÏÓ ~!ÜˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ
˛ôÌˆÏÑ˛ ãÎ˚ Ñ˛Ó˚Ó
üyhs˛ ã#Óò Üv˛¸Ó
˛ôÌ ü%ï% xyõyÓ˚ òÎ˚
~ ˛ôÌ ˆõyˆÏîÓ˚ ¢ÓyÓ˚
ì˛y ¢Ó≈îy õˆÏò Ó˚yÖÓ–
TRAFFIC DO'S AND DONT'S
1. Use & encourage helmet usage.
2. Refrain from drunken driving
3. Adhere to prescribed speed limit
4. Always overtake from the right side.
5. Refrain from mobile phone usage while on road.
6. Use Zebra Crossing, foot overbridge and subways to cross the roads.
10.3.1 ˆòì,˛cîyò «˛õì˛y!ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛õ
!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~Ñ˛ˆÏáˆÏÎ˚ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü !òÎ˚õõy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛ôyˆÏ‡˛ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ õyò!¢Ñ˛¶˛yˆÏÓ ¶˛yÓ˚yÑ˛yhs˛ £ˆÏÎ˚
˛ôv˛¸ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ~£z xÓfiÌy ˆÓ!ü!îò â˛úˆÏì˛ ÌyÑ˛ˆÏú !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ õˆÏò !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ !ÓÓ˚)˛ô õˆÏòy¶˛yÓ
¢,!T˛ £ˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚– ì˛y£z !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÖyÓ˚yÑ˛ ˆõ›˛yˆÏì˛ Á !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õˆÏïƒÑ˛yÓ˚ ¢%Ñ%˛õyÓ˚ Ó,!_Ü%ˆÏúy Ó,!ÂïÓ˚
ãòƒ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ì˛yñ ˆîüydˆÏÓyïñ Ñ˛#v˛¸y Á ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆòì,˛cîyò «˛õì˛y!ÓÑ˛yü Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛õ !ÓˆÏü°Ï ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈˛ô)í–≈ Óì≈˛õyˆÏòÓ˚
òì%˛ò !ü«˛yîü≈ò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÜ ˆÎ ˆÎ !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü%ˆÏúyˆÏÑ˛ ¢£˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚ !£¢yˆÏÓ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏì˛yñ xyã
!Ñ˛hs$˛ ˆ¢£z ¢Ñ˛ú !Ó°ÏÎ˚Ü%ˆÏúy x˛ô!Ó˚£yÎ≈ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ xÇü–
!ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ˛≤ÃÌõ Á ≤Ãïyò ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yòñ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ì˛¤˛yò !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ xhs˛!ò≈!£ì˛ Ñ˛#v˛¸y≤Ã!ì˛¶˛yñ ¢,ãòü#ú î«˛ì˛y Á
Ñ,˛ì˛ƒy!úÓ˚ ≤ÃÑ˛yü á›˛yÎ˚ Á fl˛∫#Ñ,˛!ì˛ ˆîÎ˚– !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ xò%¤˛yò Á Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
¢yõy!ãÑ˛ì˛yñ ˆîüydˆÏÓyïñ Ñ˛#v˛¸y Á ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòì,˛cîyò «˛õì˛y !ÓÑ˛!üì˛ £Î˚– x!¶˛¶˛yÓÑ˛ ì˛yÓ˚ ¢hs˛yòˆÏÑ˛
!ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy‡˛yò ~£z v˛zˆÏjˆÏüƒñ ˆÎò ì˛yÓ˚ ¢hs˛yò K˛yòúy¶˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÜˆÏv˛¸ v˛z‡˛ˆÏÓ– !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚
äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ˛ô!Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏü !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ Öy˛ô Öy£zˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ ˆÎõò !ü«˛y ˆîÎ˚ñ ˆì˛õ!ò äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ~ˆÏÑ˛
x˛ôˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ˆÏAÜ ˆõúyˆÏõüy Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ xyd¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò Á õyò!ÓÑ˛ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÁˆÏ‡˛– ì˛yÓ˚y ˆÎõò Ñ˛yˆÏãÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
ˆüˆÏÖñ ˆì˛õ!ò !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˆüÖy !Ó°ÏÎ˚ ì˛yÓ˚ ã#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ì˛!›˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚Á Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ ˆüˆÏÖ– !ü«˛yÌ≈#
¢yõy!ãÑ˛#Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏíÓ˚ !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ !òÎ˚õÑ˛yò%òñ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛!õÑ˛ Ñ˛yãñ !ü«˛yÌ≈#Èñ !ü«˛Ñ˛ÈÙÈ!ü!«˛Ñ˛y Á !ü«˛yÑ˛õ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚
¢ˆÏAÜ ¶˛yÓ!Ó!òõˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xã≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– ˆì˛õ!ò !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òyòy xò%¤˛yòñ ˆÎõò ÈÙÙÙÈ ¢yÇfl˛,Ò!ì˛Ñ˛
v˛zÍ¢Óñ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ Ñ˛#v˛¸y ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yñ fl˛∫yï#òì˛y !îÓ¢ v˛zî‰Îy˛ôòñ ≤Ããyì˛s˛f !îÓ¢ v˛zî‰Îy˛ôòñ õò#°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛øÓ˚íñ
ãyì˛#Î˚ Á xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ !îÓ¢ ˛ôyúòñ Ñ%˛£zãñ ˆ¢!õòyÓ˚ñ !Ó!¶˛ß¨ ≤Ã!ü«˛í !ü!ÓÓ˚ ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ xò%¤˛yˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ
áˆÏ›˛ ÌyˆÏÑ˛– !ü«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏîÓ˚ õ)úƒˆÏÓyïñ ò#!ì˛ˆÏÓyïñ ¢%fiÌ Ó˚%!â˛ˆÏÓyïñ ¢£ˆÏÎy!Üì˛yñ ¢£õ!õ≈ì˛yñ ¢£yò%¶)˛!ì˛ñ ¢õyò%¶)˛!ì˛ñ
ˆòì,˛cîyò «˛õì˛yñ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ Órïòñ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢¡±#!ì˛ñ ˆ¢Ôºyì,˛c ≤Ã¶,˛!ì˛ ¢yõy!ãÑ˛ î«˛ì˛yÜ%ˆÏúy ˆÓˆÏv˛¸
ÁˆÏ‡˛– ¢£ã £Î˚ äÈyeÈÙÈ!ü«˛Ñ˛ ¢¡ôÑ≈˛– !ÓˆÏü°Ï !ÓˆÏü°Ï î«˛ì˛y¢¡ôß¨ äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ fl˛∫#Î˚È î«˛ì˛yÓ˚ ˜ò˛ô%íƒì˛y
≤Ãîü≈ò Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏãˆÏÑ˛ ≤Ã!ì˛!¤˛ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ñ˛ˆÏúÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò– ˛ôv˛¸yˆÏüyòyÎ˚ !˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôv˛¸ˆÏúÁ ì˛yÓ˚yÁ ÓúˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ fl˛∫
fl˛∫ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyõÓ˚yÁ ˆ¢Ó˚y– î)Ó˚ £ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ !˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ˛ôv˛¸y äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ãv˛¸ì˛yñ ÎÖò !˛ô!äÈˆÏÎ˚ÈÙÈ˛ôv˛¸y äÈyeäÈye#Ó˚y
~£z ïÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ñ˛yÎ≈Ñ˛ˆÏõ ˛ôyÓ˚î!ü≈ì˛y ˆîÖyˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÏÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ì˛Öò ì˛yˆÏîÓ˚ £ì˛yüy ˆÑ˛ˆÏ›˛ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛ôÓ˚Óì≈˛#ˆÏì˛
xòƒyòƒ !Ó°ÏˆÏÎ˚Á ì˛yÓ˚ ¢yö˛ˆÏúƒÓ˚ ¢%ö˛ú ≤Ã!ì˛ö˛!úì˛ £Î˚– xyÓ˚ ¢yõ!@˘ÃÑ˛ ˆòì,˛cîyò «˛õì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú
ì˛yÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏcÓ˚Á ¢%°Ïõ !ÓÑ˛yü ¢y!ïì˛ £Î˚– ~Ó˚ ö˛ˆÏú !ü«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y ˆÎõò Ó,£_Ó˚ ¢õyˆÏã !òˆÏãˆÏîÓ˚ˆÏÑ˛ ì%˛ˆÏú
ïÓ˚ˆÏì˛ ¢«˛õ £Î˚ ˆì˛õ!ò ˆòì,˛cîyò «˛õì˛yÓ˚ ¢%fiÌ !ÓÑ˛yüÁ cÓ˚y!ß∫ì˛ £Î˚–
10.4.1 ôyúò#Î˚ !îˆÏò xÇü@˘Ã£í
v˛zˆÏjüƒ ÉÈÈ Ó˚yãƒñ ãyì˛#Î˚ Á xyhs˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ ˛ôyúò#Î˚ !îòÜ%ˆÏúyÓ˚ ˆÎÜ%ˆÏúy !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôy!úì˛ £Î˚ñ ˆ¢£z
!îòÜ%ˆÏúyˆÏì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£ˆÏíÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆîüydˆÏÓyˆÏïÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yü Á ˆòì˛,cîyò «˛õì˛yÓ˚ !ÓÑ˛yˆÏüÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ
~£z !Ó°ÏÎ˚!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ ˛ôy‡˛Ñ˛ˆÏõÓ˚ xhs˛¶≈%˛=˛ Ñ˛Ó˚y £ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏäÈ– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ ˛ôyúò#Î˚ !îÓˆÏ¢Ó˚ !îò ≤ÃyÌ≈òy ˆü°Ï £ÁÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛ôÓ˚
v˛z=˛ !îÓ¢ ˛ôyúˆÏòÓ˚ Ü%Ó˚%c Á ì˛yÍ˛ôÎ≈ äÈyeäÈye#ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢yõˆÏò ÓƒyÖƒy Ñ˛Ó˚y ˆÎˆÏì˛ ˛ôyˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y Ó,!ÂïÓ˚ úˆÏ«˛ƒ–
ÓÓ˚í#Î˚ õò#°Ï#ˆÏîÓ˚ ãß√!îò ˛ôyúò#Î˚ !îÓˆÏ¢Ó˚ xhs˘˛¶≈%˛=˛– ~äÈyv˛¸yÁ ~ÖyˆÏò !ÓîƒyúˆÏÎ˚ ˛ôyúò#Î˚ !Ó!¶˛ß¨
ãyì˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xyhs˘˛ã≈y!ì˛Ñ˛ !îÓˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~Ñ˛!›˛ ì˛y!úÑ˛y ˆîÁÎ˚y £ˆÏúy– !ÓîƒyúÎ˚ Ñ˛ì≈,˛˛ô«˛ ì§˛yˆÏîÓ˚ !¢ÂïyˆÏhs˘˛Ó˚
!¶˛!_ˆÏì˛ ≤ÃˆÏÎ˚yãò xò%¢yˆÏÓ˚ ~£z !îòÜ%ˆÏúy ˛ôyúò Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏÓò–
10 ãyò%Îẙ!Ó˚ Óẙãƒ ˆÖú !îÓ¢ 24 xyÜfi›˛ Óẙ!ÖÓrïò

12 ãyò%Îẙ!Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Î%Ó !îÓ¢ 29 xyÜfi›˛ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛#v˛y̧ !îÓ¢
23 ãyò%Îẙ!Ó˚ ˆòì˛y !ã ãß√ãÎh̊s˛# 01 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ xyhs˛ãy≈ !ì˛Ñ˛ üy!hs˛ !îÓ¢
24 ãyò%Îẙ!Ó˚ Ñ˛òƒy¢hs˛yò !îÓ¢ 05 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ !ü«˛Ñ˛ !îÓ¢
25 ãyò%Îẙ!Ó˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˆ¶˛y ›˛y Ó˚ !îÓ¢ 08 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ ÓyÍ¢!Ó˚Ñ˛ Ó˚=˛îyò !îÓ¢
26 ãyò%Îẙ!Ó˚ ≤Ããyì˛s˛f !îÓ¢ 13 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ !ÓŸª ¢îÌ≈Ñ˛ ¶˛yÓòy !îÓ¢
21 ˆö˛ÓÎ% ẙ!Ó˚ xyhs˛ãy≈ !ì˛Ñ ˛ õyì,˛¶˛y °Ïy !îÓ¢ 1ÈÙÈ7 ˆ¢ˆÏ≤Wz¡Ó∫ ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ô!% T˛ ¢Æy£
08 õyâ≈˛ xyhs˛ãy≈ !ì˛Ñ˛ õ!£úy !îÓ¢ 02 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ x!£Ç¢y !îÓ¢
21 õyâ≈˛ ãy!ì˛ˆ¶Ï ˛î !ÓˆÏÓẙï# !îÓ¢ 10 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !ÓŸª !Ó˛ô Î≈Î˚ £…y ¢ !îÓ¢
07 ~!≤Ãú !ÓŸª fl˛y∫ fiÌƒ !îÓ¢ 11 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ï)õ˛ô yò£#ò !îÓ¢
30 ~!≤Ãú !òõ≈ú ÓyÇúy !îÓ¢ 14 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !ÓŸª õyòÓ !îÓ¢
ˆõ õyˆÏ¢ Ó˚ 16 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !ÓŸª Öyîƒ !îÓ¢
!ÓŸª õyì,˛ !îÓ¢
!mì˛#Î˚ Ó˚!ÓÓyÓ˚ 01 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó ˚ îy!Ó˚oƒ î)Ó#̊Ñ˛Óí˚ !îÓ¢
21 ˆõ ¢s˛yf ¢ !ÓˆÏÓẙï# !îÓ¢ 07 òˆÏ¶˛¡Ó∫ ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ Ñ˛ƒyò¢yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛òì˛y !îÓ¢
26 ˆõ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˙Ñ˛ƒ !îÓ¢ 11ÈÙÈ17 òˆÏ¶˛¡∫Ó ˚ xyhs˛ãy≈ !ì˛Ñ˛ !ÓK˛y ò Á üy!hs˛ ¢Æy£
31 ˆõ !ÓŸª ì˛y õyÑ˛Óã≈ò !îÓ¢ 14 òˆÏ¶˛¡Ó∫ ˚ !üü% !îÓ¢
05 ã%ò !ÓŸª ˛ô !Ó˚ˆÓÏ ü !îÓ¢ 19 òˆÏ¶˛¡Ó∫ ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ¢y¡±îy!Î˚Ñ˛ ¢¡±#!ì˛ !îÓ¢
14 ã%ò !ÓŸª !üü%◊!õÑ˛ !îÓ¢ 25 òˆÏ¶˛¡Ó∫ ˚ xyhs˛ãy≈ !ì˛Ñ˛ òyÓ#̊!òÎ≈yì˛ò ÈÙÈ!ÓˆÏÓẙï# !îÓ¢
21 ã%ò xyhs˛ãy≈ !ì˛Ñ˛ ˆÎyÜy !îÓ¢ 01 !v˛ˆÏ¢ ¡∫Ó ˚ !ÓŸª ~£zv˛¢ !îÓ¢
26 ã%ò xyhs˛ãy≈ !ì˛Ñ˛ õyîÑ˛!ÓˆÏÓẙï# !îÓ¢ 02 !v˛ˆÏ¢ ¡∫Ó ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ î)°íÏ ≤Ã!ì˛ˆÓÏ y˚ ï !îÓ¢
01 ã%úy£z !â˛!Ñ˛Í¢y !îÓ¢ 03 !v˛ˆÏ¢ ¡∫Ó ˚ xyhs˛ãy≈ !ì˛Ñ˛ !ÓÑ˛úyAÜ !îÓ¢
14ÈÙÈ20 ã%ú y£z xÓ˚íƒ ¢Æy£ 05 !v˛ˆÏ¢ ¡∫Ó ˚ xyhs˛ãy≈ !ì˛Ñ ˛ ˆfl˛F∫ äÈy ˆÏ¢ Ó# !îÓ¢
12 xyÜfi›˛ xyhs˛ãy≈ !ì˛Ñ˛ Î%Ó !îÓ¢ 10 !v˛ˆÏ¢ ¡∫Ó ˚ !ÓŸª õyòÓy!ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !îÓ¢
14 xyÜfi›˛ Ñ˛òƒy◊# !îÓ¢ 10 !v˛ˆÏ¢ ¡∫Ó ˚ ãyì˛#Î˚ ˛ô yú¢ ˆ˛ô y!úˆÏÎẙ !îÓ¢
15 xyÜfi›˛ fl˛y∫ ï#òì˛y !îÓ¢ 24 !v˛ˆÏ¢ ¡∫Ó ˚ ˆÑ˛ì˛y ¢%Ó«˚ ˛y !îÓ¢
10.5.1 üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ Ñ˛õ≈¢)!â˛ˆÏì˛ xÇü@˘Ã£í
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No. WBTBCL/Health & Physical Education-VIII/December, 2016

Health & Phy Edu Class VIII (BNG)

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Health & Phy Edu Class VIII (BNG)

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ßþºyßþiÄ ç Ÿyîû#îû!

þ™!Øþ›îA† ›•Ä!ŸÇþy þ™¡ìÅ”

˛ô!ÿ˛õÓAÜ õïƒ!ü«˛y ˛ô°Ï≈î

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to con-

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x¶˛#Ñ˛ õã%õîyÓ˚ Sˆâ˛Î˚yÓ˚õƒyòñ !ÓˆÏü°ÏK˛ Ñ˛!õ!›˛V

˛ô!Ó˚Ñ˛“òyñ ˛ôy[%˛!ú!˛ô !òõ≈yí Á ¢¡ôyîòy

≤ÃÌõ xïƒyÎ˚ üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ˆõÔ!úÑ˛ ïyÓ˚íy 1ÈÙÈ16

1.1.2 üyÓ˚#Ó˚!ü«˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃˆÎÏ y˚ ãò#Î˚ì˛y É

5– õyò%ˆÏ°ÏÓ˚ üÓ˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛ô!üñ Ñ˛AÑ˛yúì˛s˛fñ üyÓ˚#Ó˚Ó_

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ﬂ˛∫yﬁÌƒ ¢¡ô!Ñ≈˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôyîyò

ˆ˛ô!üü!=˛ É ˆ˛ô!ü ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛yâ˛ˆÏòÓ˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ÓyïyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï

ˆ˛ô!üÈÙÈ¢£òü#úì˛y É ˆ˛ô!ü Óy ˆ˛ô!ü¢õ)ˆÏ£Ó˚ î#á≈«˛í ÓyïyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂï

2.1.7 xyˆÏÎy˚ !v˛ˆÏòÓ˚ x¶˛yÓã!òì˛ ˆÓ˚yÜ

3.1.1 «˛ì˛ ¢¡ôˆÏÑ≈˛ ïyÓ˚íy É

«˛ì˛ ¢,!T˛ £ÓyÓ˚ ö˛ˆÏú ÈÙÙÙÈ

Ñ˛yúyâ˛ üy§Öyõ%!›˛ ˆÜyÖˆÏÓ˚y

S2V «˛#í!Ó°Ï ¢y˛ô É Ñ˛yúòy!Üò#ñ úyv˛zv˛Üyñ ˆÓv˛¸yú ¢y˛ôñ ˆòyòyˆÏÓyv˛¸yñ ˆõˆÏ›˛!ú–

S6V Ÿªy¢≤ÃŸªy¢ â˛yú% òy ÌyÑ˛ˆÏúñ xK˛yò õyò%°Ï!›˛Ó˚ õ%Ö ü=˛ !Ñ˛ä%È

ABC SAirway Breathing CirculationV

5.1.1. ¢ˆÏâ˛ì˛ò v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y£z ¢%Ó˚!«˛ì˛ v˛z˛ôˆÏ¶˛y=˛y

Ñ˛!õÑ˛ òÇ Öyîƒ !õ!◊ì˛ ˆ¶˛ãyú oÓƒ ˛ôÓ˚#«˛y

6.1.1 ˛ôÌ!òÓ˚y˛ô_yÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í ïyÓ˚íy É

Compulsory Ahead or Compulsory Ahead or

SÖV ò~‰åÌ≈Ñ˛ Óyïƒì˛yõ)úÑ !â˛£´ SProhibitory Mandatory SignV É

Straight prohibited or Horn Overtaking No Parking Speed Limit

Guarded Level Crossing Unguarded Level Crossing Men at Work

6.1.3. Ó˚yhﬂ˛yÓ˚ !òÎ˚õÑ˛yò%ò É

›˛Δy!ö˛Ñ˛ ˛ô%!úü STraffic PoliceV Üy!v˛¸â˛yúÑ˛ SDriverV

£hﬂ˛ÏÈmyÓ˚y ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ xyˆÏúyÑ˛¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ £hﬂ˛ÏÈmyÓ˚y ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ xyˆÏúyÑ˛¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛

1 òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 2 òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 3 òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 4~ òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 4!Ó òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛

7~ òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 7!Ó òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 8~ òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 8!Ó òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 9 òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛

1òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 2òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 3òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛ 4òÇ ¢ÇˆÏÑ˛ì˛

 Ó˚yhﬂ˛y ˛ôyÓ˚y˛ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òÎ˚õyÓ!ú SRoad Crossing Rules in Busy Traffic HoursV É

Section-1: Recap Zone

1– ¢!‡˛Ñ˛ v˛z_Ó˚ !â˛!£´ì˛ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚y É õyòÈÙÙÈ1

!òˆÏî≈üÈÙÈ ÙÈ • £ò≈ ÓyãyˆÏòy !òˆÏ°Ïï

• ˆ¢yãy Óy Ó§y!îˆÏÑ˛ ˆÎˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ

 2 ÈÙÙÙÈ 1È òÇÈÙ~Ó˚ õˆÏì˛y v˛yò˛ ôyˆÏü xyÓ˚Á 1 ˛ôîˆÏ«˛˛ô Ñ˛Ó˚ˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–

ö˛¢Óy!Ó˚ öœ˛˛ô SFosbury FlopVÈ

!Ó!¶˛ß¨ xyÑ˛õíydÑ˛ ˛ôÂï!ì˛

!˛ôò (pin)ÈÙÈˆÑ˛ ÓƒÓ£yÓ˚ Ñ˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyõÓ˚y xˆÏòÑ˛ ¢õÎ˚ !Ó˛ô«˛ˆÏÑ˛ !Ó˛ôˆÏî

!mì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîyÓ˚ Úb7Û ˆòÔÑ˛y!›˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ Úd7ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ˆáyv˛¸yˆÏÑ˛

˛ 3 òÇ !â˛e â˛ì%˛Ì≈ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ xyõÓ˚y ˆîÖˆÏì˛ ˛ôyÓ˚!äÈ ˆÎ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ Úb7Û Üã!›˛ˆÏÑ˛

!mì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîy Ú1.Rxc8Û õyÓ˚ˆú

â˛ì%˛Ì≈ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ú1.Bb7’ CheckÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ !òˆÏãÓ˚ Üã!›˛ˆÏÑ˛

!mì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîy Ú1.BXF5ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ˆáyv˛¸y!›˛ˆÏÑ˛ õyÓ˚ˆÏäÈ ~ÓÇ

!mì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ú1.Bx97ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ ¢yîyñ Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚yãyˆÏÑ˛ Óyïƒ

b) 1.Kh8 2.Qxf8 N98 3.Qx98+# 1-0

â˛ì%˛Ì≈ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ú1.Rd8+Û â˛yú!›˛ !îˆÏú Ñ˛yˆÏúy Ó˚yãy Óyïƒ £ˆÏFäÈ

˛ 4 òÇ !â˛e PAWN PROMOTION

!mì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ Ú1.Rxd6ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ õyïƒˆÏõ xyõÓ˚y Úe6ÛÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ¢yîy ˆÓyˆÏv˛¸ˆÏÑ˛

b) 1.Qxc3 2.exd8=Q+kh7 3.bxc3.

≤ÃÌõ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîyÓ˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúy ˆÎ â˛yú£z !îÑ˛ òy ˆÑ˛òñ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚

b) 1.Nd7 2.Neb+# 1-0 £zì˛ƒy!î–

!mì˛#Î˚ äÈ!ÓˆÏì˛ ¢yîyÓ˚ Ú1.Kc7ÛÙÈ~Ó˚ ˛ôˆÏÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏúyÓ˚ Ñ˛yˆÏäÈ ÜãÈÙÈ~Ó˚ â˛yú

a) 1.9xh6 2.g7+# 1-0

b) 1. Any Bishop Move, 2.Rxh7+# 1-0.

Jigo-hontai Migi-jigotai Hidari-jigotai

ˆ£y!”˛Ç Á ˛ôyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ£yˆÏÓ˚ ¢yïyÓ˚í õ%¶˛ˆÏõr›˛

2. Ó§y ˛ôy ¢yõˆÏò !Ñ˛ä%È›˛y xyv˛¸yxy!v˛¸¶˛yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏÜyˆÏì˛ £ˆÏÓ–