India Cements

i
ESTIMATION OF FIRE LOAD AND ITS

FIRE PROTECTION AND
PREVENTION SYSTEM AT ICL
SANKARI
INTERNSHIP REPORT
Submitted by
VIKRAM K
MASTER OF ENGINEERING
in
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING
THE INDIA CEMENTS LIMITED, SANKARI WEST
SANKARI – 637 303

DECEMBER 2023
ii
REPORT ON INTERNSHIP TRAINING
AT
THE INDIA CEMENTS LIMITED, SANKARI WEST
SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
VIKRAM K Mr. K. DINESH B.E.,RLI.,
K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology SAFETY MANAGER
Tiruchengode - 637 215 India Cements Limited,
Sankari West - 637 303
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Inplant training opportunity I had with India Cement limited, Sankari was a great
chance for learning and professional development in my career. During the
completion of my implant training, I had the opportunity to see the best machineries
in the world industry at work and to have the support from an extremely helpful and
amiable staff. The successful completion of this work would be incomplete without
mentioning of people, who made it possible and whose constant guidance and
encouragement crowned my effort.
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Mr.K. DINESH [ Safety Manager]

for his help and for all the facilities provided inside the organization and also for his
valuable guidance and co-operation extended for the completion of my internship
training.
I would also like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. James (HR) for his continuous
support to avail the best facilities during the internship training program here. My
special thanks to all Human resource department members and all other section
members for their guidance and kind cooperation during our Internship program.
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ABSTRACT
In the cement industry the manufacturing of the finished good and highly
flammable materials, it is necessary to know the quantity of flammable/combustible
materials stored in the cement factory. In order to ascertain the fire load, each flammable
and combustible substance has to be consider the calorific value. The quantification is
based on the lowest and highest quantity of flammable/combustible material found in the
factory premises. By using the combination method, The fire load has to be consider the
minimum and maximum fire load throughout the duration of the study. which represents
various criticality levels of the fire load. The occupancy of the fire load has been
categorized in to low/medium and high hazardous occupancy zones.
Key words: Flammable/combustible substance, Fire load, Low/medium/high level

hazardous occupancy zones and critical hazardous zone
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 3
3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 18
3.1 ABOUT THE PLANT 18
3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 23
3.3 INDIAN STANDARD AND CODES 28
4 METHODOLOGY 35
4.1 SCOPE 35
4.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY 35
4.3 DIAGRAMMATIC FLOW REPRESENTATION 37
OF THE FIRE LOAD CALCULATION
5 RESULT 39
6 REFERENCES 40
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
3.3 INDIAN STANDARDS AND CODES 28
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
TITLE
NO. NO.
1 FIRE TRIANGLE 3
2 FLAME 5
3 DRY CHEMICAL POWDER 9
4 CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHER 9
5 FIRE SAND BUCKET 9
6 INDIA CEMENTS LIMITED SIGN 18
7 ARIAL VIEW OF ICL, SANKARI PLANT 19
8 FIRE LOAD CALCULATION FLOW CHART 19
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The scientific calculations with the available tools, which includes both computer-based
approach and the various experiments, which are used to demonstrate the performance-
based fire load calculation. The various formulas, which are used in the calculations, which
play a vital role in knowing the potential of the fire load for the various
flammable/combustible substances, which are stored and used in the various zones of the
cement factory.
All the fire load, which have been calculated, shall represent fires that may occur in the
various zones considering the amount flammable/combustible materials stored during the
study, which mainly depends on the area and quantity of the flammable/combustible
materials stored in the cement factory in their allocated zones.
It is necessary to identify the calorific values of the flammable/combustible substances,

which are stored in the various occupancy of the building/factory premises, so that the
criticality for catching the fire can be identified.
The quantity of flammable/combustible materials, which are used in the cement factory are
quantified into various zones. These zones are further calculated based on the calorific
value of substance.
Finally, which are expressed in the form of fire load Kcal / m2 .
The flammable/combustible material types, quantity will be different in the different zones.
It is depending upon the occupancy type or the activity, which has been carried out in their
respective zones. The types of fire and their intensity of heat will depend on the
flammable/ combustible substance storage capacity in the various zones of the hazardous
occupancy area.
The components of the fire such as fuel, oxygen and heat will interact with each other in
equal proportion to catch fire. The fire flame will burn all the substances, which are kept
inside of the building/factory in their respective zones. The fire flame depends up on the
few factors, which are in their respective zones.
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These factors, which are responsible for the severity of the fire load (low/medium/high
occupancy). The duration of fire occurrence mainly depends on the flammable material
and number of zones or the enclosures, which are present in premises of the chemical
factory.
It will result in the energies of heat and contributing to increase of toxic gas, which may
cause death to the people who are living in the respective zone. Also, the fire may spread
from one zone to another zone based on the intensity of the heat and the amount of
flammable/combustible substances present in the factory.
The study gives a broader idea for calculating the fire loads for the cement industry and
categorizing it in the form of low/medium/High hazardous occupancy have been presented.
3
CHAPTER 2
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
FIRE SAFETY MANAGEMENT:
Fire safety means the proactive actions that are taken to prevent or reduce
the likelihood of a fire and to provide necessary arrangement to fight the fire to minimize
the Loss of life and property.
FIRE :
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material (the fuel) in the exothermic chemical process
of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. At a certain point in the
combustion reaction, called the ignition point, flames are produced.
This is represented as “FIRE TRIANGLE”
FHVJVJ Figure 1.1 Fire Triangle

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COMBUSTION
The fire tetrahedron Fires start when a flammable and/or a combustible material with an
adequate supply of oxygen or another oxidizer (Ex: Nitrates, nitrites, inorganic peroxides,
permanganates) is subjected to enough heat and is able to sustain a chain reaction. This is
commonly called the fire tetrahedron.
Fire cannot exist without all of these elements being in place and in the right proportions
(though as previously stated, and another strong oxidizer can replace oxygen). For
example, a flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right
proportions.
Once ignited, a chain reaction must take place whereby fires can sustain their own heat by
the further release of heat energy in the process of combustion and may propagate,
provided there is a continuous supply of an oxidizer and fuel.
Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the elements of the fire tetrahedron. Fire
extinguishing by the application of water acts by removing heat from the fuel faster than
combustion generates it. Application of carbon dioxide is intended primarily to starve the
fire of oxygen.
A forest fire may be fought by starting smaller fires in advance of the main blaze to
deprive it of fuel.
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FLAME :
Figure 1.2 Flame
A flame is a mixture reacting gasses and solids emitting visible and infrared light
frequency spectrum of which depends on the chemical composition of the burning may and
intermediate reaction products. In many cases, such as the burning of organic matter
example wood, or the incomplete combustion of gas, incandescent solid particles called
produce the familiar red-orange glow of fire. This light has a continuous spectrum.
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Stages of Fire:
It may be categorized into four stages.
Incipient Stage :
Invisible products of combustion giving off no visible smoke, flame or heat.
Smoldering Stage :
Combustion products are visible as smoke. Flame/ heat still not present.
Flame Stage :
Now actual fire exist, Flame is present, Heat is present not in appreciable amount.
Heat Stage :
Uncontrolled heat & fire expands rapidly.
Contributing factors for fire:

 Design flaws in ventilation system.
 Lack of hazard assessment.
 Lack of prevention & mitigation.
 May cause explosion when:
 Dispersed in air or other oxidant.
 Concentration is at or above minimum exposable concentration.
 Dust is confined.
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CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE:
Class A - Ordinary Combustible Solid fires
E.g.; wood, paper, cloth, plastics, rubber, coal, etc..
Class B - Flammable & Combustible Liquid fires
E.g. petrol, oil, paint, thinners, kerosene, alcohol, etc…
Class C - Flammable Gas fires

E.g. Fire in L.P.G., Butane, Acetylene, Hydrogen, natural gas and
Methane etc. …
Class D – Metal fires

E.g. Magnesium, aluminum, sodium or potassium etc…
NOTE
:
Class E is omitted is some literature (E.g. IS : 2190)
Class K is suggested for fire involving cooking oils.
COMMON CAUSES FOR FIRE:
 Static current.
 Welding.
 Gas cutting.
 Brazing.
 Drilling.
 Soldering.
 Electrical short circuit.
 Grinding.
 Hammering.
 Chipping.
 Lack of permit to work system.
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PRINCIPLES OF FIRE FIGHTING:
The basic principle of firefighting is to remove or eliminate any one of the following
Components:
a. Heat or Ignition source.
b. Fuel
c. Oxygen
EXTINGUISHING METHODS :
 Removal of Heat or Ignition: The method of removal of Heat or Ignition source is

otherwise called Cooling.
 Removal of Fuel: The method of removal of Fuel is otherwise called Starvation.
 Removal of Oxygen : The method of removal of Oxygen is otherwise called

Smothering or Blanketing.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS :
For effective and safe operation of fire extinguishers, the PASS method is
followed: P – Pull the safety clip/pin
A – Aim at the base of fire
S – Strike the plunger/Squeeze the lever
S – Sweep and extinguish the fire

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FIRE EXTINGUISHERS :
Three types of fire extinguishers are used in our industry:
Dry Chemical Powder Type Fire Extinguishers:
Capacity - 5 kg, 6kg, 9kg and 10 kg (trolley mounted)
Purpose - To extinguish Class ‗B‘, ‗C‘, ‗D‘ & electrical Figure 1.3 Dcp
fires.
FOAM TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
Capacity - 9 lts& 50 lts (trolley type)
Purpose - To extinguish Class ‗B‘ & ‗A‘ fire.
Figure 1.4 Foam
CO2 TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:
Capacity - 2 kg , 4.5 kg, 22.5kg.
Purpose - To extinguish Class ‗B‘, ‗C‘ and electrical fires.
FIRE BUCKETS:
 Fire bucket is a steel bucket filled with sand which is used to put out fires.
 They are a basic, low-technology method of fighting small fires.
 The main advantages of fire buckets are that they are cheap, reliable and easy to
use.
 The fire buckets are usually made round bottom so that they cannot be used for
other.
Figure 1.5 Fire Buckets

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EXTINGUISHING MEDIA :
Fire can be extinguished by using
a. Water
b. Foam
c. Dry chemical powder and
d. Carbon dioxide based on conditions.
EXTINGUISHING ACTION OF WATER:
Cooling- It absorbs 540 Cal/gm of heat as latent heat of vaporization from fire,
thus cooling is affected.
Smothering: Water on fire vaporizes into stem, it expands 1600 times and the
steam thus formed is large volume displaced in oxygen in the vicinity of fire.
Emulsification: Emulsify with various fuels like alcohol render it noncombustible.
Dilution: May be used in water soluble flues.
Fire protection system: Are based on water as extinguishing media, some of each
example are water Sprinkler system, Fire water hydrant system etc.
EXTINGUISHING ACTION OF FOAM:
It is an aggregate of air filled bubbles formed from aqueous solutions. It is lower in

density, covers the horizontal surface rapidly.
The foam concentrates are ,
A. Protein foam concentrate
B. Fluor protein concentrate
C. Synthetic foam concentrate
D. Chemical foam (mixture of solutions of sodium bi carbonate and aluminum

sulfate containing foam-stabilizing agent).
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EXTINGUISHING ACTION OF DCP:
It is a powder mixture with base chemicals along with various additives. Compressed &
non- flammable gas (N2) is used as a propellant. Available for multiple purpose use.
Chemical charges vary with the manufacturers. One formula for this type of Power
contains:
 Sodium Bicarbonate- 97 %
 Magnesium Stearate - 1½ %
 Magnesium Carbonate- 1%
 Tri- calcium Phosphate- ½ %
Use: It is especially suited for oil and electrical fires, though it can also be used on fires
involving carbonaceous material. It is also very effective on fires involving magnesium.
Operation: The charge of dry chemical is expelled by the gas released from the cartridge
by striking the plunger.
EXTINGUISHING ACTION OF CO2:
Suitable for Class B & C fires. Being heavier, it work as blanketing to the fire & stops
oxygen supply to the fire, hence extinguishes the fire. These do not leave behind any
harmful residue. These are not suitable on Class A fires because the material may reignite
again.
Carbon dioxide gas is non-supporter of combustion, hence the principle on which this type
of extinguisher is based is that it reduces the proportion of oxygen in the air, which results
in the extinction of fire.
CO2 Extinguishers are available in cylinders with capacity varying from 2 lbs. to 12 lbs.
liquefied gas. At normal temperature and pressure it is a gas but when compressed in
cylinders it becomes liquid. When released the liquid vaporizes and the rapid expansion
lowers the temperature and part of the gas is solidified in small particles.
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Whilst the cooling effect lowers the temperature to some extent, it is actually the exclusion
of oxygen that extinguishes the fire.
Use: It is especially suited for fires in electric and oil installations. It is also very useful on
fires in substances which are susceptible to damage by water, like books, costly garments,
etc.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS :

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION:
The Passive Fire Protection will help prevent a fire from spreading or resist the initial
ignition.
Ex: Fire compartmentation, Fire walls, Fire doors, Fire retardant coating.
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION:
Active Fire protection takes action in order to put out a fire.

Ex: Fire Alarms, Fire Sprinklers, Fire extinguishers.
DEFINITIONS :
FIRE LOAD :
Fire load is defined as the Total amount of heat energy produced by burning
the entire fuel present in an area .
This is Expressed in kJ/m²

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THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIRE LOAD :
It is customary to divide the fire load into two categories:
i. Movable fire load (also termed as content fire load) and

ii. Fixed fire load (also termed as non movable fire load or permanent
fire load).
Movable contents : Fire load consisting of combustible furniture, equipment, goods, and
supplies brought in for the use of the occupant .
The formula for calculating fire load is as stated.
Fire load = (combustibles in kg) x calorific value in kcal/kg/Floor area in square

meters.
The calculation of the fire load is the basis for determining the classification of the
occupancies for the fire grading of buildings.
FIRE GRADING OF THE STRUCTURES :
Structural element of buildings are graded according to the the time factor which is nearly
equal to but does not exceed the test period which the element fulfills its specified
requirements.
Accordingly, all structural elements have been graded under the following five categories
depending upon their five resistance,
Grade 1…............................6 hours

Grade 2…............................4 hours
Grade 3…............................2 hours
Grade 4…............................1 hour
Grade 5…............................0.5 hours
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CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES :
The fire offices Committee (U.K.), in its report of fire grading of buildings in 1946,
has recognized 3 main classes of occupancies on the basis of the fire load. This also
conforms to the relevant I.S. specifications and may be stated as:
OCCUPANCIES OF LOW FIRE LOAD:
ordinary buildings for residential purposes, hotels, offices, schools, etc, or occupancies
having a fire load not exceeding 2,75,000 kcal/sq.mtr of net floor area of any compartment,
nor exceeding an average of550,000 kcal/sq.mtr on a limited isolated area. (for reference,
the maximum for this type in F.P.S. system is 1,00,000 B.Th.U/sq.ft)
The fire resistance required by buildings of this category to withstand the complete burn-
out of their contents without collapse is 1 hour as has been found after tests. Extensive
investigations carried out in Switzerland and Germany have shown that the fire load in
offices varies from 10 kg to 30 kg/sq.mtr wood equivalent to 43,356 to 130,068 kcal/sq.mtr
whereas this type of occupancy has a one-hour rating with a maximum fire loading up to
270,978 kcal/sq.mtr equivalent to 60 kg/sq.m.
OCCUPANCIES OF MODERATE LOW FIRE LOAD:
Retail shops, bazaars, stalls, factories, etc. hence the fire load exceeds, 2,75,000
kcal/sq.mtr, and is upto 550,000 kcal/sq.mtr.
This is equivalent to the fire load of 2,75,000 kcal/sq.mtr, not exceeding an average of
1,100,000 kcal/sq.mtr on limited isolated area as per relevant I.S. specifications.
Occupancies of this type should have a fire resistance of two hours.
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OCCUPANCIES OF HIGH LOW FIRE LOAD:
Godowns, warehouses, etc. this category as per I.S. specifications exceeds the fire load by
550,000 kcal/sq.mtr, but does not exceed an average of 1,100,000 kcal/sq.mtr of floor area.
A fire-resistance of 4 hours for these types of occupancies is considered sufficient.
(for reference, the maximum for this type in F.P.S. system is 4,00,000 B.Th.U/sq.ft
exceeding an average of 2,00,000 B.Th.U/sq.ft).
What are fire hydrant systems?
Fire hydrant systems are water-based firefighting systems. The industrial Fire safety
consultant relies on this water-filled piping network for fire risk management of the
facility.
The fire hydrant system is designed to work even if a part of the structure collapses. Each
hydrant outlet is filled with water to provide firefighters sufficient water to fight the fire.
The industrial fire safety consultant plans the fire risk design and the location of fire
hydrants for easy access and visibility.
The parts of the fire hydrant system include the hose reel, yard hydrant, riser, and sprinkler
system. Additionally, the fire hydrant system must have a connection to a water source.
What is the purpose of the fire hydrant?
The main purpose of a fire hydrant is to provide water for suppressing fire.
What are the types of fire hydrants

There are two types of fire hydrants:
Wet Hydrants: These systems are close to the surface and susceptible to freezing. Hence,
fire-fighting consultants do not recommend them for cold weather conditions.
Dry Hydrant: The water storage is below ground which prevents the water from freezing.
The main reason being the earth‘s temperature is higher than in the cold environment.
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Firefighting consultants recommend wet hydrants where freezing is not an issue. Dry
hydrants are for cold and freezing conditions.
The water storage tank is above ground in the wet hydrant system and below ground in the
dry hydrant system.
The construction is easier in a wet hydrant when compared with a dry hydrant system.
Similarly, the wet hydrant is less expensive than the dry hydrant. Moreover, the wet
hydrant is easier to maintain.
The components of a Fire hydrant System

The following components constitute a fire hydrant system:
 Firefighting pumps and accessories

 Piping
 Panels
 Landing valves
 Hose reel
 Coupling
 Hoses
 Branch pipes and nozzles
 Fire brigade connections
 Wiring and instrumentation
 Maintenance valves.
Fire detection & alarm system:
It is a network of certain components which sense fire in the areas and give alarm for
remedial action
The prime function of a fire detector is to detect one or more changes in the environment
that take place due to fire.
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The Conditions identified in the detector during developing stages of fire are –
1. After ignition has occurred & invisible products of combustion are being
released.
2. When visible smoke is being produced
3. When fire is producing flame with illumination.
4. When temperature of the surrounding area rises to a present value.

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CHAPTER 3
3. Review of Literature
3.1. About the Plant

The India Cements Limited was started by Shri.S.N.Sankaralinga Iyer and Shri
T.S.Narayanswami, in the year 1946 .The first plant was set up at Sankar Nagar in
Tamil Nadu. Since then it has grown in stature to seven plants spread over Tamil
Nadu and Andhra Pradesh; three in Tamil Nadu and four in AP which cater to all
major markets in south India and Maharashtra.The plants in Tamil Nadu are at Sankar
Nagar, Sankari and Dalavoi. The plants in Andra Pradesh are at Tandur, Chilamkur,
Yerraguntla and Vishnupuram.
Figure 1.6 India cements sign

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The company is the largest producer of cement in South India. The Company is the market
leader with a market share of 28% in the South. It aims to achieve a 35% market share in
near future. The company has access to huge limestone resources and plans to expand
capacity by de-bottlenecking and optimisation of existing plants as well as acquisitions.
The Company has a strong distribution network with over 10,000 stockiest of whom 25%
are dedicated.
3.1.1. Plant Highlights
The India Cements Limited, Sankari West was commissioned in the year 1963 with a
Clinker production capacity of 600 MT with Wet Process Technology. During 1966 and
1969 additional two kilns of same capacities were commissioned to produce 6 Lakhs
Tonnes Cement per Annum. Till 2003 the plant was running as wet process. The wet
process technology was obsolete and uneconomical the wet process kilns were stopped
from 2003 March and running as Grinding Unit till 2007. During the year 2007 the plant
was modernised with latest Dry process technology with state of art, 6 stage preheater.
Presently we have obtained Consent Order for 1.4 MMTPA of Cement Production
capacity. We have Environmental Clearance for 1.7 MMTPA.
Arial View of ICL, Sankari Plant
Figure 1.7 Arial view of ICL, sankari.plant

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3.1.1.1. Process sequence:

The complete cement manufacturing process can be divided into following process steps:
Raw material preparation –
1. Mining
2. Crushing and transport
3. Stacking and Reclaiming
4. Raw material grinding
5. Raw meal homogenizing
Clinker manufacturing –
6. Preheating and calcining
7. Burning – Clinker manufacturing
8. Clinker cooling
Cement manufacturing –
9. Clinker storage
10. Clinker crushing
11. Clinker grinding
12. Cement storage, packing and loading

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ADOPTION OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
We have also obtained IS/ISO 9001:2015 certification, IS/ISO 14001:2015 & IS/ISO
45001:2018 certification.
The basic raw materials for production of cement is Limestone is quarried from two ICL
owned captive mines located at Karumapurathanur and Veerachipalayam.
Our Strengths:
 Cements was established in 1946. So it has an operational experience of many

years.
 It has 7 manufacturing plants in the country.
 It owns Chennai Super kings franchise that has helped them build a strong brand
value.
 It is one of the largest cement company in India.
 It also employs an efficient workforce of around 7500 employees
 The brand is also associated with IPL cricket team Chennai Super Kings
OUR LEGACY :
The year was 1946. The Second World War was over and political freedom was round the
corner. It was then The India Cements Ltd. began its humble moorings in the form of a
cement factory at Talaiyuthu, an almost unmapped tiny hamlet in Tirunelveli district,
Tamil Nadu. As one of the oldest Indian corporates, established in 1946,
The company set up its first plant in 1949 at Sankarnagar(Talaiyuthu).

The India Cements Ltd. is indeed a pioneer enterprise during the post-independence era to
become a public limited company. The first annual report appeared on 21.4.1947.
The company‘s prospectus was favourably received and the public issue was
oversubscribed.
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OUR VISION :
To create value on a sustained basis for all stakeholders of India Cements through lofty
standards of transparency, accountability and responsibility, innovation and leadership in
cement manufacture.
OUR MISSION :
India Cements will strive to remain a leader in the manufacture of cement and establish
itself as a preferred supplier of products and services to its clients and enhance the brand
value for all stakeholders.
As the organisation grows, as a responsible corporate citizen, India Cements shall be

sensitive to the welfare and development needs of the society around it.
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3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Parliament of India, (1948). (Section 38) – ―Precautions in case of fire , The Factories
Act 1948.‖ Subsection (1) Requires all factory owners to take all practicable measures to
prevent outbreaks of fire and its spread, both internally and externally, and to provide and
maintain necessary equipment and facilities for extinguishing fire.
Subsection (2) Requires all factory owners to ensure that all workers are familiar
with the means of escape in case of fire and have been adequately trained in the routine to
be followed in such cases.
The main purpose of Section 38 is to protect the safety of workers in the event of a fire. By
taking all practicable measures to prevent fires and ensure that workers are prepared to
escape in the event of a fire, factory owners can help to minimize the risk of
injuries and deaths.
Parliament of India, (1950). (Rule 61 A) – ―Fire Protection.‖ Tamil Nadu Rules,

Factories 1950 , Under Rule 61A of the Tamil Nadu Factories Rules, 1950, deals with fire
protection, provides for Processes, equipment, plant, etc., involving serious explosion and
serious fire hazards and various measures to be taken by the management of the factory to
keep the fire accident away.
NFPA - National Fire Protection Association of USA.
(NFPA 557) : ―Standard for determination of fire loads for use in structural fire
protection design.‖ NFPA 557, Standard for Determination of Fire Loads for Use in
Structural Fire Protection Design, is a comprehensive standard that provides a
methodology for determining the fire load and fire load density to be used as the basis for
the evaluation and design of the structural fire performance of a building.
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Indian Standard, 15683 (2018). ―Portable fire extinguishers performance

and construction specification.‖ IS 15683 is an Indian standard that specifies the
performance and construction requirements for portable fire extinguishers. The standard
was first published in 2006 and has been revised several times since then. The most recent
edition was published in 2018.
IS 15683 is a valuable tool for ensuring that portable fire extinguishers are designed and
manufactured to meet the highest standards of performance and safety. The standard can
help to reduce the risk of fire and protect people and property from the devastating
effects of fire.
Indian Standard 2190 (2010). ―Selection , Installation and Maintenance of First –

Aid Fire Extinguishers.‖ – code of practice (Fourth Revision),
The first-aid firefighting equipment shall conform to the relevant Indian Standards. As far
as possible the first-aid firefighting equipment should be similar in shape and appearance
and shall have the same method
operation. All first aid fire fighting equipment should be placed in a conspicuous position
and should be readily and easily accessible for immediate use. Generally, these equipment
should be placed as near as possible to the exits or stair landing or normal routes of escape.
NFPA 101 , ―Life Safety Code.‖ This code by the NFPA provides standards for the
design, construction, and operation of buildings to minimize the loss of life from fire. It is
adopted by many jurisdictions in the United States and around the world.
Indian Standard 10092, 1994. “Code of practice for fire safety of buildings.‖ Design and
installation of sprinkler and water mist systems, The fire load is defined as the total
combustible material in a compartment, expressed in kilojoules per square metre (KJ/m²).
The fire load is calculated based on the type of occupancy, the floor area, and the height of
the compartment.
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The Factories Act, (1948). (Section 40) - ―Safety of buildings and machinery‖
The Factories Act, 1948 is an important provision that helps to ensure the safety of workers
in factories. By empowering the Inspector to take action against dangerous buildings,
machinery and plant, the section helps to prevent accidents and injuries.
The Factories Act, (1948). (Section 40A) - ―Maintenance of buildings‖ The Inspector
that any building or part of a building in a factory is in such a state of disrepair as is likely
to lead to conditions detrimental to the health and welfare of the workers, he may serve on
the occupier or manager or both of the factory an order in writing specifying the measures
which in his opinion should be taken and requiring the same to be carried out before such
date as is specified in the order.
Indian Standard 10092, (1994). “Code of practice for fire safety of buildings: Design and
installation of sprinkler and water mist systems.‖ The fire load is defined as the total
combustible material in a compartment, expressed in kilojoules per square metre (KJ/m²).
The fire load is calculated based on the type of occupancy, the floor area, and the height of
the compartment.
Indian Standard 8046, (2007). ―Code of practice for fire safety of buildings:
Functional design requirement‖ The fire load is one of the factors that is considered in the
functional design of fire safety systems.
Sharma, B. K.,& Gupta, S. P. (2020). “Fire Load Calculations for Special Occupancy
Buildings in India‖ Fire load values for special occupancy buildings in India can vary
widely depending on the specific occupancy. Careful consideration of the occupancy type
is essential when estimating fire loads for these types of buildings.
26
Jain, R., & Kumar, S. R. (2019). ―Fire Load Estimation for Public
Assembly Buildings in India‖ Fire load values for public assembly buildings in India are
typically high due to the presence of large numbers of people and combustible materials
such as seating and decorations.
Singh, S., & Kumar, S. R. (2018). “Fire Load Calculations for Commercial
Buildings in India‖ Fire load calculations for commercial buildings can be complex due to
the variety of occupancies and the presence of retail goods and displays. Numerical
modeling can be used to estimate fire loads for these types of buildings.
Malhotra, H. L., & Garg, S. K. (2009). ―Fire Safety Design of Buildings‖ The
study found that the IS 10809:1992 method is a reliable and effective method for
calculating fire loads in Indian buildings. However, the study also found that the method is
somewhat complex and can be time-consuming to apply.
Ahmed, M., & Khan, M. (2022). ―Fire Load Calculation for Hospitals in India‖ The
study found that the method is specifically tailored to the characteristics of hospitals in
India and produces accurate fire load calculations.
Patel, J., & Patel, V. (2022). ―Fire Load Calculation for Schools in India‖ The
study found that the method is specifically tailored to the characteristics of schools in India
and produces accurate fire load calculations.
Singh, S., & Kumar, S. R. (2014). “Fire Load Calculations for Industrial
Buildings in India‖ Fire load calculations for industrial buildings can be challenging due to
the presence of hazardous materials and equipment. Numerical modeling can be used to
estimate fire loads for these types of buildings.
27
Gupta, R., & Kumar, S. R. (2013). ―Fire Load Estimation for High-
Rise Buildings in India‖ Fire load values for high-rise buildings in India are typically
higher than those for low-rise buildings.
Gupta, R., & Kumar, S. R. (2013). ―Fire Load Estimation for

Residential Buildings in India‖ Fire load values for residential buildings in India are
relatively low due to the use of non-combustible materials for construction
28
3.3 Indian Standards and Codes:
Standard Topics
Fire Extinguishers
IS: 933: Portable chemical fire extinguishers, foam type (third revision)
IS: 934: Portable chemical fire extinguishers, soda acid type (fourth
revision)
IS: 940: Portable chemical fire extinguishers, water type (gas cartridge)
(third revision)
IS: 2171: Portable chemical fire extingusihers, Dry Powder (Cartridge

type) (third revision)
IS: 2190: Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of

portable first - aid fire extinguisher (fourth revision)
IS: 2878: Portable fire extinguishers, carbon dioxide type (second revision)
IS: 4562: Portable chemical fire extinguishers, foam type, for marine use
IS: 4862: Portable chemical fire extinguishers, for aircraft.
IS: 4947: Gas cartridge for use in fire extinguishers (second revision)
IS: 5490 Refills for portable fire extinguishers and chemical fire engines.
Part I: 1977 For soda - acid portable fire extinguishers (first revision)
Part II: 1977 For foam type portable fire extinguishers (first revision)
Part III: 1979 For soda - acid chemical fire engines, 50 liter capacity (first
revision)
Part IV: 1979 For foam chemical fire engines, 50 liter capacity (first revision)
IS: 6234: Portable fire extinguishers water type (stored pressure) (first
29
revision)
IS: 8149: Functional requirement for twin CO2 fire extinguisher (trolley
mounted)
IS: 10204: Portable fire extinguishers mechanical foam type
IS: 10472: 150 liter capacity chemical fire engine, foam type
IS: 10658: Higher capacity dry powder fire extinguisher (trolley mounted)
IS: 11108: Portable fire extinguishers - Halon 1211 type.
Alarm systems and other systems and media :
IS: 21775: Heat sensitive fire detectors for use in automatic electric fire alarm
system (second revision)
IS: 2189: Code of practice for selection, installation and maintenance of

automatic fire detection and alarm system (second revision)
IS: 3844: Code of practice for installation of internal fire hydrants in

multistory buildings.
IS: 4308: Dry powder for fire fighting (first revision)
IS: 4861: Dry powder for fighting fires in burning metals (first revision)
IS: 4989 Foam concentrate (compound) for producing mechanical foam for
fire fighting.
Part-I: 1985 Protein foam (second revision)
Part-II: 1984 Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)
Part-III: 1987 Fluoroprotein foam
IS: 6382: Code of practice for design and installation of fixed carbon dioxide
fire extinguishing system (first revision)
IS: 7676: Glossary of terms for firefighting equipment

30
IS: 9668: Code of practice for provision and maintenance of water suppliers
for firefighting.
IS: 9972: Automatic sprinkler heads.
Accessories, Hoses, Hydrants
IS: 636: Non-percolating flexible fire fighting delivery hose (third revision)
IS: 884: First-aid hose reel for firefighting (first revision)
IS: 901: Couplings, double male and double female, instantaneous pattern for
firefighting (third revision)
IS: 902: Suction hose couplings branch pipe, nozzles and nozzle spanner
(third revision)
IS: 903: Fire hose delivery couplings branch pipe, nozzles and nozzle
spanner (third revision)
IS: 904: 2-way and 3-way suction collecting heads for fire fighting purposes
(second revision)
IS: 905: Delivery breeching, dividing and collecting, instantaneous pattern,

for fire fighting purposes (second revision)
IS: 906: Branch with revolving head for fire fighting purposes (second
revision)
IS: 907: Suction strainers, cylindrical type for fire fighting purpose (second
revision)
IS: 908: Fire hydrant, stand post type (second revision)
IS: 909: Underground fire hydrant sluice-value type (third revision)
IS: 910: Combined key for hydrant, cover and lower valve (second revision)
IS: 926: Firemen's axe (second revision)
IS: 927: Fire hook (second revision)

31
IS: 928: Fire bells (second revision)
IS: 930: Wooden extension ladder for fire brigade use (first revision)
IS: 931: Wheeled fire escape (first revision)
IS: 937: Washers for water fittings for fire fighting purposes (second
revision)
IS: 939: Snatch block for use with fiber rope for fire brigade use (first
revision)
IS: 941: Blower and exhauster for fire fighting (second revision)
IS: 928: Fire bells (second revision)
IS: 952: Fog nozzle for fire brigade use (first revision)
IS: 1941: Functional requirements for electric motor
Part-I: Sirens: Part-I AC, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 415 volts type (second revision)
IS: 2097: Foam-making branch pipe (first revision)
IS: 2298: Single barrel stirrup pump for fire fighting purposes (second
revision)
IS: 2546: Galvanized mild steel fire bucket (first revision)
IS: 2871: Branch, pipe , universal fire the fighting purposes (first revision)
IS: 3582: Basket strainers for fire fighting purpose (cylindrical type) (first
revision)
IS:3614: Fire-check doors: Part-I, Plate metal covered and rolling type.
Part-I
IS: 3744: Hose binding machine (first revision)
IS: 4571: Aluminum extension ladders for fire brigade use (first revision)
IS: 4643: Suction wrenches for fire brigade use (first revision)
32
IS: 4927: Unlined flax canvas hose for fire fighting (first revision)
IS: 4928: Delivery valve for centrifugal fire pump outlet (first revision)
IS: 5131: Dividing breeching with control, for fire brigade use (first revision)
IS: 5290: Landing valves (second revision)
IS: 5486: Quick-release knife (first revision)
IS: 5505: Multi-edged rescue axe (non-wedging) (first revision)
IS: 5612: Hose-clamps and hose-bandages for fire brigade use.
Part-I: Hose clamps (first revision)
Part-II: Hose bandages (first revision)
IS: 5714: Hydrant, stand pipe for fire fighting (first revision)
IS: 6026: Hand operated sirens (first revision)
IS: 8090: Coupling, branch pipe, nozzle used in hose reel tubing for fire
fighting.
IS: 8096: Fire beaters.
IS: 8423: Controlled percolating hose for fire fighting
IS: 8442: Functional requirements for stand post type water for fire fighting
Fire Safety in site :
IS: 1641: Code of practice for fire safety of buildings (general): General
principles and fire grading and classification (first revision)
Materials & details of construction (first revision)
IS: 1643: Code of practice for fire safety of buildings (general) : General
Exposure hazard (first revision)
33
hazard. (first revision)
Electrical installations (first revision)
IS: 1891: Rubber conveyor and elevator textile belting.
IS: 3016: Code of practice for fire precautions in welding and cutting
operations (first revision)
IS: 3034: Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings: Electrical
generating and distributing stations (first revision)
IS: 3058: Code of practice for fire safety of buildings: Viscose rayon
yarn/staple fiber plants (first revision)
IS: 3079: Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings Cotton textile
mills (first revision)
IS: 3594: Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings: General
storage and warehousing including cold storages (first revision)
IS: 3595: Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings: Coal
pulverizes and associated equipments (first revision)
IS: 3808: Method of test for non-combustibility of building materials (first

revision)
IS: 6809: Fire resistance test of structure (first revision)
IS: 3836: Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings: Jute mills
(first revision)
IS: 4226: Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings:

Aluminum/magnesium powder factories (first revision)
IS: 4355: Fire resistance brattice cloth (first revision)
IS: 4886: Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings.

34
IS: 5509: Fire retardant plywood (first revision)
IS: 6329: Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings: Saw Mills
and woodworks.
IS: 7820: Method of test for ignition temperatures
IS: 8757: Glossary of terms associated with fire safety
IS: 9109: Code of practice for fire safety of industrial buildings, paint and
varnish factories.
IS: 11457: Code of practice for safety of chemical industries: Part-I

35
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
4.1 SCOPE
The fire load calculation to determines the total heat energy that could be
released by the combustion of all combustible materials within a given area. The crucial
for designing fire protection systems that can effectively suppress and extinguish fire.
4.2 NEED FOR STUDY
Fire load calculation is the critical aspect of fire safety engineering, a The
fire load calculation is essential for designing effective fire protection systems, ensuring
safe evacuation routes, and assessing the potential risks associated with
different occupancies.
The various methods, which are used for calculating the fire load, which are as follows
4.3. The Survey Method - The National Fire Protection Association Standard (NFPA)
557 have recommended that the fire load can be calculated by using weighing method.
Weighing all the flammable/combustible materials, which are kept in their allocated zones
in the factory by using a surveyor. However, in other case the fire load survey can also be
carried out by using the various inventory, which are made. Survey method can be carried
by combination of weighing and the inventory method. Many of the research have used
survey method, Such type of methodology will help in identifying the ways of reducing
the fire hazard, frequency of its occurrence and its consequence.
4.4. Weighing method - The method is carried out by a person entering the various zones
by identify the flammable/combustible substances and quantifying it by using appropriate
36
calibrated weighing machine, which is considered as a direct method. It is different from

the inventory method. In this method the actual quantification flammable/combustible in
the allocated zones are considered, the use of the weighing method is not common
method, as it takes both manpower, and it is time consuming job.
4.5. Inventory method - This method is used by identifying the masses of the
flammable/combustible substances, which are kept in the measurable volume with respect
to their density. The method, which has taken into consideration the physical quantity of
the flammable/combustible substances, which are kept in the various zones –
Quantification will be documented in the form of an inventory. This inventory of the
flammable/combustible materials in the allocated zones plays a vital role in knowing the
stock of the flammable/combustible substances present in the factory. By having the
inventory, it helps in calculating the fire load. However, the inventory method, which
considers both the fixed or movable flammable/combustible substances, which are kept in
the allocated zones ((NFPA) 557).
4.6. Combination method – It is a Combination of the weighing method and the

inventory method. The quantification by weighing of the flammable/combustible
substances we can know its mass content (in a measurable volume). Here we also
consider the pre weighed mass quantity, which has an inventory of
flammable/combustible substances present in the factory, which have considered to be
direct cum visualizing and quantifying the flammable/combustible substances have been
considered as a more powerful method to obtain the fire load. Although certain
international authors have reported that using the combination of weighing and inventory
method may obstruct or delay in the progress in getting the quantification of the data, so it
has resulted in more time for calculating the fire load.
In this paper we have followed the combination method, which has resulted in getting the
results by calculating the values of the total load (KJ), followed by the total load (Kcal),
and the fire load ((KCal)/ m 2 has been derived during the study. The various formulas,
which are used for calculating the fire load, which are shown in the Figure. 2.1.
37
4.3 DIAGRAMMATIC FLOW REPRESENTATION OF THE
FIRE LOAD CALCULATION :
Fire load calculation (kcal/m²) Identify the zones & section
Calculate the area of the zones &section
Quantify the Flammable/ combustible substances (kg)
Total load(kJ)= Qty of flammable/ combustible substances (kg)*calorific value
Total load (kcal)= Total load (
Fire load (kcal)/m²=Total load (kcal)/Area(m²)
Figure 2.1 Fire load calculation flow chart

38
The TAC : Tariff Advisory Committee Further elaborate on the degree of

hazard inside the occupancy and classified the degree of hazard under
following four heads:
 Light hazard.
 Ordinary Hazard
 High Hazard- A
 High Hazard – B
We can mathematically express the listed degree of hazard in terms

of fire load. If X kcal/m2 is the Fire load of a net floor Area than for
Light Hazard the value of X = 0 < X < 275000 kcal/ m²
Ordinary Hazard the value of X = 275000 < X < 550000 kcal/ m²
High Hazard-A the value of X = 550000 < X < 1100000 kcal/ m²
High Hazard-B the value of X = 1100000 < X kcal/ m²

1
Total Quantity of
Flammable/ Flammable/ Calorific
floor Total Load Total Load Fire load Type of
Zone Sections Combustible combustible Value Range
area (KJ) (Kcal) (Kcal/m2 ) Occupancy
substance substance (KJ / Kg)
2
m (Kg)
Wooden furniture 2200 21000 46200000 11052631.58

Paper 3000 18000 54000000 12918660.29
Plastic 180 31700 5706000 1365071.77
Cloth 6 20000 120000 28708.13397
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Lubricant Oil 0 0 0 0
Administrative LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
1 882.9 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 29,063 Low Hazard
office 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 56 22000 1232000 294736.8421
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Transformer Oil 0 0 0 0
Vegetable Oil 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
HDPE Tarpaulin 0 0 0 0
Wooden Furniture 80 21000 1680000 401913.8756
Paper 50 18000 900000 215311.0048
Plastic 30 31700 951000 227511.9617
Cloth 4 20000 80000 19138.75598
Grease 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
2 VP'sOffice 400 2,489 Low Hazard
275000
Diesel 0 0 0 0
LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0
HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0
2
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 25 22000 550000 131578.9474
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 110 18000 1980000 473684.2105
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 80 20000 1600000 382775.1196
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Dispensary/ LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
3 340 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 5,372 Low Hazard
Ambulance 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 22 22000 484000 115789.4737
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 40 18000 720000 172248.8038
3
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Plastic 25 31700 792500 189593.3014

Cloth 65 20000 1300000 311004.7847
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 9,557 275000 Low Hazard
4 Main Gate 110 Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 7 22000 154000 36842.10526
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 600 18000 10800000 2583732.057
Plastic 50 31700 1585000 379186.6029
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Time Diesel 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
5 105 71,631 Low Hazard
Office/Security 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 7 22000 154000 36842.10526
4
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Wooden Furniture 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 4 20000 80000 19138.75598
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
LPG Cylinder 90 55000 4950000 1184210.526 0≤*≤
6 Canteen 1394.05 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 2,740 Low Hazard
275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 88 22000 1936000 463157.8947
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Vegetable Oil 200 45000 9000000 2153110.048
Paper 110 18000 1980000 473684.2105
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 4 22000 88000 21052.63158
5
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
0≤*≤
7 School Office 72 Carton Box 0 0 0 0 21,192 275000
PVC Wires 5 22000 110000 26315.78947 Low Hazard
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 4 22000 88000 21052.63158
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Lubricant Oil 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
8 School Kitchen 35 22,953 Low Hazard
LPG Cylinder 60 45000 2700000 645933.0144 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 3 22000 66000 15789.47368
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
6
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 1400 31700 44380000 10617224.88
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Community LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Hall 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 42 22000 924000 221052.6316
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
7
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
HDPE Cement Bags 35500000 15000 5.325E+11 1.27392E+11
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 289 22000 6358000 1521052.632
10 Packing
Ground Floor 4553.9 Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0 27,974,673 1100000 < * High Hazard
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 300 18000 5400000 1291866.029
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Packing First LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0
11 4553.9 16,785,387 1100000 < * High Hazard
Floor HDPE Cement Bags 21300000 15000 3.195E+11 76435406699
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 289 22000 6358000 1521052.632
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
8
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Paper 20 18000 360000 86124.40191
Plastic 140 31700 4438000 1061722.488
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Colony Sub - LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Station 275000
Carton Box 25 17000 425000 101674.6411
PVC Wires 2 22000 44000 10526.31579
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 30 18000 540000 129186.6029
Plastic 30 31700 951000 227511.9617
Cloth 800 20000 16000000 3827751.196 0≤*≤
13 Guest House 1067 11,321 Low Hazard
Grease 0 0 0 0 275000
Diesel 0 0 0 0
LPG Cylinder 30 45000 1350000 322966.5072
9
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)

Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 68 2200 149600 35789.47368
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 50 21000 1050000 251196.1722
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 43 20000 860000 205741.6268
Grease 200 37270 7454000 1783253.589
Diesel 100 45000 4500000 1076555.024
14 Transport 325.28 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 12,257 Low Hazard
275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 21 22000 462000 110526.3158
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
10
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 20000 45000 900000000 215311004.8
HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 High Hazard
15 Diesel Bunk 170 Carton Box 0 0 0 0 1,266,876 1100000 < *
PVC Wires 11 22000 242000 57894.73684
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 30 20000 600000 143540.6699
New Pump Grease 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
16 235 Diesel 0 0 0 0 5,161 Low Hazard
House 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
11
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
PVC Wires 60 22000 1320000 315789.4737

Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 80 18000 1440000 344497.6077
Plastic 7 31700 221900 53086.1244
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
New Weigh LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Bridge 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 6 22000 132000 31578.94737
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0 Low Hazard
Plastic 0 0 0 0
12
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
18 Crusher Comp 268 Carton Box 0 0 0 0 334 0≤*≤
Room PVC Wires 17 22000 374000 89473.68421 275000
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Crusher and Diesel 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
19 952.6 Lubricant Oil 400 40200 16080000 3846889.952 10,225 Low Hazard
Conveyor 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 60 22000 1320000 315789.4737
Rubber Mat 1000 23000 23000000 5502392.344
13
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 700 18000 12600000 3014354.067
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 30 20000 600000 143540.6699
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
20 Dispatch 45 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 98,437 Low Hazard
275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 3 22000 66000 15789.47368
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 50 18000 900000 215311.0048
Plastic 0 0 0 0 Low Hazard
Cloth 190 20000 3800000 909090.9091
Grease 0 0 0 0
14
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
41,169 0≤*≤
21 Civil Office 46 PVC Wires 3 22000 66000 15789.47368 275000
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Lubricant Oil 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
22 CM Bag Filter 400 LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 6,519 Low Hazard
275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 25 22000 550000 131578.9474
Rubber Mat 450 23000 10350000 2476076.555
Transformer Oil 0 0 0
15
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
23 Bag House 382.55 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 330 Low Hazard
275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 24 22000 528000 126315.7895
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cement Testing Cloth 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
24 495 330 Low Hazard
Room 275000
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
16
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 31 22000 682000 163157.8947
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
25 Coal Mill 1919.14 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 332 Low Hazard
275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 121 22000 2662000 636842.1053
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
17
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Coal Mill Load LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
26 1240 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 335 Low Hazard
Centre 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 79 22000 1738000 415789.4737
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Coal Mill Cable Grease 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
27 650.56 332 Low Hazard
Cellar Room 275000
Diesel 0 0 0 0
18
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 41 22000 902000 215789.4737
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 80 18000 1440000 344497.6077
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 300 20000 6000000 1435406.699
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Lubricant Oil 800 40200 32160000 7693779.904
28 Stores 1425 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 12,269 Low Hazard
275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 90 22000 1980000 473684.2105
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
19
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Stores Cylinder LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 333 0≤*≤
29 Shed 158 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Stores Stell Diesel 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Yard 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 27 22000 594000 142105.2632
20
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Fabrication LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
/Welding Shed 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 7 22000 154000 36842.10526
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
21
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 30 45000 1350000 322966.5072
32 Workshop 1400 Carton Box 0 0 0 0 2,257 0≤*≤
PVC Wires 89 22000 1958000 468421.0526 275000
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0 Low Hazard
Transformer Oil 150 42000 6300000 1507177.033
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
HSD Pump Lubricant Oil 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
House LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 20 22000 440000 105263.1579
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
22
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
CBA Analizer LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Room 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 6 22000 132000 31578.94737
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Hot Air Plastic 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Generator Cloth 0 0 0 0 275000
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
23
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 5 22000 110000 26315.78947
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
36 Mill House 682 332 Low Hazard
HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 43 22000 946000 226315.7895
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
24
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
37 Flyash Silo 52.5 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 401 Low Hazard
275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 4 22000 88000 21052.63158
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Old Pump Cloth 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
38 218 1,813 Low Hazard
House Grease 0 0 0 0 275000
Diesel 0 0 0 0
25
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)

Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 14 22000 308000 73684.21053
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 400 18000 7200000 1722488.038
Plastic 290 31700 9193000 2199282.297
Cloth 150 20000 3000000 717703.3493
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
CCR Ground LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Floor 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 35 22000 770000 184210.5263
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
26
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Paper 550 18000 9900000 2368421.053

Plastic 650 31700 20605000 4929425.837
Cloth 110 20000 2200000 526315.7895
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
40 CCR First Floor 554.66 Carton Box 0 0 0 0 32,554 275000
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 700 18000 12600000 3014354.067
Plastic 550 31700 17435000 4171052.632
Cloth 40 20000 800000 191387.5598
CCR Second Grease 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
41 554.66 Diesel 0 0 0 0 33,559 Low Hazard
Floor 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
27
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
PVC Wires 35 22000 770000 184210.5263

Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Compressor LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Room 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 17 22000 374000 89473.68421
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
28
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 Low Hazard
43 Kiln Platform 231.2 Carton Box 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
PVC Wires 15 22000 330000 78947.36842 341 275000
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Kiln Diesel Diesel 400 45000 18000000 4306220.096 0≤*≤
44 32 Lubricant Oil 0 0 0 0 135,063 Low Hazard
Pump Room 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 3 22000 66000 15789.47368
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
29
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Kiln Cooler LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
45 431.8 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 329 Low Hazard
Load Centre 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 27 22000 594000 142105.2632
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0 Low Hazard
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
30
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
0≤*≤
Cooler Ground 431.8 PVC Wires 27 22000 594000 142105.2632 329 275000
46 Floor Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Cooler First Lubricant Oil 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
47 431.8 LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 329 Low Hazard
Floor 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 27 22000 594000 142105.2632
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
31
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Cooler Second LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Floor 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 27 22000 594000 142105.2632
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
49 Raw Mill 470.42 336 Low Hazard
275000
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
32
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 30 22000 660000 157894.7368
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Lubricant Oil 400 40200 16080000 3846889.952
Stacker and LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Reclaimer 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 93 22000 2046000 489473.6842
Rubber Mat 500 23000 11500000 2751196.172
Coal 0 0 0 0
HDPE Tarpaulin 700 36000 25200000 6028708.134
33
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Paper 30 18000 540000 129186.6029
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 1500 45000 67500000 16148325.36
Lubricant Oil 200 40200 8040000 1923444.976
Switch Gear LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Room 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 40 22000 880000 210526.3158
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Generator Grease 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
52 95 89 Low Hazard
Room 275000
Diesel 0 0 0 0
34
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 16 2200 35200 8421.052632
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
110KV Sub - LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Station 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 16 22000 352000 84210.52632
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
35
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
54 Pre - Heater 253.92 HDPE Cement Bags 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤ Low Hazard
Ground Floor Carton Box 0 0 0 0 332 275000
PVC Wires 16 22000 352000 84210.52632
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Pre - Heater Diesel 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
55 253.92 332 Low Hazard
First Floor 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 16 22000 352000 84210.52632
36
Total Quantity of
2
m (Kg)
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
Paper 0 0 0 0
Plastic 0 0 0 0
Cloth 0 0 0 0
Grease 0 0 0 0
Diesel 0 0 0 0
Pre - Heater LPG Cylinder 0 0 0 0 0≤*≤
Second Floor 275000
Carton Box 0 0 0 0
PVC Wires 16 22000 352000 84210.52632
Rubber Mat 0 0 0 0
Coal 0 0 0 0
37
Total Recommendations
Fire
Number of Fire for Installation of
floor Fire load Type of Extinguisher
Zone Sections Range Extinguishers Fire Extinguishers
area (Kcal/m2 ) Occupancy Installation
Availability . Class of fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Administrative
1 882.9 29,063 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 5 7 CLASS A
office
2 VP'sOffice 400 2,489 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 2 1 CLASS A

38
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Dispensary/
3 340 5,372 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 2 2 CLASS A
Ambulance
39
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
4 Main Gate 110 9,557 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 1

CLASS A
Time
Office/Security
40
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
6 Canteen 1394.05 2,740 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 7 4 CLASS A
7 School Office 72 21,192 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 2 CLASS A

41
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
8 School Kitchen 35 22,953 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 1 CLASS B

42
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
9 Community Hall 666 16,425 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 3 1 CLASS A
Packing Ground
10 4553.9 27,974,673 1100000 < * High Hazard 23 8 CLASS A
Floor
43
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Packing First
11 4553.9 16,785,387 1100000 < * High Hazard 23 7 CLASS A
Floor
Colony Sub -
Station
44
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
13 Guest House 1067 11,321 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 5 3 CLASS A

45
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
14 Transport 325.28 12,257 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 2 5 CLASS A
15 Diesel Bunk 170 1,266,876 1100000 < * High Hazard 1 2 CLASS B

46
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
New Pump
House
47
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
17 New Weigh 92.94 5,428 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 1 CLASS A

Bridge
Crusher Comp
18 268 334 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 2 CLASS A
Room
48
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Crusher and
Conveyor
20 Dispatch 45 98,437 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 1 CLASS A

49
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
21 Civil Office 46 41,169 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 1 CLASS A

50
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
22 CM Bag Filter 400 6,519 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 2 2 CLASS A
23 Bag House 382.55 330 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 2 2 CLASS A

51
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Cement Testing
Room
25 Coal Mill 1919.14 332 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 10 11 CLASS A

52
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Coal Mill Load

Centre
53
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Coal Mill Cable

27 650.56 332 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 3 1 CLASS A
Cellar Room
28 Stores 1425 12,269 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 7 3 CLASS A & B

54
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Stores Cylinder
29 158 333 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 2 CLASS B
Shed
55
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
30 Stores Stell Yard 428 332 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 2 4 CLASS A
Fabrication
/Welding Shed
56
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
32 Workshop 1400 2,257 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 7 3 CLASS A
33 HSD Pump House 320 329 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 2 4 CLASS A

57
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
CBA Analizer
Room
58
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
35 Hot Air 78 337 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 1 CLASS A

Generator
36 Mill House 682 332 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 4 6 CLASS A

59
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
37 Flyash Silo 52.5 401 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 1 CLASS A
38 Old Pump House 218 1,813 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 2 CLASS A

60
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
CCR Ground
Floor
61
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
40 CCR First Floor 554.66 32,554 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 3 8 CLASS A
41 CCR Second Floor 554.66 33,559 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 3 6 CLASS A

62
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Compressor
Room
63
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
43 Kiln Platform 231.2 341 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 1 CLASS A
Kiln Diesel Pump

Room
64
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Kiln Cooler Load

Centre
Cooler Ground
Floor
65
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
47 Cooler First Floor 431.8 329 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 2 2 CLASS A

66
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
48 Cooler Second 431.8 329 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 2 2 CLASS A

Floor
49 Raw Mill 470.42 336 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 2 5 CLASS A

67
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Stacker and
Reclaimer
Switch Gear
Room
68
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
52 Generator Room 95 89 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 3 CLASS A

69
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
110KV Sub -
53 455 185 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 2 5 CLASS B
Station
Pre - Heater
Ground Floor
70
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Pre - Heater First

Floor
71
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
56 Pre - Heater 253.92 332 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 1 CLASS A

Second Floor
Pre - Heater
Third Floor
72
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Pre - Heater
Fourth Floor
Pre - Heater Fifth

Floor
73
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
Pre - Heater Sixth

Floor
74
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
61 Pre - Heater 253.92 332 0 ≤ * ≤ 275000 Low Hazard 1 1 CLASS A

Seventh Floor
Pre - Heater
Eight Floor
75
Fire
2 IS 2190 (2010)
m IS 2190 (2010)
1
RESULT :
Based on the study we have identified the lowest and highest quantity of flammable/combustible
material, which are stored in the factory. We have concluded that the lowest and highest fire load
occupancy are in the form of Zone 52 and 10. There are 52, 11 and 10 number of zones, which are
categorized as low, medium and high-level fire load occupancy area. The single high-level hazard
occupancy zone, where all the flammable / combustible substances, which are stored in the zone 10 are
highly flammable in nature, so it is recommended to follow the proper safety instructions, while handling
the flammable/combustible materials in the raw material. Only trained people are recommended in
handling the flammable/combustible substances.
2
REFERENCES
1. Zalok E. Validation of Methodologies to Determine Fire Load for Use in Structural FireProtection.
2. The Fire Protection Research Foundation 2011.
3. Ingberg SH, Dunham JW and Thompson,JP. Combustible Contentsin Buildings,
Building Materials and Structures. Report No. 149, National Bureau of
Standards, Washington, DC, USA. 1957.
4. Thauvoye C, Zhao B, Klein J and Fontana M. Fire Load Survey and Statistical Analysis. Fire Safety
Science 2009; 9: 991–1002.
5. Klote, JH. What You Need to Know, HPAC Engineering Chicago, IL, USA, Design Fires 2002: 43–51.
6. Kumar and Rao, CVSK. Fire load in residential buildings. Build. Environ 1995.
7. Green. A Survey of Fire Loads in Modern Office Building— Some Preliminary Results. Fire
Technology 1977; 13(1): 42–52.
8. Barnett, C.R. Pilot Fire Load Survey, Project Report No. 3580, New Zealand Fire Protection
Association, MacDonald Barnett Partners, Auckland, New Zealand, 1984.
9. Yii, H.W. Effects of Surface Area and Thickness on Fire Loads. Fire Engineering Research Report No.
2000/13, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. 2000.
10. Society of Fire protection Engineers, SFPE Engineering Guide to performance-based fire protection:
Analysis and Design of the buildings. National fire protection association.
11. Culver CG. Characteristics of fire loads in office buildings. Fire technol 1978.
12. Kumar S and Rao SCK, Fire loads in office buildings. J. Struct. Eng 1997.
13. Chow WK, Fong CC and Kong KS. Fire load survey for offices in a university. Int. J. Hons. Sci. Appl
2006.
14. Chow WK and Cheung, OT. Survey on fire risk factorsfor offices ofsmall and medium enterprises. J.
Appl. Fire Sci. 2005; 14: 291-301.
15. Chow WK. Zone model simulation of fires in Chinese restaurants in Hong Kong, J. Fire Sci. 1995; 13:
235-253.
16. Arunraj N, Senthil Kumar IC and Vijaya Maruthi, K. Estimation of fire load and risk assessment in the
warehouse. SSRG International Journal of Industrial Engineering 2015; 2(2): 5-9.
17. Code of practices for Minimum Fire service installation and equipment and inspection, testing and
maintenance of installations and Equipment. Fire service department, Hong Kong special administration
region. 2012.

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i

ESTIMATION OF FIRE LOAD AND ITS

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY ENGINEERING

THE INDIA CEMENTS LIMITED, SANKARI WEST

SANKARI – 637 303

REPORT ON INTERNSHIP TRAINING

THE INDIA CEMENTS LIMITED, SANKARI WEST

I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Mr.K. DINESH [ Safety Manager]

Key words: Flammable/combustible substance, Fire load, Low/medium/high level

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

It is necessary to identify the calorific values of the flammable/combustible substances,

Finally, which are expressed in the form of fire load Kcal / m2 .

FIRE SAFETY MANAGEMENT:

This is represented as “FIRE TRIANGLE”

FHVJVJ Figure 1.1 Fire Triangle

Figure 1.2 Flame

It may be categorized into four stages.

Invisible products of combustion giving off no visible smoke, flame or heat.

Uncontrolled heat & fire expands rapidly.

Contributing factors for fire:

Class A - Ordinary Combustible Solid fires

E.g.; wood, paper, cloth, plastics, rubber, coal, etc..

Class B - Flammable & Combustible Liquid fires

E.g. petrol, oil, paint, thinners, kerosene, alcohol, etc…

Class C - Flammable Gas fires

Class D – Metal fires

Class E is omitted is some literature (E.g. IS : 2190)

Class K is suggested for fire involving cooking oils.

COMMON CAUSES FOR FIRE:

PRINCIPLES OF FIRE FIGHTING:

a. Heat or Ignition source.

 Removal of Heat or Ignition: The method of removal of Heat or Ignition source is

 Removal of Fuel: The method of removal of Fuel is otherwise called Starvation.

 Removal of Oxygen : The method of removal of Oxygen is otherwise called

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS :

followed: P – Pull the safety clip/pin

A – Aim at the base of fire

S – Strike the plunger/Squeeze the lever

S – Sweep and extinguish the fire

Three types of fire extinguishers are used in our industry:

Dry Chemical Powder Type Fire Extinguishers:

Capacity - 5 kg, 6kg, 9kg and 10 kg (trolley mounted)

FOAM TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:

Capacity - 9 lts& 50 lts (trolley type)

Purpose - To extinguish Class ‗B‘ & ‗A‘ fire.

Figure 1.4 Foam

CO2 TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS:

Capacity - 2 kg , 4.5 kg, 22.5kg.

Purpose - To extinguish Class ‗B‘, ‗C‘ and electrical fires.

Figure 1.5 Fire Buckets

Fire can be extinguished by using

c. Dry chemical powder and

d. Carbon dioxide based on conditions.

EXTINGUISHING ACTION OF WATER:

Emulsification: Emulsify with various fuels like alcohol render it noncombustible.

Dilution: May be used in water soluble flues.

EXTINGUISHING ACTION OF FOAM:

It is an aggregate of air filled bubbles formed from aqueous solutions. It is lower in

The foam concentrates are ,

A. Protein foam concentrate

B. Fluor protein concentrate

C. Synthetic foam concentrate

D. Chemical foam (mixture of solutions of sodium bi carbonate and aluminum