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Gender, UN Peacebuilding,
and the Politics of Space
ii
Laura J. Shepherd
1
iv
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America
CONTENTS
FIGURES
TABLE
It feels like this book managed to get written in spite of, rather than because
of, me. People say it takes a village to raise a child; it definitely took a global
community of supportive scholars, practitioners, colleagues, friends, and
family to bring this book to life, and this is the bit where I thank people
including, though not limited to, Angela Chnapko at Oxford University
Press, who was endlessly patient in the face of my multiple requests for
more time.
First, the formalities: the research presented in this book was made
possible by a Discovery grant from the Australian Research Council
(DP130100707), for which I am extremely grateful.
I could not have completed the research without the participation of all
of the people in New York who gave up their time to meet with me and talk
about gender, peacebuilding, and politics. Given that you all made involve-
ment contingent on anonymity, I can’t name names, but you know who you
are and you have my deepest appreciation and admiration for the work that
you all do to make the world a little bit of a better place.
The research benefited enormously from the dedication, organizational
talent, and analytical insights of the primary research assistant, (now Dr.)
Caitlin Hamilton. Cait, the fact that this book is in the world at all is in no
small part attributable to your brilliance. Thank you.
I’m very grateful indeed to the School of Social Sciences at UNSW Sydney,
and in particular to the Head of School, Chris Walker, who supported my
sabbatical in the first half of 2016 so that I could knuckle down and drag
this book kicking and screaming into the light. Thanks, boss. Friends that
I am lucky enough to work with—Penny Griffin, Will Clapton, Liz Thurbon,
and Monika Barthwal-Datta in particular—have provided invaluable moti-
vation, inspiration, sweary gifs, and opportunity to vent/test ideas/hug it
out every day, and I would be a much more miserable me without you in
my life.
x
[x] Acknowledgments
was all about trying to make sure that women have a voice, have control,
over the governance of peace and security, that they are involved in the
prevention of violence and afforded rights and protections that should be
enjoyed by everyone. That, even though I was talking about p-e-a-c-e not
p-i-e-c-e, women’s “piece of security” should be bigger, their contribution
recognized and valued. You nodded. “Of course,” you said. Of course. This
book is for you.
Laura J. Shepherd
Sydney, Australia
January 2017
Acknowledgments [ xi ]
xi
PERMISSIONS
Those who know me well know that in the normal run of things I have no
truck with footnotes. I am Team In-Text References all the way (are there
T-shirts? There should be T-shirts). But for this book, given the volume of
data I was working with and the impossibility of organizing in-text refer-
ences to sometimes a dozen sources at a time without it making Cait—and
the anonymous reviewers, and Angela, and probably others too polite to
say—“sneezy,” I have bowed to convention and used footnotes here. The
footnotes to the documentary data, however, should be cross-referenced to
the Appendix, which contains a list of all of the documentary sources I ana-
lyzed in the course of this research. There are five categories of documents
from the UN Peacebuilding Commission: Historical Documents; Chair’s
Statements; Organizational Committee; Working Group on Lessons Learned;
Country-Specific Configurations. There is also Family Tree Documentation,
which relates to the history and formation of the Peacebuilding Commission
and which is explored most fully in Chapter 5. I have also indicated text co-
produced through interview as “Interview data” and have included a code to
indicate the specific interview I am working with at any given time, though
obviously I have not reproduced the transcripts in full here.
xvi
Gender, UN Peacebuilding,
and the Politics of Space
xvi
CHAPTER 1
1. See, for example, Neta Crawford, “The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on
Emotion and Emotional Relationships,” International Security, 2000, 24(4): 116–156;
Roland Bleiker and Emma Hutchinson, “Fear No More: Emotions and World Politics,”
Review of International Studies, 2008, 34(Supplement S1): 115–135.
2
T h e P u z z l e a n d t h e P r o j e c t [3]
4
12. Dvora Yanow, How Does a Policy Mean?: Interpreting Policy and Organizational
Actions, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1996.
13. See Alexander Anievas, Nivi Manchanda, and Robbie Shilliam, eds., Race and
Racism in International Relations: Confronting the Global Colour Line, London and
New York: Routledge, 2015; Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, “The Postcolonial
Moment in Security Studies,” Review of International Studies, 2006, 32(2): 329–352;
Benjamin de Carvalho, Halvard Leira, and John M. Hobson, “The Big Bangs of IR: The
Myths That Your Teachers Still Tell You about 1648 and 1919,” Millennium: Journal of
International Studies, 2011, 39(3): 735–758; Branwen Gruffydd Jones, ed., Decolonizing
International Relations, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006; Sanjay Seth, ed.,
Postcolonial Theory and International Relations: A Critical Introduction, London and
New York: Routledge, 2013.
T h e P u z z l e a n d t h e P r o j e c t [5]
6
14. Sanjay Seth, “Introduction,” in Sanjay Seth (ed.), Postcolonial Theory and
International Relations: A Critical Introduction, London and New York: Routledge, 2013,
1–12, 2–3.
15. Meera Sabaratnam, “IR in Dialogue . . . but Can We Change the Subjects? A Typology
of Decolonising Strategies for the Study of World Politics,” Millennium: Journal of
International Studies, 2011, 39(3): 781–803, 787.
16. John M. Hobson, “Re-embedding the Global Colour Line within Post-1945
International Theory,” in Alexander Anievas, Nivi Manchanda, and Robbie Shilliam
(eds.), Race and Racism in International Relations: Confronting the Global Colour Line,
London and New York: Routledge, 2015, 81–97, 83.
17. Amitav Acharya, “Dialogue and Discovery: In Search of International Relations
Theories beyond the West,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 2011,
39(3): 619–637.
Burundi
18. Mahmood Mamdani, “Beyond Settler and Native as Political Identities: Overcoming
the Political Legacy of Colonialism,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 2001,
43(4): 651–664, 652–653.
19. Sabaratnam, “IR in Dialogue . . . but Can We Change the Subjects?,” 796–797,
emphasis in original.
20. United Nations Office in Burundi, “Country Profile,” no date. Online at http://
bnub.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2968&language=en-US (accessed June
27, 2016).
21. Tom Dannenbaum, “War and Peace in Rwanda,” in Kristen E. Eichensehr and
William Michael Reisman, eds., Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International
Intervention, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2009, 77–120, 80.
22. Nina Wilén, “Security Sector Reform, Gender, and Local Narratives in Burundi,”
Conflict, Security & Development, 2014, 14(3): 331–354, 334.
T h e P u z z l e a n d t h e P r o j e c t [7]
8
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., 335.
25. Patricia Daley, “Ethnicity and Political Violence in Africa: The Challenge to the
Burundi State,” Political Geography, 2006, 25(6): 657–679, 671.
The territorial borders of what we know today as the Central African Republic
were drawn up by the French government during colonization of the area
known as Afrique équatoriale française (French equatorial Africa) in the late
1890s, during the expansion of colonial power that operated under the aus-
pices of the French mission civilatrice, or “civilizing mission.”30 The Central
African Republic (as shown in Figure 1.2) is a landlocked country bordered by
Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, South Sudan, and Chad;
independence was granted to the Central African Republic by the French colo-
nial administration in 1960, as part of the dissolution of the large federated
territories managed by the French.31
Postcolonial Central African Republic experienced significant instabil-
ity, limited economic activity, and political contestation. There were mul-
tiple shifts in power by coup, until 1965, when Jean-Bédel Bokassa seized
power;32 Bokassa initially enjoyed support from the former colonial power,
26. Devon E. A. Curtis, “Development Assistance and the Lasting Legacies of Rebellion
in Burundi and Rwanda,” Third World Quarterly, 2006, 36(7): 1365–1381, 1367.
27. Hermenegilde Rwantabagu, “Explaining Intra-State Conflicts in Africa: The Case
of Burundi,” International Journal on World Peace, 2001, 18(2): 41–53, 50.
28. United Nations Office in Burundi, “Background,” no date. Online at http://bnub.
unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2963&language=en-US (accessed June 27, 2016).
29. Burundi Country-Specific Configuration, “Country Request,” June 8, 2006.
30. Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and
West Africa, 1895–1930, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997, 1.
31. These were French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa; see Martin Meredith,
The Fate of Africa: A History of the Continent since Independence, New York: PublicAffairs,
2005, 69.
32. Jennifer, Giroux, David Lanz, and Damiano Sguaitamatti, “The Tormented
Triangle: The Regionalisation of Conflict in Sudan, Chad, and the Central African
T h e P u z z l e a n d t h e P r o j e c t [9]
01
Figure 1.2 Map showing the geographical location of Central African Republic.
Source: Wikimedia Commons.
Republic,” Crisis States Working Papers Series No. 2, 2009, 4. Online at http://eprints.
lse.ac.uk/28497/1/WP47.2.pdf (accessed June 27, 2016).
33. Ibid., 5.
34. International Crisis Group, “Central African Republic: Anatomy of a Phantom
State,” Africa Report N°136–13 December 2007, 2007, 1. Online at http://www.crisis-
group.org/~/media/Files/africa/central-africa/central-african-republic/Central%20
Language: Finnish
Kaksi novellia
Kirj.
ALEKSANTERI PETÖFI
Suomentanut
Meri Sulju
SISÄLTÖ:
I. Aleksanteri Petöfi.
II. Papurikko ja valakka.
III. Ukkovaari.
Aleksanteri Petöfi.
Papurikko ja valakka.
Voi merkittyä!
Ja vastarinta alkoi…
"Hiljaa!"
"Rakas mies", jatkoi vaimo, "kun minä vihdoin puhun, niin tahdon
keventää sydämeni kaikesta siitä, mikä sitä rasittaa. Olen vaiennut
kyllin kauvan."
"Vaikene!"
"Vaieta? Miksi?"
"Kiitos kaunis!"
"Vaimo! Tiedät, että saan sinua käskeä, koska olen sinun herrasi.
Mutta minä en käske, minä pyydän: Anna minulle puku! Pyydän
sinulta, rakas, hyvä Sofie."
"En!"
"En, en!"
"Turhaan!"
Viini virtaili kuin olisi hän saanut sen ilmaiseksi. Herra Daniel
päätti, ettei hän ennen nouse pöydästä, ennenkuin on juonut koko
morsiusleningin hinnan suuhunsa.
Vartija laahasi ruumiin asuntoon, missä vaimo oli tunti sitte antanut
elämän lapselle.
Pimeässä tuvassa oli nyt kolme: kuollut isä, pikku poika, jonka
elämä oli juuri alkanut ja äiti, joka horjui elämän ja kuoleman välillä…
Leski hautautti miehensä ja kastatti lapsen. Hänet nimitettiin
Martiksi. Tästä menevä maksu papille oli aivan hyödytön menoerä,
sillä elämän keväässä eivät toiset lapset kuitenkaan nimittäneet
poikaa muuksi kuin "punaiseksi koiraksi", ja myöhemmin, kun hän
vanheni, tunnettiin hänet vain nimeltä "Papurikko". — Jokainen
lyönti, jonka hänen äitinsä ennen pojan syntymistä oli tämän isältä
saanut, oli merkittyinä hänen kasvoihinsa, joiden oikea puoli oli
hehkuvalla punalla peitetty.
*****