1 6

2 7
3 8
4 9
5 10
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
4. ECU
The ECU is a micro-computer. It is constructed from printed circuitry, and contains a
large number of electrical components, including many semiconductor 1..
Its input devices receive data as electrical 2.. They come from sensors and components at
various 3. around the engine. Its processing unit compares 4. data with data stored in a
memory unit. The memory unit contains basic data about how the engine is to 5. . And an
output device pulses the electrical circuit of the solenoid-type injection valves. It is
normally located in a safe place, behind a kick-panel in the foot-well.. ., under the
passenger seat, or in the boot, and connected by a multi-plug, or plugs, to the vehicle's
wiring harness. The 6. function of a basic ECU in an EFI system is to control the pulse
width of the injector. More sophisticated 7. also control other functions such as idle
speed, ignition timing, and the fuel pump. These wider systems are called engine
management systems. The more precise control they allow is very effective in 8. fuel
consumption and exhaust emissions.

The ECU adjusts quickly to changing conditions by using what are called programmed
characteristic 9., stored in the memory unit. They are programmed into the ECU, just as
data is programmed into a 10.. Characteristics means the engine's operating conditions.
And they are called maps because they map all of the operating conditions for the engine.

Maps reduce version computer signals operate version locations models

reducing incoming devices core

1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
1. ABS
The antilock braking system is 1. to prevent wheels locking or skidding, no matter
how hard brakes are applied, or how slippery the road 2.
The primary components of the antilock braking system are: The electronic
control unit, hydraulic control unit or 3., power booster & master cylinder assembly and
wheel sensor unit.
The ECU is located inside the vehicle. It receives signals from the sensors in the 4.
and controls the brake pressure at the road wheels according to the data 5. by the Unit.
The location of the Hydraulic Control Unit, or Modulator, 6. from manufacturer
to manufacturer. Some locate it under the fender or hood. It receives operating signals
from the ECU to apply or 7. the brakes under ABS conditions.
The power booster and master cylinder assembly is mounted on the firewall and
is 8. when the driver pushes down on the brake pedal. It provides the power assistance
required during 9.
The wheel sensor unit consists of a tooth 10. that rotates with the road wheels
and a pick-up that is located in the wheel hub.

1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

2. Transmission
Modern vehicles come in two different transmission types – automatic or
manual. In a manual transmission, the driver is responsible for 1. the gears, while in a
vehicle with an automatic transmission, the car does the shifting for you. So the
question becomes, to shift or not to shift?
One of the most complicated components in your vehicle, the transmission is a
metal case that 2. a series of gears – which explains its nickname of gearbox. The
transmission takes power from the engine and delivers 3. to the wheels to help power
your vehicle. It is responsible for making sure the 4. amount of power goes to the
wheels so it can operate at a given speed.
 While the driver plays an 5. role in the operation of a vehicle with a manual
transmission, in an automatic transmission the driver simply selects D on the shifter and
the car does all hard work. Using fluid 6. , the vehicle automatically completes gear
changes on its own. The heart of the automatic transmission is the planetary 7. set. This
part is responsible for creating the different gear ratios that the transmission uses.
Providing the pressure necessary to activate the bands and 8. that determines
what gear the vehicle should be in is automatic transmission fluid. This fluid not only
cools and lubricates the moving parts of the transmission but it helps drive the vehicle.
A torque converter is attached to the drivetrain which acts 9. a clutch on a
manual transmission. Fluid is used to lock and unlock planetary gears to shift between
gear rations. This shifting happens 10. ; the driver doesn’t have to do anything.

1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
3. ABS
The antilock braking system controls braking force by 1. the hydraulic pressure
off the braking system, so that the wheel 2. during braking. Braking force and the
tendency of the wheels to lock up 3. by a combination of factors such as the friction
coefficient of the road surface and the difference between the vehicle speed and the road
wheel speed. The ABS 4. the road wheels from locking up during heavy braking by
controlling the vehicle's brake system hydraulic pressure.

During normal braking, as the rotational speed of the wheel falls, no electric current
flows from the ECU to the 5. unit. The solenoid valve is not energized. The brake master
cylinder hydraulic pressure is applied to the brake unit, and the ABS is not involved.
However, even though the ABS is passive during normal braking, its control module is
constantly monitoring for rapid 6. of any of the wheels.

If a wheel-speed sensor signals severe wheel deceleration - which means

the wheel is likely to lock up - the ECU sends a current to the hydraulic unit. This
energizes the solenoid valve. The action of the valve isolates the brake circuit
from the master cylinder. This stops the braking pressure at that wheel from
rising, and keeps it 7.
If the sensors signal the wheel is still decelerating too rapidly, the ECU
sends a larger current to the hydraulic unit. The armature moves even further and
opens the valve. It opens a passage from the brake circuit. Brake fluid is sent from
the brake circuit back to the master cylinder. Pressure in the brake caliper circuit
is 8. so that the wheel is braked less heavily. If the wheel sensors indicate that lowering
the brake pressure is letting the wheel accelerate again, the ECU stops sending current to
the hydraulic unit and de energizes the solenoid valve. This lets the pressure increase, so
that the wheel is again decelerated.
This cycle 9. itself about four to six times per second It is normal in
an ABS for the valves in the hydraulic control unit to keep changing position as
they change the brake pressure that's being 10. .These changes in position may cause
rapid pulsations to be felt through the brake pedal.

prevents solenoid lock increased reduced deceleration hydraulic

are affected constant decelerated controlling signals
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
4. ECU
The ECU is a micro-computer. It is constructed from printed circuitry, and contains a
large number of electrical components, including many semiconductor 1.
Its input devices receive data as electrical 2.. They come from sensors and components at
various 3. around the engine. Its processing unit compares 4. data with data stored in a
memory unit. The memory unit contains basic data about how the engine is to 5. . And an
output device pulses the electrical circuit of the solenoid-type injection valves. It is
normally located in a safe place, behind a kick-panel in the foot-well.. ., under the
passenger seat, or in the boot, and connected by a multi-plug, or plugs, to the vehicle's
wiring harness. The 6. function of a basic ECU in an EFI system is to control the pulse
width of the injector. More sophisticated 7. also control other functions such as idle
speed, ignition timing, and the fuel pump. These wider systems are called engine
management systems. The more precise control they allow is very effective in 8. fuel
consumption and exhaust emissions.
The ECU adjusts quickly to changing conditions by using what are called programmed
characteristic 9. ,stored in the memory unit. They are programmed into the ECU, just as
data is programmed into a 10. . Characteristics means the engine's operating conditions.
And they are called maps because they map all of the operating conditions for the engine.
Maps reduce version computer signals operate version locations models
reducing incoming devices core
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

5. Steering system
Rack And Pinion Steering System
The most common steering system, the rack and pinion gets its name from the two gears
it uses, the rack (the linear gear) and the pinion (circular gear). This system is used in
most of the cars and is usually not employed in heavy-duty vehicles. Its working may
appear complex but uses quite simple physics. The steering wheel has a shaft 1.to it and
on the other end of the shaft is the pinion. The pinion is positioned on top of the rack and
moves when the 2. is moved. The end of the rack has something called a tie rod. The tie
rods connect to the steering arm which in turn is connected to the wheel hub. Onwards to
the working of rack and pinion. When you rotate the steering wheel the shaft rotates
along with it. This in turn rotates the pinion which is on top of the 3. move linearly
moving the tie rod. The tie rod connected to the steering arm then causes the 4. to turn.
The size of the pinion affects how much turning you get. if the pinion is large in size it
means that you'll be getting more turn from 5. steering wheel rotation which will make it
harder to control. On the other hand, at smaller pinion means it'll be easier to control but
you will need multiple steering wheel turns to make the car corner.
Recirculating Ball Steering System
The recirculating ball steering system has two gears, the worm gear and the 6. gear. The
steering wheel is connected to a threaded shaft which is connected to a block. The worm
gear is quite big and goes through the block which is threaded in such a way it allows the
worm gear inside. This block has gear teeth outside of it to which the sector gear is
connected. This sector gear is then connected to the pitman arm while the pitman arm is
attached to the tie rod. There are ball bearings inside the block that fill the thread of the
worm gear. The working is simple just like rack and pinion. When the steering wheel is
rotated the shaft connected to the steering rotates as well. The gear is bolted to not move
up and down. This makes the block and the worm gear 7. , The rotation makes the block
move as it is not held down by anything. The moving block then moves the sector gear
which in turn moves the pitman arm. The thread of the worm gear is filled with ball
bearings which reduce Power-assisted rack and pinion 8. and prevent the slop in gear.
The power steering adds some more parts to the rack and pinion system which makes it
easier to use, mainly the pump, pressure tubes, rotary control valve, fluid lines and a
hydraulic piston. The job of the pump is to as you might have guessed, pump the fluid
around when needed. The rotary control valve ensures that the movement of fluid is only
performed when the driver is actually 9. the car. The hydraulic piston moves around
depending on which fluid line brings the high-pressure fluid. This piston movement on
the rack makes it 10. for the driver as it is applying most of the force necessary to steer
the car. This concludes the brief discussion on how a hydraulic power steering.
steering wheel attached less wheel easier steering rack sector
friction rotate
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

6. 4 wheel drive
In a conventional four-wheel drive vehicle, propeller shafts connect a transfer case at the
rear of the transmission to final drive units on both front and rear axles.
Vehicles with part-time four wheel drive are designed for optional 1. use. Four wheel
drive can be selected for abnormal surfaces and 2. for normal road surfaces. In this
application, the engine and transmission are 3. longitudinally at the front. Propeller shafts
connect a transfer case, which is attached to the rear of the transmission, to final drive
units on both front and rear axles. The beam type axle housings enclose the crown wheel
and pinion and 4. gears, and the offset propeller shafts mean the drive is 5. through short
and long axle shafts to the driving wheels. Steering is catered for by mounting the front
wheel hubs on large ball swivels, attached to the 6. of the axle housing. Universal joints
are incorporated in the front axle shafts. The transfer case lets the driver 7. either two-
wheel-drive or four-wheel-drive in high range, or four-wheel drive in low range. A
neutral position allows an accessory, such as a cable winch, to be driven from use. Power
8. gear on the transmission output shaft. When four wheel drive is engaged, the front and
rear propeller shafts are locked 9. and driven at the a same speed. Drive is transmitted to
front and rear final 10. units simultaneously
take-off Transmitted off road drive differential Disconnected
selected Select Ends connected together Mounted

1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
7. Transmission system
While the driver plays an 1. role in the operation of a vehicle with a manual transmission,
in an automatic transmission the driver 2. selects D on the shifter and the car does all hard
work. Using fluid pressure, the vehicle 3. completes gear changes on its own. The heart
of the automatic transmission is the planetary gear set. This part is responsible for
creating the different 4. that the transmission uses.
Providing the pressure necessary to activate the bands and 5. that determines what gear
the vehicle should be in is automatic transmission fluid. This fluid not only cools and
lubricates the moving parts of the transmission but it helps 6. the vehicle. A torque
converter is attached to the drivetrain which acts like a clutch on a manual transmission.
Fluid is used to lock and unlock planetary gears to shift between gear rations. This
shifting happens automatically, the driver doesn't have to do 7. Which transmission type
to get in your next vehicle really comes down to preference; select the transmission type
that fits your needs. If you do a lot city 8. , an automatic may be easier to maneuver
through stop and go traffic than a standard transmission. However, if performance and
the driving 9. matters to you, you might want to consider a manual. Another 10. to keep
in mind is if there'll be other people driving the vehicle. If they aren't up for driving a
stick shift, you'll need to stick with an automatic.
active Drives experience anything automatically issue Factor driving
drive simply clutches gear ratios
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

8. Hydraulic brake
Hydraulically operated friction brakes use two kinds of wheel brake units. Drum brakes
have a 1. attached to the wheel hub and rotate with the tire. Braking occurs by means of
stationary brake shoes expanding agains the 2. of the drum, which creates friction and
3..the vehicle. Disc brakes have a disc brake rotor 4. to the wheel hub and rotate with the
tire. The braking occurs by means of stationary pads clamping against the outside of the
rotor, creating friction to slow the vehicle. On light vehicles, both of these systems are
hydraulically operated, meaning they use hydraulic fluid to transfer the force
from the 5..The brake pedal operates a master cylinder. Hydraulic lines and hoses connect
the master cylinder to the wheel brake units. Disc brakes require greater force to operate
than drum brakes and usually include a power brake booster to 6. the driver by increasing
the force applied to the master cylinder when the brake is operated. Modern drum and
disc brake systems are regularly fitted with an ABS that monitors the speed of each wheel
and prevents wheel lockup or 7., no matter how hard brakes are applied or how slippery
the road 8..This allows the driver to better maintain directional control of the vehicle.
ABS also generally reduces 9..The system 10. a brake pedal, power booster, master
cylinder, wheel speed sensors, the electronic control unit (ECU), and the hydraulic
control unit, also called a hydraulic modulator.

drum driver inside wheel speed sensor slows drum attached consists of
stopping distances surface skidding assist brake lining
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.

9. ABS

1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.