CHEMISTRY

ELECTROLYSIS

● ELECTROLYSIS

ELECTRO MEANS: ELECTRICITY

LYSIS MEANS: TO SPLIT SO,
ELECTROLYSIS MEANS A CHEMICAL PROCESS THROUGH WHICH IONIC
COMPOUNDS ARE DECOMPOSED INTO ITS IONS THROUGH ELECTRICITY IN
MOLTEN/AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.

HOW? (ELECTROLYTIC CELL )

E.C IS USED TO CARRY OUT ELECTROLYSIS AS IT CONVERTS ELECTRICAL
ENERGY CHEMICAL ENERGY.

IT USES SPECIFIC COMPONENTS:

1) ELECTRODES: METALLIC PLATES WHICH CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY
NAMELY ANODE( ATTACHED TO POS.TERMINAL) AND CATHODE(
ATTACHED TO NEG. TERMINAL)
2) ELECTROLYTE: SUBSTANCE MOLTEN/AQUEOUS THAT UNDERGOES
ELECTROLYSIS
3) ANION: NEG. CHARGED ION- ANODE
4) CATION: POS.CHARGED ION- CATHODE

★ CONDUCTION HOW FREE-MOVING IONS

 ★ BELOW IS THE DIAGRAM OF ELECTROLYTIC CELL EXPLAINING ELECTROLYSIS

DURING ELECTROLYSIS / EXAMPLE OF

TRANSFER ELECTROLYSIS
★ DURING ELECTROLYSIS, THE ★ LET US TAKE NACL( SODIUM CHLORIDE)
ELECTROLYTE IS SPLIT UP INTO ITS ★ NACL SPLITS INTO ITS IONS WHEN
IONS WHEN ELECTRICITY/ CURRENT IS CURRENT IS PASSED
PASSED ★ Na+ AND Cl-
★ THE IONS MOVE TO THEIR RESPECTIVE ★ Cl- MOVES TO ANODE AND LOSES
ELECTRODE AND EITHER LOSE OR GAIN ELECTRON
ELECTRONS ★ Na+ MOVES TO CATHODE AND GAINS
★ THE IONS FOLLOW THE RULE: OPP. ELECTRON-SAME
CHARGES ATTRACT AND SAME REPEL
★ ANIONS(NEG.) MOVE TO ANODE(POS.)
★ CATIONS(POS.) MOVE TO CATHODE(NEG.) HALF EQUATION
★ TIP— ANOX/CAT RED

AQUEOUS SOLUTION
ELECTROLYSIS
★ IONIC COMP+WATER
★ ADD. IONS(H+ AND OH-)
★ 2 IONS MOVE NOT 4
★ LEAST REACTIVE MOVE
★ DILUTED AQ.-MORE H2O AND LESS
SOLUTE- SAME ELECTRO.
★ CONC. AQ.- LESS H2O AND MORE
SOLUTE-CATION(REACTIVITY)
AND ANIONS(CONC.)
DILUTE HCL
CATHODE: Na+ +e —-Na(s)
THIS EQUATION SHOWS WHAT HAPPENS AT
CATHODE- SODIUM ION GAINS A ELECTRON AND
FORM SODIUM SOLID/METAL
ANODE: 2Cl- —- 2e + Cl2
THIS EQUATION SHOWS WHAT HAPPENS AT
ANODE- CHLORIDE ION LOSES ONE ELECTRON
WHICH IS GAINED BY SODIUM AND FORM
CHLORINE GAS
AQ.HALF EQUATIONS
CATHODE: H+ +e— H(g)
LOSES ELECTRONS
ANODE: 4OH- — 4e+2 H2O+O2
GAINS ELECTRONS

EQUATION

★ GREATER IONIZATION- S ACID

★ CHLORINE INSTEAD OF OXY.
CATHODE: H+ +e— H(g)
★ CL- INST. OF OH-
GAINS ELECTRON

ANODE: 2Cl- —- 2e + Cl2

LOSES ELECTRON:
 ELECTRODES

INERT ACTIVE
UNREACTIVE - NO EFFECTIVE ON REACTIVE-PARTICIPATE IN
ELECTROLYSIS REACTION-TAKES PLACE IN
ELECTRODES-NO CONSIDERATION TO
IONS
SIZE OF ANODE DEC. AND CATHODE
THICKENS-ANODE MUD BELOW ANODE
 APPLICATIONS

COPPER PURIFICATION

WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENS???

IMPURE COPPER- ANODE WHICH LOSES ELECTRONS -CU+2
IONS MOVE TO PURE COPPER-CATHODE GAINS ELECTRONS
IT SEPARATE PURE FROM IMPURE COPPER
ANODE MUD IS OBSERVED

ANODE: CU(s)---2e+CU+2
CATHODE: CU+2 +2e—--CU(s)

WITH INERT WITH ACTIVE

ANODE: BUBBLES OF COLOURLESS GAS SIZE OF ANODE DEC.
CATHODE: PINK SOLID DEPOSITS THICKNESS OF CATHODE INC.
BLUE COLOR OF SOL. FADES COLOR OF SOL. REMAINS BLUE

2. ALUMINIUM EXTRACTION
OVERVIEW: DUE TO ITS LOW-DENSITY AND RESISTANCE TO CORROSION IT IS
USED IN FRAMEWORK,AIRCRAFT, AND WINDOWS.
METHOD: IT IS EXTRACTED FROM BAUXITE ORE (AL203) USING INERT
ELECTRODES OF GRAPHITE. AS AL2O3 HAS A HIGH MELTING POINT IT IS MIXED
WITH CRYOLITE TO LOWER MELTING POINT. AFTERWARDS THAT MIXTURE IS
POURED INTO THE TANK. DURING THIS, TRANSFER OF AL. AND OXY. IONS TAKE
PLACE AT RESPECTIVE ELECTRODES. THIS ALSO CAUSE REPLACEMENT OF ANODE
AS OXY. REACTS WITH CARBON ABOVE 700C.
 3. ELECTROPLATING
IT IS A PROCESS OF COATING ONE METAL OVER ANOTHER THROUGH
ELECTROLYSIS. IT USES AG,AU,AND CU.
COATING METAL IS ANODE AND OBJECT IS CATHODE SO WHEN METAL LOSES
ELECTRON IT IS GAINED BY THE OBJECT MEANS COATING IS DONE.
IT PREVENTS CORROSIONS AND MAKES MORE ATTRACTIVE LIKE JEWELRY AND
CARS.

4. HYDROGEN-FUEL CELL
THE HYDROGEN -FUEL CELL USES HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN AS ITS COMPONENTS
TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY GIVING OUT WATER AS THE ONLY CHEMICAL PRODUCT.
ADVANTAGES
● They do not produce any pollution:
the only product is water whereas
petrol engines produce carbon
dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen
● They release more energy per
kilogram than either petrol or
diesel
● No power is lost in transmission as
there are no moving parts, unlike
an internal combustion engine
● Quieter so less noise pollution
compared to a petrol engine
GREAT JOB!!!
COMPLETED!!!
DISADVANTAGES
● Materials used in producing fuel
cells are expensive
● Hydrogen is more difficult and
expensive to store compared to
petrol as it is very flammable and
easily explodes when under
pressure
● Fuel cells are affected by low
temperatures, becoming less
efficient
● There are only a small number of
hydrogen filling stations across the
country
● Hydrogen is often obtained by
methods that involve the
combustion of fossil fuels,
therefore releasing carbon dioxide
and other pollutants into the
atmosphere
CHEMISTRY 17.OCT.23

STATES OF MATTER

DISTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND

GASSES
MATTER:
ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE AND HAVE .
1. SOLIDS
2. LIQUIDS
3. GASSES

SOLIDS:
● THEY HAVE HIGH DENSITY BUT LOW ENERGY
● THEY HAVE FIXED VOLUME AND SHAPE
● THEY ARE NOT COMPRESSIBLE AS THEY ARE REGULARLY
ARRANGED-THEY ARE TIGHTLY PACKED WITH HIGH FORCE OF
ATTRACTION AND NO SPACE.
● THEY CAN NOT MOVE BUT ONLY MOVE IN THEIR FIXED
POSITION.
LIQUIDS:
● THEY HAVE MEDIUM DENSITY AND GREATER ENERGY
● THEY HAVE FIXED VOLUME BUT NOT SHAPE AS THEY CAN TAKE UP
THE SHAPE OF ANY CONTAINER
● THEY ARE COMPRESSIBLE AS THEY ARE RANDOMLY ARRANGED-
THEY HAVE A LITTLE SPACE BETWEEN THEM WITH LOWER FORCE OF
ATTRACTION
● THE PARTICLES MOVE AND SLIDE OVER EACH OTHER.

GASSES:
● THEY HAVE THE LOWEST DENSITY AND HIGHEST ENERGY
● THEY DO NOT HAVE FIXED VOLUME OR SHAPE AND TAKE UP SHAPE
OF ANY CONTAINER
● THEY ARE COMPRESSIBLE AND HAVE A LOT OF SPACE BETWEEN
THEM MEANS LOWEST FORCE OF ATTRACTION
● PARTICLES ARE FAR APART AND MOVE FREELY AND QUICKLY.