Chemical Bonding

Summary Notes

DEFINITIONS:
1. Atom: Atom is the smallest particle of an element which is chemically active and
electrically neutral.
2. Chemical Bond: Chemical bond is the linkage or force which acts between two or
more atoms to hold them together as a stable molecule.
3. Chemical bonding: Chemical bonding is the process of formation of a chemical bond.
4. Co-ordinate polar covalent bond (dative or co ionic): Coordinate polar covalent
bond is a type of chemical bond formed by a shared pair of electrons with both
electrons coming from one of the combining atoms.
5. Co-ordinate polar covalent compound: Coordinate polar covalent compound is a
chemical compound formed by a shared pair of electrons with both electrons coming
from the same atom.
6. Covalency: Covalency is a property of an atom in which it shares electron pairs with
one or more atoms of same or different elements, to achieve a stable electronic
configuration.
7. .Covalent/ non-ionic compound: Covalent compound is a chemical compound
formed due to mutual sharing of electrons between two or more atoms of non-metallic
elements.
8. Covalent/non-ionic bond: Covalent bond is a chemical bond formed due to mutual
sharing of electrons between two or more atoms of non – metallic elements.
9. Electrovalency: Electrovalency is a property of an atom in which it donates or accepts
the electrons from one or more atoms of same or different elements, to achieve a stable
electronic configuration.
10. Electrovalent/ionic bond: Electrovalent or ionic bond is a chemical bond formed
between two atoms by transfer of one or more electrons from an electropositive
(metallic) atom to an electronegative (non-metallic) atom.
11. Electrovalent/ionic Compound: Electrovalent or ionic Compound is a chemical
compound formed as a result of transfer of one or more electrons from an
electropositive atom (metallic) to an electronegative (non-metallic) atom.
12. Ions: Ions are chemically inactive and electrically charged particles.
13. Lone pair of electrons: Lone pair of electrons is a pair of electrons of an atom, in a
polar covalent compound, which are not shared with any other atom.
14. Molecule: Molecule is the smallest particle of a compound which is made up of atoms
of same or different elements.
15. Non – polar covalent compound: Non polar covalent compound is a chemical
compound which has an equally distributed shared pair of electrons between the
combining atoms.
16. Oxidation: Oxidation is a process in which oxygen is added, hydrogen is removed and
an atom or an ion loses electrons. (OiL)
17. Polar covalent compound: Polar covalent compound is a chemical compound which
has unequally distributed shared pair of electrons between the combining atoms.
18. Redox reaction: Redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which oxidation and
reduction occurs simultaneously.
19. Reduction: Reduction is a process in which hydrogen is added, oxygen is removed and
an atom or ion gains electrons. (RiG)
20. Shared pair of electrons: Shared pair of electrons are the electrons that share the orbit
of both the combining atoms.
21. Ionisation: Covalent molecules uncdergo ionisation in solution state on passage of
electric current. Ionisation involves formation of ions from molecules which are not in
ionic state.
22. Dissociation: Electrovalent compounds undergo electrolytic dissociation on passage of
electric current. Dissociation involves separation of ions already present in the ionic
compound.
DIFFERENCES
​
1. NH4+ and H3O+:
NH4+ H3O+
When NH3 added to water: When any acid (HCl) added to water: Acid
+
Water dissociate to H and OH . - dissociates to form H+ and Cl-.

The H+ combines with NH3 to form NH4+. The H+ combines with H2O to form H3O+.

2. Properties of CCl4 and NaCl:

CCl4 (covalent compound) NaCl (electrovalent compound)
Bonding is covalent. Bonding is electrovalent.
Weak Force of attraction. Strong Force of attraction.
Volatile. Non-volatile.
Low melting and boiling point. High melting and boiling point.
Cannot be electrolyzed in normal state. Can be electrolyzed in molten / aq. Soln.
state.
Insoluble in water. Soluble in water.
Undergo ionization. Undergoes electrolytic dissociation.

3. Covalent compounds - methane (non-polar) & HCl (polar):

Non Polar Methane Polar – HCl
Shared pair of electrons are equally distributed Shared pair of electrons is unequally
between the two atoms. distributed between the two atoms.

No charge separation takes place. Charge separation takes place.

 4. Electrovalent and Covalent compounds:
Electrovalent
It consists of metallic or nonmetallic ions.
It exhibits strong electrostatic forces of
attraction between the ions.
It exists as crystalline hard solids at room
temperature.
They are Non – volatile.
They have high melting point and boiling
points.
They are good conductors of heat.
In solid state electrovalent compounds are
non-conductors of electricity.
In Molten or aqueous state electrovalent
compounds are good conductors of
electricity.
They can be electrolyzed in molten/aq.
soln. state.
They are soluble in water and insoluble in
organic solvents.
They undergo high speed ionic reactions.
Covalent compounds
It consists of molecules.
It exhibits Weak Vander Waal’s forces of attraction
between the molecules.
It exists as gases, liquids or soft solids at room
temperature.
They are Volatile.
They have Low melting point and boiling points.
They are bad conductors of heat.
In solid, liquid or gaseous state, non-polar covalent
compounds are non-conductors of electricity.
Polar covalent compounds are good conductors of
electricity.
Non-polar covalent compounds cannot be
electrolyzed in normal state.
Polar covalent compounds can be electrolyzed in
aqueous state.
They are soluble in organic solvents [non-polar]
and Insoluble in water [polar].
They undergo slow speed molecular reactions.
They undergo electrolytic dissociation on
passage of the electric current.
It is separation of ions which are already
present in the ionic compound.
NaCl ⇌ Na1+ + Cl1-
They undergo ionization on passage of electric
current in aqueous state.
It is formation of ions from molecules which are
not in ionic state.
HCl → H1+ + Cl1-

5. Carbon tetrachloride & sodium chloride with regard to solubility in water & electrical
conductivity:
Carbontertra chloride Sodium chloride
Solubility in Insoluble in water. Soluble in water.
water
Electrical Soft solid state – Solid state –
conductivity non-conductor. non-conductors.
Gaseous or liquid state – Molten or aqueous state –
non-conductor. good conductors.
ELECTRON DOT STRUCTURE:
Lone pair Effect is observed by
● Oxygen atom of water and
● Nitrogen atom of ammonia

Co-ordinate polar covalent bond (dative or co ionic): Coordinate polar covalent bond is a
type of chemical bond formed by a shared pair of electrons where both electrons come from
one of the combining atoms.

Conditions for formation of coordinate bond

1. One of the two atoms must have a lone pair of electrons. Eg: Ammonia (NH3),
water(H2O)
2. Another atom should be short of at least a lone pair of electrons. Ex: hydrogen (H+) ion

Ammonia dissolves in water (polar solvent) leading to formation of ammonium ion.

● Ammonia , N -atom contains one lone pair of electrons after completing its octet.
● The hydrogen ion from water accepts the lone pair electrons of the nitrogen atom of
ammonia molecule, leading to formation of coordinate covalent bond.

Formation of Hydronium ion

● In a molecule of water, an oxygen atom has two lone pair electrons after completing its
octet.
● When acid is added to water, Hydrogen ions are formed.
● This H+ ion accepts one lone pair of electrons of the oxygen atom of a water molecule
leading to formation of a coordinate covalent bond.