TABLE OF CONTENT

I. INTRODUCTION

 HISTORY OF INDUCTION AND MUTUAL INDUCTION

 DEFINITION OF TERMS

 FORMULAE AND CALCULATIONS INVOLVED

II. APPLICATIONS OF MUTUAL INDUCTION IN DAILY LIFE (ENGINEERING)

III. CASE STUDY: THE TRANSFORMER

 DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONING OF A TRANSFORMER

 ROLE OF A TRANSFORMER

 DIMENSIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS OF DISPLAYED

CIRCUIT

 BUDGET

 DIFFICULTIES FACED

 REFERENCES

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (Attached to this document).

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I. INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY OF INDUCTION AND MUTUAL INDUCTION

In 1830, Joseph Henry (1797-1878), discovered that a change in magnetism can make
currents flow, but he failed to publish this. In 1832, he described self-inductance – the basic
property of an inductor. In recognition of his work, inductance is measured in Henries. The
stage was then set for the encompassing electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell.
The variation of actual currents is enormous. A modern electrometer can detect currents as
low as 1/100,000,000,000,000,000 amp, which is a mere 63 electrons per second.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867) an Englishman, made one of the most significant discoveries
in the history of electricity: Electromagnetic induction. Faraday was greatly interested in
the invention of the electromagnet, but his brilliant mind took earlier experiments further.
If electricity could produce magnetism, why couldn’t magnetism produce electricity. In
1831, Faraday found the solution. Electricity could be produced through magnetism by
motion. He discovered that when a magnet was moved inside a coil of copper wire, a tiny
electric current flows through the wire. He carried out other experiments that led him to
conclude on the electromagnetic induction in the production of electric current, by a change
in magnetic intensity.
In 1831, he finally succeeded by using two coils of wire wound around opposite sides of a
ring of soft iron. The first coil was attached to a battery; when a current passed through the
coil, the iron ring became magnetized. A wire from the second coil was extended to a
compass needle a meter away, far enough so that it was not affected directly by any current
in the first circuit. When the first circuit was turned on, Faraday observed a momentary
deflection of the compass needle and its immediate return to its original position.

 DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Induction:
This is a process of generating current in a conductor by placing it in a changing
magnetic field
 Mutual induction:
This is the interaction of one coils magnetic field on another coil as it induces a
voltage in the adjacent coil. That is, a current in one circuit causes a changing

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 magnetic field in the coil. This changing magnetic field then induces current in the
neighboring coil.

 FORMULAE AND CALCULATIONS INVOLVED

If two coils are wound over a common soft iron core, unity coupling is said to exist between
them as any losses due to the leakage of flux will be extremely small. Then assuming a
perfect flux linkage between the two coils, the mutual inductance that exists between them
can be given as:

𝜇0 𝜇1 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴
𝑀=
𝑙
Dimensions of M,

[M]=L-1T2A2

µ0 is the permeability of free space (4.π.10-7)

µ1 is the relative permeability of the soft iron core
N is the number of coil turns
A is the cross-sectional area in m2
l is the coils length in meters.

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 Figure 1

EMF Induced in Primary & Secondary Windings:

Where
 E1 = EMF induced in primary winding
 E2 = EMF induced in Secondary winding
 N1 = Number of Turns in Primary winding
 N2 = Number of Turns in Secondary winding
 f = Line frequency
 φm = Maximum Flux in Core
 Bm = Maximum flux density
 A = Area of core

II. APPLICATIONS OF MUTUAL INDUCTION IN DAILY LIFE (ENGINEERING)

Mutual induction is used in several aspects of engineering. These uses are highlighted
below:
- Transformers
- Electric motors
- Generators
- Other electrical devices which work with a magnetic field.
- Digital signal processing
- Used in calculation of eddy current.

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III. CASE STUDY: THE TRANSFORMER

 DEFINITION AND FUNCTIONING OF A TRANSFORMER.

Definition:
A transformer is a simple static electromagnetic passive electrical device made up of two
or more coils, that transfers alternating electrical energy at the same frequency from one
circuit to another, either increasing(stepping-up) or decreasing(stepping-down) the voltage,
through the process of electromagnetic induction.

Functioning:

A transformer is made up of two coils wound around a laminated iron core as shown in the figure
above. It functions using alternating current energy which creates an alternating magnetic field in
the primary coil. The changing magnetic field cuts through the secondary coil and as thus induces
an electromagnetic voltage.
The difference in the number of turns of the two coils affects the output voltage and hence
the type of transformer.

- Ns=Np: Output voltage is equal to input voltage.

- Ns<Np: Output less than input voltage, thus a step-down transformer.
- Ns>Np: Output greater than input voltage, thus a step-up transformer.

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Efficiency:
The transformer just like any other device is not 100% efficient, there are always energy
losses in one way or the other. The efficiency can be measured as follows:

Energy losses:

Types of energy loss are:

- Iron loss: energy is lost by the iron core as a result of the alternating flux within the
core.
- Copper loss: this occurs because of the ohmic resistance in the coils.
- Hysteresis loss: this loss is as a result of the kind of material used as core.
- Eddy current loss: this is the energy loss by current that flows in the core, which
may be made of conducting material.

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Ways to minimize these losses:
- Use of thick wires to reduce resistance.
- Use of shell style core to reduce flux loss.
- Laminate core to reduce eddy current.
- Using alloys like mumetal or silicon steel, to reduce hysteresis loss.

 ROLE OF A TRANSFORMER
- Used to reduce the voltage of conventional power circuits to operate low-voltage
devices (televisions, computers and many other electric or electronic devices).
- Used to raise the voltage from electric generators so that electric power can be
transmitted over long distances.

 DIMENSIONS AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS OF DISPLAYED

CIRCUIT.

The circuit is made up of several electronic components, whose functions are elaborated below.
 Fuse(F1):
A fuse being a protective device, protects the circuit components from high currents.
 Resistor(R1&R2):
R1 protects LED1 and R2 protects LED2. They are high resistance resistors and as thus a
large voltage drops across them. Thus, causing a little and non-damaging voltage drop
across the LEDs.
 Light Emitting Diode(LED1&LED2):
This is a device the emits light when a voltage is dropped across it. They are used in this
circuit to indicate the flow of current and their intensities.
LED1: Red
LED2: Green
 Transformer:
This contains the two coils wound on the iron core, adjacent to each other. In our circuit,
we used a step-down transformer (defined above).
 Diode(D1):
This diode is placed in forward bias after the transformer, in order to rectify the alternating
current and voltage from the source. It carries out half-wave rectification.
 Capacitor(C1):
The capacitor is used for coupling of the rectified wave. This furthers rectification of signal.

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 Dimensions of the circuit are given as follows:
F1=10A
R1=160KΩ
D1=1N4007
C1=470µF; 25V
R2=1KΩ
Transformer: Vprimary=220V
Vsecondary=2X9V

 BUDGET

COMPONENT PRICE/FCFA
Bread board 2000

Transformer 7000

LED(x2) 2000

Resistors(x2) 1000

Fuse 1000

Capacitor 1000

Diode 300

Drawing board 1500

Transportation 2000

Printing 2000

Chewable for supervisors 2000

TOTAL: 21,800FCFA

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 DIFFICULTIES FACED

In the course of realization of this project, we faced some obstacles that hindered our work
to a certain extend. These difficulties are enumerated below:
 Insufficient financial means. Some group members not ready to contribute.
 Scarcity of material
 Busy school schedule giving us less time to work on project.
 Laziness of some group members. Who were not ready to participate in work.

 REFERENCES
Encyclopedia Britannica
www.elprocus.com
www.electronics-tutorials.ws
www.quora.com
www.britannica.com

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2021/2022 Academic Year