1. What are anatomy of the muscular system?

ANSWER
The muscular system is made up of various components that work together to allow
movement and support the body. There are three main types of muscles in the human body:
Skeletal muscles, Smooth muscles, and Cardiac muscles.
1.Skeletal muscles: These are the muscles that are attached to bones and are responsible for
voluntary movements such as walking, running, and lifting objects. They are striated,
meaning they have a striped appearance under a microscope, and are under conscious
control.
2. Smooth muscles: These muscles are found in the walls of internal organs such as the
stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. They are not under conscious control and are
responsible for involuntary movements such as peristalsis (the movement of food through
the digestive system) and regulating blood flow.
3. Cardiac muscles: These muscles are found in the heart and are responsible for pumping
blood throughout the body. They have a striated appearance like skeletal muscles but are
under involuntary control.
2 .What are some key anatomical components of the muscular system?
ANSWER
1. Muscles: Muscles are the main components of the muscular system and are responsible
for generating force and producing movement. There are over 600 skeletal muscles in the
human body, ranging from small muscles controlling fine movements to larger muscles
responsible for powerful movements.
2. Muscle Fibers: Muscle fibers are the individual cells that make up muscles. These long,
cylindrical cells contain specialized proteins that allow them to contract and generate force.

3. Tendons: Tendons are tough, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones. They transmit
the force generated by the muscles to the bones, allowing movement to occur.

4. Fascia: Fascia is a connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles and other internal
structures. It provides support and protection for the muscles and helps transmit forces generated by
muscle contractions.

5. Motor Neurons: Motor neurons are nerve cells that transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord to
the muscles, allowing for voluntary movement. When a motor neuron sends a signal to a muscle, it
triggers a contraction.

6. Blood Vessels: The muscular system is well-supplied with blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and
capillaries. These blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and remove waste products
such as carbon dioxide.

7. Skeletal System: The muscular system works in conjunction with the skeletal system, as muscles are
attached to bones and play a crucial role in moving and supporting the body's skeletal structure.
 3. What are the name of the skeletal muscles?

ANSWER
There are over 600 skeletal muscles in the human body, and they have various names based on their
location, function, and appearance. Here are some examples of skeletal muscles:
1. Deltoid
2. Biceps brachii
3. Triceps brachii
4. Rectus abdominis
5. External oblique
6. Gluteus maximus
7. Quadriceps (Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius)
8. Hamstrings (Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)
9. Gastrocnemius
10. Soleus
11. Trapezius
12. Latissimus dorsi
13. Pectoralis major
14. Serratus anterior
15. Sternocleidomastoid
16. Tibialis anterior
These are just a few examples, and there are many more skeletal muscles in the human body, each with
its own unique name and function.
-On the basis of shape, location,attachment orientation of fibers, relative position, or function…

1, Shape:
-Rhomboideus=diamond
-Trapezius= trapezoid
-Quadratus=square
-Orbicularis=cicular

2, Based on number of heads of origin:

-Triceps it has three heads
-Biceps it has two heads

3, Location:
-Pectoralis=chest
-Intercostal=between the ribs
-Brachium=arm
-Temporalis=temporal bone and frontalis=frontal bone

4, Attachment:
-Zygomaticus=attachment on zygomatic bone
-Temporialis=temporal bone
-Nasalis=nasal bone
-Femoris=attachment on tibia
-Sternocleidomastoid=origin from sternum and clavicle inserted on mastoid process of temporal bone
5, Size:
-Maximus=Largest- Gluteus Maximus
-Minimus=Smallest-Gluteus Minimus
-Longus =Longest-Adductor longus
-Latissimus=Widest-Latissimus dorsi
-Longissimus=Longest-Longissimus muscles
-Major=Larger-pectoralis major
-Minor=Smaller-pectoralis minor

6, Orientation of fibers:
-Rectus=straight parallel to the mid line
-Transversus=horizontal perpendicular to the mid line
-Obliquus=diagonal muscle fascicles
7, Relative position:
-Lateral, medial, internal, and external.
8, Action:
-adductor, flexor, pronator, extensor.

4. What are Skeletal muscle Attachments?

ANSWER
-There are two attachment site
1, Origin-the stationary end of the muscle attachment
2, Insertion-the relatively moveable end of the skeletal muscle attachments
Muscle attachments may be direct or indirect.

Cordinated action of muscle groups

-muscles that perform oppositeaction are called antagonistic muscles
Synergistic muscles –are muscles that perform similar actions
Agonist (prime mover) –muscles which perform great action or a muscle that causes a desired action
5. What are the Intrinsic and Extrinsic of the muscles systems?
ANSWER
The intrinsic and extrinsic muscles are two different categories of muscles based on their location and
function in the body.

1. Intrinsic Muscles: These are muscles that are located entirely within a specific region of the body, such
as the hand, foot, or back. They are responsible for controlling fine movements and providing stability
within that region. For example, the intrinsic muscles of the hand are responsible for precise
movements of the fingers and thumb.

2. Extrinsic Muscles: These are muscles that originate outside of the region they act upon and have
tendons that extend into the region to produce movement. They are responsible for larger movements
and are involved in moving entire body parts or limbs. For example, the muscles of the forearm that
control wrist and finger movements are considered extrinsic to the hand.

6. What are Principal skeletal muscle?

ANSWER
The principal skeletal muscles are the major muscles of the human body that are responsible for
movement, posture, and stability. There are hundreds of skeletal muscles in the body, but some of the
principal ones include:

1. Biceps Brachii: Located in the upper arm, this muscle is responsible for flexing the elbow and
supinating the forearm.

2. Triceps Brachii: Also located in the upper arm, this muscle is responsible for extending the elbow.

3. Deltoid: Located in the shoulder, this muscle is responsible for abducting the arm and providing
shoulder stability.

4. Rectus Abdominis: Known as the "abs," this muscle is located in the front of the abdomen and is
responsible for flexing the lumbar spine and stabilizing the pelvis during movements.

5. Gluteus Maximus: This is the largest muscle in the buttocks and is responsible for hip extension and
external rotation.

6. Quadriceps Femoris: A group of four muscles located in the front of the thigh, these muscles are
responsible for knee extension and hip flexion.

7. Hamstrings: Located at the back of the thigh, this muscle group is responsible for knee flexion and hip
extension.
8. Gastrocnemius: This muscle is located in the calf and is responsible for plantar flexion of the foot
(pointing the toes downward).
These are just a few examples of the principal skeletal muscles in the body, and there are many more
muscles that play important roles in movement and stability.
Muscle of the Tongue
MUSCLES ORIGIN INSERTION
-Genioglossus - Mandible -Tongue
-Styloglossus -Temporal bone -Tongue
-Palatoglossus -Soft palate -Tongue
-Hyoglossus -Greater horn of hyoid bone -Tangue

7. What are muscles of the facial expression?

ANSWER
-Depressor anguli oris (frown)
-Orbicularis oculi (blink/close eyes)
-Zygomaticus major (smile)
-Orbicularis oris (close mouth/kiss)

8. What are the muscles of mastication?

ANSWER
Produce the biting and chewing movements of mandible
-Temporalis
-Masseter
-Pterygoid (two pairs); medial lateral pterygoid
All are innervated by mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (CN V)

9. What are the muscles of the neck?

ANSWER
Grouped according to their location relative to the hyoid bone:
Suprahyoid muscles; includes stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid.
Infrahyoid muscles includes; omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid,and sternothyroid.

10. What are the muscles of the superficial thorax human body ?
ANSWER
Action :stabilize, elevate , adduct, depress scapula, and extend head. There three kinds.
1,Trapezius by spinal accessory nerve
2,Deltoid by axillary nerve
3,Latissimus dorsi by Thoracodorsal nerve

11. What are the muscles of the back?

ANSWER
Their action is primarily extending , rotating, and laterally flexing the vertebral column.
- Latismus dorsi
-Trapizius
-Rombhoids
-Serratus muscles
-Erector spine
-Illiocostalis muscle
-Longismus and spinalis muscle.

12. What are the abdominal wall muscles?

ANSWER
-Rectus abdominis
-Transverse abdominis
-Internal and external oblique abdominis
All are innervated by thoracic spinal nerve

13. What are the muscles of the shoulder and upper limb ?
ANSWER
These muscles are used for the rotation , elevation, depression, protection, flexion, extention.
Abduction, of pectoral girdle and upper limbs: The muscles of the shoulder and upper limbs include:
1. Deltoid
2. Rotator cuff muscles (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis)
3. Biceps brachii
4. Triceps brachii
5. Brachialis
6. Brachioradialis
7. Flexor carpi radialis
8. Extensor carpi radialis longus
9. Flexor carpi ulnaris
10. Extensor carpi ulnaris
11. Pronator teres
12. Supinator
13. Flexor digitorum superficialis
14. Flexor digitorum profundus
15. Extensor digitorum
16. Extensor indicis
17. Abductor pollicis longus
18. Flexor pollicis longus
19. Extensor pollicis longus
20. Deltoid
21. Trapezius
22. Rhomboid major and minor
23. Levator scapulae
14. What are the muscles of the lower limps?
ANSWER
The muscles of the lower limbs include:
1. Quadriceps (Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius)2. Hamstrings
(Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus)
3. Adductors (Adductor longus, Adductor brevis, Adductor magnus, Gracilis)
4. Gluteal muscles (Gluteus maximus, Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus)
5. Gastrocnemius
6. Soleus
7. Tibialis anterior
8. Peroneal muscles (Peroneus longus, Peroneus brevis)
9. Extensor digitorum longus
10. Flexor digitorum longus

Gluteal region; There are superficial and deep gluteal muscles;

superficial layer; It consists of the three large overlapping glutei(maximus, medius, and minimus) and
the tensor fasciae latae.
The deep layer consists of smaller muscles (piriformis,obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli,
and quadratus femoris).

Conclusion/Summury
In conclusion, the human muscular system is a complex network of muscles that work together to
facilitate movement, maintain posture, and stabilize the body. The system is made up of three types of
muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles, which are under voluntary control, are the
principal muscles responsible for movement and are attached to bones by tendons. Smooth muscles are
found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, and cardiac muscles are found in the heart.

The anatomy of the muscular system includes various components such as muscle fibers, fascicles, and
muscle groups. Muscles are organized into antagonistic pairs that work together to produce movement
in opposite directions. Additionally, muscles are innervated by motor neurons, and the neuromuscular
junction is where the nerve impulse is transmitted to the muscle fiber.

Understanding the anatomy of the muscular system is crucial for health professionals, athletes, and
anyone interested in physical fitness. It provides insight into how the body moves and functions and is
essential for diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries.

Overall, the muscular system is a remarkable and intricate system that plays a vital role in human
physiology and everyday activities. Its study is fundamental for comprehending the mechanics of
movement and the maintenance of overall health and well-being
Reference
Here are some reputable sources for further reading on the human muscular system:

1. "Anatomy & Physiology" by OpenStax: This is a comprehensive and free online textbook that covers
various aspects of human anatomy and physiology, including the muscular system.

2. "Principles of Anatomy and Physiology" by Gerard J. Tortora and Bryan H. Derrickson: This widely used
textbook provides detailed information on the structure and function of the human body, including the
muscular system.

3. "Gray's Anatomy for Students" by Richard Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, and Adam W. M. Mitchell: This book
offers a detailed and clinically oriented approach to the study of human anatomy, including the
muscular system.

4. "Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology" by Elaine N. Marieb and Suzanne M. Keller: This
textbook provides a comprehensive overview of human anatomy and physiology, with a focus on the
muscular system.

5. National Institutes of Health (NIH) - The NIH website provides valuable information on the muscular
system, including research articles, educational resources, and interactive tools.

These resources can serve as excellent references for gaining a deeper understanding of the human
muscular system and its significance in human health and movement.