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Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering

Department of Electric Power Engineering
Power System Operation and Analysis Group

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1

Autumn 2021

Exercise 1 – Three-Phase Systems

Problem#1:

The phase voltage of a balanced three-phase star connected generator is VRN = 120∠− 40°
V. The generator is energizing a balanced three-phase STAR connected load with load
impedance of Z = 20∠30° Ω in each phase.
Task 1:
Draw the three-phase circuit diagram.

R phase of transmission line

R R
IR

IRN
+ IRN +
~
- VRY -

N N
-
-
- -
+
~ ~ +
+ +

B Y B IBN Y
IBN IYN IYN

Y phase of transmission line

IY

VBR
VYB
B phase of transmission line

IB
Very Important Note: VRY, VYB and VBR across the generator terminals are the same as VRY,
VYB and VBR across the load terminals BECAUSE transmission line impedance is neglected!

Task 2:

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi
 -2-

• Compute all load currents. (Note: By load current is meant the current flowing
through each phase of the load.)

The current flowing through a component can be obtained by using Ohm’s law, upon
knowing the impedance of the component and the voltage applied across the component.
Hence, it is very important to be able to visually identify (from the three-phase circuit
diagram) which voltage (is it R-phase voltage? Y-phase voltage? B-phase voltage? R-Y line
voltage? Y-B line voltage? B-R line voltage?) from the generator/input source gets applied
across the load in a given phase of the three-phase load.

Current flowing through load in the R-phase: (Note: Both magnitude and phase angle of
the current, i.e., complex value, need to be calculated.)

Impedance (complex value, i.e., both magnitude and phase angle) in the R-phase of the
load = ZRN = 20∠30° Ω

Complex voltage applied across the R-phase of the load = Complex voltage in the R-phase
of the generator = VRN = 120∠− 40° V

VRN
According to Ohm’s Law, complex current in the R-phase of the load = IRN =
ZRN
120 − 400
 IRN = = 6 − 700 A
2030 0

Currents flowing through loads in Y and B phases can be calculated similarly:

V
IYN = YN ;
Z YN
VBN
IBN = .
ZBN

The currents flowing through loads in Y and B phases can also be calculated by means of
the phasor relationships of a balanced three-phase system.

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi
 -3-

IBN

1200

1200

1200
IRN

IYN

From the phasor diagram of three-phase balanced phase-currents of a star connected load
as shown above, we know that:
IYN = IRN * a2 = IRN * (11200 )
2

 IYN = ( 6 − 700 ) * (11200 ) = (61700 ) A

2

(OR)

IYN is the same as IRN magnitude-wise, but lags IRN by 1200, i.e.,
IYN = IRN − 1200
 IYN = ( 6 − 700 )  − 1200 = (6 − 1900 ) A
Note : (6 − 1900 ) is the same as (61700 )
i.e., a lag of 1900 is the same as lead of 1700.

IBN is the same as IYN magnitude-wise, but lags IYN by 1200, i.e.,
IBN = IYN − 1200
 IYN = (6 − 1900 )  − 1200 = (6 − 3100 ) = (6500 ) A

• Compute the current in the neutral wire.

Since it is a balanced system, current in the neutral wire is ZERO. It can also be verified
thus:
IN = IRN + IYN + IBN = (6 − 700 ) + (6 − 1900 ) + (6500 ) =0 A

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi
 -4-

• Compute all the line voltages of the transmission line.

The relationships between line and corresponding phase voltages of a star connected
generator are given as follows:
VRY = VRN − VYN = 3VRN300
VYB = VYN − VBN = 3VYN300
VBR = VBN − VRN = 3VBN300

Magnitudes of the line-to-line voltages (or also simply known as line voltages) and the
line-to-neutral voltages (also known as phase voltages) in star connections are related as:
VLine = 3V300 , i.e., the magnitude of a line voltage is 3 times the corresponding phase
voltage, and the line voltage leads the corresponding phase voltage by 300.

VRY = VRN − VYN = 3VRN300 = 3 (120 − 400 ) 300 = 207.84 − 100 V

The other two line-voltages can be obtained using the respective formulae,
(OR)
from the phasor diagram of three-phase balanced line-voltages of a star connected
generator, i.e., all the line-voltages are of equal magnitude and displaced mutually by an
angle of 1200.
VBR

1200

1200

1200
VRY

VYB

The concept of operator ‘a’ can be used, (OR)

VYB is the same as VRY magnitude-wise, but lags VRY by 1200, i.e.,
VYB = VRY − 1200
 VYB = (207.84 − 100 )  − 1200 = (207.84 − 1300 ) V
VBR is the same as VYB magnitude-wise, but lags VYB by 1200, i.e.,
VBR = VYB − 1200  VBR = (207.84 − 1300 )  − 1200 = (207.84 − 2500 ) V
Note : (207.84 − 2500 ) is the same as (207.841100 )
i.e., a lag of 2500 is the same as lead of 1100.

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi
 -5-

• Compute the real and reactive power consumed by the load.

The impedance angle of the load (i.e., the power factor angle of the load) is given as 300.
The three-phase power relationships are given as below:
P = 3VLineILine cos  = 3VRYIR cos  = 3VYBIY cos  = 3VBRIB cos 
Q = 3VLineILine sin  = 3VRYIR sin  = 3VYBIY sin  = 3VBRIB sin 
S = 3VLineILine = 3VRYIR = 3VYBIY = 3VBRIB

Note: In the above power expressions only voltage and current MAGNITUDES are used.

P = 3VRYIR cos  = 3  207.84  6  cos300 = 2160  0.866 = 1870.6 W

Q = 3VRYIR sin  = 3  207.84  6  sin300 = 2160  0.5 = 1080 VAR
S = 3VRYIR = 3  207.84  6 = 2160 VA
Note: The above power values are three-phase power values. Single-phase power is one
third of the three-phase power.

Task 3:
Indicate results of the above Task 2 on the three-phase circuit diagram.
Phase voltages in the star load:
VRN = (120 − 400 ) V
VYN = (120 − 1600 ) V
VBN = (120800 ) V
Line voltages in the star load:
VRY = (207.84 − 100 ) V

VYB = (207.84 − 1300 ) V

VBR = (207.841100 ) V
Phase currents = line currents in the star load:
IRN = 6 − 700 A
IYN = 61700 A
IBN = 6500 A

Task 4:
Draw a complete phasor diagram to scale indicating all the phase voltages, line voltages,
phase currents and line currents for the star connected load.

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi
 -6-

VBN -VYN

VBR VRY
IBN

θ0
300

300

-VRN θ0 VRN
IYN θ0

300
IRN

VYN -VBN

VYB

VRN = (120 − 400 ) V

IRN = 6 − 700 A
 = ( −400 ) − ( −700 ) = 300

Note: The above phasor diagram is drawn with VRN as the reference, i.e., (12000 ) V
(coinciding with x-axis.)

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi
 -7-

Phase currents = line currents in star connected load.

VBN -VYN

VBR VRY
IBN

θ0
300

300

-VRN θ0 VRN
IYN θ0

300
IRN

VYN -VBN

VYB

The above phasor diagram is drawn with appropriate reference axis.

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi
 -8-

Problem#2:

Problem Description:

The phase voltage of a balanced three-phase star connected generator is VRN = 120∠− 40°
V. The generator is energizing a balanced three-phase DELTA connected load with load
impedance of Z = 10∠− 30° Ω in each phase.

Task 1:

Draw the three-phase circuit diagram.

R phase of transmission line R

R
IR

IRN
+
~
+
IRY
- VRY

+
IBR
- -
~ ~
+ +
IYB
B Y B Y
IBN IYN

+
Y phase of transmission line

IY

VBR
VYB
B phase of transmission line

IB

Task 2:

• Compute all load currents. (Note: By load current is meant the current flowing
through each phase of the load.)

The current flowing through a component can be obtained by using Ohm’s law, upon
knowing the impedance of the component and the voltage applied across the component.
Hence, it is very important to be able to visually identify (from the three-phase circuit
diagram) which voltage (is it R-phase voltage? Y-phase voltage? B-phase voltage? R-Y line
voltage? Y-B line voltage? B-R line voltage?) from the generator/input source gets applied
across the load in a given phase of the three-phase load.

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi
 -9-

Current flowing through load (delta connected) in the R-phase: (Note: Both magnitude
and phase angle of the current, i.e., complex value, need to be calculated.)

Impedance (complex value, i.e., both magnitude and phase angle) in the R-phase of the
load = ZRY = 20∠30° Ω

Complex voltage applied across the R-phase of the load = Complex voltage between R and
Y phases of the generator, i.e., VRY of the generator.

Given: VRN = 120∠− 40°

 VRY = 3VRN300 = 3 (120 − 400 ) 300 = 207.84 − 100 V

VRY
According to Ohm’s Law, complex current in the R-phase of the delta load = IRY =
ZRY
207.84 − 100
 IRY = = 20.784200 A
10 − 300
Currents flowing through loads in Y and B phases can be calculated similarly:
V
IYB = YB ;
Z YB
VBR
IBR = .
ZBR
The currents flowing through loads in Y and B phases can also be calculated by means of
the phasor relationships of a balanced three-phase system.

IBR

1200

1200

1200
IRY

IYB

IYB is the same as IRY magnitude-wise, but lags IRY by 1200, i.e.,
IYB = IRY − 1200
 IYB = (20.784200 )  − 1200 = (20.784 − 1000 ) A

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi
 - 10 -

IBR is the same as IYB magnitude-wise, but lags IYB by 1200, i.e.,
IBR = IYB − 1200
 IBR = (20.784 − 1000 )  − 1200 = ( 20.784 − 2200 ) = ( 20.7841400 ) A

i.e., a lag of 2200 is the same as lead of 1400.

• Compute all the transmission line currents.

From the circuit diagram, it can be seen that:

Aapplying KCL at Node R of the delta connected load:

IR = IRY − IBR
= 3IRY − 300

Similarly:

IY = IYB − IRY = 3IYB − 300

IB = IBR − IYB = 3IBR  − 300

IR = 3IRY − 300 = 3 (20.784200 )  − 300 = 36 − 100 A

The currents flowing through Y and B phases of the transmission line can also be
calculated by means of the phasor relationships of a balanced three-phase system.
IB

1200

1200

1200
IR

IY

IY is the same as IR magnitude-wise, but lags IR by 1200, i.e.,

IY = IR  − 1200
 IY = (36 − 100 )  − 1200 = (36 − 1300 ) A

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi
 - 11 -

IB is the same as IY magnitude-wise, but lags IY by 1200, i.e.,

IB = IY − 1200
 IB = (36 − 1300 )  − 1200 = (36 − 2500 ) = (361100 ) A
i.e., a lag of 2500 is the same as lead of 1100.

• Compute the real and reactive power consumed by the load.

The impedance angle of the load (i.e., the power factor angle of the load) is given as -300.
The three-phase power relationships are given as below:
P = 3VLineILine cos  = 3VRYIR cos  = 3VYBIY cos  = 3VBRIB cos 
Q = 3VLineILine sin  = 3VRYIR sin  = 3VYBIY sin  = 3VBRIB sin 
S = 3VLineILine = 3VRYIR = 3VYBIY = 3VBRIB

Note: In the above power expressions only voltage and current MAGNITUDES are used.

P = 3VRYIR cos  = 3  207.84  36  cos( −300 ) = 11223.36 W

Q = 3VRYIR sin  = 3  207.84  36  sin( −300 ) = −6479.81 VAR
S = 3VRYIR = 3  207.84  36 = 12959.6 VA
Note: Negative value of Q for the load indicates that the load is capacitive. Also, the above
power values are three-phase power values.

Another way to calculate three-phase power consumption:

Find the single-phase power in one phase, say phase-R (i.e., RY phase of the delta load).

P = VPhaseIPhase cos   P = VRYIRY cos  = 207.84  20.784  cos( −300 ) = 3741.01 W

Q = VPhaseIPhase sin   P = VRYIRY sin  = 207.84  20.784  sin( −300 ) = −2159.87 VAR

Since the load is balanced, three-phase power is three times the single-phase power.

Another way to calculate three-phase power consumption:

Single-phase complex power:

= (207.84 − 100 )  ( 20.784200 )
*
S = VPhase  IPhase
*
 S = VRY  IRY
*

 P + jQ = 4319.75 − 300 = 3741.01 − j2159.87 VA

 P = 3741.01 W; Q = −2159.87 VAR
Three-phase complex power = 3*(Single-phase complex power)

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi
 - 12 -

Task 3:

Indicate results of the above Task 2 on the three-phase circuit diagram.

Line currents of the delta load (i.e., currents flowing through the transmission lines into
the delta load):

IR = (36 − 100 ) A
IY = (36 − 1300 ) A
IB = (361100 ) A

Load currents of the delta load:

IRY = ( 20.784200 ) A
IYB = ( 20.784 − 1000 ) A
IBR = ( 20.7841400 ) A

Voltages across the delta load:

VRY = 207.84 − 100 V

VYB = 207.84 − 1300 V
VBR = 207.84 − 2500 = 207.841100 V

Task 4:

Draw a complete phasor diagram to scale indicating all the phase voltages, line voltages,
phase currents and line currents for the delta connected load.

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi
 - 13 -

IB

IBR -IYB

300

-IRY 300 IRY

300

IY IR
IYB -IBR

Phase voltages = line voltages in delta connected load

VRY lags IRY by impedance angle, which is 300; in this particular case, it co-incides with IR.
(Voltages are not explicitly shown in the above phasor diagram.)

Problem#3:

Refer to the Example problem#1 in Chapter 2 of the Compendium (page 34).

TET4105 - Power System Analysis 1, autumn 2021

Instructor: Steve Völler, Vijay Venu Vadlamudi