Comparison of LST derived from

Landsat 7 and Ground Observation

in Northern Taiwan

Optical Remote Sensing

Fidya Rismayatika (利小貓) - 111022604

Contents
Introduction
Methodology

Results and Discussions

Conclusion
References
Introduction
● Land surface temperature (LST) is a kinetic quantity, independent of wavelength, that
represents the thermodynamic temperature of the skin layer of a given surface, i.e. it is a
measure of how hot or cold the surface of the Earth would feel to the touch (Norman and
Becker, 1995).

● With the advancement of remote sensing technology, LST can be retrieved from
spaceborne satellite using Thermal Infrared Band (Wang et al., 2019).

● Problem regarding LST has been addressed regarding the Land Surface Emissivity (LSE). It
is important because LSE indicates the composition of the radiating surface and because it
is necessary as a control in atmospheric and energy-balance models, since it must be
known along with brightness temperature to establish the heat content of the surface
(Gillespie, 2014).
Four categories of validation methods (Schneider et al., 2012) are commonly used to assess a
satellite LST product's compliance with its specifications:

● Ground-based validation refers to comparisons with LST obtained from in-situ

measurements
● Radiance-based Validation is a comparison against the surface temperature that
minimises the difference between the radiance measured by the satellite and that obtained
with a radiative transfer model.
● Satellite Product Inter-Comparison with another - generally already validated - LST
product. The method is particularly valuable for identifying disagreements between LST
products over large areas and different land cover types.
● Time Series Inter-Comparison is used to detect instrument problems, e.g. calibration drift,
or outliers due to undetected clouds.
Objectives
● To identify the most suitable emissivity product derived from
Landsat 7 in comparison to ground observation temperature.
 Ground Measurement Land Surface

Methodology Temperature Acquisition

• https://agr.cwb.gov.tw/NAGR/history/station_day (Council of
Agriculture)
• Hourly data in September 2021 for 0 cm Surface Temperature

Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Imageries Acquisition

• https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
• Level 1 Imageries for Spectral Radiance and Spectral Reflectance
Calculation
• Level 2 Imageries for Emissivity Product
• Date of Acquisition:
Landsat 7 : 05 September 2021
Landsat 8 : 29 September 2021

Land Surface Temperature Calculation

• Land Surface Temperature retrieval using Image-based Method and
Emissivity derived from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
(NDVI)

Error Analysis and LST Improvement

• Comparison of LST derived from NDVI and Ground Measurement
Analysis used: Root Square (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)
• Comparison of R2 and RMSE using different index
Index used: Band Ratio (NIR & RED, NIR & SWIR, SWIR, & NIR) and
Emissivity Product
Ground Station

Station Name
No Code Station Name (English) City
(Chinese)
1 72AI40 桃改臺北分場 Agricultural Research and Extension New
Station. New Taipei Taipei
2 B2E890 新竹畜試 Hsinchu Branch. Livestock Research Miaoli
Institute
3 A2C560 農工中心 Agricultural Engineering Research Taoyuan
Center
4 82C160 茶改場(楊梅) Tea Research and Extension Station Taoyuan

5 72D080 五峰工作站 Agricultural Research and Extension Hsinchu

Station. Hsinchu
6 72C440 桃園農改場 Taoyuan District Agricultural Taoyuan
Improvement Station

Source: ESRI Basemap

Conversion from Digital Number to
Spectral Radiance and Spectral Reflectance
Spectral Radiance Spectral Reflectance

′
𝜌 𝜆 = 𝑀𝑝 ∗ 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 + 𝐴𝑝 𝐿𝜆 = 𝑀𝐿 ∗ 𝑄𝑐𝑎𝑙 + 𝐴𝐿
Spectral Reflectance to Vegetation Index

NDVI Spectral Reflectance

● Normalized Difference ● Band Ratio ● Difference Vegetation Index
Vegetation Index (NDVI) (DVI)
● Ratio Vegetation Index (RVI)
𝑆𝑊𝐼𝑅
𝐷𝑉𝐼 =
𝑁𝐼𝑅 𝑁𝐼𝑅
(𝑁𝐼𝑅 − 𝑅𝐸𝐷) 𝑅𝑉𝐼 =
𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼 = 𝑅𝐸𝐷
(𝑁𝐼𝑅 + 𝑅𝐸𝐷) ● Difference Build-up Index (DBI)

𝑁𝐼𝑅
𝐷𝐵𝐼 =
𝑆𝑊𝐼𝑅

Rouse et al., (1973)

LST Retrieval-Landsat 7

Proportion of Emissivity Land Surface

Vegetation Temperature
Calculation

Where:
Where: Where: • K1 = 666.09
• VI = Pixel vegetation index value • m = 0.004 • K2 = 1282.71
• VImin = Minimum vegetation • PV = Proportion of Vegetation
index value • ε = Emissivity
• n = 0.986 • Radiance = Spectral radiance of Thermal
• VImax= Maximum vegetation
index value Band (Band 6)
 LST Retrieval-Landsat 8

Proportion of Emissivity Brightness Land Surface

Vegetation Calculation Temperature Temperature

Where: Where:
Where: Where:
• VI = Pixel vegetation • BT = Brightness
• m = 0.004 • K1 = 774.8853
index value Temperature
• PV = Proportion of • K2 = 1321.0789
• VImin = Minimum • λ = Wavelength of emitted
Vegetation • Radiance = Spectral radiance of
vegetation index value radiance
• n = 0.986 Thermal Band (Band 10)
• VImax= Maximum • ε = Emissivity
vegetation index value • c2 = 14388 mK
Results and Discussions
Land Surface
Temperature

● Landsat 7
● 05 September 2021
● Emissivity derived from
NDVI
Comparison of LST with Ground Observation
Ground Observation Land Surface
Station
Temperature (oC) Temperature (oC)

桃改臺北分場 28.8 -9999

新竹畜試 27.3 24.8229
農工中心 34.9 25.9486
茶改場(楊梅) 27.6 -9999
五峰工作站 24.3 20.4596
桃園農改場 29.4 25.1104

RMSE = 5.4638
Comparison of LST from Other Index and
Emissivity with Ground Observation
Ground Observation
Station LST_NDVI (oC) LST_Emissivity (oC) LST_RVI (oC) LST_DVI (oC) LST_DBI (oC) LST_RVI_DBI (oC)
Temperature (oC)

桃改臺北分場 28.8 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999

新竹畜試 27.3 24.8229 26.2701 24.9034 24.9207 24.9122 24.9218

農工中心 34.9 25.9486 28.6187 26.0284 26.0384 26.0437 26.0337

茶改場(楊梅) 27.6 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999 -9999

五峰工作站 24.3 20.4596 20.8465 20.5597 20.5977 20.6118 20.5542

桃園農改場 29.4 25.1104 27.9018 25.1877 25.2004 25.1977 25.2011

RMSE 0 5.4638 3.6975 5.3894 5.3743 5.3712 5.3835

Emissivity Product

● The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global

Emissivity Dataset (ASTER GED) is a global, 100-meter spatial resolution emissivity
map of the Earth’s non-frozen land surfaces at different wavelengths in the thermal
infrared spectrum. ASTER GED emissivity and emissivity standard deviations for
Bands 13, 14, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are used in the
surface temperature algorithm for Landsat 4-9 data.
Stretching Emissivity Values

ε = 0.05* PV + 0.95
 Ground Observation
Station LST_Emissivity (oC) LST_E_DVI (oC) LST_E_DBI (oC)
Temperature (oC)

桃改臺北分場 28.8 -9999 -9999 -9999

新竹畜試 27.3 26.2701 27.3987 27.2875

農工中心 34.9 28.6187 28.4558 28.5261

茶改場(楊梅) 27.6 -9999 -9999 -9999

五峰工作站 24.3 20.8465 22.8551 23.0408

桃園農改場 29.4 27.9018 27.6562 27.6201

RMSE 0 3.6975 3.4156 3.3682

Land Surface
Temperature

● Landsat 7
● 05 September 2021
● Emissivity Product (EP)
derived from Landsat 7
Level 2 Product
Land Surface
Temperature

● Landsat 8
● 29 September 2021
● Emissivity derived from
NDVI
Comparison of LST with Ground Observation
Comparison of LST from NDVI and Emissivity
with Ground Observation
Station Ground Observation Temperature (oC) LST_NDVI (oC) LST_Emissivity (oC)

桃改臺北分場 30.3 30.6393 30.6658

新竹畜試 30.7 30.3959 30.4071

農工中心 36.1 35.0215 35.0492

茶改場(楊梅) 29.4 32.0989 32.1149

五峰工作站 28.4 25.2272 25.2311

桃園農改場 30 29.8506 29.8906

RMSE 0 1.7675 1,7677

Conclusion

● In comparison to ground observation temperature, LST derived from NDVI Emissivity using
Landsat 7 has 𝑅2 and RMSE of 0.6772 and 5.4638 respectively.
● For LST improvement, several emissivity calculation were conducted. Out of all index and
product use, ground observation temperature has higher compatibility with Emissivity derived
from Stretched DBI Emissivity with RMSE of 3.3682. However, in collinearity, Emissivity from Level
2 Product has higher 𝑅2 with value of 0.7186.
● In general, LST calculation has better compatibility with using Emissivity from Level 2 Product.
● However, for LST calculation from Landsat 8, Emissivity product did not yield better RMSE than
Emissivity from NDVI.
References
● Norman, G., and Becker, F. (1995). Terminology in thermal infrared remote sensing of natural surfaces. Agricultural and
Forest Meteorology, Volume: 77, Issue: 3-4, Pages: 153-166, DOI: 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02259-Z
● Wang, L., Lu, Y., & Yao, Y. (2019). Comparison of Three Algorithms for the Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature from
Landsat 8 Images. Sensors, 19(22), 5049. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19225049
● Gillespie, A. (2014). Land Surface Emissivity. In: Njoku, E.G. (eds) Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing. Encyclopedia of Earth
Sciences Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_77
● Schneider, P., Ghent, D., Corlett, G., Prata, F., and Remedios, J., 2012. AATSR validation: LST validation protocol.
Internal publication, UL-NILU-ESA-LST-LVP Issue 1 Revision 0, page 1-39.
● Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.H., Schell, J.A. and Deering, D.W. (1973) Monitoring Vegetation Systems in the Great Plains with
ERTS (Earth Resources Technology Satellite). Proceedings of 3rd Earth Resources Technology Satellite Symposium,
Greenbelt, 10-14 December, SP-351, 309-317.